chipper 0.4.2

data/ext/re2/compile.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,1138 @@
+// Copyright 2007 The RE2 Authors.  All Rights Reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Compile regular expression to Prog.
+//
+// Prog and Inst are defined in prog.h.
+// This file's external interface is just Regexp::CompileToProg.
+// The Compiler class defined in this file is private.
+
+#include "re2/prog.h"
+#include "re2/re2.h"
+#include "re2/regexp.h"
+#include "re2/walker-inl.h"
+
+namespace re2 {
+
+// List of pointers to Inst* that need to be filled in (patched).
+// Because the Inst* haven't been filled in yet,
+// we can use the Inst* word to hold the list's "next" pointer.
+// It's kind of sleazy, but it works well in practice.
+// See http://swtch.com/~rsc/regexp/regexp1.html for inspiration.
+//
+// Because the out and out1 fields in Inst are no longer pointers,
+// we can't use pointers directly here either.  Instead, p refers
+// to inst_[p>>1].out (p&1 == 0) or inst_[p>>1].out1 (p&1 == 1).
+// p == 0 represents the NULL list.  This is okay because instruction #0
+// is always the fail instruction, which never appears on a list.
+
+struct PatchList {
+  uint32 p;
+
+  // Returns patch list containing just p.
+  static PatchList Mk(uint32 p);
+
+  // Patches all the entries on l to have value v.
+  // Caller must not ever use patch list again.
+  static void Patch(Prog::Inst *inst0, PatchList l, uint32 v);
+
+  // Deref returns the next pointer pointed at by p.
+  static PatchList Deref(Prog::Inst *inst0, PatchList l);
+
+  // Appends two patch lists and returns result.
+  static PatchList Append(Prog::Inst *inst0, PatchList l1, PatchList l2);
+};
+
+static PatchList nullPatchList = { 0 };
+
+// Returns patch list containing just p.
+PatchList PatchList::Mk(uint32 p) {
+  PatchList l;
+  l.p = p;
+  return l;
+}
+
+// Returns the next pointer pointed at by l.
+PatchList PatchList::Deref(Prog::Inst* inst0, PatchList l) {
+  Prog::Inst* ip = &inst0[l.p>>1];
+  if (l.p&1)
+    l.p = ip->out1();
+  else
+    l.p = ip->out();
+  return l;
+}
+
+// Patches all the entries on l to have value v.
+void PatchList::Patch(Prog::Inst *inst0, PatchList l, uint32 val) {
+  while (l.p != 0) {
+    Prog::Inst* ip = &inst0[l.p>>1];
+    if (l.p&1) {
+      l.p = ip->out1();
+      ip->out1_ = val;
+    } else {
+      l.p = ip->out();
+      ip->set_out(val);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Appends two patch lists and returns result.
+PatchList PatchList::Append(Prog::Inst* inst0, PatchList l1, PatchList l2) {
+  if (l1.p == 0)
+    return l2;
+  if (l2.p == 0)
+    return l1;
+
+  PatchList l = l1;
+  for (;;) {
+    PatchList next = PatchList::Deref(inst0, l);
+    if (next.p == 0)
+      break;
+    l = next;
+  }
+
+  Prog::Inst* ip = &inst0[l.p>>1];
+  if (l.p&1)
+    ip->out1_ = l2.p;
+  else
+    ip->set_out(l2.p);
+
+  return l1;
+}
+
+// Compiled program fragment.
+struct Frag {
+  uint32 begin;
+  PatchList end;
+
+  Frag() : begin(0) { end.p = 0; }  // needed so Frag can go in vector
+  Frag(uint32 begin, PatchList end) : begin(begin), end(end) {}
+};
+
+static Frag kNullFrag;
+
+// Input encodings.
+enum Encoding {
+  kEncodingUTF8 = 1,  // UTF-8 (0-10FFFF)
+  kEncodingLatin1,    // Latin1 (0-FF)
+};
+
+class Compiler : public Regexp::Walker<Frag> {
+ public:
+  explicit Compiler();
+  ~Compiler();
+
+  // Compiles Regexp to a new Prog.
+  // Caller is responsible for deleting Prog when finished with it.
+  // If reversed is true, compiles for walking over the input
+  // string backward (reverses all concatenations).
+  static Prog *Compile(Regexp* re, bool reversed, int64 max_mem);
+
+  // Compiles alternation of all the re to a new Prog.
+  // Each re has a match with an id equal to its index in the vector.
