csl-styles 2.0.1 → 2.0.2

data/vendor/styles/modern-humanities-research-association-author-date.csl

@@ -1,312 +1,3247 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<style xmlns="http://purl.org/net/xbiblio/csl" class="in-text" version="1.0" demote-non-dropping-particle="sort-only" default-locale="en-GB" page-range-format="chicago">
+<style xmlns="http://purl.org/net/xbiblio/csl" and="text" class="in-text" demote-non-dropping-particle="display-and-sort" et-al-min="4" et-al-use-first="1" page-range-format="minimal-two" version="1.0" default-locale="en-GB">
+  <!-- This file was generated by the Style Variant Builder <https://github.com/citation-style-language/style-variant-builder>. To contribute changes, modify the template and regenerate variants. -->
   <info>
-    <title>Modern Humanities Research Association 3rd edition (author-date)</title>
-    <title-short>MHRA</title-short>
+    <title>Modern Humanities Research Association 4th edition (author-date)</title>
+    <title-short>MHRA Style Guide (author-date/Harvard)</title-short>
     <id>http://www.zotero.org/styles/modern-humanities-research-association-author-date</id>
     <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/modern-humanities-research-association-author-date" rel="self"/>
-    <link href="http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/download.shtml" rel="documentation"/>
+    <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/modern-humanities-research-association-notes" rel="template"/>
+    <link href="https://www.mhra.org.uk/style/" rel="documentation"/>
     <author>
-      <name>Rintze Zelle</name>
-      <uri>http://forums.zotero.org/account/831/</uri>
-    </author>
-    <contributor>
-      <name>Sebastian Karcher</name>
-    </contributor>
-    <contributor>
       <name>Andrew Dunning</name>
-      <uri>http://individual.utoronto.ca/dunning/</uri>
-    </contributor>
+      <uri>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-5036</uri>
+    </author>
     <category citation-format="author-date"/>
     <category field="generic-base"/>
-    <summary>MHRA author date format. This is rather poorly specified in the style guide, so it includes some (hopefully reasonable) assumptions: et al for 3+ author; "and" between two authors; no added names, but added given names for disambiguation.</summary>
-    <updated>2015-10-06T04:57:27+00:00</updated>
+    <category field="history"/>
+    <category field="humanities"/>
+    <category field="linguistics"/>
+    <category field="literature"/>
+    <category field="philosophy"/>
+    <category field="theology"/>
+    <summary>MHRA source citations, author-date system</summary>
+    <updated>2025-08-07T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
     <rights license="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</rights>
   </info>
   <locale xml:lang="en">
     <terms>
-      <term name="et-al">and others</term>
-      <term name="editor" form="verb-short">ed. by</term>
-      <term name="edition" form="short">edn</term>
-      <term name="translator" form="verb-short">trans. by</term>
-      <term name="folio">
-        <single>fol.</single>
-        <multiple>fols</multiple>
+      <term name="advance-online-publication">published online</term>
+      <term form="short" name="editor-translator">
+        <single>ed. and trans.</single>
+        <multiple>eds and trans.</multiple>
+      </term>
+      <term form="short" name="editortranslator">
+        <single>ed. and trans.</single>
+        <multiple>eds and trans.</multiple>
       </term>
+      <term form="verb-short" name="editor-translator">ed. and trans. by</term>
+      <term form="verb-short" name="editortranslator">ed. and trans. by</term>
+      <term name="et-al">and others</term>
+      <term name="manuscript">unpublished manuscript</term>
+      <term name="original-work-published">originally published as</term>
+      <term form="short" name="paper-conference">paper</term>
     </terms>
   </locale>
-  <macro name="author">
-    <names variable="author">
-      <name name-as-sort-order="first" and="text" sort-separator=", " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
-      <label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")"/>
-      <substitute>
-        <names variable="editor"/>
-        <names variable="translator"/>
-        <text macro="title"/>
-      </substitute>
-    </names>
-  </macro>
-  <macro name="author-short">
-    <names variable="author">
-      <name form="short" and="text" sort-separator=", " delimiter=", "/>
-      <substitute>
-        <names variable="editor"/>
-        <names variable="translator"/>
+  <!-- Contents:
+    
+       This file interprets MHRA using APA's four basic reference elements:
+
+        1. Author
+        2. Date (author-date system only)
+        3. Title and descriptions
+            3.1. Title
+            3.2. Description
+            3.3. Identifiers (contributors, edition, volume)
+        4. Source
+            4.1. Serial sources
+            4.2. Monographic sources
+            4.3. Series
+            4.4. Event
+            4.5. Publisher
+            4.6. Date
+            4.7. Locator (including page references)
+            4.8. Medium
+            4.9. Archival location
+            4.10. URL or persistent identifier
+  -->
+  <!-- MHRA draws heavily on the Oxford Style Manual <https://archive.org/details/oxfordstylemanua0000unse> (especially its approach to the author-date system, 15.19), with some updates from more recent editions (including New Hart's Rules). This file follows OSM/NHR guidance where MHRA is silent. It also reuses code written for the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) and APA. -->
+  <!-- Categories of CSL item types:
+
+       Serial
+       : article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper periodical post-weblog review review-book
+
+       Serial or Monographic
+       : interview paper-conference
+
+         Monographic with any of `collection-editor compiler editor editorial-director`.
+         A serial `paper-conference` is unpublished if it lacks any of `issue page supplement-number volume`.
+
+       Monographic
+       : article book broadcast chapter classic collection dataset document
+         entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia event figure
+         graphic manuscript map motion_picture musical_score
+         pamphlet patent performance personal_communication post report
+         software song speech standard thesis webpage
+
+       Legal
+       : bill hearing legal_case legislation regulation treaty
+  -->
+  <!-- Variable labels -->
+  <macro name="label-chapter-number">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if is-numeric="chapter-number" type="song">
+          <text value="track"/>
+        </if>
+        <else-if is-numeric="chapter-number">
+          <label form="short" variable="chapter-number"/>
+        </else-if>
+      </choose>
+      <text variable="chapter-number"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-chapter-number-long">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if is-numeric="chapter-number" type="song">
+          <text value="track"/>
+        </if>
+        <else-if is-numeric="chapter-number">
+          <label variable="chapter-number"/>
+        </else-if>
+      </choose>
+      <text variable="chapter-number"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-chapter-number-long-capitalized">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if is-numeric="chapter-number" type="song">
+          <text text-case="capitalize-first" value="track"/>
+        </if>
+        <else-if is-numeric="chapter-number">
+          <label text-case="capitalize-first" variable="chapter-number"/>
+        </else-if>
+      </choose>
+      <text text-case="capitalize-first" variable="chapter-number"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-edition">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if is-numeric="edition">
+          <number form="ordinal" variable="edition"/>
+          <label form="short" variable="edition"/>
+        </if>
+        <else-if match="any" type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper periodical post-weblog review review-book">
+          <!-- full label for serial edition (cf. CMOS18 14.89) -->
+          <text variable="edition"/>
+          <label variable="edition"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if match="any" type="interview paper-conference">
+          <choose>
+            <if match="any" variable="collection-editor compiler editor editorial-director">
+              <!-- monographic usage -->
+              <text variable="edition"/>
+            </if>
+            <else>
+              <!-- serial usage -->
+              <text variable="edition"/>
+              <label variable="edition"/>
+            </else>
+          </choose>
+        </else-if>
+        <else>
+          <text variable="edition"/>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-edition-capitalized">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if is-numeric="edition">
+          <number form="ordinal" variable="edition"/>
+          <label form="short" variable="edition"/>
+        </if>
+        <else-if match="any" type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper periodical post-weblog review review-book">
+          <!-- full label for serial edition (cf. CMOS18 14.89) -->
+          <text text-case="title" variable="edition"/>
+          <label text-case="capitalize-first" variable="edition"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if match="any" type="interview paper-conference">
+          <choose>
+            <if match="any" variable="collection-editor compiler editor editorial-director">
+              <!-- monographic usage -->
+              <text text-case="capitalize-first" variable="edition"/>
+            </if>
+            <else>
+              <!-- serial usage -->
+              <text text-case="title" variable="edition"/>
+              <label text-case="capitalize-first" variable="edition"/>
+            </else>
+          </choose>
+        </else-if>
+        <else>
+          <text text-case="capitalize-first" variable="edition"/>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-issue">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <label form="short" variable="issue"/>
+      <text variable="issue"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-locator">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if is-numeric="locator">
+          <label form="short" variable="locator"/>
+        </if>
+        <!-- a non-numeric canonical reference is described by its formatting and does not need a label, similar to a timestamp (MHRA 7.3c) -->
+        <else-if locator="chapter line verse" match="any"/>
+        <else>
+          <label form="short" variable="locator"/>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+      <text variable="locator"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-locator-inline">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <!-- inline author-date citations do not give a page locator (MHRA 7.13) -->
+        <if locator="page"/>
+        <else-if is-numeric="locator">
+          <label form="short" variable="locator"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <!-- a non-numeric canonical reference is described by its formatting and does not need a label, similar to a timestamp (MHRA 7.3c) -->
+        <else-if locator="chapter line verse" match="any"/>
+        <else>
+          <label form="short" variable="locator"/>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+      <text variable="locator"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-number">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if type="standard"/>
+        <else-if is-numeric="number">
+          <label form="short" variable="number"/>
+        </else-if>
+      </choose>
+      <text variable="number"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-number-article">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if is-numeric="number">
+          <text form="short" term="article-locator"/>
+        </if>
+      </choose>
+      <text variable="number"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-number-of-volumes">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <text variable="number-of-volumes"/>
+      <choose>
+        <if is-numeric="number-of-volumes">
+          <label form="short" variable="number-of-volumes"/>
+        </if>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-page">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <label form="short" variable="page"/>
+      <text variable="page"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-part-number">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if is-numeric="part-number">
+          <!-- TODO: Replace with `part-number` label when CSL provides one -->
+          <text form="short" term="part"/>
+        </if>
+      </choose>
+      <text variable="part-number"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-section">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if is-numeric="section">
+          <label variable="section"/>
+        </if>
+      </choose>
+      <text text-case="title" variable="section"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-supplement-number">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <!-- TODO: Replace with `supplement-number` label when CSL provides one -->
+        <if is-numeric="supplement-number" variable="volume-title">
+          <!-- if there is a volume title, it is already described as a supplement -->
+          <text form="short" term="issue"/>
+        </if>
+        <else-if is-numeric="supplement-number" type="periodical" variable="title">
+          <text form="short" term="issue"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if is-numeric="supplement-number">
+          <text form="short" term="supplement"/>
+        </else-if>
+      </choose>
+      <text variable="supplement-number"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-version">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <label variable="version"/>
+      <text variable="version"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="label-volume">
+    <!-- label a volume by rendering it in Roman numerals (MHRA 7.3) -->
+    <choose>
+      <if is-numeric="volume">
+        <number font-variant="small-caps" form="roman" variable="volume"/>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <text variable="volume"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 1. Author -->
+  <macro name="author-bib">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <names variable="composer">
+        <name delimiter-precedes-et-al="after-inverted-name" delimiter-precedes-last="always" name-as-sort-order="first"/>
+        <label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")"/>
+        <substitute>
+          <choose>
+            <if variable="author interviewer">
+              <choose>
+                <if match="any" variable="container-title DOI issue number publisher publisher-place references URL volume">
+                  <!-- `interviewer` is the author of a published interview (MHRA 7.11) -->
+                  <names variable="interviewer"/>
+                </if>
+              </choose>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+          <names variable="author"/>
+          <names variable="host"/>
+          <names variable="guest"/>
+          <choose>
+            <if type="song">
+              <names variable="performer"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+          <choose>
+            <if type="classic">
+              <!-- editors in author position only for an edited collection (MHRA 8.3) -->
+              <text macro="author-title-substitute"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+          <names variable="illustrator"/>
+          <choose>
+            <if match="none" type="standard">
+              <names variable="editor-translator"/>
+              <names variable="editor"/>
+              <names variable="translator"/>
+              <names variable="collection-editor"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+          <names variable="director"/>
+          <names variable="producer"/>
+          <names variable="executive-producer"/>
+          <names variable="series-creator"/>
+          <names variable="editorial-director"/>
+          <names variable="compiler"/>
+          <choose>
+            <if match="any" type="event performance speech">
+              <names variable="chair"/>
+              <names variable="organizer"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+          <names variable="curator"/>
+          <choose>
+            <if type="software">
