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-      string: '[{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/26/why-care-about-grasslands/","uuid":"e4872b3e-cd15-407d-8406-33642c1a98b0","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/26/why-care-about-grasslands/","title":"Why
-        care about grasslands?","summary":"As someone who has been deeply interested
-        by plants as long as I can remember, I have grown to appreciate all the different
-        habitats I come across in Ireland. Each has its own unique set of species,
-        but one...","date_published":"2022-12-26T00:10:05Z","date_modified":"2022-12-26T17:12:30Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
-        Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>As someone who has been deeply
-        interested by plants as long as I can remember, I have grown to appreciate
-        all the different habitats I come across in Ireland. Each has its own unique
-        set of species, but one that has always particularly caught my attention is
-        our grasslands. Part of this is probably because my family have been <a rel=\"noreferrer
-        noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/field.html\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/field.html\"
-        target=\"_blank\">managing our small field for biodiversity</a>, and seeing
-        plants, animals, and fungi flourish there has massively influenced my interest
-        in ecology. But there&#8217;s also something special about grasslands.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/islands/roe/landscape2.jpg\" width=\"650\"
-        height=\"400\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Species-rich grassland
-        dominated by Knapweed (<i>Centaurea nigra</i>) on <a href=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/roe.html\">Roe
-        Island</a>, Strangford Lough.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>For one, species-rich
-        grassland is rare &#8211; <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://pollinators.ie/the-importance-of-species-rich-meadows-and-grasslands-even-mini-ones/\"
-        data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://pollinators.ie/the-importance-of-species-rich-meadows-and-grasslands-even-mini-ones/\"
-        target=\"_blank\">most has been destroyed through fertiliser input or reseeding</a>.
-        Finding even a small area feels like stumbling across a lost world, especially
-        in the intensely farmed northern part of Down, on the edge of East Belfast
-        where I&#8217;ve grown up. Grasslands can be incredibly diverse, with ten
-        or twenty plant species in a single square metre (ten species per square metre
-        is generally the benchmark for species-rich grassland), from orchids to grasses,
-        and from dainty annuals like Eyebright to beefy perennials like Devil&#8217;s
-        Bit.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\"
-        loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/islands/roe/euphrasia.jpg\"
-        width=\"650\" height=\"488\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An Eyebright
-        species (<i>Euphrasia nemorosa</i>) on Roe Island.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Grasslands
-        also harbour a huge diversity of arthropod species: butterflies and moths,
-        bees and wasps, flies, beetles, spiders, harvestmen and many more. In our
-        field we have resident Small Heath (<em>Coenonympha pamphilus</em>) and Cryptic
-        Wood White (<em>Leptidea juvernica</em>) butterflies among others. These species
-        are uncommon and rapidly declining, and it&#8217;s only in the small pockets
-        of remaining habitat that they can still be seen. Protecting these species&#8217;
-        habitat means they will continue to be seen every year and not go the way
-        of the Wall Brown (<em>Lasiommata megera</em>), which is now so rare <a rel=\"noreferrer
-        noopener\" href=\"https://www.facebook.com/savebutterflies/photos/a.210247922322596/6669593713054619/\"
-        data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://www.facebook.com/savebutterflies/photos/a.210247922322596/6669593713054619/\"
-        target=\"_blank\">it has been seen once in Down in the last five years</a>.
-        Habitat loss and nitrogen pollution from run-off and the air now threaten
-        once-common species with extinction.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/courting_flight.jpg\"
-        width=\"650\" height=\"464.3\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cryptic
-        Wood White courtship flight at <a href=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\">Lagan
-        Meadows</a> in Belfast. These butterflies live in young bramble scrub on the
-        edges of species-rich grassland, where they can find the vetches that they
-        and their larvae feed on. This population is now threatened as the site is
-        no longer grazed.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>So what can we do to protect
-        grasslands? Firstly, we need to know what a healthy species-rich grassland
-        needs:</p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Grazing and/or mowing: grasslands are inherently
-        always in flux &#8211; they almost always require disturbance and removal
-        of plant material, or they turn into something else! <em>Succession</em> is
-        the process where grassland becomes scrub and then woodland, and this isn&#8217;t
-        necessarily a bad thing &#8211; natural regeneration is a great way to create
-        woodland. However, with species-rich grassland so rare, it&#8217;s important
-        succession is prevented on these special sites.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Low soil fertility:
-        most species-rich grasslands occur on low-fertility soils (the richest are
-        often on extremely infertile chalk). Nitrate pollution from fertiliser run-off
-        and air pollution (eg. from transport) increase soil fertility, usually allowing
-        grasses to out-compete other species and reducing species-richness. There
-        are exceptions of course, like <a href=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/bsbiposter.html#communities\"
-        data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/bsbiposter.html#communities\"
-        target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">weird, guano-filled islands
-        on Strangford Lough</a>!</li>\n\n\n\n<li>A healthy landscape: fragmentation
-        of grasslands causes extinction of plants and animals, both in the short-
-        and long-term. Fragmented habitats may take decades to lose species following
-        loss of neighbouring sites (this is known as <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"
-        href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01457.x\"
-        data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01457.x\"
-        target=\"_blank\">extinction debt</a>), and maintaining and restoring the
-        connectivity of habitats is vital to ensure <em>metapopulations</em> stay
-        intact &#8211; this means even if a species goes extinct at one site, individuals
-        from other, connected sites can still re-colonise (the <em>metapopulation</em>
-        is this &#8220;population of populations&#8221;). Loss of connectivity prevents
-        this re-colonisation, and also <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2008.0724\"
-        data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2008.0724\"
-        target=\"_blank\">colonisation of new sites</a>, which stops species from
-        responding to climate change. Extinction debt means small fragments of habitat
-        can still have many rare species which can return to the wider landscape,
-        but only if connectivity is restored.</li>\n</ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/map.jpg\"
-        width=\"650\" height=\"381\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Grassland
-        sites like Lagan Meadows are mostly isolated and fragmented. A lot of the
-        Lagan Valley actually has relatively good connectivity for the area but it
-        is limited here by surrounding urban development.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>To
-        protect our grasslands we need to maintain and improve management at species-rich
-        sites, reduce nitrate pollution, and create a healthy landscape by stopping
-        the destruction of grasslands as well as creating new ones. In Kent, <a rel=\"noreferrer
-        noopener\" href=\"https://youtu.be/gho7BvctPyY\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://youtu.be/gho7BvctPyY\"
-        target=\"_blank\">Nature Recovery Networks</a> aim to create extensive networks
-        of species-rich grassland to link together existing sites. The team working
-        personally with farmers has led to great success, with species like the Black-veined
-        Moth (<em>Siona lineata</em>) benefiting. This kind of habitat restoration
-        could be replicated in Down, but what would it require? Restored sites would
-        have reduced yields, so farmers could be compensated for participating, and
-        subsidies for species-rich habitats would be essential. Communicating the
-        importance of these sites would be important; engaging with schools by arranging
-        trips and linking with biology and geography curricula would help. Site managers
-        from different organisations would have to work together over a large area,
-        requiring networks and cooperation that doesn&#8217;t currently exist. These
-        things aren&#8217;t an issue, but an opportunity to improve how conservation
-        operates.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>As someone who loves the natural world, I have no
-        choice but to care about grasslands. I can&#8217;t lack ambition for local
-        conservation &#8211; we <em>need </em>landscape-scale restoration, and sooner
-        rather than later, before fragmentation and habitat-loss degrades what&#8217;s
-        left. It won&#8217;t be easy, but anything less amounts to giving up. If we
-        can imagine a network of semi-natural grasslands in our intensively agricultural
-        landscapes, maybe we can work towards a more biodiverse future.</p>\n","tags":["Ecology","Conservation","Plants","Writing"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
-        Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
-        Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2023/03/26/comparing-parasite-and-host-strategies-in-a-portuguese-grassland/","uuid":"27add77e-66af-402c-b462-d050516ae65b","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2023/03/26/comparing-parasite-and-host-strategies-in-a-portuguese-grassland/","title":"Comparing
-        parasite and host strategies in a Portuguese grassland","summary":"by Jake
-        Dalzell, Hazel Garrett, Catriona Forrest, Wayne Liang, Rosalind Mackey, Denis
-        Pavlov, and Josh Simpson This was a small project we threw together over three
-        days on our Plant Sciences fieldtrip to...","date_published":"2023-03-26T20:00:04Z","date_modified":"2023-05-07T15:28:38Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
-        Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>by Jake Dalzell, Hazel Garrett,
-        Catriona Forrest, Wayne Liang, Rosalind Mackey, Denis Pavlov, and Josh Simpson</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This
-        was a small project we threw together over three days on our Plant Sciences
-        fieldtrip to Portugal. Everyone on the fieldtrip used six different techniques
-        to explore plant physiology and ecology, and each group came up with a research
-        question that could be answered using some of these techniques. Given the
-        short time frame, our samples were biased and small (too small for robust
-        statistics!). We can&#8217;t really draw any hard conclusions from our results,
-        but they do show interesting trends.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our project compared the
-        strategies used by two parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae and a shared