+  static Prog* CompileSet(const RE2::Options& options, RE2::Anchor anchor,
+                          Regexp* re);
+
+  // Interface for Regexp::Walker, which helps traverse the Regexp.
+  // The walk is purely post-recursive: given the machines for the
+  // children, PostVisit combines them to create the machine for
+  // the current node.  The child_args are Frags.
+  // The Compiler traverses the Regexp parse tree, visiting
+  // each node in depth-first order.  It invokes PreVisit before
+  // visiting the node's children and PostVisit after visiting
+  // the children.
+  Frag PreVisit(Regexp* re, Frag parent_arg, bool* stop);
+  Frag PostVisit(Regexp* re, Frag parent_arg, Frag pre_arg, Frag* child_args,
+                 int nchild_args);
+  Frag ShortVisit(Regexp* re, Frag parent_arg);
+  Frag Copy(Frag arg);
+
+  // Given fragment a, returns a+ or a+?; a* or a*?; a? or a??
+  Frag Plus(Frag a, bool nongreedy);
+  Frag Star(Frag a, bool nongreedy);
+  Frag Quest(Frag a, bool nongreedy);
+
+  // Given fragment a, returns (a) capturing as \n.
+  Frag Capture(Frag a, int n);
+
+  // Given fragments a and b, returns ab; a|b
+  Frag Cat(Frag a, Frag b);
+  Frag Alt(Frag a, Frag b);
+
+  // Returns a fragment that can't match anything.
+  Frag NoMatch();
+
+  // Returns a fragment that matches the empty string.
+  Frag Match(int32 id);
+
+  // Returns a no-op fragment.
+  Frag Nop();
+
+  // Returns a fragment matching the byte range lo-hi.
+  Frag ByteRange(int lo, int hi, bool foldcase);
+
+  // Returns a fragment matching an empty-width special op.
+  Frag EmptyWidth(EmptyOp op);
+
+  // Adds n instructions to the program.
+  // Returns the index of the first one.
+  // Returns -1 if no more instructions are available.
+  int AllocInst(int n);
+
+  // Deletes unused instructions.
+  void Trim();
+
+  // Rune range compiler.
+
+  // Begins a new alternation.
+  void BeginRange();
+
+  // Adds a fragment matching the rune range lo-hi.
+  void AddRuneRange(Rune lo, Rune hi, bool foldcase);
+  void AddRuneRangeLatin1(Rune lo, Rune hi, bool foldcase);
+  void AddRuneRangeUTF8(Rune lo, Rune hi, bool foldcase);
+  void Add_80_10ffff();
+
+  // New suffix that matches the byte range lo-hi, then goes to next.
+  int RuneByteSuffix(uint8 lo, uint8 hi, bool foldcase, int next);
+  int UncachedRuneByteSuffix(uint8 lo, uint8 hi, bool foldcase, int next);
+
+  // Adds a suffix to alternation.
+  void AddSuffix(int id);
+
+  // Returns the alternation of all the added suffixes.
+  Frag EndRange();
+
+  // Single rune.
+  Frag Literal(Rune r, bool foldcase);
+
+  void Setup(Regexp::ParseFlags, int64, RE2::Anchor);
+  Prog* Finish();
+
+  // Returns .* where dot = any byte
+  Frag DotStar();
+
+ private:
+  Prog* prog_;         // Program being built.
+  bool failed_;        // Did we give up compiling?
+  Encoding encoding_;  // Input encoding
+  bool reversed_;      // Should program run backward over text?
+
+  int max_inst_;       // Maximum number of instructions.
+
+  Prog::Inst* inst_;   // Pointer to first instruction.
+  int inst_len_;       // Number of instructions used.
+  int inst_cap_;       // Number of instructions allocated.
+
+  int64 max_mem_;      // Total memory budget.