+              <!-- `software` listed under the name of the publisher or developer (MHRA 7.8) -->
+              <text variable="publisher"/>
+            </if>
+            <else-if type="standard">
+              <!-- `standard` listed in bibliography under organization, but note omits this (cf. CMOS18 14.159) -->
+              <text variable="authority"/>
+            </else-if>
+          </choose>
+          <text macro="author-review-unsigned"/>
+          <text macro="author-title-substitute"/>
+          <choose>
+            <if type="manuscript">
+              <choose>
+                <if match="none" variable="container-title event-date event-place event-title genre title publisher publisher-place">
+                  <text macro="source-archive"/>
+                </if>
+              </choose>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+        </substitute>
+      </names>
+      <text macro="author-contributors"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="author-inline">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" type="interview personal_communication">
+        <text macro="author-short-and-recipient"/>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <names variable="composer">
+          <name form="short" initialize-with=". "/>
+          <substitute>
+            <choose>
+              <if variable="author interviewer">
+                <choose>
+                  <if match="any" variable="container-title DOI issue number publisher publisher-place references URL volume">
+                    <!-- `interviewer` is the author of a published interview (MHRA 7.11) -->
+                    <names variable="interviewer"/>
+                  </if>
+                </choose>
+              </if>
+            </choose>
+            <names variable="author"/>
+            <names variable="host"/>
+            <names variable="guest"/>
+            <choose>
+              <if type="song">
+                <names variable="performer"/>
+              </if>
+            </choose>
+            <choose>
+              <if type="classic">
+                <!-- editors in author position only for an edited collection (MHRA 8.3) -->
+                <text macro="author-title-substitute-short"/>
+              </if>
+            </choose>
+            <names variable="illustrator"/>
+            <choose>
+              <if match="none" type="standard">
+                <names variable="editor-translator"/>
+                <names variable="editor"/>
+                <names variable="translator"/>
+                <names variable="collection-editor"/>
+              </if>
+            </choose>
+            <names variable="director"/>
+            <names variable="producer"/>
+            <names variable="executive-producer"/>
+            <names variable="series-creator"/>
+            <names variable="editorial-director"/>
+            <names variable="compiler"/>
+            <choose>
+              <if match="any" type="event performance speech">
+                <names variable="chair"/>
+                <names variable="organizer"/>
+              </if>
+            </choose>
+            <names variable="curator"/>
+            <choose>
+              <if type="software">
+                <!-- `software` listed under the name of the publisher or developer (MHRA 7.8) -->
+                <text variable="publisher"/>
+              </if>
+              <else-if type="standard">
+                <!-- `standard` listed in bibliography under organization, but note omits this (cf. CMOS18 14.159) -->
+                <text variable="authority"/>
+              </else-if>
+            </choose>
+            <text macro="author-review-unsigned"/>
+            <text macro="author-title-substitute-short"/>
+            <choose>
+              <if type="manuscript">
+                <choose>
+                  <if match="none" variable="container-title event-date event-place event-title genre title publisher publisher-place">
+                    <text macro="source-archive-short"/>
+                  </if>
+                </choose>
+              </if>
+            </choose>
+          </substitute>
+        </names>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- Author elements -->
+  <macro name="author-contributors">
+    <!-- contributors immediately follow the main author (MHRA 7.9.v); assumed that this should appear with most bracketed types -->
+    <choose>
+      <if match="none" variable="author composer interviewer performer"/>
+      <else-if match="any" type="classic thesis"/>
+      <else-if match="any" type="book broadcast chapter classic entry interview motion_picture musical_score pamphlet paper-conference report software song standard thesis">
+        <names variable="contributor">
+          <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+          <name/>
+        </names>
+      </else-if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="author-short-and-recipient">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <!-- Inaccessible personal commmunication is cited in-text (cf. CMOS18 14.111) -->
+        <if match="none" variable="archive archive-place container-title DOI number publisher references URL">
+          <!-- These variables indicate whether the letter is retrievable by the reader -->
+          <group delimiter=", ">
+            <names variable="author">
+              <substitute>
+                <text macro="title-and-descriptions-short"/>
+              </substitute>
+            </names>
+          </group>
+          <choose>
+            <if match="none" variable="genre">
+              <names variable="recipient">
+                <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                <name/>
+              </names>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+        </if>
+        <else-if variable="author interviewer">
+          <choose>
+            <if match="any" variable="container-title DOI issue number publisher publisher-place references URL volume">
+              <!-- cite published interviews under interviewer name (MHRA 7.11) -->
+              <names variable="interviewer">
+                <name form="short"/>
+              </names>
+            </if>
+            <else>
+              <names variable="author">
+                <name form="short"/>
+              </names>
+            </else>
+          </choose>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if variable="author recipient">
+          <names variable="author">
+            <label/>
+            <name form="short"/>
+          </names>
+          <choose>
+            <if match="none" variable="genre">
+              <names variable="recipient">
+                <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+                <name form="short"/>
+              </names>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+        </else-if>
+        <else>
+          <names variable="author">
+            <name form="short"/>
+            <substitute>
+              <text macro="title-and-descriptions-short"/>
+            </substitute>
+          </names>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="author-review-unsigned">
+    <choose>
+      <!-- [Anon.] with an unsigned review (MHRA 7.4.x) -->
+      <if type="article-journal" variable="reviewed-author">
+        <text form="short" prefix="[" suffix="]" term="anonymous" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
+      </if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="author-title-substitute">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" type="review review-book" variable="reviewed-author reviewed-genre reviewed-title">
+        <!-- If a review has no `reviewed-genre` or `reviewed-title`, assume that `title` contains the title of the reviewed work; the description provides it. -->
+        <choose>
+          <if variable="reviewed-genre title">
+            <text macro="title"/>
+          </if>
+          <else-if variable="reviewed-genre reviewed-title title">
+            <text macro="title"/>
+          </else-if>
+          <else>
+            <text macro="title-and-descriptions"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </if>
+      <else-if variable="title">
         <text macro="title"/>
-      </substitute>
-    </names>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <!-- If an item has no `title`, substitute with descriptions. -->
+        <text macro="title-and-descriptions"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="author-title-substitute-short">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" type="review review-book" variable="reviewed-author reviewed-genre reviewed-title">
+        <!-- If a review has no `reviewed-genre` or `reviewed-title`, assume that `title` contains the title of the reviewed work; the description provides it. -->
+        <choose>
+          <if variable="reviewed-genre title">
+            <text macro="title-short"/>
+          </if>
+          <else-if variable="reviewed-genre reviewed-title title">
+            <text macro="title-short"/>
+          </else-if>
+          <else>
+            <text macro="title-and-descriptions-short"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </if>
+      <else-if variable="title">
+        <text macro="title-short"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <!-- If an item has no `title`, substitute with descriptions and capitalize -->
+        <text macro="title-and-descriptions"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 2. Date -->
+  <macro name="date">
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="issued">
+        <group delimiter=" ">
+          <!-- reprints and earlier editions may give original year in brackets (cf. CMOS18 14.16) -->
+          <text macro="date-original-year" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
+          <group>
+            <text macro="date-issued-year"/>
+            <text variable="year-suffix"/>
+          </group>
+        </group>
+      </if>
+      <else-if variable="available-date">
+        <date date-parts="year" form="text" variable="available-date"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if variable="event-date">
+        <text macro="date-event-year"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if variable="status">
+        <group>
+          <!-- Print the status variable rather than use generic CSL terms (`in press`, etc.) -->
+          <text text-case="capitalize-first" variable="status"/>
+          <text prefix="-" variable="year-suffix"/>
+        </group>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="collection">
+        <!-- do not give n.d. for archival collections (cf. CMOS18 14.128) -->
+        <text prefix="-" variable="year-suffix"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="manuscript">
+        <!-- do not give n.d. with a bare shelfmark -->
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="container-title event-date event-place event-title genre title publisher publisher-place">
+            <text form="short" term="no date"/>
+            <text prefix="-" variable="year-suffix"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <text form="short" term="no date"/>
+        <text prefix="-" variable="year-suffix"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="date-short">
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="issued">
+        <group delimiter=" ">
+          <text macro="date-original-year" prefix="[" suffix="]"/>
+          <group>
+            <choose>
+              <if match="any" type="interview personal_communication">
+                <choose>
+                  <if match="none" variable="archive archive-place container-title DOI number publisher references URL">
+                    <!-- These variables indicate that the communication is retrievable by the reader. If not, then use the in-text-only personal communication format -->
+                    <text macro="date-issued-full"/>
+                  </if>
+                  <else>
+                    <text macro="date-issued-year"/>
+                  </else>
+                </choose>
+              </if>
+              <else>
+                <text macro="date-issued-year"/>
+              </else>
+            </choose>
+            <text variable="year-suffix"/>
+          </group>
+        </group>
+      </if>
+      <else-if variable="available-date">
+        <date date-parts="year" form="text" variable="available-date"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if variable="event-date">
+        <text macro="date-event-year"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if variable="status">
+        <!-- Print the status variable rather than use generic CSL terms (`in press`, etc.) -->
+        <text text-case="lowercase" variable="status"/>
+        <text prefix="-" variable="year-suffix"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="interview personal_communication">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="archive archive-place container-title DOI number publisher references URL">
+            <!-- only give n.d. for accessible personal communication (cf. CMOS18 14.111)-->
+            <text form="short" term="no date"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+        <text prefix="-" variable="year-suffix"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="classic collection entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia">
+        <!-- do not give n.d. for archival collections (cf. CMOS18 14.128), `classic` (cf. 14.143), or reference entries (cf. 14.131) -->
+        <text prefix="-" variable="year-suffix"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="manuscript">
+        <!-- do not give n.d. with a bare shelfmark -->
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="container-title event-date event-place event-title genre title publisher publisher-place">
+            <text form="short" term="no date"/>
+            <text prefix="-" variable="year-suffix"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <text form="short" term="no date"/>
+        <text prefix="-" variable="year-suffix"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="date-sort-group">
+    <!-- Sort items with and without dates (cf. CMOS18 14.44):
+
+          1. items with dates (= 0)
+          2. `no date` items (= 1)
+          3. items with `status` (forthcoming, in press, etc.) (= 2) -->
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="issued">
+        <text value="0"/>
+      </if>
+      <else-if variable="status">
+        <text value="2"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <!-- n.d. -->
+        <text value="1"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="date-sort-year">
+    <choose>
+      <if type="personal_communication" variable="event-date issued">
+        <text macro="date-event-year"/>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <date date-parts="year" form="text" variable="issued"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- Date elements -->
+  <macro name="date-event-full">
+    <choose>
+      <if is-uncertain-date="issued">
+        <date form="text" prefix="[" suffix="?]" variable="event-date"/>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <date form="text" variable="event-date"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="date-event-year">
+    <choose>
+      <if is-uncertain-date="issued">
+        <date date-parts="year" form="text" prefix="[" suffix="?]" variable="event-date"/>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <date date-parts="year" form="text" variable="event-date"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="date-issued-full">
+    <choose>
+      <if is-uncertain-date="issued">
+        <choose>
+          <if type="graphic">
+            <!-- artwork exceptionally uses 'c.' with uncertain dates (MHRA 7.9.i) -->
+            <group delimiter=" ">
+              <text font-style="italic" form="short" term="circa"/>
+              <date form="text" variable="issued"/>
+            </group>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <!-- uncertain dates are presumably bracketed for other types (MHRA 7.3) -->
+            <date form="text" prefix="[" suffix="?]" variable="issued"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <date form="text" variable="issued"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="date-issued-month">
+    <date variable="issued">
+      <date-part name="month"/>
+    </date>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="date-issued-day-month">
+    <date variable="issued">
+      <date-part name="day"/>
+      <date-part name="month" prefix=" "/>
+    </date>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="date-issued-year">
+    <choose>