-        host species in the Fabaceae. We also compared host individuals which were
-        parasitised by each species with each other and with uninfected hosts. We
-        were particularly interested in how water use differed between the different
-        plants. We expected to see a lower water potential in the parasites than in
-        their host, as has been shown in other Orobanchaceae︎¹<sup>,</sup>². This
-        water potential gradient generates a sink, so there is a flux of xylem fluid
-        from host roots to parasite¹.</p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Study
-        species</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We chose to study a holoparasite, <em>Phelipanche ramosa</em>;
-        a hemiparasite, <em>Bellardia trixago</em>; and a legume that they both parasitise,
-        <em>Medicago polymorpha</em>. These were abundant in the grassland where we
-        were staying, Quinta de São Pedro.</p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group
-        is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-1\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/phelipanche-225x300.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-414\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/phelipanche-225x300.jpg
-        225w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/phelipanche-768x1024.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/phelipanche-1152x1536.jpg
-        1152w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/phelipanche-1536x2048.jpg
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/phelipanche.jpg
-        1619w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Phelipanche
-        ramosa</em></figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img
-        decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/bellardia-225x300.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-415\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/bellardia-225x300.jpg
-        225w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/bellardia-768x1023.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/bellardia.jpg
-        1069w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Bellardia
-        trixago</em></figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img
-        decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/medicago-225x300.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-416\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/medicago-225x300.jpg
-        225w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/medicago-768x1024.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/medicago.jpg
-        1013w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Medicago
-        polymorpha</em></figcaption></figure>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/haustoria.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-422\" width=\"270\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/haustoria.jpg
-        1080w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/haustoria-232x300.jpg
-        232w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/haustoria-768x993.jpg
-        768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">root
-        connections are visible between the <em>Phelipanche</em> and a host Fabaceae
-        sp.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mycorrhizal
-        staining</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We cleared the roots using Sodium hydroxide, then
-        stained for mycorrhizal fungi by using a blue dye that binds to chitin, followed
-        by washing with Hydrochloric acid and then water.</p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group
-        alignfull is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-2\">\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/washingRoots-225x300.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-412\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/washingRoots-225x300.jpg
-        225w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/washingRoots-768x1024.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/washingRoots-1152x1536.jpg
-        1152w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/washingRoots.jpg
-        1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Josh
-        and Catriona washing roots</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"
-        src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/mycorrhizalStain-300x225.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-413\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/mycorrhizalStain-300x225.jpg
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/mycorrhizalStain-768x576.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/mycorrhizalStain-1536x1152.jpg
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/mycorrhizalStain.jpg
-        2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wayne,
-        Jake, and Rosalind staining mycorrhiza</figcaption></figure>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<p>The
-        results were fairly clear: the parasites had minimal fungal infection (holoparasite)
-        or none (hemiparasite), while the host had many hyphae and arbuscules. The
-        hyphae visible in the holoparasite may have been an early stage of mycorrhization
-        but the way the samples were prepared means the context of the root was lost.
-        Fungal structures are visible in blue:</p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group
-        is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-3\">\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/holoRoot-300x300.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-417\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/holoRoot-300x300.jpg
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/holoRoot-150x150.jpg
-        150w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/holoRoot-768x768.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/holoRoot-1536x1536.jpg
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/holoRoot-2048x2048.jpg
-        2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">holoparasite
-        root with some hyphae visible</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\"
-        src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hemiRoot-300x300.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-418\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hemiRoot-300x300.jpg
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hemiRoot-150x150.jpg
-        150w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hemiRoot-768x768.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hemiRoot-1536x1536.jpg
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hemiRoot-2048x2048.jpg
-        2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">hemiparasite
-        roots with no fungal structures visible</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hostRoot-300x300.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-419\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hostRoot-300x300.jpg
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hostRoot-150x150.jpg
-        150w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hostRoot-768x768.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hostRoot-1536x1536.jpg
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hostRoot-2048x2048.jpg
-        2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">host
-        root with many hyphae and arbuscules</figcaption></figure>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-table is-style-regular\"><table class=\"has-base-background-color
-        has-background has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Host</td><td>Holoparasite</td><td>Hemiparasite</td></tr><tr><td>Hyphae?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Arbuscules?</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The
-        lack of mycorrhizae in the parasites suggests that they do not need fungi
-        to acquire resources as they can just steal them (and hence the carbon cost
-        of mycorrhizae is not worth it). The resources are acquired from mycorrhizae
-        at a carbon cost by the host, and then promptly stolen by the parasites. It
-        would be interesting to compare with a hemiparasite grown without a host &#8211;
-        does it now form mycorrhizae, as it cannot steal resources from other plants?</p>\n\n\n\n<h3
-        class=\"wp-block-heading\">Water relations</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Licor was used to
-        measure stomatal conductance and other metrics, and estimate water use efficiency.
-        A pressure bomb was used to measure instantaneous water potential in stems
-        cut around 3cm from the base. The holoparasite could not be measured using
-        licor as it does not have substantial leaves.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/waterPotential.png\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-423\" width=\"650\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/waterPotential.png
-        3750w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/waterPotential-300x200.png
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/waterPotential-768x512.png
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/waterPotential-1536x1024.png
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/waterPotential-2048x1365.png
-        2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3750px) 100vw, 3750px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The
-        shoot water potential was much lower in the hemiparasite than in the host,
-        as expected. The holoparasite had a very high water potential, which was unexpected.
-        This may have been due to issues in measurement, as the texture of the stems
-        made gauging the point at which water was visible at the cut end difficult.
-        It may be that the water potential in the tubercle of the holoparasite was
-        lower as in <em>Cistanche</em>², so it could still act as a sink on the host
-        plant. The extremely high water potential is still strange though, and merits
-        further research.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full
-        is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/conductance.png\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-420\" width=\"500\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/conductance.png
-        3000w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/conductance-300x250.png
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/conductance-768x640.png
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/conductance-1536x1280.png
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/conductance-2048x1707.png
-        2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Stomatal
-        conductance was considerably higher in the hemiparasite than in the host,
-        providing a mechanism for its low water potential.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/wue.png\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-424\" width=\"500\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/wue.png
-        3000w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/wue-300x250.png
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/wue-768x640.png
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/wue-1536x1280.png
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/wue-2048x1707.png
-        2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The
-        water use efficiency of the hemiparasite was much lower than that of the host.
-        This can be explained by its high conductance.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Overall the hemiparasite
-        has a strong &#8220;spender&#8221; strategy, freely using resources that it
-        gains from its host and transpiring a lot of water to pull a low water potential
-        and get more host resources.</p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References</h3>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Ackroyd,
-        Robert D., and Jonathan D. Graves. 1997. ‘The Regulation of the Water Potential
-        Gradient in the Host and Parasite Relationship between <em>Sorghum bicolor</em>
-        and <em>Striga hermonthica</em>’. <em>Annals of Botany</em> 80 (5): 649–56.
