daru 0.1.5 → 0.1.6

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Files changed (81) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +4 -4
  2. data/.rubocop.yml +20 -7
  3. data/CONTRIBUTING.md +1 -1
  4. data/History.md +48 -1
  5. data/README.md +3 -3
  6. data/benchmarks/statistics.rb +6 -6
  7. data/benchmarks/where_clause.rb +1 -1
  8. data/benchmarks/where_vs_filter.rb +1 -1
  9. data/daru.gemspec +3 -2
  10. data/lib/daru.rb +14 -6
  11. data/lib/daru/accessors/gsl_wrapper.rb +1 -1
  12. data/lib/daru/accessors/nmatrix_wrapper.rb +2 -0
  13. data/lib/daru/category.rb +1 -1
  14. data/lib/daru/core/group_by.rb +32 -15
  15. data/lib/daru/core/query.rb +4 -4
  16. data/lib/daru/dataframe.rb +196 -48
  17. data/lib/daru/date_time/index.rb +7 -5
  18. data/lib/daru/formatters/table.rb +1 -0
  19. data/lib/daru/index/index.rb +121 -33
  20. data/lib/daru/index/multi_index.rb +83 -3
  21. data/lib/daru/io/csv/converters.rb +18 -0
  22. data/lib/daru/io/io.rb +80 -11
  23. data/lib/daru/io/sql_data_source.rb +10 -0
  24. data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/dataframe.html.erb +3 -50
  25. data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/dataframe_mi.html.erb +3 -56
  26. data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/dataframe_mi_tbody.html.erb +35 -0
  27. data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/dataframe_mi_thead.html.erb +21 -0
  28. data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/dataframe_tbody.html.erb +28 -0
  29. data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/dataframe_thead.html.erb +21 -0
  30. data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/vector.html.erb +3 -25
  31. data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/vector_mi.html.erb +3 -34
  32. data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/vector_mi_tbody.html.erb +26 -0
  33. data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/vector_mi_thead.html.erb +8 -0
  34. data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/vector_tbody.html.erb +17 -0
  35. data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/vector_thead.html.erb +8 -0
  36. data/lib/daru/maths/statistics/dataframe.rb +9 -11
  37. data/lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb +139 -32
  38. data/lib/daru/plotting/gruff/dataframe.rb +13 -15
  39. data/lib/daru/plotting/nyaplot/category.rb +1 -1
  40. data/lib/daru/plotting/nyaplot/dataframe.rb +4 -4
  41. data/lib/daru/plotting/nyaplot/vector.rb +1 -2
  42. data/lib/daru/vector.rb +169 -80
  43. data/lib/daru/version.rb +1 -1
  44. data/spec/category_spec.rb +19 -19
  45. data/spec/core/group_by_spec.rb +47 -0
  46. data/spec/core/query_spec.rb +55 -50
  47. data/spec/daru_spec.rb +22 -0
  48. data/spec/dataframe_spec.rb +118 -6
  49. data/spec/date_time/index_spec.rb +34 -16
  50. data/spec/extensions/rserve_spec.rb +1 -1
  51. data/spec/fixtures/boolean_converter_test.csv +5 -0
  52. data/spec/fixtures/eciresults.html +394 -0
  53. data/spec/fixtures/empty_rows_test.csv +17 -0
  54. data/spec/fixtures/macau.html +3691 -0
  55. data/spec/fixtures/macd_data.csv +150 -0
  56. data/spec/fixtures/moneycontrol.html +6812 -0
  57. data/spec/fixtures/url_test.txt~ +0 -0
  58. data/spec/fixtures/valid_markup.html +62 -0
  59. data/spec/fixtures/wiki_climate.html +1243 -0
  60. data/spec/fixtures/wiki_table_info.html +631 -0
  61. data/spec/formatters/table_formatter_spec.rb +29 -0
  62. data/spec/index/categorical_index_spec.rb +33 -33
  63. data/spec/index/index_spec.rb +134 -41
  64. data/spec/index/multi_index_spec.rb +115 -31
  65. data/spec/io/io_spec.rb +201 -0
  66. data/spec/io/sql_data_source_spec.rb +31 -41
  67. data/spec/iruby/dataframe_spec.rb +17 -19
  68. data/spec/iruby/vector_spec.rb +26 -28
  69. data/spec/maths/statistics/vector_spec.rb +136 -14
  70. data/spec/plotting/gruff/category_spec.rb +3 -3
  71. data/spec/plotting/gruff/dataframe_spec.rb +14 -4
  72. data/spec/plotting/gruff/vector_spec.rb +9 -9
  73. data/spec/plotting/nyaplot/category_spec.rb +5 -9
  74. data/spec/plotting/nyaplot/dataframe_spec.rb +72 -47
  75. data/spec/plotting/nyaplot/vector_spec.rb +5 -11
  76. data/spec/shared/vector_display_spec.rb +12 -14
  77. data/spec/spec_helper.rb +21 -0
  78. data/spec/support/matchers.rb +5 -0
  79. data/spec/vector_spec.rb +222 -72
  80. metadata +68 -23
  81. data/spec/fixtures/stock_data.csv +0 -500
data/spec/fixtures/url_test.txt~ ADDED
File without changes
data/spec/fixtures/valid_markup.html ADDED
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+ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
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+ <html>
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+ <head>
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+ <meta name="generator" content=
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+ "HTML Tidy for Linux (vers 25 March 2009), see www.w3.org">
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+ <title></title>
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+ </head>
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+ <body>
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+ <table border="1" class="dataframe">
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+ <thead>
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+ <tr style="text-align: right;">
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+ <th></th>
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+ <th>a</th>
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+ <th>b</th>
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+ </tr>
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+ </thead>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <tr>
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+ <th>0</th>
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+ <td>6</td>
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+ <td>7</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <th>1</th>
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+ <td>4</td>
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+ <td>0</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <th>2</th>
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+ <td>9</td>
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+ <td>4</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <th>3</th>
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+ <td>7</td>
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+ <td>0</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </table>
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+ <table border="1" class="dataframe">
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+ <thead>
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+ <tr style="text-align: right;">
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+ <th></th>
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+ <th>a</th>
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+ <th>b</th>
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+ </tr>
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+ </thead>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <tr>
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+ <th>0</th>
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+ <td>6</td>
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+ <td>7</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <th>1</th>
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+ <td>4</td>
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+ <td>0</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </table>
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+ </body>
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+ </html>
data/spec/fixtures/wiki_climate.html ADDED
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+
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+ <!DOCTYPE html>
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+ <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr">
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+ <head>
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+ <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
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+ <title>Chiang Mai - Wikipedia</title>
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+ <script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( /(^|\s)client-nojs(\s|$)/, "$1client-js$2" );</script>
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+ <script>(window.RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Chiang_Mai","wgTitle":"Chiang Mai","wgCurRevisionId":768300389,"wgRevisionId":768300389,"wgArticleId":232026,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Thai-language sources (th)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2014","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles containing Thai-language text","Articles needing additional references from June 2012","All articles needing additional references","All articles with minor POV problems","Articles with minor POV problems from March 2017","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers","Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers","Chiang Mai","Cities and towns in Chiang Mai Province","Cities and towns in Thailand","Populated places in Chiang Mai Province","Populated places established in the 13th century","1296 establishments in Asia"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"Chiang_Mai","wgRelevantArticleId":232026,"wgRequestId":"WM@mEApAIDcAACYXaHEAAAAT","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"preview":false,"publish":false},"wgBetaFeaturesFeatures":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsShouldSendModuleToUser":false,"wgPopupsConflictsWithNavPopupGadget":false,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","usePageImages":true,"usePageDescriptions":true},"wgPreferredVariant":"en","wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"nearby":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true},"wgRelatedArticles":null,"wgRelatedArticlesBetaFeatureEnabled":false,"wgRelatedArticlesUseCirrusSearch":true,"wgRelatedArticlesOnlyUseCirrusSearch":false,"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCentralNoticeCookiesToDelete":[],"wgCentralNoticeCategoriesUsingLegacy":["Fundraising","fundraising"],"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\"mode\":0,\"hideprefix\":20,\"showcount\":true,\"namespaces\":false}","wgCoordinates":{"lat":18.795277777778,"lon":98.998611111111},"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q52028","wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgVisualEditorToolbarScrollOffset":0,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":false});mw.loader.state({"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.site.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","user.tokens":"loading","ext.math.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","mediawiki.legacy.shared":"ready","mediawiki.legacy.commonPrint":"ready","mediawiki.sectionAnchor":"ready","mediawiki.skinning.interface":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.site":"ready"});mw.loader.implement("user.options@0j3lz3q",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.options.set({"variant":"en"});});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens@1dqfd7l",function ( $, jQuery, require, module ) {
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+ mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});/*@nomin*/;
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+
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+ });mw.loader.load(["ext.cite.a11y","mediawiki.toc","mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.hidpi","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.searchSuggest","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.eventLogging.subscriber","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.eventlogger","ext.uls.init","ext.uls.interface","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","skins.vector.js"]);});</script>
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+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.scripts%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector"/>
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+ <script async="" src="/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;skin=vector"></script>
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+ <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/>
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+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector"/>
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+ <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.29.0-wmf.16"/>
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+ <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"/>
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+ <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Chiang_Mai_City.png"/>
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+ <link rel="alternate" href="android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai"/>
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+ <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit"/>
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+ <link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit"/>
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+ <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/>
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+ <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/>
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+ <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/>
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+ <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/>
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+ <link rel="copyright" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/>
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+ <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai"/>
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+ <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"/>
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+ <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />
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+ </head>
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+ <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Chiang_Mai rootpage-Chiang_Mai skin-vector action-view"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
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+ <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>
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+ <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
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+ <a id="top"></a>
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+
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+ <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>
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+ <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
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+ </div>
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+ <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Chiang Mai</h1>
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+ <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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+ <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+ <div id="contentSub"></div>
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+ <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
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+ Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a>
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+ </div>
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+ <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Rai">Chiang Rai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chengmai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengmai">Chengmai</a>.</div>
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+ <div role="note" class="hatnote">This article is about the city Chiang Mai. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chiang Mai (disambiguation)">Chiang Mai (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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+ <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;width:23em">
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+ <tr>
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+ <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><span class="fn org">Chiang Mai</span><br />
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+ <span class="nickname" lang="th" xml:lang="th">เชียงใหม่</span></th>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cddeff; font-weight:bold;"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Thesaban" title="Thesaban">City Municipality</a></span></td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0.7em 0.8em"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang_Mai_City.png" class="image" title="Top left: East moat, Chiang Mai; top right: Chedi, Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep; middle left: View from Doi Suthep of downtown Chiang Mai; middle right: Tha Phae Gate; bottom left: A songthaew shared taxi; bottom right: Wat Chiang Man"><img alt="Top left: East moat, Chiang Mai; top right: Chedi, Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep; middle left: View from Doi Suthep of downtown Chiang Mai; middle right: Tha Phae Gate; bottom left: A songthaew shared taxi; bottom right: Wat Chiang Man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chiang_Mai_City.png/250px-Chiang_Mai_City.png" width="250" height="273" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chiang_Mai_City.png/375px-Chiang_Mai_City.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chiang_Mai_City.png/500px-Chiang_Mai_City.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1291" /></a>
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+ <div>Top left: East moat, Chiang Mai; top right: Chedi, Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep; middle left: View from Doi Suthep of downtown Chiang Mai; middle right: Tha Phae Gate; bottom left: A songthaew shared taxi; bottom right: Wat Chiang Man</div>
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+ </td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr class="mergedtoprow">
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+ <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
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+ <div class="center">
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+ <div style="width:143px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto">
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+ <div style="width:143px;padding:0">