+      <if is-uncertain-date="issued">
+        <choose>
+          <if type="graphic">
+            <!-- artwork exceptionally uses 'c.' with uncertain dates (MHRA 7.9.i) -->
+            <group delimiter=" ">
+              <text font-style="italic" form="short" term="circa"/>
+              <date date-parts="year" form="text" variable="issued"/>
+            </group>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <!-- uncertain dates are presumably bracketed for other types (MHRA 7.3) -->
+            <date date-parts="year" form="text" prefix="[" suffix="?]" variable="issued"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <date date-parts="year" form="text" variable="issued"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="date-original-month">
+    <date variable="original-date">
+      <date-part name="month"/>
+    </date>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="date-original-day-month">
+    <date variable="original-date">
+      <date-part name="day"/>
+      <date-part name="month" prefix=" "/>
+    </date>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="date-original-year">
+    <choose>
+      <if is-uncertain-date="original-date">
+        <choose>
+          <if type="graphic">
+            <!-- artwork exceptionally uses 'c.' with uncertain dates (MHRA 7.9.i) -->
+            <group delimiter=" ">
+              <text font-style="italic" form="short" term="circa"/>
+              <date date-parts="year" form="text" variable="original-date"/>
+            </group>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <!-- uncertain dates are presumably bracketed for other types (MHRA 7.3) -->
+            <date date-parts="year" form="text" prefix="[" suffix="?]" variable="original-date"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <date date-parts="year" form="text" variable="original-date"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 3. Title and descriptions -->
+  <macro name="title-and-descriptions">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <choose>
+        <if variable="title">
+          <text macro="title"/>
+          <text macro="description"/>
+          <text macro="identifier"/>
+        </if>
+        <else>
+          <text macro="description-capitalized"/>
+          <text macro="identifier"/>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="title-and-descriptions-short">
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="title">
+        <group delimiter=", ">
+          <text macro="title-short"/>
+          <choose>
+            <if match="none" type="entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia"/>
+            <else-if match="none" variable="author">
+              <!-- give container title to distinguish an unsigned reference entry -->
+              <text font-style="italic" variable="container-title"/>
+            </else-if>
+          </choose>
+        </group>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <text macro="description-short"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="title-and-source">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <group delimiter=", ">
+        <group delimiter=" ">
+          <group delimiter=", ">
+            <choose>
+              <if type="chapter" variable="container-title genre">
+                <!-- MHRA does not cover introductions but NHR 18.2.6 suggests 'introduction in' (cf. CMOS18 14.12, 14.14, 'introduction to') -->
+                <group delimiter=" ">
+                  <text macro="title-and-descriptions"/>
+                  <text macro="source"/>
+                </group>
+              </if>
+              <else>
+                <text macro="title-and-descriptions"/>
+                <text macro="source"/>
+              </else>
+            </choose>
+            <text macro="source-monographic-publication-unbracketed"/>
+          </group>
+          <text macro="source-monographic-publication-bracketed"/>
+        </group>
+        <choose>
+          <!-- Locator for monographic types only; serial locator handled in `source-serial-locator` -->
+          <if match="any" type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper periodical post-weblog review review-book"/>
+          <else-if match="any" type="interview paper-conference">
+            <choose>
+              <if match="any" variable="collection-editor container-author editor editorial-director">
+                <!-- monographic usage -->
+                <text macro="source-monographic-locator"/>
+              </if>
+            </choose>
+          </else-if>
+          <else>
+            <text macro="source-monographic-locator"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+        <text macro="source-medium"/>
+        <text macro="source-archive"/>
+        <text macro="source-DOI"/>
+      </group>
+      <text macro="source-URL"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 3.1. Title -->
+  <macro name="title">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" type="post webpage">
+        <!-- Handle `container-title` on `post` or `webpage` in manner of `publisher` -->
+        <text macro="title-and-part-filter-review"/>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper periodical post-weblog review review-book">
+        <text macro="title-and-part-filter-review"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="interview paper-conference">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="collection-editor compiler editor editorial-director">
+            <!-- monographic usage -->
+            <text macro="title-primary"/>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <!-- serial usage -->
+            <text macro="title-and-part-filter-review"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <group delimiter=" ">
+          <choose>
+            <!-- label for unsigned dictionary/encyclopedia entry in notes (MHRA 7.5) -->
+            <if match="none" position="first"/>
+            <else-if match="none" type="entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia"/>
+            <else-if variable="author"/>
+            <else-if variable="container-title title">
+              <text term="entry"/>
+            </else-if>
+          </choose>
+          <text macro="title-primary"/>
+        </group>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="title-short">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" type="review review-book" variable="reviewed-author reviewed-genre reviewed-title">
+        <!-- If a review has no `reviewed-title`, assume that `title` contains the title of the reviewed work; the description provides it. -->
+        <choose>
+          <if variable="reviewed-genre title">
+            <!-- Quotes, title case -->
+            <text form="short" quotes="true" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+          </if>
+          <else-if variable="reviewed-genre reviewed-title title">
+            <!-- Quotes, title case -->
+            <text form="short" quotes="true" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+          </else-if>
+          <else>
+            <text macro="description-short"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <text macro="title-primary-short"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- Title elements -->
+  <macro name="title-and-part-filter-review">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" type="review review-book" variable="reviewed-author reviewed-genre reviewed-title">
+        <!-- `title` is only the review title if there is a separate `reviewed-genre` or `reviewed-title`; otherwise, it is the title of the reviewed work, printed in the description -->
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="reviewed-genre reviewed-title">
+            <text macro="title-and-part-title"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <text macro="title-and-part-title"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="title-and-part-title">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <text macro="title-primary"/>
+      <group delimiter=", ">
+        <text macro="label-part-number"/>
+        <text macro="title-part"/>
+      </group>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="title-part">
+    <choose>
+      <if type="patent">
+        <!-- No italics or quotes, sentence case -->
+        <text form="short" text-case="capitalize-first" variable="part-title"/>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="bill collection legislation regulation treaty">
+        <!-- No italics or quotes, title case -->
+        <text text-case="title" variable="part-title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="book classic graphic hearing map periodical">
+        <!-- Italicized, title case (regardless of `container-title`) -->
+        <text font-style="italic" text-case="title" variable="part-title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="entry-encyclopedia" variable="author container-title">
+        <!-- Signed encyclopedia entry in quotes, title case (cf. CMOS18 14.132) -->
+        <text quotes="true" text-case="title" variable="part-title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="entry-dictionary" variable="container-title">
+        <!-- Quotes, sentence case -->
+        <text quotes="true" variable="part-title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="entry-encyclopedia" variable="container-title">
+        <!-- Quotes, sentence case -->
+        <text quotes="true" variable="part-title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="post">
+        <!-- Quotes, sentence case -->
+        <text quotes="true" variable="part-title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <!-- Other types are formatted based on presence of `container-title` -->
+      <else-if variable="container-title">
+        <!-- Quotes, title case -->
+        <text quotes="true" text-case="title" variable="part-title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="article dataset document interview manuscript paper-conference personal_communication speech thesis webpage">
+        <!-- Container-like but not necessarily with `container-title` -->
+        <!-- Quotes, title case -->
+        <text quotes="true" text-case="title" variable="part-title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <!-- Italicized, title case (default) -->
+        <text font-style="italic" text-case="title" variable="part-title"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="title-primary">
+    <choose>
+      <if type="patent">
+        <!-- No italics or quotes, sentence case -->
+        <text form="short" text-case="capitalize-first" variable="title"/>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="bill collection legislation regulation treaty">
+        <!-- No italics or quotes, title case -->
+        <text text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="book classic graphic hearing map periodical">
+        <!-- Italicized, title case (regardless of `container-title`) -->
+        <text font-style="italic" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="entry-encyclopedia" variable="author container-title">
+        <!-- Signed encyclopedia entry in quotes, title case (cf. CMOS18 14.132) -->
+        <text quotes="true" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="entry-dictionary" variable="container-title">
+        <!-- Quotes, sentence case -->
+        <text quotes="true" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="entry-encyclopedia" variable="container-title">
+        <!-- Quotes, sentence case -->
+        <text quotes="true" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="post">
+        <!-- Quotes, sentence case -->
+        <text quotes="true" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <!-- Other types are formatted based on presence of `container-title` -->
+      <else-if variable="container-title">
+        <!-- Quotes, title case -->
+        <text quotes="true" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="article dataset document interview manuscript paper-conference personal_communication speech thesis webpage">
+        <!-- Container-like but not necessarily with `container-title` -->
+        <!-- Quotes, title case -->
+        <text quotes="true" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <!-- Italicized, title case (default) -->
+        <text font-style="italic" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="title-primary-short">
+    <choose>
+      <if type="patent">
+        <!-- No italics or quotes, sentence case -->
+        <text form="short" text-case="capitalize-first" variable="title"/>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="bill collection legislation regulation treaty">
+        <!-- No italics or quotes, title case -->
+        <text form="short" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="book classic graphic hearing map periodical">
+        <!-- Italicized, title case (regardless of `container-title`) -->
+        <text font-style="italic" form="short" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="entry-encyclopedia" variable="author container-title">
+        <!-- Signed encyclopedia entry in quotes, title case (cf. CMOS18 14.132) -->
+        <text form="short" quotes="true" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="entry-dictionary" variable="container-title">
+        <!-- Quotes, sentence case -->
+        <text form="short" quotes="true" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="entry-encyclopedia" variable="container-title">
+        <!-- Quotes, sentence case -->
+        <text form="short" quotes="true" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="post">
+        <!-- Quotes, sentence case -->
+        <text form="short" quotes="true" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <!-- Other types are formatted based on presence of `container-title` -->
+      <else-if variable="container-title">
+        <!-- Quotes, title case -->
+        <text form="short" quotes="true" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="article dataset document interview manuscript paper-conference personal_communication speech thesis webpage">
+        <!-- Container-like but not necessarily with `container-title` -->
+        <!-- Quotes, title case -->
+        <text form="short" quotes="true" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <!-- Italicized, title case (default) -->
+        <text font-style="italic" form="short" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="title-volume">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <group delimiter=", ">
+        <text macro="label-volume"/>
+        <text font-style="italic" text-case="title" variable="volume-title"/>
+      </group>
+      <!-- `part-number` and `part-title` of monographic items refer to the source book/volume -->
+      <group delimiter=", ">
+        <text macro="label-part-number"/>
+        <text macro="title-part"/>
+      </group>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 3.2. Description -->
+  <macro name="description">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" type="interview" variable="interviewer">
+        <text macro="description-interview"/>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="review review-book" variable="reviewed-author reviewed-genre reviewed-title">
+        <text macro="description-review"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="personal_communication">
+        <text macro="description-letter"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper periodical post-weblog review review-book">
+        <text macro="description-serial"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="paper-conference">
+        <text macro="description-paper-conference"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="song" variable="composer">
+        <text macro="description-song"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <!-- thesis type appears with university name (cf. CMOS18 14.113) -->
+      <else-if type="thesis"/>
+      <else-if match="none" variable="container-title">
+        <!-- Other description -->
+        <text macro="description-format"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <text macro="description-generic"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-capitalized">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" type="interview" variable="interviewer">
+        <text macro="description-interview-capitalized"/>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="review review-book" variable="reviewed-author reviewed-genre reviewed-title">
+        <text macro="description-review-capitalized"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="personal_communication">