-        <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0506\">https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0506</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fahmy,
-        Gamal Mohammad. 2013. ‘Ecophysiology of the Holoparasitic Angiosperm <em>Cistanche
-        phelypaea</em> (Orobanchaceae) in a Coastal Salt Marsh’. <em>Turkish Journal
-        of Botany</em> 37: 908–19. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1210-48\">https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1210-48</a>.</li>\n</ol>\n","tags":["Plants","Ecology","Fieldwork","Parasitic
-        plants","Research"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
-        Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
-        Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/27/hemiparasitic-plants-in-irish-grasslands/","uuid":"121cba29-9f66-40a5-a434-0c2390955c09","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/27/hemiparasitic-plants-in-irish-grasslands/","title":"Hemiparasitic
-        plants in Irish grasslands","summary":"Hemiparasitic plants are those which
-        steal water and nutrients from other plants, but still photosynthesise (so
-        are green). They are an interesting part of the Irish flora, and some can
-        play an important role...","date_published":"2022-12-27T22:45:56Z","date_modified":"2023-05-07T15:40:14Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
-        Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>Hemiparasitic plants are those
-        which steal water and nutrients from other plants, but still photosynthesise
-        (so are green). They are an interesting part of the Irish flora, and some
-        can play an important role in grasslands by weakening other plants &#8211;
-        particularly Yellow Rattle. I want to run through some of the common hemiparasites
-        found in Irish grasslands and look at their importance for conservation, both
-        as species in themselves and as <em>keystone species</em> which affect the
-        ecosystem they live in. Note that all of these species are in the broomrape
-        family <em>Orobanchaceae</em>. Also note that apart from the Louseworts these
-        are all annuals.</p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#rhinanthus\" data-type=\"internal\"
-        data-id=\"#rhinanthus\">Yellow Rattle (<em>Rhinanthus minor</em>)</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a
-        href=\"#odontites\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#odontites\">Red Bartsia
-        (<em>Odontites vernus</em>)</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#euphrasia\" data-type=\"internal\"
-        data-id=\"#euphrasia\">Eyebright (<em>Euphrasia</em> spp.)</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a
-        href=\"#pedicularis\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#pedicularis\">Lousewort
-        (<em>Pedicularis</em> spp.)</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#parentucellia\"
-        data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#parentucellia\">Yellow Bartsia (<em>Parentucellia
-        viscosa</em>)</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><em>N.B.</em>
-        These aren&#8217;t the only groups, note that Cow-wheats (<em>Melampyrum</em>
-        spp.) are also present in Ireland, but I don&#8217;t know very much about
-        them and I don&#8217;t have any good photos. Note also that Mistletoe (<em>Viscum
-        album</em>) is a hemiparasite, though obviously very different to those in
-        the <em>Orobanchaceae</em>. It is not native but does occur in Ireland.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/DSC_0984-min-scaled.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-395\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/DSC_0984-min-scaled.jpg
-        2560w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/DSC_0984-min-300x200.jpg
-        300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Calcareous
-        grassland at Crom Estate, Fermanagh. Both Yellow Rattle and an Eyebright species
-        (probably <em>E. nemorosa</em>) are abundant here.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h3
-        class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"rhinanthus\">Yellow Rattle</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Anyone
-        who has an interest in species-rich grassland in Ireland or Britain is likely
-        to have come across the &#8220;meadow-maker&#8221; Yellow Rattle. We are told
-        that it increases biodiversity by weakening grasses, letting light through
-        to other plants and reducing competition. The results are often self-evident,
-        as in<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/field.html\"
-        target=\"_blank\">our field</a>, where Bird&#8217;s-foot Trefoil (<em>Lotus
-        corniculatus</em>) grows happily through the Yellow Rattle, providing food
-        for the larvae of the Common Blue butterfly (<em>Polyommatus icarus</em>):</p>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-4
-        is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\"
-        loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1459\" data-id=\"232\"  src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0778_edit-scaled.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-232\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0778_edit-scaled.jpg
-        2560w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0778_edit-300x171.jpg
-        300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        width=\"2560\" height=\"1244\" data-id=\"231\"  src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20200812_124229-scaled.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-231\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20200812_124229-scaled.jpg
-        2560w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20200812_124229-300x146.jpg
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20200812_124229-768x373.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20200812_124229-1536x747.jpg
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20200812_124229-2048x996.jpg
-        2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" /></figure>\n</figure>\n\n\n\n<p>I
-        don&#8217;t doubt that introducing Yellow Rattle has benefited biodiversity
-        in our field, but how?</p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Determining
-        <em>community structure</em></h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Community</em> here means
-        the plant species found in a place, and their relative abundance. By changing
-        the structure of plant communities, Yellow Rattle is a <em><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_species\"
-        data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_species\"
-        target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">keystone species</a></em>.</p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Yellow
-        Rattle will try to parasitise all of the plants growing around it, but grasses
-        can&#8217;t defend themselves from its attacks as well as some herbaceous
-        perennials (forbs) can (Jiang et al., 2010). The sensitivity to attack varies,
-        for example Meadow Vetchling (<em>Lathyrus pratensis</em>) is sensitive but
-        Lady&#8217;s Bedstraw (<em>Galium verum</em>) is unaffected (Cameron et al.,
-        2005).</li>\n\n\n\n<li>By outcompeting grassses, Yellow Rattle can become
-        very dominant in a grassland, as in our field. This increases the amount of
-        light available to plants in the understory. <strong>Light competition is
-        a major driving factor in grassland plant diversity</strong> (Eskelinen et
-        al., 2022), so increasing the amount of light available to low-growing plants
-        can increase biodiversity.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>There are <strong>winners and losers</strong>
-        when community structure changes &#8211; some plants (not just grasses!) decrease
-        in abundance due to parasitism and others increase as they are &#8216;released&#8217;
-        from the pressures of competition. Desey et al. (2015) found that the Common
-        Spotted Orchid (<em>Dactylorhiza fuchsii</em>) is at a massive advantage when
-        another Rattle species is present in Belgian grasslands, as it is not parasitised,
-        and in the parasite&#8217;s absence is vulnerable to being shaded out.</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-6
-        is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\"
-        loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" data-id=\"261\"  src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0061-min1.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-261\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0061-min1.jpg
-        1500w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0061-min1-300x200.jpg
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0061-min1-768x512.jpg
-        768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The
-        Field in Jun 2016. Grasses like Yorkshire Fog (<em>Holcus lanatus</em>) are
-        dominant.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img
-        decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1444\" height=\"614\" data-id=\"260\"  src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0805_edit-min1.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-260\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0805_edit-min1.jpg
-        1444w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0805_edit-min1-300x128.jpg
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0805_edit-min1-768x327.jpg
-        768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1444px) 100vw, 1444px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The
-        Field in June 2021. Yellow Rattle is now one of the most abundant species.</figcaption></figure>\n</figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Yellow
-        Rattle dominance isn&#8217;t necessarily static over time &#8211; Yellow Rattle
-        can invade a stand of grass, but once it is dominant it can be outcompeted
-        by herbaceous perennials (forbs), which can be themselves outcompeted by grasses.