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+ <div style="position:relative;width:143px"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_adm_location_map.svg" class="image" title="Chiang Mai is located in Thailand"><img alt="Chiang Mai is located in Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Thailand_adm_location_map.svg/143px-Thailand_adm_location_map.svg.png" width="143" height="252" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Thailand_adm_location_map.svg/215px-Thailand_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Thailand_adm_location_map.svg/286px-Thailand_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1849" /></a>
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+ <div style="position:absolute;top:11.873%;left:21.333%">
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+ <div style="position:absolute;left:-3px;top:-3px;line-height:0"><img alt="Chiang Mai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" title="Chiang Mai" width="6" height="6" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div>
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+ <div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:4px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left">Chiang Mai</span></div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ <small>Location of the city within Thailand</small></td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr class="mergedbottomrow">
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+ <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Coordinates: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Chiang_Mai&amp;params=18_47_43_N_98_59_55_E_region:TH_type:city(148477)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°47′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">98°59′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.79528°N 98.99861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.79528; 98.99861</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Chiang_Mai&amp;params=18_47_43_N_98_59_55_E_region:TH_type:city(148477)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°47′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">98°59′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.79528°N 98.99861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.79528; 98.99861</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr class="mergedtoprow">
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+ <th scope="row">Country</th>
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+ <td><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr class="mergedrow">
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+ <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Province</a></th>
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+ <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Province" title="Chiang Mai Province">Chiang Mai Province</a></td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr class="mergedtoprow">
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+ <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Government</th>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr class="mergedrow">
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+ <th scope="row">&#160;•&#160;Type</th>
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+ <td><a href="/wiki/Thesaban_nakhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesaban nakhon">City municipality</a></td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr class="mergedrow">
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+ <th scope="row">&#160;•&#160;Mayor</th>
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+ <td>Tatsanai Puranupakorn</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr class="mergedtoprow">
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+ <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Area</th>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr class="mergedrow">
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+ <th scope="row">&#160;•&#160;<a href="/wiki/Thesaban" title="Thesaban">City Municipality</a></th>
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+ <td>40.216&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (15.527&#160;sq&#160;mi)</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr class="mergedrow">
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+ <th scope="row">&#160;•&#160;Metro</th>
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+ <td>2,905&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (1,122&#160;sq&#160;mi)</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr class="mergedtoprow">
111
+ <th scope="row">Elevation</th>
112
+ <td>310&#160;m (1,020&#160;ft)</td>
113
+ </tr>
114
+ <tr class="mergedtoprow">
115
+ <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Population <span style="font-weight:normal">(2008)</span></th>
116
+ </tr>
117
+ <tr class="mergedrow">
118
+ <th scope="row">&#160;•&#160;<a href="/wiki/Thesaban" title="Thesaban">City Municipality</a></th>
119
+ <td>148,477</td>
120
+ </tr>
121
+ <tr class="mergedrow">
122
+ <th scope="row">&#160;•&#160;Density</th>
123
+ <td>3,687/km<sup>2</sup> (9,550/sq&#160;mi)</td>
124
+ </tr>
125
+ <tr class="mergedrow">
126
+ <th scope="row">&#160;•&#160;<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a></th>
127
+ <td>960,906</td>
128
+ </tr>
129
+ <tr class="mergedrow">
130
+ <th scope="row">&#160;•&#160;Metro&#160;density</th>
131
+ <td>315.42/km<sup>2</sup> (816.9/sq&#160;mi)</td>
132
+ </tr>
133
+ <tr class="mergedtoprow">
134
+ <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th>
135
+ <td><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Thailand" title="Time in Thailand">ICT</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+7">UTC+7</a>)</td>
136
+ </tr>
137
+ <tr class="mergedtoprow">
138
+ <th scope="row">Airport</th>
139
+ <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_International_Airport" title="Chiang Mai International Airport">IATA: CNX – ICAO: VTCC</a></td>
140
+ </tr>
141
+ <tr class="mergedtoprow">
142
+ <th scope="row">Website</th>
143
+ <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmcity.go.th/index.php/en/">Official website</a></td>
144
+ </tr>
145
+ </table>
146
+ <p><b>Chiang Mai</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/ 'ch' in 'china'">tʃ</span><span title="/j/ 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ŋ/ 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/aɪ/ long 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th" xml:lang="th">เชียงใหม่</span> &#160;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Thai_and_Lao" title="Help:IPA for Thai and Lao">[tɕʰiəŋ màj]</a></span><small class="nowrap metadata">&#160;(<a href="/wiki/File:Th-Chiang_Mai.ogg" title="File:Th-Chiang Mai.ogg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="13" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Th-Chiang_Mai.ogg" class="internal" title="Th-Chiang Mai.ogg">listen</a>)</small>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Lanna</a>:&#160;<span style="font-family: 'A Tai Tham KH', 'Noto Sans Tai Tham', 'Lanna Alif', 'Lanna Unicode UI';">ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵</span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA for Northern Thai">[t͡ɕīaŋ.màj]</a></span><small class="nowrap metadata">&#160;(<a href="/wiki/File:Nod-chiangmai.ogg" title="File:Nod-chiangmai.ogg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="13" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Nod-chiangmai.ogg" class="internal" title="Nod-chiangmai.ogg">listen</a>)</small>) sometimes written as "Chiengmai" or "Chiangmai", is the largest city in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thailand" title="Northern Thailand">Northern Thailand</a>. It is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Province" title="Chiang Mai Province">Chiang Mai Province</a> and was a former capital of the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a> (1296–1768), which became the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Chiang_Mai" title="Kingdom of Chiang Mai">Kingdom of Chiang Mai</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary state</a> of Siam from 1774 to 1899 and finally the seat of a merely ceremonial prince until 1939. It is 700&#160;km (435&#160;mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> and is situated amongst the highest mountains in the country. The city sits astride the <a href="/wiki/Ping_River" title="Ping River">Ping River</a>, a major tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya River</a>.</p>
147
+ <p>Chiang Mai means "new city" and was so named because it became the new capital of the Lan Na kingdom when it was founded in 1296, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Rai">Chiang Rai</a>, the former capital founded in 1262.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:208–209</sup></p>
148
+ <p>Chiang Mai gained prominence in the political sphere in May 2006, when the <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Initiative" title="Chiang Mai Initiative">Chiang Mai Initiative</a> was concluded between the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> nations and the "+3" countries (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>). Chiang Mai was one of three Thai cities contending for Thailand's bid to host the World <a href="/wiki/Expo_2020" title="Expo 2020">Expo 2020</a> (the others were <a href="/wiki/Chonburi_(city)" title="Chonburi (city)">Chonburi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_(city)" title="Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)">Ayutthaya</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Ayutthaya, however, was the city ultimately chosen by the Thai Parliament to register for the international competition.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
149
+ <p>Chiang Mai has positioned itself to become a <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Creative_City" title="Chiang Mai Creative City">Creative City</a> and is considering applying for Creative City status with <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Chiang Mai was one of two <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">tourist destinations in Thailand</a> on <a href="/wiki/TripAdvisor" title="TripAdvisor">TripAdvisor</a>'s 2014 list of "25 Best Destinations in the World", where it stands at number 24.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
150
+ <p>Chiang Mai's historic importance is derived from its close proximity to the Ping River and major trading routes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p>
151
+ <p>While officially the city (<i><a href="/wiki/Thesaban_nakhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesaban nakhon">thesaban nakhon</a></i>) of Chiang Mai only covers most parts of the <a href="/wiki/Amphoe_Mueang_Chiang_Mai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoe Mueang Chiang Mai">Mueang Chiang Mai district</a> with a population of 160,000, the city's sprawl extends into several neighboring districts. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai_Metropolitan_Area&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area (page does not exist)">Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area</a> has a population of nearly one million people, more than half the total of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Province" title="Chiang Mai Province">Chiang Mai Province</a>.</p>
152
+ <p>The city is subdivided into four <a href="/wiki/Ward_(division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (division)">wards</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Khwaeng" title="Khwaeng">khwaeng</a></i>): Nakhon Ping, Srivijaya, Mengrai, and Kawila. The first three are on the west bank of the Ping River, and Kawila is on the east bank. Nakhon Ping district comprises the north part of the city. Srivijaya, Mengrai, and Kawila consist of the west, south, and east parts, respectively. The city center—within the city walls—is mostly within Srivijaya ward.<sup id="cite_ref-Wards_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wards-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
153
+ <p></p>
154
+ <div id="toc" class="toc">
155
+ <div id="toctitle">
156
+ <h2>Contents</h2>
157
+ </div>
158
+ <ul>
159
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
160
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Emblem"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Emblem</span></a></li>
161
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a>
162
+ <ul>
163
+ <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Air_pollution"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Air pollution</span></a></li>
164
+ </ul>
165
+ </li>
166
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Religious_sites"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Religious sites</span></a></li>
167
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
168
+ <ul>
169
+ <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Festivals"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Festivals</span></a></li>
170
+ <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li>
171
+ <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Museums"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Museums</span></a></li>
172
+ <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Dining"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Dining</span></a></li>
173
+ </ul>
174
+ </li>
175
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
176
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Nature"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Nature</span></a></li>
177
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Recreation"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Recreation</span></a></li>
178
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Transportation"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></a></li>
179
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a></li>
180
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Notable_persons"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notable persons</span></a></li>
181
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns and sister cities</span></a></li>
182
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
183
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
184
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
185
+ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
186
+ </ul>
187
+ </div>
188
+ <p></p>
189
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
190
+ <div class="thumb tleft">
191
+ <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Chiang_Man.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wat_Chiang_Man.jpg/220px-Wat_Chiang_Man.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wat_Chiang_Man.jpg/330px-Wat_Chiang_Man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wat_Chiang_Man.jpg/440px-Wat_Chiang_Man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a>
192
+ <div class="thumbcaption">
193
+ <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Chiang_Man.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
194
+ Wat Chiang Man, the oldest Buddhist temple in the city</div>
195
+ </div>
196
+ </div>
197
+ <div class="thumb tleft">
198
+ <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang_mai.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chiang_mai.jpg/220px-Chiang_mai.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chiang_mai.jpg/330px-Chiang_mai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chiang_mai.jpg/440px-Chiang_mai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a>
199
+ <div class="thumbcaption">
200
+ <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang_mai.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
201
+ City wall, north-west corner</div>
202
+ </div>
203
+ </div>
204
+ <p>King <a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mengrai</a> founded the city of Chiang Mai ("new city") in 1296<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:209</sup> on the site of an older city of the <a href="/wiki/Lawa_people" title="Lawa people">Lawa people</a> called Wiang Nopburi.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Gordon Young, in his 1962 book <i>The Hill tribes of Northern Thailand</i>, mentions how a <a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa chieftain</a> in Burma told him that the Wa, a people who are closely related to the Lawa, once lived in the Chiang Mai valley in "sizeable cities".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
205
+ <p>Chiang Mai succeeded <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Rai">Chiang Rai</a> as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a> kingdom. Pha Yu enlarged and fortified the city, and built <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Singh" title="Wat Phra Singh">Wat Phra Singh</a> in honor of his father Kham Fu.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:226–227</sup> The ruler was known as the <a href="/wiki/Chao_(monarchy)" title="Chao (monarchy)">"chao"</a>. The city was surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">defensive wall</a> since nearby <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> was a constant threat, as were the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, which only decades earlier had conquered most of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, China, and in 1292 overran the bordering <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Thai Lü</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Hung" title="Chiang Hung">Chiang Hung</a>.</p>
206
+ <p>With the decline of the Lan Na Kingdom, the city lost importance and was occupied by the Burmese in 1556.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Chiang Mai formally became part of <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a> in 1775 by an agreement with Chao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kavila&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kavila (page does not exist)">Kavila</a>, after the Thai King <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a> helped drive out the Burmese. Because of Burmese counterattacks, Chiang Mai was abandoned between 1776 and 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lampang" title="Lampang">Lampang</a> then served as the capital of what remained of Lan Na. Chiang Mai then slowly grew in cultural, trading, and economic importance to its current status as the unofficial capital of Northern Thailand, second in importance only to <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
207