+        <text macro="description-letter-capitalized"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper periodical post-weblog review review-book">
+        <text macro="description-serial-capitalized"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="paper-conference">
+        <text macro="description-paper-conference-capitalized"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="song" variable="composer">
+        <text macro="description-song-capitalized"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <!-- thesis type appears with university name (cf. CMOS18 14.113) -->
+      <else-if type="thesis"/>
+      <else-if match="none" variable="container-title">
+        <!-- Other description -->
+        <text macro="description-format-capitalized"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <text macro="description-generic-capitalized"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-short">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" type="interview" variable="interviewer">
+        <text macro="description-interview-short"/>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="review review-book" variable="reviewed-author reviewed-genre reviewed-title">
+        <text macro="description-review-short"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="personal_communication">
+        <text macro="description-letter-short"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper periodical post-weblog review review-book">
+        <text macro="description-serial-short"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="paper-conference">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="collection-editor container-author editor editorial-director">
+            <!-- monographic usage -->
+            <text macro="description-format-short"/>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <!-- serial usage -->
+            <text macro="description-serial-short"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <text macro="description-format-short"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- Description elements -->
+  <macro name="description-format">
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="genre number"/>
+      <else-if variable="genre">
+        <text variable="genre"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="manuscript">
+        <!-- 'unpublished manuscript' if no `genre` (cf. CMOS18 14.114) -->
+        <choose>
+          <if match="none" variable="archive archive-place container-title DOI number publisher references URL">
+            <text term="manuscript"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="personal_communication">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="archive archive-place container-title DOI number publisher references URL">
+            <!-- 'letter' if no `genre` (MHRA 7.11) -->
+            <text term="letter"/>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <text term="personal-communication"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if variable="chapter-number title"/>
+      <else-if variable="chapter-number">
+        <text macro="label-chapter-number-long"/>
+      </else-if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-format-capitalized">
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="genre number"/>
+      <else-if variable="genre">
+        <text text-case="capitalize-first" variable="genre"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="manuscript">
+        <!-- 'unpublished manuscript' if no `genre` (cf. CMOS18 14.114) -->
+        <choose>
+          <if match="none" variable="archive archive-place container-title DOI number publisher references URL">
+            <text term="manuscript" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="personal_communication">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="archive archive-place container-title DOI number publisher references URL">
+            <!-- 'letter' if no `genre` (MHRA 7.11) -->
+            <text term="letter" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <text term="personal-communication" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if variable="chapter-number title"/>
+      <else-if variable="chapter-number">
+        <text macro="label-chapter-number-long-capitalized"/>
+      </else-if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-format-short">
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="genre">
+        <text variable="genre"/>
+      </if>
+      <else-if variable="medium">
+        <text variable="medium"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="manuscript">
+        <!-- 'unpublished manuscript' if no `genre` (cf. CMOS18 14.114) -->
+        <choose>
+          <if match="none" variable="archive archive-place container-title DOI number publisher references URL">
+            <text term="manuscript"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="personal_communication">
+        <!-- 'pers. comm.' if no `genre` (cf. CMOS18 14.111) -->
+        <choose>
+          <if match="none" variable="archive archive-place container-title DOI number publisher references URL">
+            <text form="short" term="personal-communication"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if variable="chapter-number">
+        <text macro="label-chapter-number"/>
+      </else-if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-generic">
+    <!-- For conference presentations/performances/events, chapters in reports/standards/generic documents, software, place description within the source element -->
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" type="event paper-conference performance speech">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="collection-editor compiler editor editorial-director">
+            <!-- monographic usage -->
+            <text macro="description-format"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="none" type="document report software standard">
+        <text macro="description-format"/>
+      </else-if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-generic-capitalized">
+    <!-- For conference presentations/performances/events, chapters in reports/standards/generic documents, software, place description within the source element -->
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" type="event paper-conference performance speech">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="collection-editor compiler editor editorial-director">
+            <!-- monographic usage -->
+            <text macro="description-format-capitalized"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="none" type="document report software standard">
+        <text macro="description-format-capitalized"/>
+      </else-if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-interview">
+    <!-- list the interviewer as the author and the interviewee in the description (MHRA 7.11) -->
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <choose>
+        <if variable="author interviewer">
+          <group delimiter=" ">
+            <choose>
+              <if variable="genre number interviewer">
+                <!-- `genre` printed with `number` -->
+                <text term="interview"/>
+                <text form="verb" term="contributor"/>
+                <choose>
+                  <if match="any" variable="container-title DOI issue number publisher publisher-place references URL volume">
+                    <!-- interviewee appears in the description of a published interview only (MHRA 7.11) -->
+                    <names variable="author"/>
+                  </if>
+                  <else>
+                    <names variable="interviewer"/>
+                  </else>
+                </choose>
+              </if>
+              <else-if variable="genre interviewer">
+                <text variable="genre"/>
+                <text form="verb" term="contributor"/>
+                <choose>
+                  <if match="any" variable="container-title DOI issue number publisher publisher-place references URL volume">
+                    <!-- interviewee appears in the description of a published interview only (MHRA 7.11) -->
+                    <names variable="author"/>
+                  </if>
+                  <else>
+                    <names variable="interviewer"/>
+                  </else>
+                </choose>
+              </else-if>
+              <else-if variable="interviewer">
+                <text term="interview"/>
+                <text form="verb" term="contributor"/>
+                <choose>
+                  <if match="any" variable="container-title DOI issue number publisher publisher-place references URL volume">
+                    <!-- interviewee appears in the description of a published interview only (MHRA 7.11) -->
+                    <names variable="author"/>
+                  </if>
+                  <else>
+                    <names variable="interviewer"/>
+                  </else>
+                </choose>
+              </else-if>
+              <else>
+                <text macro="description-format"/>
+              </else>
+            </choose>
+          </group>
+        </if>
+        <else>
+          <choose>
+            <if variable="genre number">
+              <!-- `genre` printed with `number` -->
+              <names variable="interviewer">
+                <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+                <name/>
+              </names>
+            </if>
+            <else-if variable="genre">
+              <group delimiter=" ">
+                <text variable="genre"/>
+                <group delimiter=" ">
+                  <text form="verb" term="container-author"/>
+                  <names variable="interviewer"/>
+                </group>
+              </group>
+            </else-if>
+            <else-if variable="interviewer">
+              <names variable="interviewer">
+                <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+                <name/>
+              </names>
+            </else-if>
+            <else>
+              <text macro="description-format"/>
+            </else>
+          </choose>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+      <text macro="source-event-place-first"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-interview-capitalized">
+    <!-- list the interviewer as the author and the interviewee in the description (MHRA 7.11) -->
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <choose>
+        <if variable="author interviewer">
+          <group delimiter=" ">
+            <choose>
+              <if variable="genre number interviewer">
+                <!-- `genre` printed with `number` -->
+                <text term="interview" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
+                <text form="verb" term="contributor"/>
+                <choose>
+                  <if match="any" variable="container-title DOI issue number publisher publisher-place references URL volume">
+                    <!-- interviewee appears in the description of a published interview only (MHRA 7.11) -->
+                    <names variable="author"/>
+                  </if>
+                  <else>
+                    <names variable="interviewer"/>
+                  </else>
+                </choose>
+              </if>
+              <else-if variable="genre interviewer">
+                <text text-case="capitalize-first" variable="genre"/>
+                <text form="verb" term="contributor"/>
+                <choose>
+                  <if match="any" variable="container-title DOI issue number publisher publisher-place references URL volume">
+                    <!-- interviewee appears in the description of a published interview only (MHRA 7.11) -->
+                    <names variable="author"/>
+                  </if>
+                  <else>
+                    <names variable="interviewer"/>
+                  </else>
+                </choose>
+              </else-if>
+              <else-if variable="interviewer">
+                <text term="interview" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
+                <text form="verb" term="contributor"/>
+                <choose>
+                  <if match="any" variable="container-title DOI issue number publisher publisher-place references URL volume">
+                    <!-- interviewee appears in the description of a published interview only (MHRA 7.11) -->
+                    <names variable="author"/>
+                  </if>
+                  <else>
+                    <names variable="interviewer"/>
+                  </else>
+                </choose>
+              </else-if>
+              <else>
+                <text macro="description-format-capitalized"/>
+              </else>
+            </choose>
+          </group>
+        </if>
+        <else>
+          <choose>
+            <if variable="genre number">
+              <!-- `genre` printed with `number` -->
+              <names variable="interviewer">
+                <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+                <name/>
+              </names>
+            </if>
+            <else-if variable="genre">
+              <group delimiter=" ">
+                <text text-case="capitalize-first" variable="genre"/>
+                <group delimiter=" ">
+                  <text form="verb" term="container-author"/>
+                  <names variable="interviewer"/>
+                </group>
+              </group>
+            </else-if>
+            <else-if variable="interviewer">
+              <names variable="interviewer">
+                <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+                <name/>
+              </names>
+            </else-if>
+            <else>
+              <text macro="description-format-capitalized"/>
+            </else>
+          </choose>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+      <text macro="source-event-place-first"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-interview-short">
+    <choose>
+      <if disambiguate="true">
+        <text term="interview"/>
+        <text form="verb" term="contributor"/>
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="container-title DOI issue number publisher publisher-place references URL volume">
+            <!-- interviewee appears in the description of a published interview only (MHRA 7.11) -->
+            <names variable="author">
+              <name form="short"/>
+            </names>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <names variable="interviewer">
+              <name form="short"/>
+            </names>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="any" variable="genre medium">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="none" variable="author chair collection-editor compiler composer curator director editor editor-translator editorial-director executive-producer guest host illustrator organizer producer series-creator translator">
+            <!-- TODO: capitalize if no author or title? -->
+            <text macro="description-format"/>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <text macro="description-format-short"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <!-- generic description for an unpublished interview (cf. CMOS18 14.108) -->
+        <text term="interview"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-letter">
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="recipient">
+        <group delimiter=", ">
+          <choose>
+            <if variable="genre number">
+              <!-- `genre` appears with `number` -->
+              <names variable="recipient">
+                <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+                <name/>
+              </names>
+            </if>
+            <else>
+              <group delimiter=" ">
+                <text macro="description-format"/>
+                <names variable="recipient">
+                  <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+              </group>
+            </else>
+          </choose>
+          <text variable="event-place"/>
+          <text macro="date-event-full"/>
+        </group>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <text macro="description-format"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-letter-capitalized">
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="recipient">
+        <group delimiter=", ">
+          <choose>
+            <if variable="genre number">
+              <!-- `genre` appears with `number` -->
+              <names variable="recipient">
+                <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+                <name/>
+              </names>
+            </if>
+            <else>
+              <group delimiter=" ">