-        These &#8220;rock-paper-scissors&#8221; dynamics where no strategy can win
-        out the others can result in the community structure changing constantly (Cameron
-        et al., 2009). This is itself an increase in structural diversity within the
-        grassland.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Most studies have found Yellow Rattle has a positive
-        or neutral effect on plant biodiversity in grasslands (Chaudron et al., 2021).</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<h3
-        class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"odontites\">Red Bartsia</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Red
-        Bartsia is another common species found in many open habitats from machair
-        and saltmarsh to more common types of lowland grassland. It can be very abundant
-        in places, like on <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/roe.html\"
-        data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/roe.html\" target=\"_blank\">Roe
-        Island</a> where it grows along animal trails with another hemiparasite, the
-        Eyebright species <em>Euphrasia nemorosa</em>:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/islands/roe/path.jpg\"
-        width=\"700\" height=\"340\"></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The effects of Red Bartsia
-        on community structure aren&#8217;t well-researched, but I did find a cool
-        article showing how it indirectly affects the competition of two grass species
-        on a saltmarsh. When it is absent, Creeping Bent (<em>Agrostis stolonifera</em>)
-        is more competitive than a Salt Grass species (<em>Puccinellia phryganodes</em>),
-        but when it is present the competitive advantage of Bent is reduced (Niemelä
-        et al., 2008; note <em>Odontites litoralis</em> subsp. <em>litoralis </em>is
-        a synonym of <em>Odontites vernus</em> subsp. <em>litoralis</em>, a subspecies
-        not found in Ireland). It seems fairly likely that it affects other interspecies
-        interactions too, and at the high densities it sometimes gets to it could
-        have a notable effect on community structure.</p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"
-        id=\"euphrasia\">Eyebright</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Eyebrights are fab wee plants. They
-        mostly grow in grasslands and heathlands. There are at least twenty species
-        in Ireland, and some are generalist on many host species, while others are
-        more specialised. There are quite a few species of conservation concern in
-        this genus, including the famous limestone specialist Irish Eyebright (<em>Euphrasia
-        salisburgensis</em>). A fairly common one in lowland grassland is <em>Euphrasia
-        nemorosa</em>, which I saw on Roe Island this summer:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/islands/roe/euphrasia.jpg\"
-        width=\"650\" height=\"488\"></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>I couldn&#8217;t find any
-        research looking at how Eyebrights affect community structure. They don&#8217;t
-        seem to be looked at as keystone species in the way larger hemiparasites are,
-        but they can be pretty abundant in the understory so this is maybe worth researching.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/DSC_0981-min-scaled.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-393\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/DSC_0981-min-scaled.jpg
-        2560w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/DSC_0981-min-300x200.jpg
-        300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Eyebright
-        in the understory of calcareous grassland at Crom Estate, Fermanagh</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        width=\"2560\" height=\"1244\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210613_105324-scaled.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-243\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210613_105324-scaled.jpg
-        2560w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210613_105324-300x146.jpg
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210613_105324-768x373.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210613_105324-1536x747.jpg
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210613_105324-2048x996.jpg
-        2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An
-        Eyebright species is abundant in this damp grassland at Crom, Fermanagh, with
-        Forget-Me-Not (<em>Myosotis</em>), Red Clover (<em>Trifolium pratense</em>)
-        and Orchids (<em>Dactylorhiza </em>sp.).</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h3
-        class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pedicularis\">Lousewort</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There
-        are two Louseworts in Ireland. The smaller Common Lousewort (<em>Pedicularis
-        sylvatica</em>) is more common, probably most common on damp heath and bog,
-        but it can be abundant on some neutral and acidic lowland grassland &#8211;
-        there just isn&#8217;t a whole lot of species-rich grassland about to find
-        it in! The other, Marsh Lousewort (<em>P. palustris</em>) is a specialist
-        of wetter habitats like damp grasslands and fens.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that
-        Common Lousewort is <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://plantatlas.brc.ac.uk/plant/pedicularis-sylvatica\"
-        target=\"_blank\">&#8220;perennial, rarely biennial&#8221;</a> while Marsh
-        Lousewort is <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://plantatlas.brc.ac.uk/plant/pedicularis-palustris\"
-        data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://plantatlas.brc.ac.uk/plant/pedicularis-palustris\"
-        target=\"_blank\">&#8220;annual to biennial&#8221;</a>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Common
-        Lousewort could be seen on lowland damp grassland at <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"
-        href=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\" data-type=\"URL\"
-        data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\" target=\"_blank\">Lagan
-        Meadows</a>, growing alongside Devil&#8217;s Bit (<em>Succisa pratensis</em>).
-        Grazing was stopped at this site so the habitat is no longer appropriate (I
-        suspect it may recover from the seedbed if grazing returned). I got nice photos
-        during lockdown:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img
-        decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/lousewort_closeup.jpeg\"
-        width=\"650\" height=\"519.4\"></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/lousewort_sward.jpg\"
-        width=\"650\" height=\"474.0\"></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Marsh Lousewort is known
-        to have a large impact on fen community structure in England and has been
-        used to encourage less vigorous plant species (Webb, 2020). Decleer et al.
-        (2013) recommended (re)introduction to help with fen-meadow conservation.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Demey
-        et al. (2015) found that Common Lousewort had a fairly minor effect on community
-        structure in semi-natural grasslands in Belgium, but some species did better
-        when it was removed, indicating its parasitism suppresses at least some plants.</p>\n\n\n\n<h3
-        class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"parentucellia\">Yellow Bartsia</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>I&#8217;ve
-        never seen this species, but I found an interesting paper (Suetsugu et al.,
-        2012) that showed it had a significant impact on grasses and legumes (vetches
-        etc) but <em>not other herbaceous perennials</em> in floodplain grasslands
-        in Japan, where it is an invasive species.</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References</h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cameron,
-        D. D., Hwangbo, J. K., Keith, A. M., Geniez, J. M., Kraushaar, D., Rowntree,
-        J., & Seel, W. E. (2005). Interactions between the hemiparasitic angiosperm
-        Rhinanthus minor and its hosts: From the cell to the ecosystem. <em>Folia
-        Geobotanica</em>, <em>40</em>(2–3), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803236</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cameron,
-        D. D., White, A., & Antonovics, J. (2009). Parasite–grass–forb interactions
-        and rock–paper– scissor dynamics: predicting the effects of the parasitic
-        plant Rhinanthus minor on host plant communities. <em>Journal of Ecology</em>,
-        <em>97</em>(6), 1311–1319. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2745.2009.01568.X</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chaudron,
-        C., Mazalová, M., Kuras, T., Malenovský, I., & Mládek, J. (2021). Introducing
-        ecosystem engineers for grassland biodiversity conservation: A review of the
-        effects of hemiparasitic Rhinanthus species on plant and animal communities
-        at multiple trophic levels. In <em>Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution
-        and Systematics</em> (Vol. 52). Elsevier GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125633</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Decleer,
-        K., Bonte, D., & van Diggelen, R. (2013). The hemiparasite Pedicularis palustris:
-        “Ecosystem engineer” for fen-meadow restoration. <em>Journal for Nature Conservation</em>,
-        <em>21</em>(2), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2012.10.004</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Demey,
-        A., de Frenne, P., Baeten, L., Verstraeten, G., Hermy, M., Boeckx, P., & Verheyen,
-        K. (2015). The effects of hemiparasitic plant removal on community structure
-        and seedling establishment in semi-natural grasslands. <em>Journal of Vegetation
-        Science</em>, <em>26</em>(3), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/JVS.12262</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eskelinen,
-        A., Harpole, W. S., Jessen, M.-T., Virtanen, R., & Hautier, Y. (2022). Light
-        competition drives herbivore and nutrient effects on plant diversity. <em>Nature</em>,
-        1–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05383-9</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jiang, F., Jeschke,
-        W. D., Hartung, W., & Cameron, D. D. (2010). Interactions Between Rhinanthus
-        minor and Its Hosts: A Review of Water, Mineral Nutrient and Hormone Flows
-        and Exchanges in the Hemiparasitic Association. <em>Folia Geobotanica</em>,
-        <em>45</em>(4), 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12224-010-9093-2</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Niemelä,
-        M., Markkola, A., & Mutikainen, P. (2008). Modification of competition between
-        two grass species by a hemiparasitic plant and simulated grazing. <em>Basic
-        and Applied Ecology</em>, <em>9</em>(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2007.01.001</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Suetsugu,
-        K., Takeuchi, Y., Futai, K., & Kato, M. (2012). Host selectivity, haustorial
-        anatomy and impact of the invasive parasite Parentucellia viscosa on floodplain
-        vegetative communities in Japan. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em>,
-        <em>170</em>(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1095-8339.2012.01263.X</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Webb,
-        J.A. (2020). Marsh Lousewort as an Ecosystem Engineer in Oxfordshire Fen Restoration
-        Projects. <em>Freshwater Habitats Trust</em>. https://freshwaterhabitats.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Marsh-louse-wort-as-an-ecosystem-engineerV3-JW-July-2020for-OFP.pdf
-        [Accessed 27th Dec. 2022]</p>\n","tags":["Plants","Conservation","Ecology","Parasitic
-        plants","Review"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
-        Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
-        Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/08/04/the-islands-project/","uuid":"0765c67d-a40a-463e-b243-a0dd7eda9aa7","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/08/04/the-islands-project/","title":"The
-        Islands Project","summary":"This summer I am cataloguing the flora and plant
-        communities of twelve islands [EDIT 20/11/22: it ended up being eleven islands!]