+ <p>The modern municipality dates to a sanitary district (<i><a href="/wiki/Sukhaphiban" title="Sukhaphiban">sukhaphiban</a></i>) that was created in 1915. It was upgraded to a municipality (<i><a href="/wiki/Thesaban" title="Thesaban">thesaban</a></i>) on 29 March 1935, as published in the <i>Royal Gazette</i>, Book No. 52 section 80. First covering just 17.5&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (7&#160;sq&#160;mi), the city was enlarged to 40.2&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (16&#160;sq&#160;mi) on 5 April 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-CityHistory_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CityHistory-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
208
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Emblem">Emblem</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Emblem">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
209
+ <p>The city emblem shows the <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> at Wat Doi Suthep in its center. Below it are clouds representing the moderate climate in the mountains of Northern Thailand. There is a <a href="/wiki/Naga_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga (mythology)">naga</a>, the mythical snake said to be the source of the <a href="/wiki/Ping_River" title="Ping River">Ping River</a>, and rice stalks, which refer to the fertility of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-CityEmblem_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CityEmblem-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
210
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
211
+ <p>Chiang Mai has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_wet_and_dry_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical wet and dry climate">tropical wet and dry climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Aw</i>), tempered by the low latitude and moderate elevation, with warm to hot weather year-round, though nighttime conditions during the dry season can be cool and much lower than daytime highs. The maximum temperature ever recorded was 42.4&#160;°C (108.3&#160;°F) in May 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-MaxTemperature_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaxTemperature-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
212
+ <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.2em; margin:auto;">
213
+ <tr>
214
+ <th colspan="14">Climate data for Chiang Mai (1981–2010)</th>
215
+ </tr>
216
+ <tr>
217
+ <th>Month</th>
218
+ <th>Jan</th>
219
+ <th>Feb</th>
220
+ <th>Mar</th>
221
+ <th>Apr</th>
222
+ <th>May</th>
223
+ <th>Jun</th>
224
+ <th>Jul</th>
225
+ <th>Aug</th>
226
+ <th>Sep</th>
227
+ <th>Oct</th>
228
+ <th>Nov</th>
229
+ <th>Dec</th>
230
+ <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year</th>
231
+ </tr>
232
+ <tr style="text-align: center;">
233
+ <th style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)</th>
234
+ <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;">35.2<br />
235
+ (95.4)</td>
236
+ <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;">37.7<br />
237
+ (99.9)</td>
238
+ <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;">40.9<br />
239
+ (105.6)</td>
240
+ <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;">41.4<br />
241
+ (106.5)</td>
242
+ <td style="background: #F20000; color:#FFFFFF;">42.4<br />
243
+ (108.3)</td>
244
+ <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;">39.3<br />
245
+ (102.7)</td>
246
+ <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;">39.0<br />
247
+ (102.2)</td>
248
+ <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;">36.5<br />
249
+ (97.7)</td>
250
+ <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;">35.8<br />
251
+ (96.4)</td>
252
+ <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;">37.9<br />
253
+ (100.2)</td>
254
+ <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;">34.7<br />
255
+ (94.5)</td>
256
+ <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;">33.4<br />
257
+ (92.1)</td>
258
+ <td style="background: #F20000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium">42.4<br />
259
+ (108.3)</td>
260
+ </tr>
261
+ <tr style="text-align: center;">
262
+ <th style="height: 16px;">Average high °C (°F)</th>
263
+ <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;">29.8<br />
264
+ (85.6)</td>
265
+ <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;">32.7<br />
266
+ (90.9)</td>
267
+ <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;">35.2<br />
268
+ (95.4)</td>
269
+ <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;">36.5<br />
270
+ (97.7)</td>
271
+ <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;">34.2<br />
272
+ (93.6)</td>
273
+ <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;">32.7<br />
274
+ (90.9)</td>
275
+ <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;">31.8<br />
276
+ (89.2)</td>
277
+ <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;">31.5<br />
278
+ (88.7)</td>
279
+ <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;">31.7<br />
280
+ (89.1)</td>
281
+ <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;">31.4<br />
282
+ (88.5)</td>
283
+ <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;">30.1<br />
284
+ (86.2)</td>
285
+ <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;">28.6<br />
286
+ (83.5)</td>
287
+ <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">32.2<br />
288
+ (90)</td>
289
+ </tr>
290
+ <tr style="text-align: center;">
291
+ <th style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F)</th>
292
+ <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;">21.5<br />
293
+ (70.7)</td>
294
+ <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;">23.9<br />
295
+ (75)</td>
296
+ <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;">27.1<br />
297
+ (80.8)</td>
298
+ <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;">29.3<br />
299
+ (84.7)</td>
300
+ <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;">28.2<br />
301
+ (82.8)</td>
302
+ <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;">27.6<br />
303
+ (81.7)</td>
304
+ <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;">27.2<br />
305
+ (81)</td>
306
+ <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;">26.8<br />
307
+ (80.2)</td>
308
+ <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;">26.7<br />
309
+ (80.1)</td>
310
+ <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;">26.1<br />
311
+ (79)</td>
312
+ <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;">24.0<br />
313
+ (75.2)</td>
314
+ <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;">21.4<br />
315
+ (70.5)</td>
316
+ <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">25.8<br />
317
+ (78.4)</td>
318
+ </tr>
319
+ <tr style="text-align: center;">
320
+ <th style="height: 16px;">Average low °C (°F)</th>
321
+ <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;">14.9<br />
322
+ (58.8)</td>
323
+ <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;">16.2<br />
324
+ (61.2)</td>
325
+ <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;">19.5<br />
326
+ (67.1)</td>
327
+ <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;">22.9<br />
328
+ (73.2)</td>
329
+ <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;">23.8<br />
330
+ (74.8)</td>
331
+ <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;">24.0<br />
332
+ (75.2)</td>
333
+ <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;">23.9<br />
334
+ (75)</td>
335
+ <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;">23.7<br />
336
+ (74.7)</td>
337
+ <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;">23.2<br />
338
+ (73.8)</td>
339
+ <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;">22.2<br />
340
+ (72)</td>
341
+ <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;">19.2<br />
342
+ (66.6)</td>
343
+ <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;">15.7<br />
344
+ (60.3)</td>
345
+ <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">20.8<br />
346
+ (69.4)</td>
347
+ </tr>
348
+ <tr style="text-align: center;">
349
+ <th style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)</th>
350
+ <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;">8.6<br />
351
+ (47.5)</td>
352
+ <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;">9.4<br />
353
+ (48.9)</td>
354
+ <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;">13.0<br />
355
+ (55.4)</td>
356
+ <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;">16.3<br />
357
+ (61.3)</td>
358
+ <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;">18.3<br />
359
+ (64.9)</td>
360
+ <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;">21.2<br />
361
+ (70.2)</td>
362
+ <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;">20.5<br />
363
+ (68.9)</td>
364
+ <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;">21.2<br />
365
+ (70.2)</td>
366
+ <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;">19.5<br />
367
+ (67.1)</td>
368
+ <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;">14.0<br />
369
+ (57.2)</td>
370
+ <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;">9.3<br />
371
+ (48.7)</td>
372
+ <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;">3.8<br />
373
+ (38.8)</td>
374
+ <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">3.8<br />
375
+ (38.8)</td>
376
+ </tr>
377
+ <tr style="text-align: center;">
378
+ <th style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches)</th>
379
+ <td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;">4.2<br />
380
+ (0.165)</td>
381
+ <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;">8.9<br />
382
+ (0.35)</td>
383
+ <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;">17.8<br />
384
+ (0.701)</td>
385
+ <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;">57.3<br />
386
+ (2.256)</td>
387
+ <td style="background: #0DFF0D; color:#000000;">162.0<br />
388
+ (6.378)</td>
389
+ <td style="background: #3FFF3F; color:#000000;">124.5<br />
390
+ (4.902)</td>
391
+ <td style="background: #2EFF2E; color:#000000;">140.2<br />
392
+ (5.52)</td>
393
+ <td style="background: #00BA00; color:#FFFFFF;">216.9<br />
394
+ (8.539)</td>
395
+ <td style="background: #00B800; color:#FFFFFF;">211.4<br />
396
+ (8.323)</td>
397
+ <td style="background: #4FFF4F; color:#000000;">117.6<br />
398
+ (4.63)</td>
399
+ <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;">53.9<br />
400
+ (2.122)</td>
401
+ <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;">15.9<br />
402
+ (0.626)</td>
403
+ <td style="background: #70FF70; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">1,130.6<br />
404
+ (44.512)</td>
405
+ </tr>
406
+ <tr style="text-align: center;">
407
+ <th style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days</th>
408
+ <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;">0.7</td>
409
+ <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;">0.9</td>
410
+ <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;">2.3</td>
411
+ <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;">6.8</td>
412
+ <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;">15.0</td>
413
+ <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;">17.1</td>
414
+ <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;">18.9</td>
415
+ <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;">20.9</td>
416
+ <td style="background: #1C1CFF; color:#FFFFFF;">17.8</td>
417
+ <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;">11.7</td>
418
+ <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;">4.9</td>
419
+ <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;">1.4</td>
420
+ <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">118.4</td>
421
+ </tr>
422
+ <tr style="text-align: center;">
423
+ <th style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%)</th>
424
+ <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;">68</td>
425
+ <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;">58</td>
426
+ <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;">52</td>
427
+ <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;">57</td>
428
+ <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;">71</td>
429
+ <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;">77</td>
430
+ <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;">79</td>
431
+ <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;">81</td>
432
+ <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;">81</td>
433
+ <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;">79</td>
434
+ <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;">75</td>
435
+ <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;">73</td>
436
+ <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium">71</td>
437
+ </tr>
438
+ <tr style="text-align: center;">
439
+ <th style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a></th>
440
+ <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;">272.8</td>
441
+ <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;">257.1</td>
442
+ <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;">294.5</td>
443
+ <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;">279.0</td>
444
+ <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;">198.4</td>
445
+ <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;">156.0</td>
446
+ <td style="background: #B6B65D; color:#000000;">120.9</td>
447
+ <td style="background: #B5B566; color:#000000;">117.8</td>
448
+ <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;">144.0</td>
449
+ <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;">201.5</td>
450
+ <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;">216.0</td>
451
+ <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;">254.2</td>
452
+ <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">2,512.2</td>
453
+ </tr>
454
+ <tr style="text-align: center;">
455
+ <th style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a></th>
456
+ <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;">8.8</td>
457
+ <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;">9.1</td>
458
+ <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;">9.5</td>
459
+ <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;">9.3</td>
460
+ <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;">6.4</td>
461
+ <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;">5.2</td>
462
+ <td style="background: #B7B758; color:#000000;">3.9</td>
463
+ <td style="background: #B6B661; color:#000000;">3.8</td>
464
+ <td style="background: #C4C40B; color:#000000;">4.8</td>
465
+ <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;">6.5</td>
466
+ <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;">7.2</td>
467
+ <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;">8.2</td>
468
+ <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">6.9</td>
469
+ </tr>
470
+ <tr>
471
+ <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source #1: Thai Meteorological Department<sup id="cite_ref-TMD1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMD1-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
472
+ </tr>
473
+ <tr>
474
+ <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%;">Source #2: Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department (sun and humidity)<sup id="cite_ref-RID_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RID-20">[20]</a></sup></td>
475
+ </tr>
476
+ </table>
477
+ <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:1208px;">
478
+ <div class="thumbinner" style="">
479
+ <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_(2014-08-08).jpg" class="image" title="Panorama, Chiang Mai during the rainy season, August 2014"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_%282014-08-08%29.jpg/1200px-Chiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_%282014-08-08%29.jpg" width="1200" height="371" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_%282014-08-08%29.jpg/1800px-Chiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_%282014-08-08%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_%282014-08-08%29.jpg/2400px-Chiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_%282014-08-08%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11001" data-file-height="3397" /></a></div>
480
+ <div class="thumbcaption">
481
+ <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_(2014-08-08).jpg" title="File:Chiang Mai Panorama from Doi Suthep Lookout (2014-08-08).jpg"></a></div>
482
+ Panorama, Chiang Mai during the rainy season, August 2014</div>
483
+ </div>
484
+ </div>
485
+ <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Air_pollution">Air pollution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Air pollution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
486
+ <div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Environmental issues in Thailand</a></div>
487
+ <p>A continuing environmental issue in Chiang Mai is the incidence of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> that primarily occurs every year towards the end of the dry season between February and April. In 1996, speaking at the Fourth International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement conference—held in Chiang Mai that year—the Governor Virachai Naewboonien invited guest speaker Dr. Jakapan Wongburanawatt, Dean of the Social Science Faculty of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_University" title="Chiang Mai University">Chiang Mai University</a>, to discuss air pollution efforts in the region. Dr. Wongburanawatt stated that, in 1994, an increasing number of city residents attended hospitals suffering from respiratory problems associated with the city's air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></p>
488
+ <p>During the February–March period, air quality in Chiang Mai often remains below recommended standards, with fine-particle dust levels reaching twice the standard limits.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></p>
489
+ <p>According to the <i>Bangkok Post</i>, corporations in the agricultural sector, not farmers, are the biggest contributors to smoke pollution. The main source of the fires is forested area being cleared to make room for new crops. The new crops to be planted after the smoke clears are not rice and vegetables to feed locals. A single crop is responsible: corn. The haze problem began in 2007 and has been traced at the local level and at the macro-market level to the growth of the animal feed business. "The true source of the haze...sits in the boardrooms of corporations eager to expand production and profits. A chart of Thailand's growth in world corn markets can be overlaid on a chart of the number of fires. It is no longer acceptable to scapegoat hill tribes and slash-and-burn agriculture for the severe health and economic damage caused by this annual pollution." These data have been ignored by the government. The end is not in sight, as the number of fires has increased every year for a decade, and data shows more pollution in late-February 2016 than in late-February 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
490