+
+  map<uint64, int> rune_cache_;
+  Frag rune_range_;
+
+  RE2::Anchor anchor_;  // anchor mode for RE2::Set
+
+  DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(Compiler);
+};
+
+Compiler::Compiler() {
+  prog_ = new Prog();
+  failed_ = false;
+  encoding_ = kEncodingUTF8;
+  reversed_ = false;
+  inst_ = NULL;
+  inst_len_ = 0;
+  inst_cap_ = 0;
+  max_inst_ = 1;  // make AllocInst for fail instruction okay
+  max_mem_ = 0;
+  int fail = AllocInst(1);
+  inst_[fail].InitFail();
+  max_inst_ = 0;  // Caller must change
+}
+
+Compiler::~Compiler() {
+  delete prog_;
+  delete[] inst_;
+}
+
+int Compiler::AllocInst(int n) {
+  if (failed_ || inst_len_ + n > max_inst_) {
+    failed_ = true;
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  if (inst_len_ + n > inst_cap_) {
+    if (inst_cap_ == 0)
+      inst_cap_ = 8;
+    while (inst_len_ + n > inst_cap_)
+      inst_cap_ *= 2;
+    Prog::Inst* ip = new Prog::Inst[inst_cap_];
+    memmove(ip, inst_, inst_len_ * sizeof ip[0]);
+    memset(ip + inst_len_, 0, (inst_cap_ - inst_len_) * sizeof ip[0]);
+    delete[] inst_;
+    inst_ = ip;
+  }
+  int id = inst_len_;
+  inst_len_ += n;
+  return id;
+}
+
+void Compiler::Trim() {
+  if (inst_len_ < inst_cap_) {
+    Prog::Inst* ip = new Prog::Inst[inst_len_];
+    memmove(ip, inst_, inst_len_ * sizeof ip[0]);
+    delete[] inst_;
+    inst_ = ip;
+    inst_cap_ = inst_len_;
+  }
+}
+
+// These routines are somewhat hard to visualize in text --
+// see http://swtch.com/~rsc/regexp/regexp1.html for
+// pictures explaining what is going on here.
+
+// Returns an unmatchable fragment.
+Frag Compiler::NoMatch() {
+  return Frag(0, nullPatchList);
+}
+
+// Is a an unmatchable fragment?
+static bool IsNoMatch(Frag a) {
+  return a.begin == 0;
+}
+
+// Given fragments a and b, returns fragment for ab.
+Frag Compiler::Cat(Frag a, Frag b) {
+  if (IsNoMatch(a) || IsNoMatch(b))
+    return NoMatch();
+
+  // Elide no-op.
+  Prog::Inst* begin = &inst_[a.begin];
+  if (begin->opcode() == kInstNop &&
+      a.end.p == (a.begin << 1) &&
+      begin->out() == 0) {
+    PatchList::Patch(inst_, a.end, b.begin);  // in case refs to a somewhere
+    return b;
+  }
+
+  // To run backward over string, reverse all concatenations.
+  if (reversed_) {
+    PatchList::Patch(inst_, b.end, a.begin);
+    return Frag(b.begin, a.end);
+  }
+
+  PatchList::Patch(inst_, a.end, b.begin);
+  return Frag(a.begin, b.end);
+}
+
+// Given fragments for a and b, returns fragment for a|b.
+Frag Compiler::Alt(Frag a, Frag b) {
+  // Special case for convenience in loops.
+  if (IsNoMatch(a))
+    return b;
+  if (IsNoMatch(b))
+    return a;
+
+  int id = AllocInst(1);
+  if (id < 0)
+    return NoMatch();
+
+  inst_[id].InitAlt(a.begin, b.begin);
+  return Frag(id, PatchList::Append(inst_, a.end, b.end));
+}
+
+// When capturing submatches in like-Perl mode, a kOpAlt Inst
+// treats out_ as the first choice, out1_ as the second.
+//
+// For *, +, and ?, if out_ causes another repetition,
+// then the operator is greedy.  If out1_ is the repetition
+// (and out_ moves forward), then the operator is non-greedy.
+
+// Given a fragment a, returns a fragment for a* or a*? (if nongreedy)
+Frag Compiler::Star(Frag a, bool nongreedy) {
+  int id = AllocInst(1);
+  if (id < 0)
+    return NoMatch();
+  inst_[id].InitAlt(0, 0);
+  PatchList::Patch(inst_, a.end, id);
+  if (nongreedy) {
+    inst_[id].out1_ = a.begin;
+    return Frag(id, PatchList::Mk(id << 1));
+  } else {
+    inst_[id].set_out(a.begin);
+    return Frag(id, PatchList::Mk((id << 1) | 1));
+  }
+}
+
+// Given a fragment for a, returns a fragment for a+ or a+? (if nongreedy)
+Frag Compiler::Plus(Frag a, bool nongreedy) {
+  // a+ is just a* with a different entry point.