+                <text macro="description-format-capitalized"/>
+                <names variable="recipient">
+                  <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+              </group>
+            </else>
+          </choose>
+          <text variable="event-place"/>
+          <text macro="date-event-full"/>
+        </group>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <text macro="description-format-capitalized"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-letter-short">
+    <!-- shortened notes ideally give author, recipient, place, and date (cf. CMOS18 14.13) -->
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <choose>
+        <if variable="genre recipient">
+          <group delimiter=" ">
+            <text macro="description-format-short"/>
+            <names variable="recipient">
+              <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+          </group>
+        </if>
+        <else>
+          <text macro="description-format-short"/>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+      <text variable="event-place"/>
+      <text macro="date-event-full"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-paper-conference">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" variable="collection-editor container-author editor editorial-director">
+        <!-- monographic usage -->
+        <text macro="description-generic"/>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <!-- serial usage -->
+        <group delimiter=", ">
+          <text macro="description-serial"/>
+          <text macro="source-event"/>
+        </group>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-paper-conference-capitalized">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" variable="collection-editor container-author editor editorial-director">
+        <!-- monographic usage -->
+        <text macro="description-generic-capitalized"/>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <!-- serial usage -->
+        <group delimiter=", ">
+          <text macro="description-serial-capitalized"/>
+          <text macro="source-event"/>
+        </group>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-review">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <group delimiter=" ">
+        <choose>
+          <if variable="genre">
+            <!-- assume that `genre` is entered as 'Review of the book' or similar -->
+            <text variable="genre"/>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <text term="review-of"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+        <group delimiter=", ">
+          <names variable="reviewed-author"/>
+          <text macro="description-review-title"/>
+          <text variable="reviewed-genre"/>
+        </group>
+        <text macro="source-event-place-first" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
+      </group>
+      <text macro="label-section"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-review-capitalized">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <group delimiter=" ">
+        <choose>
+          <if variable="genre">
+            <!-- assume that `genre` is entered as 'Review of the book' or similar -->
+            <text text-case="capitalize-first" variable="genre"/>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <text term="review-of" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+        <group delimiter=", ">
+          <names variable="reviewed-author"/>
+          <text macro="description-review-title"/>
+          <text variable="reviewed-genre"/>
+        </group>
+        <text macro="source-event-place-first" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
+      </group>
+      <text macro="label-section"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-review-short">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <text term="review-of"/>
+      <choose>
+        <if match="any" variable="reviewed-genre reviewed-title">
+          <!-- Not possible to distinguish TV series episode from other reviewed works without a reviewed source title -->
+          <!-- Adapt for `reviewed-container-title` or similar if it becomes available -->
+          <text font-style="italic" form="short" text-case="title" variable="reviewed-title"/>
+        </if>
+        <else>
+          <!-- Assume title is title of reviewed work -->
+          <text font-style="italic" form="short" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-review-title">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" variable="reviewed-genre reviewed-title">
+        <!-- Not possible to distinguish TV series episode from other reviewed works without a reviewed source title -->
+        <!-- Adapt for `reviewed-container-title` or similar if it becomes available -->
+        <text font-style="italic" text-case="title" variable="reviewed-title"/>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <!-- Assume title is title of reviewed work -->
+        <text font-style="italic" text-case="title" variable="title"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-serial">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <text macro="description-format"/>
+      <!-- `section` provides magazine departments (cf. CMOS18 14.88) and newspaper column names (cf. CMOS18 14.93) -->
+      <text macro="label-section"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-serial-capitalized">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <text macro="description-format"/>
+      <!-- `section` provides magazine departments (cf. CMOS18 14.88) and newspaper column names (cf. CMOS18 14.93) -->
+      <text macro="label-section"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-serial-short">
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="title"/>
+      <else-if variable="genre">
+        <text macro="description-format-short"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <text variable="section"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-song">
+    <!-- Performer of classical music works -->
+    <!-- TODO: remove when Zotero fixes mapping of performer to `author` -->
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <!-- Based on `description-format` macro -->
+      <choose>
+        <if variable="genre">
+          <text variable="genre"/>
+          <text form="verb" term="performer"/>
+        </if>
+      </choose>
+      <names variable="author">
+        <name delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
+        <substitute>
+          <names variable="performer"/>
+        </substitute>
+      </names>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="description-song-capitalized">
+    <!-- Performer of classical music works -->
+    <!-- TODO: remove when Zotero fixes mapping of performer to `author` -->
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <!-- Based on `description-format` macro -->
+      <choose>
+        <if variable="genre">
+          <text text-case="capitalize-first" variable="genre"/>
+          <text form="verb" term="performer"/>
+        </if>
+      </choose>
+      <names variable="author">
+        <name delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
+        <substitute>
+          <names variable="performer"/>
+        </substitute>
+      </names>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 3.3. Identifier (contributors) -->
+  <macro name="identifier">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <choose>
+        <if type="patent">
+          <text macro="identifier-patent"/>
+        </if>
+        <else-if type="report">
+          <text macro="identifier-report"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if match="any" type="post webpage">
+          <!-- Handle `container-title` on `post` or `webpage` as `publisher` -->
+          <text macro="identifier-number"/>
+          <text macro="identifier-contributors"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if variable="container-title">
+          <choose>
+            <if match="any" type="graphic map motion_picture">
+              <!-- For audiovisual media, number information comes after `title`, not `container-title`; `song` places album catalogue `number` with `publisher` (cf. CMOS18 14.163-164) -->
+              <!-- most styles would place `broadcast` in this position but here it is in `source-monographic-locator-volume` (MHRA 7.8.xiii) -->
+              <text macro="identifier-number"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+          <text macro="identifier-contributors"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else>
+          <choose>
+            <if match="none" type="broadcast song">
+              <text macro="identifier-number"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+          <choose>
+            <if match="any" variable="available-date part-title volume-title">
+              <!-- if there is a volume or part, contributors except for the series editor follow the corresponding volume -->
+              <names variable="collection-editor">
+                <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                <name/>
+              </names>
+            </if>
+            <else-if match="any" variable="number-of-volumes part-number volume">
+              <choose>
+                <if variable="collection-editor">
+                  <names variable="collection-editor">
+                    <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                    <name/>
+                  </names>
+                </if>
+                <else>
+                  <text macro="identifier-contributors"/>
+                </else>
+              </choose>
+            </else-if>
+            <else>
+              <text macro="identifier-contributors"/>
+            </else>
+          </choose>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- Identifier elements -->
+  <macro name="identifier-contributors">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper periodical post-weblog review review-book">
+        <text macro="identifier-contributors-serial"/>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="interview paper-conference">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="collection-editor compiler editor editorial-director">
+            <!-- monographic usage -->
+            <text macro="identifier-contributors-monographic"/>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <!-- serial usage -->
+            <text macro="identifier-contributors-serial"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <text macro="identifier-contributors-monographic"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="identifier-contributors-monographic">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <choose>
+        <if match="any" type="post webpage">
+          <group delimiter=", ">
+            <names variable="container-author">
+              <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <names variable="editor-translator">
+              <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <names delimiter=", " variable="editor translator">
+              <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <names variable="editorial-director">
+              <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <names variable="host">
+              <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <names variable="guest">
+              <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <names delimiter=", " variable="illustrator narrator">
+              <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <names delimiter=", " variable="compiler chair organizer curator">
+              <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <names delimiter=", " variable="series-creator executive-producer">
+              <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <names variable="producer">
+              <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <names variable="director">
+              <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <names variable="performer">
+              <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <choose>
+              <if match="any" type="book broadcast chapter classic entry interview motion_picture musical_score pamphlet paper-conference report software"/>
+              <else-if type="thesis"/>
+              <else>
+                <names variable="contributor">
+                  <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+              </else>
+            </choose>
+          </group>
+        </if>
+        <else>
+          <!-- Handle `container-title` on `post` or `webpage` as `publisher` -->
+          <group delimiter=", ">
+            <choose>
+              <if match="none" variable="container-title">
+                <names variable="container-author">
+                  <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+                <names variable="editor-translator">
+                  <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+                <names delimiter=", " variable="editor translator">
+                  <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+                <names variable="editorial-director">
+                  <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+                <names variable="host">
+                  <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+                <names variable="guest">
+                  <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+              </if>
+            </choose>
+            <names delimiter=", " variable="illustrator">
+              <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <names delimiter=", " variable="narrator">
+              <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+              <name/>
+            </names>
+            <choose>
+              <if match="none" variable="container-title">
+                <names delimiter=", " variable="compiler chair organizer curator">
+                  <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+                <names delimiter=", " variable="series-creator executive-producer">
+                  <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+                <names variable="producer">
+                  <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+                <names variable="director">
+                  <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+                <names variable="performer">
+                  <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+                <choose>
+                  <if match="any" type="book broadcast chapter classic entry interview motion_picture musical_score pamphlet paper-conference report software"/>
+                  <else-if type="song"/>
+                  <else-if type="thesis"/>
+                  <else>
+                    <names variable="contributor">
+                      <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                      <name/>
+                    </names>
+                  </else>
+                </choose>
+              </if>
+            </choose>
+            <choose>
+              <if type="song">
+                <!-- Song contributors attached to album (cf. CMOS18 14.163) -->
+                <names variable="contributor">
+                  <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                  <name/>
+                </names>
+              </if>
+            </choose>
+          </group>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="identifier-contributors-serial">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <choose>
+        <if type="periodical">
+          <names variable="editor">
+            <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+            <name/>
+          </names>
+        </if>
+      </choose>
+      <names delimiter=", " variable="translator narrator">
+        <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names delimiter=", " variable="compiler chair organizer curator">
+        <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names delimiter=", " variable="series-creator executive-producer">
+        <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names variable="producer">
+        <!-- not abbreviated (cf. CMOS18 14.168) -->
+        <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names variable="director">
+        <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names variable="performer">
+        <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="identifier-edition">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="none" variable="original-date">
+        <text macro="label-edition"/>
+      </if>
+      <else-if variable="original-title">