+ <p>The northern centre of the Meteorological Department has reported that low-pressure areas from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> trap forest fire smoke in the mountains along the Thai-<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> border.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Research conducted between 2005 and 2009 showed that average <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">PM10 rates</a> in Chiang Mai during February and March were considerably above the country's safety level of 120 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, peaking at 383 μg/m<sup>3</sup> on 14 March 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), the acceptable level is 50 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></p>
491
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_sites">Religious sites</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Religious sites">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
492
+ <div class="thumb tright">
493
+ <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Doi_Suthep_chedi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Doi_Suthep_chedi.jpg/170px-Doi_Suthep_chedi.jpg" width="170" height="243" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Doi_Suthep_chedi.jpg/255px-Doi_Suthep_chedi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Doi_Suthep_chedi.jpg/340px-Doi_Suthep_chedi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="2944" /></a>
494
+ <div class="thumbcaption">
495
+ <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Doi_Suthep_chedi.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
496
+ <i><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Chedi</a></i>, Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep</div>
497
+ </div>
498
+ </div>
499
+ <p>Chiang Mai has over 300 <a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Buddhist temples</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">wat</a>" in Thai).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> These include:</p>
500
+ <ul>
501
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Phrathat_Doi_Suthep" class="mw-redirect" title="Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep">Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep</a>, the city's most famous temple, stands on Doi Suthep, a hill to the north-west of the city. The temple dates from 1383.</li>
502
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Chiang_Man" title="Wat Chiang Man">Wat Chiang Man</a>, the oldest temple in Chiang Mai, dating from the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:209</sup> King Mengrai lived here during the construction of the city. This temple houses two important and venerated Buddha figures, the marble Phra Sila and the crystal Phra Satang Man.</li>
503
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Singh" title="Wat Phra Singh">Wat Phra Singh</a> is within the city walls, dates from 1345, and offers an example of classic Northern Thai-style architecture. It houses the Phra Singh Buddha, a highly venerated figure brought here many years ago from <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Rai">Chiang Rai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></li>
504
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Chedi_Luang" title="Wat Chedi Luang">Wat Chedi Luang</a> was founded in 1401 and is dominated by a large Lanna style <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">chedi</a>, which took many years to finish. An earthquake damaged the chedi in the 16th century and only two-thirds of it remains.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></li>
505
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Ku_Tao" title="Wat Ku Tao">Wat Ku Tao</a> in the city's Chang Phuak District dates from (at least) the 13th century and is distinguished by an unusual alms-bowl-shaped stupa thought to contain the ashes of King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nawratha_Minsaw&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nawratha Minsaw (page does not exist)">Nawratha Minsaw</a>, Chiang Mai's first Burmese ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></li>
506
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Chet_Yot" title="Wat Chet Yot">Wat Chet Yot</a> is on the outskirts of the city. Built in 1455, the temple hosted the Eighth <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">World Buddhist Council</a> in 1977.</li>
507
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Wiang_Kum_Kam" title="Wiang Kum Kam">Wiang Kum Kam</a> is at the site of an old city on the southern outskirts of Chiang Mai. King <a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mengrai</a> lived there for ten years before the founding of Chiang Mai. The site includes many ruined temples.</li>
508
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Umong" title="Wat Umong">Wat Umong</a> is a forest and cave wat in the foothills west of the city, near <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_University" title="Chiang Mai University">Chiang Mai University</a>. Wat U-Mong is known for its "fasting Buddha", representing the Buddha at the end of his long and fruitless fast prior to gaining enlightenment.</li>
509
+ <li>Wat RamPoeng (Tapotaram), near Wat U-Mong, is known for its meditation center (Northern Insight Meditation Center). The temple teaches the traditional <a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">vipassana</a> technique and students stay from 10 days to more than a month as they try to meditate at least 10 hours a day. Wat RamPoeng houses the largest collection of <i>Tipitaka</i>, the complete Theravada canon, in several Northern dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup></li>
510
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Suan_Dok" title="Wat Suan Dok">Wat Suan Dok</a> is a 14th-century temple just west of the old city wall. It was built by the king for a revered monk visiting from Sukhothai for a rainy season retreat. The temple is also the site of Mahachulalongkorn Rajavidyalaya Buddhist University, where monks pursue their studies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup></li>
511
+ <li>"First Church" was founded in 1868 by the <a href="/wiki/Laos_Mission" title="Laos Mission">Laos Mission</a> of the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McGilvary" title="Daniel McGilvary">Daniel and Mrs. Sophia McGilvary</a>. Chiang Mai has about 20 Christian <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Chiang Mai is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chiang_Mai" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiang Mai">Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiang Mai</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Chiang_Mai" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral, Chiang Mai">Sacred Heart Cathedral</a>.</li>
512
+ <li>Muslim traders have traveled to north Thailand for many centuries, and a small settled presence has existed in Chiang Mai from at least the middle of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> The city has <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> identified with Chinese or <a href="/wiki/Chin_Haw" title="Chin Haw">Chin Haw</a> Muslims as well as Muslims of Bengali, Pathan, and Malay descent. In 2011, there were 16 mosques in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></li>
513
+ <li>Two <a href="/wiki/Gurdwaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurdwaras">gurdwaras</a> (Sikh Temples), Siri Guru Singh Sabha and Namdhari,<sup id="cite_ref-chiangmai-thai-introduction_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiangmai-thai-introduction-36">[36]</a></sup> serve the city's Sikh community.<sup id="cite_ref-chiangmai-thai-introduction_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiangmai-thai-introduction-36">[36]</a></sup></li>
514
+ <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> Devi Mandir serves the Hindu community.<sup id="cite_ref-chiangmai-thai-introduction_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiangmai-thai-introduction-36">[36]</a></sup></li>
515
+ </ul>
516
+ <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
517
+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
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+ <div style="width: 235px">
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+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;">
520
+ <div style="margin:27px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_1128_Wat_Phantao.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2010_1128_Wat_Phantao.JPG/200px-2010_1128_Wat_Phantao.JPG" width="200" height="126" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2010_1128_Wat_Phantao.JPG/300px-2010_1128_Wat_Phantao.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2010_1128_Wat_Phantao.JPG/400px-2010_1128_Wat_Phantao.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1208" /></a></div>
521
+ </div>
522
+ <div class="gallerytext">
523
+ <p>Fireworks at Wat Phantao during Loi Krathong, Chiang Mai</p>
524
+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </li>
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+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
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+ <div style="width: 235px">
529
+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;">
530
+ <div style="margin:23.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Chadi_Luang,_Chiang_Mai.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wat_Chadi_Luang%2C_Chiang_Mai.png/200px-Wat_Chadi_Luang%2C_Chiang_Mai.png" width="200" height="133" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wat_Chadi_Luang%2C_Chiang_Mai.png/300px-Wat_Chadi_Luang%2C_Chiang_Mai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wat_Chadi_Luang%2C_Chiang_Mai.png/400px-Wat_Chadi_Luang%2C_Chiang_Mai.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></div>
531
+ </div>
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+ <div class="gallerytext">
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+ <p><a href="/wiki/Wat_Chedi_Luang" title="Wat Chedi Luang">Wat Chedi Luang</a>.</p>
534
+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </li>
537
+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
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+ <div style="width: 235px">
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+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;">
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+ <div style="margin:23.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baan_Haw_Mosque_4-6-09.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Baan_Haw_Mosque_4-6-09.jpg/200px-Baan_Haw_Mosque_4-6-09.jpg" width="200" height="133" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Baan_Haw_Mosque_4-6-09.jpg/300px-Baan_Haw_Mosque_4-6-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Baan_Haw_Mosque_4-6-09.jpg/400px-Baan_Haw_Mosque_4-6-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></div>
541
+ </div>
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+ <div class="gallerytext">
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+ <p><a href="/wiki/Baan_Haw_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Baan Haw Mosque">Baan Haw Mosque</a>.</p>
544
+ </div>
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+ </div>
546
+ </li>
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+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
548
+ <div style="width: 235px">
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+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;">
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+ <div style="margin:23px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:1000steps_04thailand0021.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1000steps_04thailand0021.jpg/200px-1000steps_04thailand0021.jpg" width="200" height="134" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1000steps_04thailand0021.jpg/300px-1000steps_04thailand0021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1000steps_04thailand0021.jpg/400px-1000steps_04thailand0021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2828" data-file-height="1897" /></a></div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="gallerytext">
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+ <p>Wat Prathat Doi Suthep</p>
554
+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </li>
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+ </ul>
558
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
559
+ <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Festivals">Festivals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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+ <div class="thumb tright">
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+ <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yi_peng_sky_lantern_festival_San_Sai_Thailand.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yi_peng_sky_lantern_festival_San_Sai_Thailand.jpg/250px-Yi_peng_sky_lantern_festival_San_Sai_Thailand.jpg" width="250" height="234" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yi_peng_sky_lantern_festival_San_Sai_Thailand.jpg/375px-Yi_peng_sky_lantern_festival_San_Sai_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yi_peng_sky_lantern_festival_San_Sai_Thailand.jpg/500px-Yi_peng_sky_lantern_festival_San_Sai_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1685" /></a>
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+ <div class="thumbcaption">
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+ <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Yi_peng_sky_lantern_festival_San_Sai_Thailand.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
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+ Thousands of khom fai in Mae Jo during Loi Kratong</div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="thumb tright">
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+ <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Songkran_002aa.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Songkran_002aa.jpg/250px-Songkran_002aa.jpg" width="250" height="142" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Songkran_002aa.jpg/375px-Songkran_002aa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Songkran_002aa.jpg/500px-Songkran_002aa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1078" /></a>
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+ <div class="thumbcaption">
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+ <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Songkran_002aa.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
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+ Splashing water on others during Songkran celebrations (picture from Chiang Mai)</div>
572
+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="thumb tright">
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+ <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_street_in_Chiang_Mai_City.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_street_in_Chiang_Mai_City.JPG/250px-A_street_in_Chiang_Mai_City.JPG" width="250" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_street_in_Chiang_Mai_City.JPG/375px-A_street_in_Chiang_Mai_City.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_street_in_Chiang_Mai_City.JPG/500px-A_street_in_Chiang_Mai_City.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a>
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+ <div class="thumbcaption">
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+ <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:A_street_in_Chiang_Mai_City.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
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+ Street scene, Chiang Mai</div>
579
+ </div>
580
+ </div>
581
+ <p>Chiang Mai hosts many Thai festivals, including:</p>
582
+ <ul>
583
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Loi_Krathong" title="Loi Krathong">Loi Krathong</a> (known locally as Yi Peng), held on the full moon of the 12th month of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">Thai lunar calendar</a>, being the full moon of the second month of the old Lanna calendar. In the Western calendar this usually falls in November. Every year thousands of people assemble floating banana-leaf containers (<i>krathong</i>) decorated with flowers and candles and deposit them on the waterways of the city in worship of the Goddess of Water. Lanna-style <a href="/wiki/Sky_lantern" title="Sky lantern">sky lanterns</a> (<i>khom fai</i> or <i>kom loi</i>), which are hot-air balloons made of paper, are launched into the air. These sky lanterns are believed to help rid the locals of troubles and are also used to decorate houses and streets.</li>
584
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran</a> is held in mid-April to celebrate the traditional <a href="/wiki/Thai_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai New Year">Thai new year</a>. Chiang Mai has become one of the most popular locations to visit during this festival. A variety of religious and fun-related activities (notably the indiscriminate citywide water fight) take place each year, along with parades and Miss Songkran beauty competition.</li>
585
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Flower_Festival" title="Chiang Mai Flower Festival">Chiang Mai Flower Festival</a> is a three-day festival held during the first weekend in February each year; this event occurs when Chiang Mai's temperate and tropical flowers are in full bloom.</li>
586
+ <li>Tam Bun Khan Dok, the <a href="/wiki/Inthakin" title="Inthakin">Inthakin</a> (City Pillar) Festival, starts on the day of the waning moon of the sixth lunar month and lasts 6–8 days.</li>
587
+ </ul>
588
+ <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
589
+ <p>The inhabitants speak <a href="/wiki/Kham_Muang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham Muang">Kham Muang</a> (also known as Northern Thai or Lanna) among themselves, though central Thai is used in education and is understood by almost everyone. English is used in hotels and travel-related businesses. The Kham Muang alphabet is studied only by scholars, and Northern Thai is commonly written with the standard Thai alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></p>
590
+ <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Museums">Museums</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
591
+ <ul>
592
+ <li>Chiang Mai City Arts and Cultural Center.</li>
593
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_National_Museum" title="Chiang Mai National Museum">Chiang Mai National Museum</a> highlights the history of the region and the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a>.</li>
594
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Museum" title="Tribal Museum">Tribal Museum</a> showcases the history of the local mountain tribes.</li>