-        in Strangford Lough, with the help of a BSBI Plant Study Grant. The goal is
-        to...","date_published":"2022-08-04T22:00:32Z","date_modified":"2022-12-24T23:25:11Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
-        Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>This summer I am cataloguing
-        the flora and plant communities of twelve islands [EDIT 20/11/22: it ended
-        up being eleven islands!] in Strangford Lough, with the help of a BSBI Plant
-        Study Grant. The goal is to have a complete species list of each island and
-        a map showing all of the plant communities and where they occur. I have been
-        kayaking to these islands and doing a thorough survey, and also quadrats in
-        each distinct plant community. I hope to publish this in a suitable journal,
-        under the (working) title <em>The Vascular Flora of Darragh and nearby Islands
-        in Strangford Lough</em>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This project has been a huge opportunity
-        for me to improve my skills as an all-round botanist and ecologist, and challenge
-        myself with groups like grasses and sedges that I have mostly ignored before.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20210912_182142-1024x498.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-79\"/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Darragh
-        Island, the most diverse and species-rich of the twelve</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>One
-        thing I hadn&#8217;t appreciated about fieldwork before beginning this project
-        &#8211; it generates a huge amount of data! Finding time to actually ID difficult
-        specimens I brought home and enter and analyse all my data, then create figures
-        based on it has been exhausting! On the other hand, working hard on figures
-        and being really satisfied with the results is a great feeling, and I think
-        my maps are going to turn out really well.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"593\"
-        src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/darragh-map-1024x593.png\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-90\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/darragh-map-1024x593.png
-        1024w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/darragh-map-300x174.png
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/darragh-map-768x445.png
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/darragh-map-1536x890.png
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/darragh-map-2048x1187.png
-        2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">my
-        (work in progress) plant community map of Darragh &#8211; light green is grassland,
-        grassland/scrub mosaic, saltmarsh, iris and rush pasture communities (obviously
-        those all need split up still!), dark green is scrub, brown is mature scrub,
-        pink is H7b heath, grey is rocky shore</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>It
-        has also been nice to spend a lot of time kayaking and exploring the islands,
-        seeing the wildlife that lives there, particularly birds and insects. Sharing
-        the wildlife I encounter here has been great, especially with the people who
-        live and work in the area.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img
-        decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"498\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220804_191146-1024x498.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-71\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220804_191146-1024x498.jpg
-        1024w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220804_191146-300x146.jpg
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220804_191146-768x373.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220804_191146-1536x747.jpg
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220804_191146-2048x996.jpg
-        2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">me
-        and my friend Ashley spent half a day surveying Shamrock &#8211; her first
-        time kayaking and her first time doing botanical fieldwork!</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        width=\"1024\" height=\"559\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220726_150722-scaled-e1659651675728-1024x559.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-82\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220726_150722-scaled-e1659651675728-1024x559.jpg
-        1024w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220726_150722-scaled-e1659651675728-300x164.jpg
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220726_150722-scaled-e1659651675728-768x419.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220726_150722-scaled-e1659651675728-1536x838.jpg
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220726_150722-scaled-e1659651675728.jpg
-        2028w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">a
-        Humingbird Hawkmoth larva (<em>Macroglossum stellatarum</em>) on Darragh,
-        a rare sight in Ireland as the migrant moths rarely lay eggs</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        width=\"755\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220731_152422-scaled-e1659651787975-755x1024.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-83\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220731_152422-scaled-e1659651787975-755x1024.jpg
-        755w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220731_152422-scaled-e1659651787975-221x300.jpg
-        221w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220731_152422-scaled-e1659651787975-768x1042.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220731_152422-scaled-e1659651787975-1133x1536.jpg
-        1133w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220731_152422-scaled-e1659651787975.jpg
-        1241w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 755px) 100vw, 755px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">a
-        Six-Spot Burnet moth (<em>Zygaena filipendulae</em>) nectaring on Sneezewort
-        (<em>Achillea ptarmica</em>) on Darragh</figcaption></figure>\n","tags":["Islands","Ecology","Fieldwork","Plants","Strangford
-        Lough Islands"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
-        Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
-        Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2023/05/07/water-stress-an-overlooked-factor-in-grassland-hemiparasite-ecology/","uuid":"47f3a4f9-4950-4ff3-ac38-73f1d286920f","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2023/05/07/water-stress-an-overlooked-factor-in-grassland-hemiparasite-ecology/","title":"Total
-        ecosystem evapotranspiration – an overlooked factor in grassland hemiparasite
-        ecology?","summary":"The water relations of parasitic plants and their hosts
-        are fairly well documented¹,². The effect of hemiparasites such as Rhinanthus
-        (Yellow Rattle) on community structure³,⁴ and functional traits⁵ has also...","date_published":"2023-05-07T15:22:05Z","date_modified":"2023-05-07T15:44:31Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
-        Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>The water relations of parasitic
-        plants and their hosts are fairly well documented¹<sup>,</sup>². The effect
-        of hemiparasites such as <em>Rhinanthus</em> (Yellow Rattle) on community
-        structure³<sup>,</sup>⁴ and functional traits⁵ has also been studied. However,
-        a factor that I believe has been overlooked is the interaction of these two
-        phenomena: that hemiparasitic plants could have a significant effect on water
-        availability in grassland communities, by increasing the total evapotransiration
-        in the ecosystem.</p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Rhinanthus</em> maintains a significantly
-        higher stomatal conductance than its hosts⁶. This creates a low water potential,
-        so the parasite acts as a sink for xylem sap, drawing water and other resources
-        in from the host root system, and potentially increasing the total amount
-        of evapotranspiration relative to that from an unparasitised host. This could
-        increase water loss from the soil. However, parasitism also reduces host growth,
-        so the total amount of water taken up by the host is reduced⁶. Hence the effect
-        of parasitism on total evapotranspiration is complex, and an increase won&#8217;t
-        necessarily be the result. This is further complicated by water and nutrient
-        availability, which also affect the interaction of <em>Rhinanthus</em> and
-        its hosts⁷.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>A second effect to consider is gaps in the sward
-        which several authors have proposed the annual death of <em>Rhinanthus</em>
-        creates in the sward⁸<sup>,</sup>⁹. This could potentially increase evaporation
-        from the soil for part of the year, although bare soil evaporation is only
-        the dominant way water is lost in dry grasslands receiving less than 370 mm
-        of precipitation annually¹⁰, so this effect may be negligible.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>I
-        propose that high densities of <em>Rhinanthus</em> could have a significant
-        effect on water availability in grasslands. Drought tolerant plants could
-        be favoured both because they can withstand the water stress caused by parasitism
-        directly, and also because <em>Rhinanthus</em> parasitism increases the total
-        evapotranspiration of water from the ecosystem. This could be tested both
-        by looking at whether drought-tolerance is favoured in grasslands with <em>Rhinanthus</em>
-        and direct measurement of evapotranspiration and soil moisture.</p>\n\n\n\n<h4
-        class=\"wp-block-heading\">References</h4>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Fahmy, Gamal Mohammad.
-        2013. ‘Ecophysiology of the Holoparasitic Angiosperm <em>Cistanche Phelypaea</em>
-        (Orobanchaceae) in a Coastal Salt Marsh’. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em>
-        37: 908–19. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1210-48\">https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1210-48</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jiang,
-        Fan, W. Dieter Jeschke, Wolfram Hartung, and Duncan D. Cameron. 2010. ‘Interactions
-        Between Rhinanthus Minor and Its Hosts: A Review of Water, Mineral Nutrient
-        and Hormone Flows and Exchanges in the Hemiparasitic Association’. <em>Folia
-        Geobotanica</em> 45 (4): 369–85. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/S12224-010-9093-2/TABLES/1\">https://doi.org/10.1007/S12224-010-9093-2/TABLES/1</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chaudron,
-        Clémence, Monika Mazalová, Tomáš Kuras, Igor Malenovský, and Jan Mládek. 2021.