+        <text macro="label-edition"/>
+      </else-if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="identifier-number">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if is-numeric="number" type="broadcast" variable="genre">
+          <text variable="genre"/>
+          <text variable="number"/>
+        </if>
+        <else-if is-numeric="number" type="broadcast">
+          <text value="episode"/>
+          <text variable="number"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if variable="number">
+          <text variable="genre"/>
+          <text macro="label-number"/>
+        </else-if>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="identifier-patent">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <group delimiter=" ">
+        <!-- `authority`: US ; `genre`: patent ; `number`: 123,445 -->
+        <text form="short" variable="authority"/>
+        <!-- 'US Patent' capitalized in both bibliography and note forms -->
+        <choose>
+          <if variable="genre">
+            <text text-case="capitalize-first" variable="genre"/>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <text term="patent" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+        <text variable="number"/>
+      </group>
+      <group delimiter=" ">
+        <text value="filed"/>
+        <date form="text" variable="submitted"/>
+      </group>
+      <group delimiter=" ">
+        <choose>
+          <if variable="issued submitted">
+            <text term="and"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+        <text value="issued"/>
+        <!-- Always give full issue date, even in author-date (cf. CMOS18 14.158) -->
+        <text macro="date-issued-full"/>
+      </group>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="identifier-report">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <choose>
+        <if variable="container-title">
+          <!-- If the report is a chapter in a larger report, then most identifying information is printed in the source. -->
+          <text macro="identifier-contributors"/>
+        </if>
+        <else-if variable="title">
+          <text macro="identifier-number"/>
+          <text macro="identifier-contributors"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else>
+          <!-- If there is no `title`, then `genre` and `number` are already printed as the title. -->
+          <text macro="identifier-contributors"/>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 4. Source -->
+  <macro name="source">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <choose>
+        <if match="any" type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper periodical post-weblog review review-book">
+          <!-- Serial items -->
+          <text macro="source-serial"/>
+        </if>
+        <else-if match="any" type="interview paper-conference">
+          <choose>
+            <if match="any" variable="collection-editor container-author editor editorial-director">
+              <!-- monographic usage -->
+              <text macro="source-monographic"/>
+            </if>
+            <else>
+              <!-- serial usage -->
+              <text macro="source-serial"/>
+            </else>
+          </choose>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if match="any" type="patent post webpage"/>
+        <else>
+          <text macro="source-monographic"/>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 4.1. Serial sources -->
+  <macro name="source-serial">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <text macro="source-serial-title-volume"/>
+      <text macro="source-serial-title"/>
+      <text macro="source-serial-identifier"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- Serial source title -->
+  <macro name="source-serial-name">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <text font-style="italic" text-case="title" variable="container-title"/>
+      <choose>
+        <!-- TODO: remove conditional when Zotero stops double-mapping `event-place` and `publisher-place` -->
+        <if match="none" variable="event-date event-title">
+          <text prefix="(" suffix=")" variable="publisher-place"/>
+        </if>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-serial-title">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <!-- Journal special issues and supplements (MHRA 7.4) -->
+        <if match="none" variable="container-title"/>
+        <else-if match="none" type="periodical" variable="supplement-number volume-title"/>
+        <!-- TODO: use `container-genre` here once available to allow a custom description of the journal volume -->
+        <else-if variable="supplement-number volume-title">
+          <text term="supplement"/>
+          <text value="to"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if type="periodical" variable="supplement-number title">
+          <text term="supplement"/>
+          <text value="to"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if variable="volume-title">
+          <text term="special-issue"/>
+          <text value="of"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if type="periodical" variable="title">
+          <text term="special-issue"/>
+          <text value="of"/>
+        </else-if>
+      </choose>
+      <text macro="source-serial-name"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-serial-title-volume">
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="volume-title">
+        <!-- Journal special issues (cf. CMOS18 14.77) and supplements (cf. CMOS18 14.78) -->
+        <group delimiter=", ">
+          <group delimiter=" ">
+            <text term="in"/>
+            <text font-style="italic" text-case="title" variable="volume-title"/>
+          </group>
+          <text macro="source-monographic-identifier-contributors"/>
+        </group>
+      </if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- Serial source identifier -->
+  <macro name="source-serial-identifier">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <text macro="source-serial-identifier-volume"/>
+      <!-- periodical edition always capitalized (cf. CMOS18 14.89) -->
+      <text macro="label-edition-capitalized"/>
+      <text macro="source-serial-locator"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-serial-identifier-volume">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <!-- `collection-title` is for any serial with multiple series (e.g. 'second series') -->
+      <text variable="collection-title"/>
+      <choose>
+        <if type="article-newspaper">
+          <!-- newspapers cited by date (MHRA 7.6) -->
+          <text macro="source-serial-volume-status"/>
+        </if>
+        <else-if match="any" variable="issue supplement-number volume">
+          <group delimiter=" ">
+            <group delimiter=", ">
+              <choose>
+                <if variable="issue volume">
+                  <group delimiter=".">
+                    <text variable="volume"/>
+                    <text variable="issue"/>
+                  </group>
+                </if>
+                <else>
+                  <text variable="volume"/>
+                  <text macro="label-issue"/>
+                </else>
+              </choose>
+              <text macro="label-supplement-number"/>
+            </group>
+            <text macro="source-date" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
+          </group>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if type="paper-conference">
+          <!-- with an unpublished conference paper, event place and date are bracketed in `source-event` (MHRA 7.10.vi) -->
+          <choose>
+            <if variable="page">
+              <text macro="source-serial-volume-status"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+        </else-if>
+        <else>
+          <choose>
+            <if match="any" type="interview" variable="interviewer">
+              <!-- publisher possible with `interview` (cf. CMOS18 14.110) -->
+              <text variable="publisher"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+          <text macro="source-serial-volume-status"/>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="title">
+  <macro name="source-serial-volume-status">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <choose>
+        <if match="none" variable="issue number page supplement-number volume">
+          <group delimiter=" ">
+            <!-- article accepted for publication and available on publisher website (cf. CMOS18 14.75) -->
+            <!-- TODO: use CSL term for `available-date` when available -->
+            <text value="accepted"/>
+            <date form="text" variable="available-date"/>
+          </group>
+        </if>
+      </choose>
+      <group delimiter=" ">
+        <text macro="source-date-status"/>
+        <text macro="source-date"/>
+      </group>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- Serial source locator -->
+  <macro name="source-serial-locator">
     <choose>
-      <if type="bill book graphic legal_case motion_picture report song" match="any">
-        <text variable="title" text-case="title" font-style="italic"/>
+      <if match="any" variable="number page">
+        <group delimiter=" ">
+          <group delimiter=", ">
+            <text macro="label-page"/>
+            <!-- `number` is an article ID (cf. CMOS18 14.71) -->
+            <text macro="label-number-article"/>
+          </group>
+          <text macro="label-locator" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
+        </group>
       </if>
       <else>
-        <text variable="title" text-case="title" quotes="true"/>
+        <text macro="label-locator"/>
       </else>
     </choose>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="editor-translator">
-    <names variable="editor translator" delimiter=", ">
-      <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
-      <name and="text" delimiter=", "/>
-    </names>
-  </macro>
-  <macro name="collection-title">
+  <!-- 4.2. Monographic sources -->
+  <macro name="source-monographic">
     <group delimiter=", ">
+      <!-- Monographic sources repeat main reference elements -->
       <choose>
-        <if type="article-journal">
-          <text variable="collection-title"/>
-          <text variable="collection-number"/>
+        <if variable="container-title">
+          <group delimiter=", ">
+            <group delimiter=" ">
+              <text macro="source-monographic-preposition"/>
+              <group delimiter=", ">
+                <names variable="container-author"/>
+                <text font-style="italic" text-case="title" variable="container-title"/>
+              </group>
+            </group>
+            <text macro="source-monographic-description"/>
+            <text macro="source-monographic-identifier"/>
+          </group>
         </if>
+      </choose>
+      <text macro="source-series"/>
+      <text macro="source-event"/>
+      <text macro="label-version"/>
+      <text macro="identifier-edition"/>
+      <text macro="label-number-of-volumes"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-monographic-preposition">
+    <!-- MHRA does not define how to display a chapter number; this macro is based on CMOS -->
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if match="any" type="broadcast entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia motion_picture"/>
+        <else-if type="song" variable="chapter-number title">
+          <text macro="label-chapter-number"/>
+          <text term="from"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if type="song" variable="title">
+          <text term="from"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if variable="chapter-number page title">
+          <text term="in"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if variable="chapter-number title">
+          <text macro="label-chapter-number"/>
+          <text term="in"/>
+        </else-if>
         <else>
-          <text variable="collection-title" text-case="title"/>
-          <text variable="collection-number"/>
+          <text term="in"/>
         </else>
       </choose>
     </group>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="volume">
+  <!-- Monographic source description -->
+  <macro name="source-monographic-description">
     <choose>
-      <if type="article-journal">
+      <if match="any" type="event paper-conference performance speech">
+        <!-- Conference presentations should describe the session unless published in a proceedings -->
         <choose>
-          <if variable="volume">
-            <!--testing for volume because issues w/o volume number have different format-->
-            <group delimiter=".">
-              <text variable="volume"/>
-              <text variable="issue"/>
-            </group>
+          <if match="none" variable="collection-editor compiler editor editorial-director">
+            <!-- serial usage -->
+            <text macro="description-format"/>
           </if>
         </choose>
       </if>
-      <else-if type="bill book graphic legal_case motion_picture report song chapter paper-conference" match="any">
-        <group delimiter=", ">
-          <text macro="edition-note"/>
-          <group>
-            <number variable="number-of-volumes" form="numeric"/>
-            <text term="volume" form="short" prefix=" " plural="true" strip-periods="true"/>
-          </group>
-        </group>
+      <else-if type="software">
+        <!-- For entries in mobile app reference works, place description after `container-title` -->
+        <text macro="description-format"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="document report standard">
+        <!-- For chapters in report, standards, and generic documents, place description after `container-title` -->
+        <text macro="description-format"/>
       </else-if>
     </choose>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="issue-note">
+  <!-- Monographic source identifier -->
+  <macro name="source-monographic-identifier">
+    <!-- Based on `identifier` -->
     <choose>
-      <if variable="publisher-place publisher" match="any">
-        <group prefix=" (" suffix=")" delimiter=", ">
-          <group delimiter=" ">
-            <choose>
-              <if variable="title" match="none"/>
-              <else-if type="thesis speech" match="any">
-                <text variable="genre" prefix="unpublished "/>
-              </else-if>
-            </choose>
-            <text macro="event"/>
-          </group>
-          <text macro="publisher"/>
+      <if variable="container-title">
+        <group delimiter=", ">
+          <choose>
+            <if match="none" type="broadcast graphic map motion_picture song">
+              <!-- For audiovisual media, number information comes after `title`, not `container-title`; `song` places album catalogue `number` with `publisher` (cf. CMOS18 14.163-164) -->
+              <text macro="identifier-number"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+          <choose>
+            <if match="any" variable="available-date part-title volume-title">
+              <!-- if there is a volume or part, contributors except for the series editor follow the corresponding volume -->
+              <names variable="collection-editor">
+                <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                <name/>
+              </names>
+            </if>
+            <else-if match="any" variable="number-of-volumes part-number volume">
+              <choose>
+                <if variable="collection-editor">
+                  <names variable="collection-editor">
+                    <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+                    <name/>
+                  </names>
+                </if>
+                <else>
+                  <text macro="source-monographic-identifier-contributors"/>
+                </else>
+              </choose>
+            </else-if>
+            <else>
+              <text macro="source-monographic-identifier-contributors"/>
+            </else>
+          </choose>
         </group>
       </if>
     </choose>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="locators-specific-note">
-    <choose>
-      <if type="bill book graphic legal_case motion_picture report song chapter paper-conference" match="any">
+  <macro name="source-monographic-identifier-contributors">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <names variable="editor-translator">
+        <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names delimiter=", " variable="editor translator">
+        <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names variable="host">
+        <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names variable="guest">