595
+ <li>Mint Bureau of Chiang Mai or Sala Thanarak, Treasury Department, Ministry of Finance, Rajdamnern Road (one block from AUA Language Center) has an old coin museum open to the public during business hours. The Lan Na Kingdom used leaf (or line) money made of brass and silver bubbles, also called "pig-mouth" money. Nobody has been able to duplicate the technique of making pig-mouth money, and because the silver is very thin and breakable, good pieces are now very rare.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></li>
596
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand_Museum" title="Bank of Thailand Museum">Bank of Thailand Museum</a></li>
597
+ </ul>
598
+ <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dining">Dining</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Dining">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
599
+ <p><a href="/wiki/Khantoke_dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Khantoke dinner">Khantoke dinner</a> is a century-old Lanna Thai tradition<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> in Chiang Mai. It is an elaborate dinner or lunch offered by a host to guests at various ceremonies or parties, such as weddings, housewarmings, celebrations, novice ordinations, or funerals. It can also be held in connection with celebrations for specific buildings in a <a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple</a> and during Buddhist festivals such as Khao Pansa, Og Pansa, <a href="/wiki/Loi_Krathong" title="Loi Krathong">Loi Krathong</a>, and Thai New Year (<a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran</a>). There are at least two Khantoke dinner/show options, one at the old Lanna Cultural Center near the Airport, and a newer one near the Superhighway to the east of the city, behind the Big C.</p>
600
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
601
+ <p>Chiang Mai has several universities, including <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_University" title="Chiang Mai University">Chiang Mai University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiangmai_Rajabhat_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiangmai Rajabhat University">Chiangmai Rajabhat University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajamangala_University_of_Technology_Lanna" title="Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna">Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Payap_University" title="Payap University">Payap University</a>, Far Eastern University, and <a href="/wiki/Maejo_University" title="Maejo University">Maejo University</a>, as well as numerous technical and teacher colleges. Chiang Mai University was the first government university established outside of Bangkok. Payap University was the first private institution in Thailand to be granted university status.</p>
602
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Nature">Nature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Nature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
603
+ <div class="thumb tright">
604
+ <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nam_tok_huai_kaeo_04_lower_reaches_rainy_season.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nam_tok_huai_kaeo_04_lower_reaches_rainy_season.JPG/220px-Nam_tok_huai_kaeo_04_lower_reaches_rainy_season.JPG" width="220" height="106" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nam_tok_huai_kaeo_04_lower_reaches_rainy_season.JPG/330px-Nam_tok_huai_kaeo_04_lower_reaches_rainy_season.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nam_tok_huai_kaeo_04_lower_reaches_rainy_season.JPG/440px-Nam_tok_huai_kaeo_04_lower_reaches_rainy_season.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1158" /></a>
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+ <div class="thumbcaption">
606
+ <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nam_tok_huai_kaeo_04_lower_reaches_rainy_season.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
607
+ <i>Nam Tok Huai Kaeo</i> (lit. "Crystal Creek Waterfall") lies at the foot of Doi Suthep on the western edge of the city</div>
608
+ </div>
609
+ </div>
610
+ <ul>
611
+ <li>Nearby national parks include <a href="/wiki/Doi_Inthanon_National_Park" title="Doi Inthanon National Park">Doi Inthanon National Park</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Doi_Inthanon" title="Doi Inthanon">Doi Inthanon</a>, the highest mountain in Thailand</li>
612
+ <li>Doi Pui- Doi Suthep National Park begins on the western edge of the city. An important and famous tourist attraction, Wat Doi Suthep Buddhist temple located near the sumit of <a href="/wiki/Doi_Suthep" title="Doi Suthep">Doi Suthep</a>, can be seen from much of the city and its environs.</li>
613
+ <li>Doi Pha Daeng National Park, or more commonly <i>Chiang Dao National Park</i> which includes <a href="/wiki/Doi_Chiang_Dao" title="Doi Chiang Dao">Doi Luang Chiang Dao</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pha_Deang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pha Deang (page does not exist)">Pha Deang</a> mountain near the border with <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.</li>
614
+ <li>Hill tribe tourism and trekking: Many tour companies offer organized treks among the local hills and forests on foot and on elephant back. Most also involve visits to various local hill tribes, including the <a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></li>
615
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Sirikit_Botanic_Garden" title="Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden">Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden</a></li>
616
+ </ul>
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+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recreation">Recreation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Recreation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
618
+ <ul>
619
+ <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Zoo" title="Chiang Mai Zoo">Chiang Mai Zoo</a>, the oldest zoo in Northern Thailand, sprawls over an enormous tract of land.</li>
620
+ <li>Shopping: Chiang Mai has a large and famous night bazaar for local arts and handicrafts. The <a href="/wiki/Night_market" title="Night market">night markets</a> extend across several city blocks along footpaths, inside buildings and temple grounds, and in open squares. A handicraft and food market opens every Sunday afternoon until late at night on Rachadamnoen Road, the main street in the historical centre, which is then closed to motorised traffic. Every Saturday evening a handicraft market is held along Wua Lai Road, Chiang Mai's silver street<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> on the south side of the city beyond Chiang Mai Gate, which is then also closed to motorised traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></li>
621
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_massage" title="Thai massage">Thai massage</a>: The back streets and main thoroughfares of Chiang Mai have an abundance and variety of <a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">massage</a> parlours which offer anything from quick, simple, face and foot massages, to month-long courses in the art of Thai massage.</li>
622
+ <li>Thai cookery: A number of Thai cooking schools have their home in Chiang Mai (see also <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Thailand">Thai food</a>).</li>
623
+ <li>For IT shopping, <a href="/wiki/Pantip_Plaza" title="Pantip Plaza">Pantip Plaza</a> just south of Night Bazaar, as well as Computer Plaza, Computer City, and Icon Square near the north-western corner moat, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=IT_City&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="IT City (page does not exist)">IT City</a> department store in Kad Suan Kaew Mall are available.</li>
624
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a>: Every Saturday starting at 12:30 there are races at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawila_Race_Track&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawila Race Track (page does not exist)">Kawila Race Track</a>. Betting is legal.</li>
625
+ <li>Flight of the Gibbon: Zipline through the 1,500 year old rainforest high above the forest floor. 5&#160;km (3&#160;mi) of ziplines connect lookout platforms, lowering stations, and sky bridges, making the experience a full zipline canopy tour. After, you can hike up alongside the Mae Kompong Waterfall.</li>
626
+ </ul>
627
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transportation">Transportation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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+ <table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation">
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+ <tr>
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+ <td class="mbox-image">
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+ <div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div>
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+ </td>
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+ <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small><i>(June 2012)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></span></td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </table>
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+ <div class="thumb tright">
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+ <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SongthaewChiangMai.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/SongthaewChiangMai.jpg/220px-SongthaewChiangMai.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/SongthaewChiangMai.jpg/330px-SongthaewChiangMai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/SongthaewChiangMai.jpg/440px-SongthaewChiangMai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a>
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+ <div class="thumbcaption">
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+ <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SongthaewChiangMai.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
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+ Songthaew on Wua Lai Rd, Chiang Mai</div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="thumb tright">
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+ <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiangmai_Tuktuk.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chiangmai_Tuktuk.JPG/220px-Chiangmai_Tuktuk.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chiangmai_Tuktuk.JPG/330px-Chiangmai_Tuktuk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chiangmai_Tuktuk.JPG/440px-Chiangmai_Tuktuk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a>
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+ <div class="thumbcaption">
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+ <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiangmai_Tuktuk.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
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+ Tuk-tuks near Tha Phae Gate, Chiang Mai</div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ <p>A number of bus stations link the city to Central, Southeast, and Northern Thailand. The Central Chang Puak terminal (north of Chiang Puak Gate) provides local services within Chiang Mai Province. The Chiang Mai Arcade bus terminal north-east of the city (which can be reached with a <a href="/wiki/Songthaew" title="Songthaew">songthaew</a> or tuk-tuk ride) provides services to over 20 other destinations in Thailand including Bangkok, Pattaya, Hua Hin, and Phuket. There are several services a day from Chiang Mai Arcade terminal to Mo Chit Station in Bangkok (a 10- to 12-hour journey).</p>
651
+ <p>The state railway operates 10 trains a day to <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Mai Station">Chiang Mai Station</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>. Most journeys run overnight and take approximately 12–15 hours. Most trains offer first-class (private cabins) and second-class (seats fold out to make sleeping berths) service. Chiang Mai is the northern terminus of the Thai railway system.</p>
652
+ <p><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_International_Airport" title="Chiang Mai International Airport">Chiang Mai International Airport</a> receives up to 28 flights a day from Bangkok (flight time about 1 hour 10 minutes) and also serves as a local hub for services to other northern cities such as <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Rai">Chiang Rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrae" title="Phrae">Phrae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mae_Hong_Son" title="Mae Hong Son">Mae Hong Son</a>. International services also connect Chiang Mai with other regional centers, including cities in other Asian countries.</p>
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+ <p>The locally preferred form of transport is personal motorbike and, increasingly, private car.</p>
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+ <p>Local public transport is via <a href="/wiki/Tuk-tuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuk-tuk">tuk-tuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songthaew" title="Songthaew">songthaew</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">rickshaws</a>. Local songthaew fare is usually 20–50 baht per person for trips in and around the city. For groups, the fare per person is less. Tuk-tuk fare is usually at least 60-100 baht per trip (the vehicles are comfortable for two passengers, but some can squeeze in four passengers); fares increase with distance.</p>
655
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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+ <div class="thumb tright">
657
+ <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WatDoiSuthep_Courtyard.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WatDoiSuthep_Courtyard.JPG/250px-WatDoiSuthep_Courtyard.JPG" width="250" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WatDoiSuthep_Courtyard.JPG/375px-WatDoiSuthep_Courtyard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WatDoiSuthep_Courtyard.JPG/500px-WatDoiSuthep_Courtyard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a>
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+ <div class="thumbcaption">
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+ <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:WatDoiSuthep_Courtyard.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
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+ Courtyard, Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep</div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ <p>According to Thailand's Tourist Authority, in 2013 Chiang Mai had 14.1 million visitors: 4.6 million foreigners and 9.5 million Thais.<sup id="cite_ref-Internal_Tourism_in_Chiang_Mai_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Internal_Tourism_in_Chiang_Mai-43">[43]</a></sup> In 2016, tourist arrivals are expected to grow by approximately 10 percent to 9.1 million, with Chinese tourists increasing by seven percent to 750,000 and international arrivals by 10 percent to 2.6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-BP-20160521_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP-20160521-44">[44]</a></sup>Tourism in Chiang Mai has been growing annually by 15 percent per year since 2011, mostly due to Chinese tourists who account for 30 percent of international arrivals.<sup id="cite_ref-BP-20160521_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP-20160521-44">[44]</a></sup></p>
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+ <p>Chiang Mai is estimated to have 32,000-40,000 hotel rooms<sup id="cite_ref-Internal_Tourism_in_Chiang_Mai_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Internal_Tourism_in_Chiang_Mai-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BP-20160521_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP-20160521-44">[44]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_International_Airport" title="Chiang Mai International Airport">Chiang Mai International Airport</a> (CNX) is Thailand's fourth largest airport, after Suvarnabhumi (BKK) and Don Mueang (DMK) in Bangkok, and Phuket (HKT).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></p>
665
+ <p>The Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau (TCEB) aims to market Chiang Mai as a global <a href="/wiki/Meetings,_incentives,_conferencing,_exhibitions" title="Meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions">MICE</a> city as part of a five-year plan. The TCEB forecasts revenue from MICE to rise by 10 percent to 4.24 billion baht in 2013 and the number of MICE travellers to rise by five percent to 72,424.<sup id="cite_ref-MICE-Nation_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MICE-Nation-46">[46]</a></sup></p>
666
+ <p>The influx of tourists has put a strain on the city's natural resources. Chiang Mai is faced with rampant unplanned development, air and water pollution, waste management problems, and traffic congestion. Local government is seemingly<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(words_to_watch)#Editorializing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (words to watch)"><span title="A statement that draws an independent conclusion. (March 2017)">editorializing</span></a></i>]</sup> powerless to enforce zoning and construction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
667
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_persons">Notable persons</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Notable persons">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
668
+ <ul>
669
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarrin_Nimmanahaeminda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarrin Nimmanahaeminda (page does not exist)">Tarrin Nimmanahaeminda</a> (born 1945) – banker and former politician; minister of finance, 1992–95</li>
670
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Chookiat_Sakveerakul" title="Chookiat Sakveerakul">Chookiat Sakveerakul</a> (born 1981) – film director and screenwriter</li>
671
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Sakdatorn" title="Nat Sakdatorn">Nat Sakdatorn</a> (born 1983) – singer-songwriter, actor, writer and model</li>
672
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Natthaphong_Samana" title="Natthaphong Samana">Natthaphong Samana</a> (born 1984) – footballer</li>
673
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Noppawan_Lertcheewakarn" title="Noppawan Lertcheewakarn">Noppawan Lertcheewakarn</a> (born 1991) – tennis player</li>