-        ‘Introducing Ecosystem Engineers for Grassland Biodiversity Conservation:
-        A Review of the Effects of Hemiparasitic Rhinanthus Species on Plant and Animal
-        Communities at Multiple Trophic Levels’. <em>Perspectives in Plant Ecology,
-        Evolution and Systematics</em> 52 (October). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125633\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125633</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heer,
-        Nico, Fabian Klimmek, Christoph Zwahlen, Markus Fischer, Norbert Hölzel, Valentin
-        H. Klaus, Till Kleinebecker, Daniel Prati, and Steffen Boch. 2018. ‘Hemiparasite-Density
-        Effects on Grassland Plant Diversity, Composition and Biomass’. <em>Perspectives
-        in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics</em> 32 (June): 22–29. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2018.01.004\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2018.01.004</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mudrák,
-        Ondřej, Francesco de Bello, Jiří Doležal, and Jan Lepš. 2016. ‘Changes in
-        the Functional Trait Composition and Diversity of Meadow Communities Induced
-        by <em>Rhinanthus Minor</em> L.’ <em>Folia Geobotanica</em> 51 (1): 1–11.
-        <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/S12224-016-9238-Z/FIGURES/2\">https://doi.org/10.1007/S12224-016-9238-Z/FIGURES/2</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jiang,
-        Fan, W. Dieter Jeschke, and Wolfram Hartung. 2003. ‘Water Flows in the Parasitic
-        Association Rhinanthus Minor/Hordeum Vulgare’. <em>Journal of Experimental
-        Botany</em> 54 (389): 1985–93. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg212\">https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg212</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Těšitel,
-        Jakub, Tamara Těšitelová, James P. Fisher, Jan Lepš, and Duncan D. Cameron.
-        2015. ‘Integrating Ecology and Physiology of Root-Hemiparasitic Interaction:
-        Interactive Effects of Abiotic Resources Shape the Interplay between Parasitism
-        and Autotrophy’. <em>New Phytologist</em> 205 (1): 350–60. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13006\">https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13006</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Joshi,
-        Jasmin, Diethart Matthies, and Bernhard Schmid. 2000. ‘Root Hemiparasites
-        and Plant Diversity in Experimental Grassland Communities’. <em>Journal of
-        Ecology</em> 88 (4): 634–44. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00487.x\">https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00487.x</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pywell,
-        Richard F., James M. Bullock, Kevin J. Walker, Sarah J. Coulson, Steve J.
-        Gregory, and Mark J. Stevenson. 2004. ‘Facilitating Grassland Diversification
-        Using the Hemiparasitic Plant Rhinanthus Minor’. <em>Journal of Applied Ecology</em>
-        41 (5): 880–87. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00940.x\">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00940.x</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sala,
-        Osvaldo. 2001. ‘Productivity of Temperate Grasslands’. In <em>Terrestrial
-        Global Productivity</em>. Academic Press.</li>\n</ol>\n","tags":["Plants","Uncategorised","Ecology","Parasitic
-        plants","Soil"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
-        Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
-        Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/31/the-cryptic-wood-white-butterfly/","uuid":"e17b2574-a9c2-4c01-91cf-ebed02873e8b","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/31/the-cryptic-wood-white-butterfly/","title":"The
-        Cryptic Wood White butterfly","summary":"My favourite butterfly, which I first
-        saw during lockdown. They are the most delicate of the white species (Pieridae)
-        found in Ireland and flutter through grasslands in May and June. June 2021
-        A male Wood...","date_published":"2022-12-31T21:44:43Z","date_modified":"2023-01-06T19:16:06Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
-        Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>My favourite butterfly, which
-        I first saw during lockdown. They are the most delicate of the white species
-        (Pieridae) found in Ireland and flutter through grasslands in May and June.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/courting_flight.jpg\"
-        width=\"650\" height=\"464.3\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><b>June
-        2021</b> A male Wood White courting a female.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h4
-        class=\"wp-block-heading\">Taxonomy</h4>\n\n\n\n<p>For a long time, scientists
-        wondered why Wood Whites (<em>Leptidea sinapis</em>) were fairly widespread
-        and common in Ireland, when they were so rare in England. Then, first in the
-        80s and then in 2011, it was realised that there were two more &#8220;cryptic
-        species&#8221; hidden within the Wood White¹. Réal&#8217;s Wood White (<em>Leptidea
-        reali</em>) was the first to be discovered and said to be found throughout
-        Ireland (except for the Burren, where <em>L. sinapis</em> is found). However,
-        when it was further split in two in 2011, our species was named the Cryptic
-        Wood White (<em>Leptidea juvernica</em>)². It&#8217;s a great demonstration
-        that insect taxonomy is challenging and that there is a lot of hidden biodiversity
-        yet to be discovered.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img
-        decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1900\" height=\"1497\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210524_121244.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-295\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210524_121244.jpg
-        1900w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210524_121244-300x236.jpg
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210524_121244-768x605.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210524_121244-1536x1210.jpg
-        1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1900px) 100vw, 1900px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A
-        Cryptic Wood White butterfly at Lagan Meadows, Belfast.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h4
-        class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ecology</h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Cryptic Wood Whites can
-        be difficult to see during the flight period in May and June, but at the right
-        site they can be common. The best site I have found for them was <a rel=\"noreferrer
-        noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\"
-        data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\"
-        target=\"_blank\">Lagan Meadows</a>, in a patchy mosaic of damp species-rich
-        grassland and bramble scrub. Here the foodplants (vetches) are common in young,
-        developing scrub and in long grass. I have also seen them at Murlough NNR
-        on mature dune grassland. The species can exist on very small and fragmented
-        sites: the site at Lagan Meadows is small (around 5 ha)³; I believe <a rel=\"noreferrer
-        noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/field.html\" target=\"_blank\">our
-        field</a> was colonised from a hedgerow/road verge population with little-to-no
-        species-rich grassland nearby.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img
-        decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/wood_white_on_cardamine.jpg\"
-        width=\"700\" height=\"340.3\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><b>May
-        2021</b> A Wood White nectars on Cuckooflower (<i>Cardamine pratensis</i>)
-        in a damper part of Lagan Meadows.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Foodplants</h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Warnock⁴
-        studied the species&#8217; preferences in Armagh and found they mostly prefer
-        to lay their eggs on Meadow Vetchling (<em>Lathyrus pratensis</em>), also
-        using Lesser Bird&#8217;s-foot Trefoil (<em>Lotus corniculatus</em>), Greater
-        Bird&#8217;s-foot Trefoil (<em>Lotus pedunculatus</em>), and rarely Bush Vetch
-        (<em>Vicia sepium</em>). At Murlough they mostly use Lesser Bird&#8217;s-foot
-        Trefoil⁴. in Edenderry, O&#8217;Neill and Montgomery³ only saw egg-laying
-        on Meadow Vetchling.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the same study⁴ nectar plants included
-        Bush Vetch, Meadow Vetchling, Lesser Bird&#8217;s-foot Trefoil, Tufted Vetch
-        (<em>Vicia cracca</em>), Ragged Robin (<em>Lychnis flos-cuculi</em>), and
-        Red Clover (<em>Trifolium pratense</em>). At Murlough they have been observed
-        using Tormentil (<em>Potentilla erecta</em>).</p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Courtship</h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Courtship
-        generally occurs on the nectar plant. I have observed two courtship displays
-        on Bush Vetch, and one on grass. The male hovers behind and above the female,
-        then lands facing her and begins to wave his proboscis on either side of her,
-        while she occasionally flaps her wings. If she approves of the male, mating
-        follows, but I have never seen this and it seems to be rare⁴ &#8211; most
-        males are rejected.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><iframe
-        loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/N_0K4bzqarA\" width=\"350\"
-        height=\"437.5\">\n</iframe><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><b>May
-        2020</b> A video of two pairs at Lagan Meadows courting. In both, the female
-        rejected the male.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This fairly complex ritual
-        has evolved as a response to the similarity of the different <em>Leptidea</em>
-        species &#8211; the female has to spend a long time working out if the male
-        is actually the same species as her⁵. Why do they stay separate species at
-        all then? Well, the different species occupy different niches in the areas
-        where their ranges overlap. It is advantageous for them to make sure they
-        mate with those of the same species, as the offspring will then share the
-        specialisation to that niche⁶. Hybrid offspring would be less well-adapted
-        to either of the niches of its parents; this is a form of <em><a rel=\"noreferrer
-        noopener\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outbreeding_depression\" data-type=\"URL\"
-        data-id=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outbreeding_depression\" target=\"_blank\">outbreeding
-        depression</a></em>.</p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conservation</h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Heal⁷
-        reported that the Cryptic Wood White spread rapidly northwards into north-east
-        Ulster along the railways in the mid-20th century. It is now in retreat⁴<sup>,</sup>⁸;
-        the main concern is habitat loss⁹. At Lagan Meadows the habitat is quickly
-        becoming inappropriate as grazing has stopped &#8211; this will stop the disturbance
-        needed to create new areas of young scrub, and lead to the loss of the species-rich
-        grassland.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\"
-        loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/leptidea_print.jpeg\"
-        width=\"650\" height=\"457\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><b>December
-        2021</b> A linocut print I made inspired by the Wood Whites I saw over lockdown.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h2
-        class=\"wp-block-heading\">References</h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><em>N.B.</em>
-        I have changed the format to superscript numbers Vancouver style as I think
-        it is less intrusive!</p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Dincǎ, V., Lukhtanov, V. A., Talavera,
-        G., & Vila, R. (2011). Unexpected layers of cryptic diversity in wood white
-        <em>Leptidea </em>butterflies. <em>Nature Communications</em>, <em>2</em>(1).