+        <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names delimiter=", " variable="chair organizer">
+        <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names delimiter=", " variable="illustrator narrator compiler curator">
+        <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names delimiter=", " variable="series-creator executive-producer">
+        <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names variable="producer">
+        <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names variable="editorial-director">
+        <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names variable="director">
+        <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <names variable="performer">
+        <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+        <name/>
+      </names>
+      <choose>
+        <if match="any" type="book broadcast chapter classic entry interview motion_picture musical_score pamphlet paper-conference report software"/>
+        <else-if type="song"/>
+        <else-if type="thesis"/>
+        <else>
+          <!-- Song contributors attached to album (cf. CMOS18 14.163) -->
+          <names variable="contributor">
+            <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
+            <name/>
+          </names>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- Monographic source locator -->
+  <macro name="source-monographic-locator">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <text macro="source-monographic-locator-volume"/>
+      <group delimiter=" ">
+        <choose>
+          <if variable="page">
+            <text macro="label-page"/>
+            <text macro="label-locator" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
+          </if>
+          <else>
+            <text macro="label-locator"/>
+          </else>
+        </choose>
+      </group>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-monographic-locator-volume">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <group delimiter=", ">
+        <text macro="title-volume"/>
+        <choose>
+          <if type="broadcast">
+            <text macro="identifier-number"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
         <choose>
-          <if is-numeric="volume">
-            <number variable="volume" form="roman" font-variant="small-caps"/>
+          <if match="any" variable="available-date part-title volume-title">
+            <text macro="source-monographic-identifier-contributors"/>
           </if>
+          <else-if match="any" variable="number-of-volumes part-number volume">
+            <choose>
+              <if variable="collection-editor">
+                <text macro="source-monographic-identifier-contributors"/>
+              </if>
+            </choose>
+          </else-if>
         </choose>
+      </group>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 4.3. Series -->
+  <macro name="source-series">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <text text-case="title" variable="collection-title"/>
+      <text variable="collection-number"/>
+      <text macro="label-issue"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 4.4. Event -->
+  <macro name="source-event">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <!-- omit types that provide event information in description  -->
+        <if match="any" type="interview" variable="interviewer"/>
+        <else-if type="personal_communication" variable="recipient"/>
+        <else-if match="any" type="review review-book" variable="reviewed-author reviewed-genre reviewed-title"/>
+        <else-if match="any" variable="event event-date event-title">
+          <!-- TODO: To prevent Zotero from printing `event-place`, due to its double-mapping of `publisher-place` and `event-place`. Remove this when that is changed. -->
+          <choose>
+            <if type="paper-conference">
+              <choose>
+                <if match="none" variable="collection-editor compiler editor editorial-director issue page supplement-number volume">
+                  <!-- Don't print event info for conference papers published in proceedings -->
+                  <text macro="source-event-status"/>
+                  <text macro="source-event-unpublished-paper-conference"/>
+                </if>
+              </choose>
+            </if>
+            <else>
+              <!-- For other item types, print event info even if published (e.g. collection catalogues, performance programmes). -->
+              <text macro="source-event-status"/>
+              <text macro="source-event-description"/>
+            </else>
+          </choose>
+        </else-if>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-event-place-first">
+    <!-- for descriptive elements for interviews, reviews, letters -->
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" variable="event event-date event-title">
+        <group delimiter=", ">
+          <text variable="event-title"/>
+          <text variable="event-place"/>
+          <text macro="date-event-full"/>
+        </group>
       </if>
     </choose>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="container-title-note">
+  <macro name="source-event-status">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if type="broadcast" variable="status">
+          <!-- 'aired', 'performed', etc. (cf. CMOS18 14.165) -->
+          <text variable="status"/>
+        </if>
+        <else-if type="paper-conference">
+          <choose>
+            <if variable="genre">
+              <text value="delivered"/>
+            </if>
+            <else>
+              <text value="unpublished"/>
+              <text form="short" term="paper-conference"/>
+              <text value="delivered"/>
+            </else>
+          </choose>
+          <choose>
+            <if match="any" variable="event event-title">
+              <text term="at"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if type="song">
+          <text value="recorded"/>
+          <choose>
+            <if variable="event-title">
+              <text term="at"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if variable="event-date issued"/>
+        <else-if match="none" variable="issued">
+          <text variable="status"/>
+        </else-if>
+      </choose>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-event-title">
     <choose>
-      <if type="chapter paper-conference" match="any">
-        <text term="in" suffix=" "/>
+      <!-- TODO: We expect `event-title` to be used, but processors and applications may not be updated yet. This macro ensures that either `event` or `event-title` can be accepted. Remove if processor logic and application adoption can handle this. -->
+      <if variable="event-title">
+        <text variable="event-title"/>
       </if>
+      <else>
+        <text variable="event"/>
+      </else>
     </choose>
-    <text variable="container-title" text-case="title" font-style="italic"/>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="edition-note">
-    <choose>
-      <if type="bill book graphic legal_case motion_picture report song chapter paper-conference" match="any">
+  <macro name="source-event-description">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <text macro="source-event-title"/>
+      <text macro="date-event-full"/>
+      <text variable="event-place"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-event-unpublished-paper-conference">
+    <!-- place and date are rendered in brackets for an unpublished conference paper (MHRA 7.10.vi) -->
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <text macro="source-event-title"/>
+      <group delimiter=", " prefix="(" suffix=")">
+        <text variable="event-place"/>
         <choose>
-          <if is-numeric="edition">
-            <group delimiter=" ">
-              <number variable="edition" form="ordinal"/>
-              <text term="edition" form="short" strip-periods="true"/>
-            </group>
+          <if variable="event-date">
+            <text macro="date-event-full"/>
           </if>
           <else>
-            <text variable="edition"/>
+            <text macro="date-issued-full"/>
           </else>
         </choose>
+      </group>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 4.5. Facts of publication -->
+  <macro name="source-monographic-publication">
+    <group delimiter="; ">
+      <choose>
+        <!-- Provide only for monographic types -->
+        <if match="any" type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper periodical post-weblog review review-book"/>
+        <else-if match="any" type="interview paper-conference">
+          <choose>
+            <if match="any" variable="collection-editor container-author editor editorial-director">
+              <!-- monographic usage -->
+              <text macro="source-publication-and-date"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+        </else-if>
+        <!-- `patent` date in identification (cf. CMOS18 14.158) -->
+        <else-if type="patent"/>
+        <else>
+          <text macro="source-publication-and-date"/>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+      <text macro="source-publication-original-title"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-monographic-publication-bracketed">
+    <!-- Facts of publication with brackets for print monographic formats -->
+    <choose>
+      <if match="any" type="book broadcast chapter classic entry interview motion_picture musical_score pamphlet paper-conference report software song standard thesis">
+        <text macro="source-monographic-publication" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
       </if>
+      <else-if type="article" variable="genre publisher">
+        <!-- without brackets for a preprint in a repository (cf. CMOS18 14.76), with brackets for a working paper (cf. CMOS18 14.116) -->
+        <text macro="source-monographic-publication" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <!-- dictionary/encyclopedia entries probably are bracketed only with publisher (MHRA 7.5) -->
+      <else-if type="entry-dictionary" variable="publisher">
+        <text macro="source-monographic-publication" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="entry-encyclopedia" variable="publisher">
+        <text macro="source-monographic-publication" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="personal_communication">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="collection-editor compiler editor editorial-director publisher">
+            <!-- in an edited collection -->
+            <text macro="source-monographic-publication" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
     </choose>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="locators-newspaper">
+  <macro name="source-monographic-publication-unbracketed">
+    <!-- Facts of publication without brackets -->
     <choose>
-      <if type="article-newspaper">
+      <if match="any" type="book broadcast chapter classic entry interview motion_picture musical_score pamphlet paper-conference report software song standard thesis"/>
+      <else-if type="article" variable="genre publisher"/>
+      <else-if type="entry-dictionary" variable="publisher"/>
+      <else-if type="entry-encyclopedia" variable="publisher"/>
+      <else-if type="personal_communication">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="none" variable="collection-editor compiler editor editorial-director publisher">
+            <!-- not in an edited collection -->
+            <text macro="source-monographic-publication"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <text macro="source-monographic-publication"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-publication-and-date">
+    <group delimiter=", ">
+      <choose>
+        <if match="any" type="post webpage">
+          <!-- `container-title` functions like a publisher with social media and website sources (cf. CMOS18 14.104-106) -->
+          <text text-case="title" variable="container-title"/>
+        </if>
+      </choose>
+      <text macro="source-publication-history"/>
+      <group delimiter=" ">
+        <text macro="source-date-status"/>
+        <text macro="source-date"/>
+      </group>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- Facts of publication elements -->
+  <macro name="source-publication-description">
+    <choose>
+      <if type="article" variable="genre"/>
+      <else-if type="article">
+        <!-- `preprint` term attached to repository name, but specific working paper descriptors appear in description (cf. CMOS18 14.76, 14.116) -->
+        <text term="preprint"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if type="thesis">
+        <!-- thesis type appears with university name (MHRA 7.10) -->
+        <group delimiter=" ">
+          <text value="unpublished"/>
+          <text macro="description-format"/>
+        </group>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" variable="original-publisher original-publisher-place">
+        <choose>
+          <!-- `edition` provides an alternative label to `reprint` (cf. CMOS18 14.16) -->
+          <if match="any" variable="edition original-title"/>
+          <else-if match="none" type="book chapter classic entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia interview musical_score pamphlet paper-conference report thesis"/>
+          <else-if variable="issued original-date">
+            <text value="repr."/>
+          </else-if>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-publication-history">
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="original-title">
+        <!-- `original-title` is covered in `source-publication-original-title-bib` -->
         <group delimiter=", ">
-          <group delimiter=" ">
-            <text variable="edition"/>
-            <text term="edition"/>
+          <text macro="source-publication-description"/>
+          <text macro="source-publication-publisher"/>
+        </group>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="any" variable="edition original-publisher original-publisher-place">
+        <group delimiter="; ">
+          <!-- semicolon to separate original date if `original-publisher` (cf. CMOS18 14.16) -->
+          <group delimiter=", ">
+            <text macro="source-publication-publisher-original"/>
+            <text macro="source-date-original"/>
           </group>
-          <group>
-            <text term="section" suffix=" "/>
-            <text variable="section"/>
+          <group delimiter=", ">
+            <choose>
+              <if variable="issued original-date">
+                <text macro="label-edition"/>
+              </if>
+            </choose>
+            <group delimiter=", ">
+              <text macro="source-publication-description"/>
+              <text macro="source-publication-publisher"/>
+            </group>
+          </group>
+        </group>
+      </else-if>
+      <else>
+        <group delimiter="; ">
+          <!-- semicolon to separate original date if no publisher (cf. CMOS18 14.165) -->
+          <text macro="source-date-original"/>
+          <group delimiter=", ">
+            <text macro="source-publication-description"/>
+            <text macro="source-publication-publisher"/>
+          </group>
+        </group>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-publication-original-title">
+    <!-- Work originally published under a different title (cf. CMOS18 13.101) -->
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="original-title">
+        <group delimiter=" ">
+          <text term="original-work-published"/>
+          <group delimiter=", ">
+            <names variable="original-author"/>
+            <text font-style="italic" text-case="title" variable="original-title"/>
+          </group>
+          <group delimiter=", " prefix="(" suffix=")">
+            <text macro="source-publication-publisher-original"/>
+            <text macro="source-date-original"/>
           </group>
         </group>
       </if>
     </choose>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="event">
-    <group>
-      <text term="presented at" suffix=" "/>
-      <text variable="event"/>
+  <macro name="source-publication-publisher">
+    <group delimiter=" ">
+      <choose>
+        <if type="thesis" variable="publisher">
+          <text variable="publisher"/>
+        </if>
+        <else-if type="motion_picture" variable="publisher-place">
+          <!-- prioritize the country of origin for films (MHRA 7.8) -->
+          <text variable="publisher-place"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if type="motion_picture" variable="event-place">
+          <text variable="event-place"/>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if variable="publisher">