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+ <li><a href="/wiki/Rodjaraeg_Wattanapanit" title="Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit">Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit</a> – the first Thai winner of the <a href="/wiki/International_Women_of_Courage_Award" title="International Women of Courage Award">International Women of Courage Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></li>
675
+ </ul>
676
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
677
+ <p>Chiang Mai has agreements with four <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" title="Twin towns and sister cities">sister cities</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
678
+ <ul>
679
+ <li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Uozu" class="mw-redirect" title="Uozu">Uozu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (8 August 1989)</li>
680
+ <li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture" title="Saitama Prefecture">Saitama Prefecture</a>, Japan (9 November 1992)</li>
681
+ <li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming, Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (7 June 1999)</li>
682
+ <li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, China (29 April 2008)</li>
683
+ </ul>
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+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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+ <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
686
+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
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+ <div style="width: 155px">
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+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
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+ <div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_Chiang_Mai_locator_map.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Thailand_Chiang_Mai_locator_map.svg/68px-Thailand_Chiang_Mai_locator_map.svg.png" width="68" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Thailand_Chiang_Mai_locator_map.svg/102px-Thailand_Chiang_Mai_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Thailand_Chiang_Mai_locator_map.svg/136px-Thailand_Chiang_Mai_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1849" /></a></div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="gallerytext">
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+ <p>Chiang Mai province</p>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </li>
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+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
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+ <div style="width: 155px">
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+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
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+ <div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiangmai_inthakhin2_04.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chiangmai_inthakhin2_04.jpg/120px-Chiangmai_inthakhin2_04.jpg" width="120" height="90" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chiangmai_inthakhin2_04.jpg/180px-Chiangmai_inthakhin2_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chiangmai_inthakhin2_04.jpg/240px-Chiangmai_inthakhin2_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="852" /></a></div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="gallerytext">
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+ <p>Inthakhin city pillar building, Wat Chedi Luang</p>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </li>
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+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
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+ <div style="width: 155px">
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+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
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+ <div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiangmai-market2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chiangmai-market2.jpg/79px-Chiangmai-market2.jpg" width="79" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chiangmai-market2.jpg/118px-Chiangmai-market2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chiangmai-market2.jpg/157px-Chiangmai-market2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1097" /></a></div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="gallerytext">
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+ <p><a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">Street food</a>, Sunday Evening Market</p>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </li>
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+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
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+ <div style="width: 155px">
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+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
719
+ <div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiangmai-market.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chiangmai-market.jpg/80px-Chiangmai-market.jpg" width="80" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chiangmai-market.jpg/120px-Chiangmai-market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chiangmai-market.jpg/160px-Chiangmai-market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="gallerytext">
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+ <p>Selling umbrellas, Sunday Evening Market</p>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </li>
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+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
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+ <div style="width: 155px">
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+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
729
+ <div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Soi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Soi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG/80px-Soi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG" width="80" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Soi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG/120px-Soi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Soi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG/160px-Soi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></div>
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+ </div>
731
+ <div class="gallerytext">
732
+ <p>A <a href="/wiki/Soi" title="Soi">soi</a> NE of city center</p>
733
+ </div>
734
+ </div>
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+ </li>
736
+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
737
+ <div style="width: 155px">
738
+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
739
+ <div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_chiangmai_tuk_tuk_police.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thailand_chiangmai_tuk_tuk_police.jpg/120px-Thailand_chiangmai_tuk_tuk_police.jpg" width="120" height="90" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thailand_chiangmai_tuk_tuk_police.jpg/180px-Thailand_chiangmai_tuk_tuk_police.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thailand_chiangmai_tuk_tuk_police.jpg/240px-Thailand_chiangmai_tuk_tuk_police.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div>
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+ </div>
741
+ <div class="gallerytext">
742
+ <p>Police tuk-tuk, Tha Phae Gate</p>
743
+ </div>
744
+ </div>
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+ </li>
746
+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
747
+ <div style="width: 155px">
748
+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
749
+ <div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_city_wall_and_Chang_Phueak_Gate_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ancient_city_wall_and_Chang_Phueak_Gate_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg/120px-Ancient_city_wall_and_Chang_Phueak_Gate_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg" width="120" height="90" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ancient_city_wall_and_Chang_Phueak_Gate_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg/180px-Ancient_city_wall_and_Chang_Phueak_Gate_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ancient_city_wall_and_Chang_Phueak_Gate_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg/240px-Ancient_city_wall_and_Chang_Phueak_Gate_in_Chiang_Mai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></div>
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+ </div>
751
+ <div class="gallerytext">
752
+ <p>Chang Phueak Gate and part of the old city wall</p>
753
+ </div>
754
+ </div>
755
+ </li>
756
+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
757
+ <div style="width: 155px">
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+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
759
+ <div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiangMaiMoat.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ChiangMaiMoat.jpg/120px-ChiangMaiMoat.jpg" width="120" height="90" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ChiangMaiMoat.jpg/180px-ChiangMaiMoat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ChiangMaiMoat.jpg/240px-ChiangMaiMoat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div>
760
+ </div>
761
+ <div class="gallerytext">
762
+ <p>View south along the eastern moat of city center, Chiang Mai. The road on the right is Moon Muang, on the left, Chaiyapoom</p>
763
+ </div>
764
+ </div>
765
+ </li>
766
+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
767
+ <div style="width: 155px">
768
+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
769
+ <div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chmwphrasingh0506b.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chmwphrasingh0506b.jpg/86px-Chmwphrasingh0506b.jpg" width="86" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chmwphrasingh0506b.jpg/129px-Chmwphrasingh0506b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chmwphrasingh0506b.jpg/173px-Chmwphrasingh0506b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="1136" /></a></div>
770
+ </div>
771
+ <div class="gallerytext">
772
+ <p><a href="/wiki/Ho_Trai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Trai">Ho Trai</a> <i>(library), Wat Phra Singh</i></p>
773
+ </div>
774
+ </div>
775
+ </li>
776
+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
777
+ <div style="width: 155px">
778
+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
779
+ <div style="margin:48.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang_Mai_sunday_evening_walking_street.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chiang_Mai_sunday_evening_walking_street.jpg/120px-Chiang_Mai_sunday_evening_walking_street.jpg" width="120" height="53" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chiang_Mai_sunday_evening_walking_street.jpg/180px-Chiang_Mai_sunday_evening_walking_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chiang_Mai_sunday_evening_walking_street.jpg/240px-Chiang_Mai_sunday_evening_walking_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="853" /></a></div>
780
+ </div>
781
+ <div class="gallerytext">
782
+ <p>Sunday Evening Market, Chiang Mai</p>
783
+ </div>
784
+ </div>
785
+ </li>
786
+ <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
787
+ <div style="width: 155px">
788
+ <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
789
+ <div style="margin:41.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Huai_Tueng_Thao_Chiang_Mai_lake.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Huai_Tueng_Thao_Chiang_Mai_lake.JPG/120px-Huai_Tueng_Thao_Chiang_Mai_lake.JPG" width="120" height="67" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Huai_Tueng_Thao_Chiang_Mai_lake.JPG/180px-Huai_Tueng_Thao_Chiang_Mai_lake.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Huai_Tueng_Thao_Chiang_Mai_lake.JPG/240px-Huai_Tueng_Thao_Chiang_Mai_lake.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="2731" /></a></div>
790
+ </div>
791
+ <div class="gallerytext">
792
+ <p>Huai Tueng Thao Lake, NW of Chiang Mai</p>
793
+ </div>
794
+ </div>
795
+ </li>
796
+ </ul>
797
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
798
+ <ul>
799
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_temples_in_Chiang_Mai" title="Category:Buddhist temples in Chiang Mai">Buddhist temples in Chiang Mai</a></li>
800
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Creative_City" title="Chiang Mai Creative City">Chiang Mai Creative City</a></li>
801
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Initiative" title="Chiang Mai Initiative">Chiang Mai Initiative</a></li>
802
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Flora_Ratchaphruek" title="Royal Flora Ratchaphruek">Royal Flora Ratchaphruek</a></li>
803
+ </ul>
804
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
805
+ <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;">
806
+ <ol class="references">
807
+ <li id="cite_note-Coedes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/George_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedès">Coedès, George</a> (1968). Walter F. Vella, ed. <i>The Indianized States of south-east Asia</i>. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1">978-0-8248-0368-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.aulast=Coed%C3%A8s&amp;rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+south-east+Asia&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
808
+ <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">S.T. Leng (October–November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110704000115/http://www.tceb.or.th/exhibition-now/issue5/issue5_1_4.php">"TCEB keen on World Expo 2020"</a>. <i>Exhibition Now</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tceb.or.th/exhibition-now/issue5/issue5_1_4.php">the original</a> on July 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 Jan</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.atitle=TCEB+keen+on+World+Expo+2020&amp;rft.au=S.T.+Leng&amp;rft.date=2010-10%2F2010-11&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tceb.or.th%2Fexhibition-now%2Fissue5%2Fissue5_1_4.php&amp;rft.jtitle=Exhibition+Now&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
809
+ <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Suchat Sritama (2011-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://my.news.yahoo.com/ayutthaya-chosen-thailands-bid-city-world-expo-2020-20110405-024002-642.html">"Ayutthaya Chosen Thailand's Bid City for World Expo 2020"</a>. The Nation (Thailand) Asia News Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 Dec</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.atitle=Ayutthaya+Chosen+Thailand%27s+Bid+City+for+World+Expo+2020&amp;rft.au=Suchat+Sritama&amp;rft.date=2011-04-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmy.news.yahoo.com%2Fayutthaya-chosen-thailands-bid-city-world-expo-2020-20110405-024002-642.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
810
+ <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Expo_2020" title="Expo 2020">Expo 2020</a></span></li>
811
+ <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chiangmainews.com/ecmn/viewfa.php?id=3065">Chiang Mai Citylife: Chiang Mai a Creativity City by James Austin Farrell</a>. Chiangmainews.com (2011-01-01). Retrieved on 2011-12-14.</span></li>
812
+ <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tripadvisor.com/TravelersChoice-Destinations">"Best Destinations in the World; Travelers' Choice Awards 2014"</a>. TripAdvisor<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Best+Destinations+in+the+World%3B+Travelers%27+Choice+Awards+2014&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripadvisor.com%2FTravelersChoice-Destinations&amp;rft.pub=TripAdvisor&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
813
+ <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/thailand/chiang-mai-province/shopping/other/chiang-mai-night">"Chiang Mai Night Bazaar in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand"</a>. Lonely Planet. 2011-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Chiang+Mai+Night+Bazaar+in+Chiang+Mai+Province%2C+Thailand&amp;rft.date=2011-10-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fthailand%2Fchiang-mai-province%2Fshopping%2Fother%2Fchiang-mai-night&amp;rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
814
+ <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424043041/http://www.northcm.ac.th/web/eng/ex/history.php">"มหาวิทยาลัยนอร์ท-เชียงใหม่ [North - Chiang Mai University]"</a>. Northcm.ac.th. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northcm.ac.th/web/eng/ex/history.php">the original</a> on April 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97-%E0%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88+%5BNorth+-+Chiang+Mai+University%26%2393%3B&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northcm.ac.th%2Fweb%2Feng%2Fex%2Fhistory.php&amp;rft.pub=Northcm.ac.th&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
815
+ <li id="cite_note-Wards-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wards_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915212133/http://www.cmcity.go.th/aboutus/map.php">"Chiang Mai Municipality"</a> (in Thai). Chiang Mai City. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmcity.go.th/aboutus/map.php">the original</a> on September 15, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Chiang+Mai+Municipality&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmcity.go.th%2Faboutus%2Fmap.php&amp;rft.pub=Chiang+Mai+City&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
816
+ <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Aroonrut Wichienkeeo (2001–2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coe.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/research/sea/social/hayashi/Hayashi_Unnan_9Aroonrut.htm">"Lawa (Lua)&#160;: A Study from Palm-Leaf Manuscripts and Stone Inscriptions"</a>. <i>COE Center of Excellence</i>. Rajabhat Institute of Chiangmai<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 Aug</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.atitle=Lawa+%28Lua%29+%3A+A+Study+from+Palm-Leaf+Manuscripts+and+Stone+Inscriptions&amp;rft.au=Aroonrut+Wichienkeeo&amp;rft.date=2001%2F2012&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoe.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fresearch%2Fsea%2Fsocial%2Fhayashi%2FHayashi_Unnan_9Aroonrut.htm&amp;rft.jtitle=COE+Center+of+Excellence&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link since December 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
817
+ <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also the Burmese chronicle of Chiang Mai, "The Zinme Yazawin", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i> Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE</span></li>
818
+ <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://reninc.org/bookshelf/hilltribes_of_northern.pdf">http://reninc.org/bookshelf/hilltribes_of_northern.pdf</a></span></li>