-        https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1329</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cryptic Wood White. [online]
-        <em>UK Butterflies</em>. https://www.ukbutterflies.co.uk/species.php?species=juvernica
-        [accessed 31 Dec 2022]</li>\n\n\n\n<li>O’Neill, J., & Montgomery, I. (2018).
-        Demographics and spatial ecology in a population of cryptic wood white butterfly
-        Leptidea juvernica in Northern Ireland. <em>Journal of Insect Conservation</em>,
-        <em>22</em>(3–4), 499–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10841-018-0077-5</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Warnock,
-        N. (2008). The ecology and conservation of <em>Leptidea reali</em> (Real’s
-        Wood White) in Northern Ireland. MSc Thesis, Queen’s University Belfast. http://ns340113.ip-5-196-79.eu:7080/images/3_programmes/papillons/biblio/43.pdf</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Friberg,
-        M., Vongvanich, N., Borg-Karlson, A. K., Kemp, D. J., Merilaita, S., & Wiklund,
-        C. (2008). Female mate choice determines reproductive isolation between sympatric
-        butterflies. <em>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</em>, <em>62</em>(6),
-        873–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00265-007-0511-2</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Friberg,
-        M., Leimar, O., & Wiklund, C. (2013). Heterospecific courtship, minority effects
-        and niche separation between cryptic butterfly species. <em>Journal of Evolutionary
-        Biology</em>, <em>26</em>(5), 971–979. https://doi.org/10.1111/JEB.12106</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heal,
-        H. (1965). The Wood White, <em>Leptidea sinapis</em> L., and the Railways.
-        <em>The Irish Naturalists’ Journal</em>, <em>15</em>(1), 8–13. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25536916</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Staats,
-        W. T., & Regan, E. C. (2014). Initial population trends from a 5-year butterfly
-        monitoring scheme. <em>Journal of Insect Conservation</em>, <em>18</em>(3),
-        365–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10841-014-9644-6</li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Leptidea
-        juvernica</em> &#8211; cryptic wood white. [online] <em>Northern Ireland Priority
-        Species</em>. http://www.habitas.org.uk/priority/species.asp?item=430857 [accessed
-        31 Dec 2022]</li>\n</ol>\n","tags":["Invertebrates","Conservation","Ecology","Insects","Review"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
-        Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
-        Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/25/belfasts-urban-flora/","uuid":"b2106939-601c-489c-9b1e-64cea2e5b18c","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/25/belfasts-urban-flora/","title":"Belfast’s
-        urban flora","summary":"In the nineties, the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club
-        extensively surveyed the urban flora of Belfast, resulting in a book, Urban
-        Flora of Belfast. Many plants new to Down and Antrim were found, and most
-        of...","date_published":"2022-12-25T00:36:34Z","date_modified":"2022-12-26T17:12:40Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
-        Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>In the nineties, the Belfast
-        Naturalists&#8217; Field Club extensively surveyed the urban flora of Belfast,
-        resulting in a book, <em>Urban Flora of Belfast</em>. Many plants new to Down
-        and Antrim were found, and most of these were new to Ireland as well. This
-        was a three-year effort involving some thirty-one recorders. Since this survey,
-        Belfast has seen many new species arrive: Yellow-wort (<em>Blackstonia perfoliata</em>),
-        at one of its only stations in Ulster; Annual Beard-grass (<em>Polypogon monspeliensis</em>),
-        new to Down (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/10/07/annual-beard-grass-a-new-species-for-county-down-h38/\"
-        data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/10/07/annual-beard-grass-a-new-species-for-county-down-h38/\"
-        target=\"_blank\">after I found it!</a>); and Narrow-leaved Ragwort (<em>Senecio
-        inaequidens</em>), which has exploded onto the radar as a pavement plant.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Urban
-        areas are a hotspot for new, potentially invasive, non-native species which
-        arrive in ports and on people all the time. They can also provide new niches
-        for native plants, like the many species which have colonised tarmac and concrete,
-        and those which find brownfield sites similar enough to their normal habitat.
-        In Belfast, scarce natives like Fairy Flax (<em>Linum catharticum</em>) and
-        Common Centaury (<em>Centaurium erythraea</em>) mingle with recent colonists
-        on the gravel of building sites and industrial estate.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>It&#8217;s
-        important to remember that urban areas aren&#8217;t devoid of semi-natural
-        habitats either. Belfast has species-rich grassland in the Lagan Valley, like
-        at <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\"
-        data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\"
-        target=\"_blank\">Lagan Meadows</a>, and in the Belfast Hills; some parks
-        have been growing increasingly rich, like the now flower-and-butterfly-filled
-        Orangefield Park. There are old woodlands and even small fens at Cregagh Glen.
-        Belfast has retained an area of semi-natural ecosystems that rivals rural
-        Down just to the south &#8211; we should not be dismissive of our forests
-        and meadows!</p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, many of these habitats do go under-appreciated.