+          <group delimiter=": ">
+            <!-- <text variable="publisher-place"/> -->
+            <text variable="publisher"/>
+          </group>
+        </else-if>
+        <!-- TODO: remove conditional when Zotero fixes double-mapping of `event-place` -->
+        <else-if match="any" variable="event-date event-title"/>
+        <else>
+          <text variable="publisher-place"/>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
+      <choose>
+        <if type="song">
+          <!-- Album catalogue number follows label name (cf. CMOS18 14.163-164) -->
+          <text variable="number"/>
+        </if>
+      </choose>
     </group>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="publisher">
-    <group delimiter=": ">
-      <text variable="publisher-place"/>
-      <text variable="publisher"/>
-    </group>
+  <macro name="source-publication-publisher-original">
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="original-publisher">
+        <group delimiter=": ">
+          <!-- <text variable="original-publisher-place"/> -->
+          <text variable="original-publisher"/>
+        </group>
+      </if>
+      <else>
+        <text variable="original-publisher-place"/>
+      </else>
+    </choose>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="issued">
+  <!-- 4.6. Date -->
+  <macro name="source-date">
     <choose>
-      <if type="graphic report article-newspaper" match="any">
-        <date variable="issued">
-          <date-part name="day" suffix=" "/>
-          <date-part name="month" suffix=" "/>
-          <date-part name="year"/>
-        </date>
+      <if variable="available-date issued">
+        <date date-parts="year" form="text" variable="available-date"/>
       </if>
-      <else-if type="bill book graphic legal_case motion_picture report song thesis chapter paper-conference" match="any">
-        <date variable="issued">
-          <date-part name="year"/>
-        </date>
-      </else-if>
       <else>
-        <date variable="issued">
-          <date-part name="year"/>
-        </date>
+        <text macro="source-date-issued-day-month"/>
       </else>
     </choose>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="year-date">
+  <!-- Date elements -->
+  <macro name="source-date-issued-day-month">
+    <!-- Variant for author-date styles -->
+    <!-- Give full date for more ephemeral types; reflected in `date-sort` -->
+    <!-- NB: any changes must also be applied to `date-sort` and `source-date-original-day-month` -->
     <choose>
-      <if variable="issued">
-        <date variable="issued">
-          <date-part name="year"/>
-        </date>
-        <text variable="year-suffix"/>
+      <if type="personal_communication" variable="event-date issued">
+        <!-- Provide issue date for letters listed under event-date -->
+        <text macro="date-issued-year"/>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper periodical post-weblog review review-book">
+        <text macro="source-date-issued-day-month-serial"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="interview paper-conference">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="none" variable="collection-editor compiler editor editorial-director">
+            <!-- serial usage -->
+            <text macro="source-date-issued-day-month-serial"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="DOI URL">
+            <!-- Online reference works use full dates (cf. CMOS18 14.131) -->
+            <text macro="date-issued-day-month"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="article broadcast collection dataset document event graphic interview manuscript map patent performance personal_communication post software speech standard webpage">
+        <text macro="date-issued-day-month"/>
+      </else-if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-date-issued-day-month-serial">
+    <choose>
+      <if type="article-newspaper">
+        <text macro="date-issued-day-month"/>
       </if>
+      <else-if match="any" variable="supplement-number volume"/>
+      <else-if variable="issue">
+        <text macro="date-issued-month"/>
+      </else-if>
       <else>
-        <group prefix="[" suffix="]">
-          <text term="no date" form="short"/>
-          <text variable="year-suffix" prefix="-"/>
-        </group>
+        <text macro="date-issued-day-month"/>
       </else>
     </choose>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="pages">
+  <macro name="source-date-original">
+    <text macro="source-date-original-day-month"/>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-date-original-day-month">
+    <!-- Give full date for more ephemeral types; reflected in `date-sort` -->
+    <!-- Macro derived from `source-date-issued-day-month` -->
+    <choose>
+      <if type="personal_communication" variable="event-date original-date">
+        <!-- Provide original date for letters listed under event-date -->
+        <text macro="date-original-year"/>
+      </if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper periodical post-weblog review review-book">
+        <text macro="source-date-original-day-month-serial"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="interview paper-conference">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="none" variable="collection-editor compiler editor editorial-director">
+            <!-- serial usage -->
+            <text macro="source-date-original-day-month-serial"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia">
+        <choose>
+          <if match="any" variable="DOI URL">
+            <!-- Online reference works use full dates (cf. CMOS18 14.131) -->
+            <text macro="date-original-day-month"/>
+          </if>
+        </choose>
+      </else-if>
+      <else-if match="any" type="article broadcast collection dataset document event graphic interview manuscript map patent performance personal_communication post software speech standard webpage">
+        <text macro="date-original-day-month"/>
+      </else-if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-date-original-day-month-serial">
     <choose>
-      <if type="article-journal">
-        <text variable="page" prefix=": "/>
+      <if type="article-newspaper">
+        <text macro="date-original-day-month"/>
       </if>
+      <else-if match="any" variable="supplement-number volume"/>
+      <else-if variable="issue">
+        <text macro="date-original-month"/>
+      </else-if>
       <else>
-        <label variable="page" form="short" prefix=", " suffix=" "/>
-        <text variable="page"/>
+        <text macro="date-original-day-month"/>
       </else>
     </choose>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="archive-note">
+  <macro name="source-date-status">
+    <choose>
+      <if type="broadcast" variable="event-title issued status"/>
+      <!-- on a `broadcast`, if there is an `event-title`, `status` appears with `event-date` as part of `source-event` (cf. CMOS18 14.165) -->
+      <else-if variable="issued status">
+        <!-- `status` specifies date type, e.g. 'effective', 'last modified', 'approved' (cf. CMOS18 14.104 for `webpage`; CMOS18 14.159 for `standard`) -->
+        <text variable="status"/>
+      </else-if>
+      <!-- 'published online' for a work available ahead of print (MHRA 7.4) -->
+      <else-if match="any" variable="available-date collection-title issue number page status supplement-number volume"/>
+      <else-if type="article-journal" variable="DOI issued">
+        <text term="advance-online-publication"/>
+      </else-if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 4.7. Locator (including page references) -->
+  <!-- 4.8. Medium -->
+  <macro name="source-medium">
+    <choose>
+      <if match="none" type="book broadcast chapter motion_picture song">
+        <!-- works of art give a medium (MHRA 7.9); but no ebook format (MHRA 7.3); no medium or duration for music, films, or television (MHRA 7.8) -->
+        <group delimiter=", ">
+          <text variable="medium"/>
+          <text variable="scale"/>
+          <text variable="dimensions"/>
+        </group>
+      </if>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 4.9. Archival location -->
+  <macro name="source-archive">
     <group delimiter=", ">
       <text variable="archive-place"/>
       <text variable="archive"/>
+      <text variable="archive_collection"/>
       <text variable="archive_location"/>
     </group>
   </macro>
-  <macro name="access-note">
+  <macro name="source-archive-short">
+    <!-- shortened reference for an item consisting only of a shelfmark (MHRA 7.7) -->
     <group delimiter=", ">
       <choose>
-        <if type="graphic report" match="any">
-          <text macro="archive-note" prefix=", "/>
+        <if match="none" variable="archive_collection">
+          <text form="short" variable="archive"/>
         </if>
-        <else-if type="bill book graphic legal_case motion_picture report song article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper thesis chapter paper-conference" match="none">
-          <text macro="archive-note" prefix=", "/>
-        </else-if>
       </choose>
+      <text variable="archive_collection"/>
+      <text variable="archive_location"/>
     </group>
+  </macro>
+  <!-- 4.10. DOI or URL -->
+  <macro name="source-DOI">
     <choose>
       <if variable="DOI">
-        <text variable="DOI" prefix=" &lt;https://doi.org/" suffix="&gt;"/>
+        <text prefix="doi:" variable="DOI"/>
       </if>
-      <else>
-        <text variable="URL" prefix=" &lt;" suffix="&gt;"/>
-        <group prefix=" [" suffix="]">
-          <text term="accessed"/>
-          <date variable="accessed">
-            <date-part name="day" prefix=" "/>
-            <date-part name="month" prefix=" "/>
-            <date-part name="year" prefix=" "/>
-          </date>
+    </choose>
+  </macro>
+  <macro name="source-URL">
+    <choose>
+      <if variable="DOI URL"/>
+      <else-if variable="URL">
+        <group delimiter=" ">
+          <text prefix="&lt;" suffix="&gt;" variable="URL"/>
+          <!-- provide an access date for URL but not DOIs (MHRA 6.1, 6.3, 7.4) -->
+          <group delimiter=" " prefix="[" suffix="]">
+            <text term="accessed"/>
+            <date form="text" variable="accessed"/>
+          </group>
         </group>
-      </else>
+      </else-if>
     </choose>
   </macro>
-  <citation et-al-min="3" et-al-use-first="1" disambiguate-add-year-suffix="true" disambiguate-add-givenname="true" collapse="year">
-    <layout prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter="; ">
-      <group delimiter=" ">
-        <text macro="author-short"/>
-        <text macro="year-date"/>
+  <!-- Citation -->
+  <citation after-collapse-delimiter="; " collapse="year" disambiguate-add-givenname="true" disambiguate-add-names="true" disambiguate-add-year-suffix="true">
+    <layout delimiter="; " prefix="(" suffix=")">
+      <!-- MHRA's approach to author-date (sect. 7.13) is a simplification of the Oxford Guide to Style, sect. 15.19 -->
+      <group delimiter=": ">
+        <group delimiter=", ">
+          <choose>
+            <if type="classic">
+              <text macro="author-inline"/>
+              <choose>
+                <if variable="author">
+                  <text macro="title-and-descriptions-short"/>
+                </if>
+              </choose>
+            </if>
+            <else-if match="any" variable="event-date issued">
+              <choose>
+                <if match="any" type="interview personal_communication">
+                  <choose>
+                    <if match="any" variable="archive archive-place container-title DOI number publisher references URL">
+                      <group delimiter=" ">
+                        <text macro="author-inline"/>
+                        <text macro="date-short"/>
+                      </group>
+                    </if>
+                    <else>
+                      <!-- unpublished `interview` or `personal_communication` use inline format (NHR 17.3.2) -->
+                      <text macro="author-inline"/>
+                      <text macro="title-and-descriptions-short"/>
+                      <text macro="date-short"/>
+                    </else>
+                  </choose>
+                </if>
+                <else>
+                  <group delimiter=" ">
+                    <text macro="author-inline"/>
+                    <text macro="date-short"/>
+                  </group>
+                </else>
+              </choose>
+            </else-if>
+            <else>
+              <!--- Comma with forthcoming or n.d. -->
+              <text macro="author-inline"/>
+              <choose>
+                <if match="any" type="interview personal_communication">
+                  <choose>
+                    <if match="none" variable="archive archive-place container-title DOI number publisher references URL">
+                      <!-- unpublished `interview` or `personal_communication` use inline format (NHR 17.3.2) -->
+                      <text macro="title-and-descriptions-short"/>
+                    </if>
+                  </choose>
+                </if>
+              </choose>
+              <text macro="date-short"/>
+            </else>
+          </choose>
+        </group>
+        <text macro="label-locator-inline"/>
       </group>
-      <text variable="locator" prefix=": "/>
     </layout>
   </citation>
-  <bibliography hanging-indent="true" et-al-min="6" et-al-use-first="5" subsequent-author-substitute="&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;">
+  <!-- Bibliography -->
+  <macro name="bibliography-author-date">
+    <group delimiter=". ">
+      <text macro="author-bib"/>
+      <text macro="date"/>
+      <text macro="title-and-source"/>
+      <text variable="references"/>
+    </group>
+  </macro>
+  <bibliography hanging-indent="true" subsequent-author-substitute="&#8212;&#8212;" subsequent-author-substitute-rule="partial-first">
     <sort>
-      <key macro="author"/>
-      <key macro="issued"/>
-      <key variable="title"/>
+      <key macro="author-bib"/>
+      <key macro="date-sort-group"/>
+      <key macro="date-sort-year"/>
+      <key macro="date"/>
+      <key macro="title-and-descriptions"/>
+      <key macro="source"/>
+      <key variable="volume"/>
+      <key variable="part-number"/>
+      <key variable="event-date"/>
+      <key variable="issued"/>
+      <key macro="source-archive"/>
     </sort>
     <layout>
-      <group delimiter=". " suffix=". ">
-        <text macro="author"/>
-        <text macro="year-date"/>
-      </group>
-      <group delimiter=", ">
-        <text macro="title"/>
-        <text macro="container-title-note"/>
-        <text macro="collection-title"/>
-        <text macro="volume"/>
-        <text macro="editor-translator"/>
-      </group>
-      <text macro="issue-note"/>
-      <text macro="locators-specific-note" prefix=", "/>
-      <text macro="locators-newspaper" prefix=", "/>
-      <text macro="pages"/>
-      <text macro="access-note"/>
+      <!-- MHRA does not provide specific guidance on excluding citations from the bibliography (MHRA 8.3), but this seems to be the intent, as some of its examples are only usable in a note; this macro follows guidance in NHR and CMOS. -->
+      <choose>
+        <if type="classic">
+          <choose>
+            <if match="any" variable="archive editor translator publisher">
+              <text macro="bibliography-author-date"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+        </if>
+        <else-if match="any" type="entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia">
+          <choose>
+            <if variable="author">
+              <!-- Signed reference entries appear in the bibliography (cf. CMOS18 14.132) -->
+              <text macro="bibliography-author-date"/>
+            </if>
+            <else-if match="any" variable="DOI URL">
+              <!-- Provide a bibliography if necessary identifying information is not in text -->
+              <text macro="bibliography-author-date"/>
+            </else-if>
+          </choose>
+        </else-if>
+        <else-if match="any" type="interview personal_communication">
+          <choose>
+            <if match="any" variable="archive archive-place container-title DOI number publisher references URL">
+              <!-- Personal communications only appear in the bibliography if the reader can retrieve them (cf. MHRA 7.11, NHR 17.3.2, CMOS18 14.13, 14.111) -->
+              <text macro="bibliography-author-date"/>
+            </if>
+          </choose>
+        </else-if>
+        <else>
+          <text macro="bibliography-author-date"/>
+        </else>
+      </choose>
     </layout>
   </bibliography>
 </style>