819
+ <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/thailand/chiang-mai-province/chiang-mai/history">"History of Chiang Mai - Lonely Planet Travel Information"</a>. Lonelyplanet.com. 2006-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Chiang+Mai+-+Lonely+Planet+Travel+Information&amp;rft.date=2006-09-19&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fthailand%2Fchiang-mai-province%2Fchiang-mai%2Fhistory&amp;rft.pub=Lonelyplanet.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
820
+ <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thailandsworld.com/en/thai-people/general-kavila/index.cfm">"Thailand's World: General Kavila"</a>. Thailandsworld.com. 2012-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Thailand%27s+World%3A+General+Kavila&amp;rft.date=2012-05-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thailandsworld.com%2Fen%2Fthai-people%2Fgeneral-kavila%2Findex.cfm&amp;rft.pub=Thailandsworld.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
821
+ <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jimmy Carter; Rosalynn Carter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100913061935/http://www.habitat.org/hw/decent_housing/thailand_transformation.aspx">"Thailand Transformation"</a>. Habitat for Humanity International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.habitat.org/hw/decent_housing/thailand_transformation.aspx">the original</a> on September 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 Aug</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.au=Jimmy+Carter&amp;rft.au=Rosalynn+Carter&amp;rft.btitle=Thailand+Transformation&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.habitat.org%2Fhw%2Fdecent_housing%2Fthailand_transformation.aspx&amp;rft.pub=Habitat+for+Humanity+International&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
822
+ <li id="cite_note-CityHistory-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CityHistory_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628045801/http://www.cmcity.go.th/english/history.php">"Chiang Mai Municipality&#160;— History"</a>. Chiang Mai City. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmcity.go.th/english/history.php">the original</a> on 28 Jun 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Chiang+Mai+Municipality+%94+History&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmcity.go.th%2Fenglish%2Fhistory.php&amp;rft.pub=Chiang+Mai+City&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
823
+ <li id="cite_note-CityEmblem-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CityEmblem_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080630001047/http://www.cmcity.go.th/english/emblem.php">"Chiang Mai Municipality&#160;— Emblem"</a>. Chiang Mai City. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmcity.go.th/english/emblem.php">the original</a> on June 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Chiang+Mai+Municipality+%94+Emblem&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmcity.go.th%2Fenglish%2Femblem.php&amp;rft.pub=Chiang+Mai+City&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-MaxTemperature-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MaxTemperature_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geodata.us/weather/show.php?usaf=483270&amp;uban=99999&amp;m=5&amp;c=Thailand&amp;y=2005">"Daily Climate Weather Data Statistics"</a>. Geodata.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Daily+Climate+Weather+Data+Statistics&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geodata.us%2Fweather%2Fshow.php%3Fusaf%3D483270%26uban%3D99999%26m%3D5%26c%3DThailand%26y%3D2005&amp;rft.pub=Geodata.us&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-TMD1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TMD1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.tmd.go.th/content/file/75">"Climatological Data for the Period 1981–2010"</a>. Thai Meteorological Department. p.&#160;2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Climatological+Data+for+the+Period+1981%932010&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.tmd.go.th%2Fcontent%2Ffile%2F75&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.pub=Thai+Meteorological+Department&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-RID-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RID_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.rid.go.th/hwm/cropwater/CWRdata/ETo/ETo_PenMon_2554.pdf">"ปริมาณการใช้น้ำของพืชอ้างอิงโดยวิธีของ Penman Monteith (Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by Penman Monteith)"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (in Thai). Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department. p.&#160;14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%E0%B8%87+Penman+Monteith+%28Reference+Crop+Evapotranspiration+by+Penman+Monteith%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.rid.go.th%2Fhwm%2Fcropwater%2FCWRdata%2FETo%2FETo_PenMon_2554.pdf&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.pub=Office+of+Water+Management+and+Hydrology%2C+Royal+Irrigation+Department&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chiang Mai's Environmental Challenges", Fourth International Conference of Environmental Compliance and Enforcement</span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthoria.com/air-pollution-levels-in-chiang-mai-rising.html">"Air Pollution in Chiang Mai: Current Air Quality &amp; PM-10 Levels"</a>. Earthoria. 2008-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Air+Pollution+in+Chiang+Mai%3A+Current+Air+Quality+%26+PM-10+Levels&amp;rft.date=2008-02-27&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthoria.com%2Fair-pollution-levels-in-chiang-mai-rising.html&amp;rft.pub=Earthoria&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/872752/officials-in-a-haze">"Officials in a haze"</a>. <i>Bangkok Post</i>. 2016-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.atitle=Officials+in+a+haze&amp;rft.date=2016-02-23&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F872752%2Fofficials-in-a-haze&amp;rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/03/11/national/national_30029004.php">"Chiang Mai's air pollution still high"</a>. Nationmultimedia.com. 2007-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Chiang+Mai%27s+air+pollution+still+high&amp;rft.date=2007-03-11&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2F2007%2F03%2F11%2Fnational%2Fnational_30029004.php&amp;rft.pub=Nationmultimedia.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/30054.pdf">http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/30054.pdf</a></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf">"WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, Global Update 2005"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. WHO. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=WHO+Air+quality+guidelines+for+particulate+matter%2C+ozone%2C+nitrogen+dioxide+and+sulfur+dioxide%2C+Global+Update+2005&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fhq%2F2006%2FWHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf&amp;rft.pub=WHO&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lan Na Rebirth: Recently Re-established Temples", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i>, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW</span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wat Phra Singh Woramahaviharn", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i>, Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE</span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">^ "Wat Chedi Luang: Temple of the Great Stupa", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i>, Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE</span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wat Ku Tao: Chang Phuak's Watermelon Temple", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i>, Volume 1. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012.</span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wat Rampoeng Tapotharam" in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i>, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012.</span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wat Suan Dok, the Flower Garden temple", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i>, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW</span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chiangmaiinfo.com/directory/categories/churches">"Churches"</a>. Chiang Mai Info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Churches&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiangmaiinfo.com%2Fdirectory%2Fcategories%2Fchurches&amp;rft.pub=Chiang+Mai+Info&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Muslim Community Past and Present", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i>, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW</span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muslimchiangmai.net/index.php?topic=142.0">"Muslim Chiangmai"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(bi-lingual Thai-English)</span> (in Thai). Muslim Chiangmai. September 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Samsudin Bin Abrahim is the Imam of Chang Klan Mosque in Chiang Mai and a vibrant personality within Chiang Mai's 20,000 Muslim community</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Muslim+Chiangmai&amp;rft.date=2011-09-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuslimchiangmai.net%2Findex.php%3Ftopic%3D142.0&amp;rft.pub=Muslim+Chiangmai&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-chiangmai-thai-introduction-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chiangmai-thai-introduction_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chiangmai-thai-introduction_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chiangmai-thai-introduction_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chiangmai-thai.com/introduction.htm">"Chiang Mai&#160;— A Complete Guide To Chiangmai"</a>. Chiangmai-thai.com. 2008-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Chiang+Mai+%94+A+Complete+Guide+To+Chiangmai&amp;rft.date=2008-07-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiangmai-thai.com%2Fintroduction.htm&amp;rft.pub=Chiangmai-thai.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Forbes, Andrew, "The Peoples of Chiang Mai", in Penth, Hans, and Forbes, Andrew, <i>A Brief History of Lan Na</i>. Chiang Mai City Arts and Cultural Centre, Chiang Mai, 2004, pp. 221-256.</span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402155914/http://www.royalthaimint.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=160:thai-coins-history&amp;catid=44:2010-03-27-17-09-13&amp;Itemid=117&amp;lang=en">"Thai Coins History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Mint" title="Royal Thai Mint">Royal Thai Mint</a>. 28 Mar 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalthaimint.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=160%3Athai-coins-history&amp;catid=44%3A2010-03-27-17-09-13&amp;Itemid=117&amp;lang=en">the original</a> on April 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 Sep</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Thai+Coins+History&amp;rft.date=2010-03-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalthaimint.net%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D160%253Athai-coins-history%26catid%3D44%253A2010-03-27-17-09-13%26Itemid%3D117%26lang%3Den&amp;rft.pub=Royal+Thai+Mint&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.cmu.ac.th/ntic/en_lannafood/culture_lanna3.php">"Khan Tok Dinner"</a>. <i>Lanna Food</i>. Chiang Mai University Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.atitle=Khan+Tok+Dinner&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.cmu.ac.th%2Fntic%2Fen_lannafood%2Fculture_lanna3.php&amp;rft.jtitle=Lanna+Food&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chiang Mai's Hill Peoples", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i>, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012.</span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Shan Silversmiths of Wua Lai", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i>, Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE</span></li>
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+ <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lonely Planet (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/thailand/chiang-mai-province/chiang-mai/shopping">"Shopping in Chiang Mai"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i>. Lonely Planet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.atitle=Shopping+in+Chiang+Mai&amp;rft.au=Lonely+Planet&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fthailand%2Fchiang-mai-province%2Fchiang-mai%2Fshopping&amp;rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
849
+ <li id="cite_note-Internal_Tourism_in_Chiang_Mai-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Internal_Tourism_in_Chiang_Mai_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Internal_Tourism_in_Chiang_Mai_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newdot2.samartmultimedia.com/farms/uploaded/Traveller%20Stat/2556/North/_2.pdf">"Internal Tourism in Chiang Mai"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Thailand Department of Tourism</i>. Department of Tourism. 2014-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.atitle=Internal+Tourism+in+Chiang+Mai&amp;rft.date=2014-08-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewdot2.samartmultimedia.com%2Ffarms%2Fuploaded%2FTraveller%2520Stat%2F2556%2FNorth%2F_2.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Thailand+Department+of+Tourism&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
850
+ <li id="cite_note-BP-20160521-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BP-20160521_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BP-20160521_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BP-20160521_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Chinmaneevong, Chadamas (2016-05-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/tourism-and-transport/982121/chiang-mai-hoteliers-face-price-war-woe">"Chiang Mai hoteliers face price war woe"</a>. <i>Bangkok Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.atitle=Chiang+Mai+hoteliers+face+price+war+woe&amp;rft.aufirst=Chadamas&amp;rft.aulast=Chinmaneevong&amp;rft.date=2016-05-21&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftourism-and-transport%2F982121%2Fchiang-mai-hoteliers-face-price-war-woe&amp;rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
851
+ <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airportthai.co.th/main/en/1115-air-transport-statistic">"2013 (Statistic Report 2013)"</a>. <i>About AOT: Air Transport Statistic</i>. Airports of Thailand PLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.atitle=2013+%28Statistic+Report+2013%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairportthai.co.th%2Fmain%2Fen%2F1115-air-transport-statistic&amp;rft.jtitle=About+AOT%3A+Air+Transport+Statistic&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
852
+ <li id="cite_note-MICE-Nation-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MICE-Nation_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Amnatcharoenrit, Bamrung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/Chiang-Mai-sees-boost-in-MICE-sector-30215752.html">"Chiang Mai sees boost in MICE sector"</a> (2013-09-27). The Nation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.atitle=Chiang+Mai+sees+boost+in+MICE+sector&amp;rft.aufirst=Bamrung&amp;rft.aulast=Amnatcharoenrit&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2Fbusiness%2FChiang-Mai-sees-boost-in-MICE-sector-30215752.html&amp;rft.issue=2013-09-27&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
853
+ <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/914997/chiang-mai-activist-wins-us-courage-award">http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/914997/chiang-mai-activist-wins-us-courage-award</a></span></li>
854
+ <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508044019/http://www.cmcity.go.th/english/eng-slide.php">"Chiang Mai Municipality Information Slideshow"</a>. <i>Chiang Mai Municipality</i>. Section of Foreign Affairs Chiang Mai Municipality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmcity.go.th/english/eng-slide.php">the original</a> on 2012-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.atitle=Chiang+Mai+Municipality+Information+Slideshow&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmcity.go.th%2Fenglish%2Feng-slide.php&amp;rft.jtitle=Chiang+Mai+Municipality&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> (page 21)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link since December 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
855
+ </ol>
856
+ </div>
857
+ <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
858
+ <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
859
+ <tr>
860
+ <td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td>
861
+ <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chiang_Mai" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a></b></i>.</td>
862
+ </tr>
863
+ </table>
864
+ <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
865
+ <tr>
866
+ <td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></td>
867
+ <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai#Q52028" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a></b></i>.</td>
868
+ </tr>
869
+ </table>
870
+ <ul>
871
+ <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmcity.go.th/">City of Chiang Mai</a></li>
872
+ <li><img alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" />&#160;<cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chieng_Mai" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chieng Mai">Chieng Mai</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <b>6</b> (11th ed.). 1911. p.&#160;132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChiang+Mai&amp;rft.atitle=Chieng+Mai&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=132&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
873
+ </ul>
874
+ <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metropolitan_cities_of_Thailand" style="padding:3px">
875
+ <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
876
+ <tr>
877
+ <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
878
+ <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
879
+ <ul>
880
+ <li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_Thailand" title="Template:Metropolitan cities of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
881
+ <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_cities_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Metropolitan cities of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
882
+ <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_Thailand&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
883
+ </ul>
884