-        The fantastic new arrivals go unrecorded, increasing the risk of invasive
-        species going undetected until it&#8217;s too late. Recording of native species
-        is little better, and our knowledge of what we have to cherish and protect
-        is lacking as a result. Lagan Meadows has not been grazed by cattle for several
-        years, leaving the grassland and pond plants that rely on disturbance doomed
-        to the tide of vegetational succession. <em>Rhododendron</em>, Cherry Laurel
-        (<em>Prunus laurocerasus</em>) and other species are invading Cregagh Glen,
-        threatening to smother the woodland plants and trees, while Himalayan Balsam
-        (<em>Impatiens glandulifera</em>) runs rampant along riversides and in damp
-        woodland.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>I hope to see changes in the urban flora of Belfast:
-        not just new arrivals, but changes in our knowledge and understanding of what&#8217;s
-        already here; not just knowledge, but changes in how we treat our precious,
-        irreplaceable habitats. Recording, campaigning, appreciating, <em>seeing</em>,
-        I think there&#8217;s something we can all do for Belfast&#8217;s urban flora.</p>\n","tags":["Plants","Ecology","Writing"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
-        Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
-        Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/11/19/british-and-irish-botanical-conference-november-22/","uuid":"22f1f8a5-20ee-42eb-992e-ce851238a10b","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/11/19/british-and-irish-botanical-conference-november-22/","title":"British
-        and Irish Botanical Conference, November 22","summary":"Today I went to the
-        BSBI’s November conference in the Natural History Museum in London! I presented
-        my poster on my summer project surveying islands on Strangford Lough, and
-        got to do a 60 second flash talk....","date_published":"2022-11-19T22:13:11Z","date_modified":"2022-12-24T23:29:18Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
-        Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>Today I went to the BSBI&#8217;s
-        November conference in the Natural History Museum in London! I presented my
-        poster on my summer project surveying islands on Strangford Lough, and got
-        to do a 60 second flash talk. It was really great to meet other people who
-        are passionate about plants and learn from them.</p>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer
-        noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/bsbiposter.html\" data-type=\"URL\"
-        data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/bsbiposter.html\" target=\"_blank\">Read
-        the html version of my poster here.</a></p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https://youtu.be/VCne0d2bH34\"
-        data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://youtu.be/VCne0d2bH34\" target=\"_blank\"
-        rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Watch my (very brief!) flash talk here.</a></p>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        width=\"3500\" height=\"2472\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/poster_compress.png\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-120\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/poster_compress.png
-        3500w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/poster_compress-300x212.png
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/poster_compress-768x542.png
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/poster_compress-1536x1085.png
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/poster_compress-2048x1446.png
-        2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3500px) 100vw, 3500px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">my
-        poster &#8220;Plants and plant communities of Strangford Lough islands&#8221;</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This
-        was an exciting day for me as I had never been to a scientific conference
-        before, and getting to present some of my findings from the summer was a great
-        experience. The BSBI have been so encouraging throughout this project and
-        I am very thankful for this opportunity. Next step: writing up and publishing
-        a paper!</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Something I found particularly interesting and inspiring
-        was the very high resolution, detailed distribution work some other botanists
-        have achieved, particularly David Barden&#8217;s work on Llantrisant Common.
-        He has made 10m scale distribution maps for particularly interesting or rare
-        taxa, and these really give a sense of their local ecology. It is now something
-        I am considering doing for the rarer plants I encounter while surveying. It
-        emphasises the value of returning to a site year after year to build up a
-        good dataset. You can read more about this work <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"
-        href=\"https://aem.bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/BSBI-AEM-2020-poster-Barden-1.pdf\"
-        data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://aem.bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/BSBI-AEM-2020-poster-Barden-1.pdf\"
-        target=\"_blank\">here (pdf download).</a></p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\"
-        src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IMG_20221119_124524-768x1024.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-114\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IMG_20221119_124524-768x1024.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IMG_20221119_124524-225x300.jpg
-        225w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IMG_20221119_124524-1152x1536.jpg
-        1152w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IMG_20221119_124524-1536x2048.jpg
-        1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IMG_20221119_124524-scaled.jpg
-        1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Another
-        fun part of the day was a tour of the British and Irish herbarium in the NHM.
-        We saw very old specimens, and I particularly liked these Spring Gentian specimens
-        from the Burren. We learnt that the herbarium gets less specimens than it
-        used to and that many areas and taxa are underrepresented, something we all
-        as botanists can rectify! I&#8217;m definitely considering submitting some
-        of my specimens now.</p>\n","tags":["Islands","Conference","Ecology","Fieldwork","Plants"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
-        Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
-        Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/11/25/fen-soil-carbon-flux/","uuid":"bd5d8342-09bb-4e41-a100-2b6139b8a8f0","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/11/25/fen-soil-carbon-flux/","title":"Fen
-        soil carbon flux","summary":"Today I had the opportunity to work as a field
-        assistant with a PhD student, Thomas Marquand. He is researching CO₂ and methane
-        dynamics in soil in restored and reclaimed fens in East Anglia (with the Centre...","date_published":"2022-11-25T20:44:48Z","date_modified":"2022-12-31T11:37:39Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
-        Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>Today I had the opportunity to
-        work as a field assistant with a PhD student, Thomas Marquand. He is researching
-        CO₂ and methane dynamics in soil in restored and reclaimed fens in East Anglia
-        (with the <a href=\"https://www.clr.conservation.cam.ac.uk/\" data-type=\"URL\"
-        data-id=\"https://www.clr.conservation.cam.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer
-        noopener\">Centre for Landscape Regeneration</a>). We took samples from the
-        fen exhibit in the Cambridge Botanic Gardens and used a spectrometer to measure
-        CO₂ and methane concentration, and also δ¹³C-CO₂.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\"
-        src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FiqBPwvWAAEUGb_-scaled.jpeg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-138\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FiqBPwvWAAEUGb_-scaled.jpeg
-        1920w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FiqBPwvWAAEUGb_-225x300.jpeg
-        225w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FiqBPwvWAAEUGb_-768x1024.jpeg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FiqBPwvWAAEUGb_-1152x1536.jpeg
-        1152w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FiqBPwvWAAEUGb_-1536x2048.jpeg
-        1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Me,
-        Tom, and Margeaux (from the botanic gardens) at the fen exhibit</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure
-        class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
-        width=\"2311\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/9crop-scaled.jpg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/9crop-scaled.jpg
-        2311w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/9crop-271x300.jpg
-        271w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/9crop-768x851.jpg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/9crop-1386x1536.jpg
-        1386w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/9crop-1849x2048.jpg
-        1849w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2311px) 100vw, 2311px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Soil
-        samples we took from the exhibit &#8211; note the one on the right is from
-        the shallow layer of peat that has formed since the exhibit was created, while
-        the others are a thick clay</figcaption></figure>\n","tags":["Earth Sciences","Fieldwork","Soil"],"language":null,"blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
-        Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
-        Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/10/07/annual-beard-grass-a-new-species-for-county-down-h38/","uuid":"dc120ed6-0759-4159-a158-42225cade34d","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/10/07/annual-beard-grass-a-new-species-for-county-down-h38/","title":"Annual
-        Beard-grass: a new species for County Down (H38)","summary":"Earlier this
-        year, I found a species of grass I didn’t recognise, growing as a pavement
-        plant in East Belfast. With a guide I identified it as Polypogon monspeliensis
-        (Annual Beard-grass), a new species for...","date_published":"2022-10-07T15:03:25Z","date_modified":"2022-12-24T23:24:37Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
-        Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>Earlier this year, I found a
-        species of grass I didn&#8217;t recognise, growing as a pavement plant in
-        East Belfast. With a guide I identified it as <em>Polypogon monspeliensis</em>
-        (Annual Beard-grass), a new species for County Down.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
-        size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1244\" height=\"2560\"
-        src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/processed-dd44da64-4106-43b0-b63c-34f0dbbf9936_IL7IE1e9-edited-scaled.jpeg\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-102\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/processed-dd44da64-4106-43b0-b63c-34f0dbbf9936_IL7IE1e9-edited-scaled.jpeg
-        1244w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/processed-dd44da64-4106-43b0-b63c-34f0dbbf9936_IL7IE1e9-edited-146x300.jpeg
-        146w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/processed-dd44da64-4106-43b0-b63c-34f0dbbf9936_IL7IE1e9-edited-498x1024.jpeg
-        498w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/processed-dd44da64-4106-43b0-b63c-34f0dbbf9936_IL7IE1e9-edited-768x1580.jpeg
-        768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/processed-dd44da64-4106-43b0-b63c-34f0dbbf9936_IL7IE1e9-edited-747x1536.jpeg
-        747w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1244px) 100vw, 1244px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This
-        species is known from Dublin and Cork, and there is a previous Ulster record
-        from Keady in Armagh. It may continue to increase in urban areas, like many
-        plants of pavements and waste ground that have recently colonised Ireland.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This
-        record featured in the September 2022 edition of BSBI News &#8211; my first
-        appearance!</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\"
-        loading=\"lazy\" width=\"860\" height=\"438\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/my-record-in-BSBI-News.png\"
-        alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-103\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/my-record-in-BSBI-News.png
-        860w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/my-record-in-BSBI-News-300x153.png
-        300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/my-record-in-BSBI-News-768x391.png
-        768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" /></figure>\n","tags":["Plants","Ecology","Fieldwork"],"language":null,"blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
-        Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
-        Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}}]'
-  recorded_at: Fri, 09 Jun 2023 09:08:09 GMT
-recorded_with: VCR 6.1.0