+ </div>
885
+ <div id="Metropolitan_cities_of_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thailand" title="List of cities in Thailand">Metropolitan cities of</a> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div>
886
+ </th>
887
+ </tr>
888
+ <tr style="height:2px">
889
+ <td colspan="2"></td>
890
+ </tr>
891
+ <tr>
892
+ <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Special Governed Cities</th>
893
+ <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
894
+ <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
895
+ <ul>
896
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok <small>(Krung Thep Maha Nakhon)</small></a></li>
897
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Pattaya" title="Pattaya">Pattaya</a></li>
898
+ </ul>
899
+ </div>
900
+ </td>
901
+ </tr>
902
+ <tr style="height:2px">
903
+ <td colspan="2"></td>
904
+ </tr>
905
+ <tr>
906
+ <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Thesaban" title="Thesaban">City Municipalities<br />
907
+ <small>(<i>thesaban nakhon</i>)</small></a></th>
908
+ <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
909
+ <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
910
+ <ul>
911
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaophraya_Surasak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaophraya Surasak (page does not exist)">Chaophraya Surasak</a></li>
912
+ <li><strong class="selflink">Chiang Mai</strong></li>
913
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai_(city)" title="Chiang Rai (city)">Chiang Rai</a></li>
914
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_Yai" title="Hat Yai">Hat Yai</a></li>
915
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen" title="Khon Kaen">Khon Kaen</a></li>
916
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko_Samui_(city)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ko Samui (city) (page does not exist)">Ko Samui</a></li>
917
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Laem_Chabang" title="Laem Chabang">Laem Chabang</a></li>
918
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Lampang" title="Lampang">Lampang</a></li>
919
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Sot_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mae Sot (city)">Mae Sot</a></li>
920
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom" title="Nakhon Pathom">Nakhon Pathom</a></li>
921
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima" title="Nakhon Ratchasima">Nakhon Ratchasima</a></li>
922
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan" title="Nakhon Sawan">Nakhon Sawan</a></li>
923
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a></li>
924
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_(city)" title="Nonthaburi (city)">Nonthaburi</a></li>
925
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Noi" title="Om Noi">Om Noi</a></li>
926
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Kret" title="Pak Kret">Pak Kret</a></li>
927
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Phitsanulok" title="Phitsanulok">Phitsanulok</a></li>
928
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya (city)">Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya</a></li>
929
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Phuket_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket (city)">Phuket</a></li>
930
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Rangsit_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangsit (city)">Rangsit</a></li>
931
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Rayong" title="Rayong">Rayong</a></li>
932
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Sakon_Nakhon" title="Sakon Nakhon">Sakon Nakhon</a></li>
933
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samut_Prakan_(city)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samut Prakan (city) (page does not exist)">Samut Prakan</a></li>
934
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Samut_Sakhon" title="Samut Sakhon">Samut Sakhon</a></li>
935
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Songkhla" title="Songkhla">Songkhla</a></li>
936
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani" title="Surat Thani">Surat Thani</a></li>
937
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Trang,_Thailand" title="Trang, Thailand">Trang</a></li>
938
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Ubon_Ratchathani" title="Ubon Ratchathani">Ubon Ratchathani</a></li>
939
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Udon_Thani" title="Udon Thani">Udon Thani</a></li>
940
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Yala,_Thailand" title="Yala, Thailand">Yala</a></li>
941
+ </ul>
942
+ </div>
943
+ </td>
944
+ </tr>
945
+ </table>
946
+ </div>
947
+ <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_provinces_of_Thailand" style="padding:3px">
948
+ <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
949
+ <tr>
950
+ <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
951
+ <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
952
+ <ul>
953
+ <li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_provinces_of_Thailand" title="Template:Capitals of provinces of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
954
+ <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_provinces_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Capitals of provinces of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
955
+ <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Capitals_of_provinces_of_Thailand&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
956
+ </ul>
957
+ </div>
958
+ <div id="Capitals_of_provinces_of_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Thailand" title="List of capitals in Thailand">Capitals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div>
959
+ </th>
960
+ </tr>
961
+ <tr style="height:2px">
962
+ <td colspan="2"></td>
963
+ </tr>
964
+ <tr>
965
+ <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
966
+ <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
967
+ <ul>
968
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Thong" title="Ang Thong">Ang Thong</a></li>
969
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Ayothaya_(town)" title="Ayothaya (town)">Ayothaya</a></li>
970
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Tom" title="Ban Tom">Ban Tom</a></li>
971
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bang_Rin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bang Rin (page does not exist)">Bang Rin</a></li>
972
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li>
973
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bueng_Kan_SAO_Area&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bueng Kan SAO Area (page does not exist)">Bueng Kan SAO Area</a></li>
974
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Chachoengsao" title="Chachoengsao">Chachoengsao</a></li>
975
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaeramae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaeramae (page does not exist)">Chaeramae</a></li>
976
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Nat" title="Chai Nat">Chai Nat</a></li>
977
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chai_Sathan,_Mueang_Nan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chai Sathan, Mueang Nan (page does not exist)">Chai Sathan</a></li>
978
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Chaiyaphum" title="Chaiyaphum">Chaiyaphum</a></li>
979
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Chanthaburi" title="Chanthaburi">Chanthaburi</a></li>
980
+ <li><strong class="selflink">Chiang Mai</strong></li>
981
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai_(city)" title="Chiang Rai (city)">Chiang Rai</a></li>
982
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_(city)" title="Chonburi (city)">Chonburi</a></li>
983
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Chumphon" title="Chumphon">Chumphon</a></li>
984
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasin" title="Kalasin">Kalasin</a></li>
985
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchanaburi" title="Kanchanaburi">Kanchanaburi</a></li>
986
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khelang_Nakhon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Khelang Nakhon (page does not exist)">Khelang Nakhon</a></li>
987
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen" title="Khon Kaen">Khon Kaen</a></li>
988
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi" title="Krabi">Krabi</a></li>
989
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Lamphun" title="Lamphun">Lamphun</a></li>
990
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Loei" title="Loei">Loei</a></li>
991
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Lopburi" title="Lopburi">Lopburi</a></li>
992
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Hong_Son" title="Mae Hong Son">Mae Hong Son</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mai_Khet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mai Khet (page does not exist)">Mai Khet</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="/wiki/Map_Ta_Phut" title="Map Ta Phut">Map Ta Phut</a></li>
995
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Mukdahan" title="Mukdahan">Mukdahan</a></li>
996
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Nayok_City" title="Nakhon Nayok City">Nakhon Nayok</a></li>
997
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Phanom" title="Nakhon Phanom">Nakhon Phanom</a></li>
998
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima" title="Nakhon Ratchasima">Nakhon Ratchasima</a></li>
999
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan" title="Nakhon Sawan">Nakhon Sawan</a></li>
1000
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="/wiki/Narathiwat" title="Narathiwat">Narathiwat</a></li>
1002
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non_Nam_Thaeng&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Non Nam Thaeng (page does not exist)">Non Nam Thaeng</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Bua_Lamphu" title="Nong Bua Lamphu">Nong Bua Lam Phu</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Khai" title="Nong Khai">Nong Khai</a></li>
1005
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Pling,_Mueang_Kamphaeng_Phet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nong Pling, Mueang Kamphaeng Phet (page does not exist)">Nong Pling</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_(city)" title="Nonthaburi (city)">Nonthaburi</a></li>
1007
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Pathum_Thani" title="Pathum Thani">Pathum Thani</a></li>
1008
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Pattani,_Thailand" title="Pattani, Thailand">Pattani</a></li>
1009
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Phang_Nga" title="Phang Nga">Phang Nga</a></li>
1010
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Phatthalung" title="Phatthalung">Phatthalung</a></li>
1011
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Phetchaburi" title="Phetchaburi">Phetchaburi</a></li>
1012
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Phichit" title="Phichit">Phichit</a></li>
1013
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Phitsanulok" title="Phitsanulok">Phitsanulok</a></li>
1014
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Phrae" title="Phrae">Phrae</a></li>
1015
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Phuket_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket (city)">Phuket</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan" title="Prachuap Khiri Khan">Prachuap Khiri Khan</a></li>
1017
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchaburi" title="Ratchaburi">Ratchaburi</a></li>
1018
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Roi_Et" title="Roi Et">Roi Et</a></li>
1019
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Kaeo" title="Sa Kaeo">Sa Kaeo</a></li>
1020
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadiang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadiang (page does not exist)">Sadiang</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="/wiki/Sakon_Nakhon" title="Sakon Nakhon">Sakon Nakhon</a></li>
1022
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Samet,_Buriram" title="Samet, Buriram">Samet</a></li>
1023
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samut_Prakan_(city)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samut Prakan (city) (page does not exist)">Samut Prakan</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="/wiki/Samut_Sakhon" title="Samut Sakhon">Samut Sakhon</a></li>
1025
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Samut_Songkhram" title="Samut Songkhram">Samut Songkhram</a></li>
1026
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanam_Chai,_Suphan_Buri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanam Chai, Suphan Buri (page does not exist)">Sanam Chai</a></li>
1027
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Saraburi" title="Saraburi">Saraburi</a></li>
1028
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Satun" title="Satun">Satun</a></li>
1029
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1030
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Sisaket_(town)" title="Sisaket (town)">Sisaket</a></li>
1031
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Songkhla" title="Songkhla">Songkhla</a></li>
1032
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Thani" title="Sukhothai Thani">Sukhothai Thani</a></li>
1033
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani" title="Surat Thani">Surat Thani</a></li>
1034
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Surin,_Thailand" title="Surin, Thailand">Surin</a></li>
1035
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Tak_(town)" title="Tak (town)">Tak</a></li>
1036
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanon_Khat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanon Khat (page does not exist)">Thanon Khat</a></li>
1037
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Trang,_Thailand" title="Trang, Thailand">Trang</a></li>
1038
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Trat" title="Trat">Trat</a></li>
1039
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Udon_Thani" title="Udon Thani">Udon Thani</a></li>
1040
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Uthai_Thani" title="Uthai Thani">Uthai Thani</a></li>
1041
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradit" title="Uttaradit">Uttaradit</a></li>
1042
+ <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waeng_Nang_Township&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Waeng Nang Township (page does not exist)">Waeng Nang Township</a></li>
1043
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Yala,_Thailand" title="Yala, Thailand">Yala</a></li>
1044
+ <li><a href="/wiki/Yasothon" title="Yasothon">Yasothon</a></li>
1045
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1046
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1048
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1049
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1052
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1062
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+ <div class="portal" role="navigation" id='p-wikibase-otherprojects' aria-labelledby='p-wikibase-otherprojects-label'>
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+ <h3 id='p-wikibase-otherprojects-label'>In other projects</h3>
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+
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+ <div class="body">
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+ <ul>
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+ <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chiang_Mai" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li> </ul>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="portal" role="navigation" id='p-lang' aria-labelledby='p-lang-label'>
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+ <h3 id='p-lang-label'>Languages</h3>
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+ <div class="body">
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+ <ul>
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+ <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA_%D9%85%D9%8A" title="تشيانغ مي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Чианг Май (град) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BE%B0%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆེང་མྰེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Tailandya)" title="Chiang Mai (kapital sa lalawigan sa Tailandya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciang_Mai" title="Čiang Mai – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88iang_Mai" title="Ĉiang Mai – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txiang_Mai" title="Txiang Mai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="چیانگ مای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EC%95%99%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4" title="치앙마이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="चिआंग माई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99" title="צ'יאנג מאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чиангмай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciangmajus" title="Čiangmajus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csiangmaj" title="Csiangmaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="चियांग माई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai_(bandar)" title="Chiang Mai (bandar) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ချင်းမိုင်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai_(stad)" title="Chiang Mai (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4" title="テーサバーンナコーン・チエンマイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiangmay" title="Chiangmay – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="چیانگ مائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чиангмай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Чијанг Мај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="เทศบาลนครเชียงใหม่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чіангмай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="چیانگ مائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai_(th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91)" title="Chiang Mai (thành phố) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BF%88" title="清迈 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%82%81" title="清邁 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%82%81" title="清邁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul>
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+ <div class='after-portlet after-portlet-lang'><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52028#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div>
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