+  Frag f = Star(a, nongreedy);
+  return Frag(a.begin, f.end);
+}
+
+// Given a fragment for a, returns a fragment for a? or a?? (if nongreedy)
+Frag Compiler::Quest(Frag a, bool nongreedy) {
+  int id = AllocInst(1);
+  if (id < 0)
+    return NoMatch();
+  PatchList pl;
+  if (nongreedy) {
+    inst_[id].InitAlt(0, a.begin);
+    pl = PatchList::Mk(id << 1);
+  } else {
+    inst_[id].InitAlt(a.begin, 0);
+    pl = PatchList::Mk((id << 1) | 1);
+  }
+  return Frag(id, PatchList::Append(inst_, pl, a.end));
+}
+
+// Returns a fragment for the byte range lo-hi.
+Frag Compiler::ByteRange(int lo, int hi, bool foldcase) {
+  int id = AllocInst(1);
+  if (id < 0)
+    return NoMatch();
+  inst_[id].InitByteRange(lo, hi, foldcase, 0);
+  prog_->byte_inst_count_++;
+  prog_->MarkByteRange(lo, hi);
+  if (foldcase && lo <= 'z' && hi >= 'a') {
+    if (lo < 'a')
+      lo = 'a';
+    if (hi > 'z')
+      hi = 'z';
+    if (lo <= hi)
+      prog_->MarkByteRange(lo + 'A' - 'a', hi + 'A' - 'a');
+  }
+  return Frag(id, PatchList::Mk(id << 1));
+}
+
+// Returns a no-op fragment.  Sometimes unavoidable.
+Frag Compiler::Nop() {
+  int id = AllocInst(1);
+  if (id < 0)
+    return NoMatch();
+  inst_[id].InitNop(0);
+  return Frag(id, PatchList::Mk(id << 1));
+}
+
+// Returns a fragment that signals a match.
+Frag Compiler::Match(int32 match_id) {
+  int id = AllocInst(1);
+  if (id < 0)
+    return NoMatch();
+  inst_[id].InitMatch(match_id);
+  return Frag(id, nullPatchList);
+}
+
+// Returns a fragment matching a particular empty-width op (like ^ or $)
+Frag Compiler::EmptyWidth(EmptyOp empty) {
+  int id = AllocInst(1);
+  if (id < 0)
+    return NoMatch();
+  inst_[id].InitEmptyWidth(empty, 0);
+  if (empty & (kEmptyBeginLine|kEmptyEndLine))
+    prog_->MarkByteRange('\n', '\n');
+  if (empty & (kEmptyWordBoundary|kEmptyNonWordBoundary)) {
+    int j;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i = j) {
+      for (j = i+1; j < 256 && Prog::IsWordChar(i) == Prog::IsWordChar(j); j++)
+        ;
+      prog_->MarkByteRange(i, j-1);
+    }
+  }
+  return Frag(id, PatchList::Mk(id << 1));
+}
+
+// Given a fragment a, returns a fragment with capturing parens around a.
+Frag Compiler::Capture(Frag a, int n) {
+  int id = AllocInst(2);
+  if (id < 0)
+    return NoMatch();
+  inst_[id].InitCapture(2*n, a.begin);
+  inst_[id+1].InitCapture(2*n+1, 0);
+  PatchList::Patch(inst_, a.end, id+1);
+
+  return Frag(id, PatchList::Mk((id+1) << 1));
+}
+
+// A Rune is a name for a Unicode code point.
+// Returns maximum rune encoded by UTF-8 sequence of length len.
+static int MaxRune(int len) {
+  int b;  // number of Rune blents lenn len-byte UTF-8 sequence (len < UTFmax)
+  if (len == 1)
+    b = 7;
+  else
+    b = 8-(len+1) + 6*(len-1);
+  return (1<<b) - 1;   // maximum Rune for b bits.
+}
+
+// The rune range compiler caches common suffix fragments,
+// which are very common in UTF-8 (e.g., [80-bf]).
+// The fragment suffixes are identified by their start
+// instructions.  NULL denotes the eventual end match.
+// The Frag accumulates in rune_range_.  Caching common
+// suffixes reduces the UTF-8 "." from 32 to 24 instructions,
+// and it reduces the corresponding one-pass NFA from 16 nodes to 8.
+
+void Compiler::BeginRange() {
+  rune_cache_.clear();
+  rune_range_.begin = 0;
+  rune_range_.end = nullPatchList;
+}
+
+int Compiler::UncachedRuneByteSuffix(uint8 lo, uint8 hi, bool foldcase,
+                                     int next) {
+  Frag f = ByteRange(lo, hi, foldcase);
+  if (next != 0) {
+    PatchList::Patch(inst_, f.end, next);
+  } else {
+    rune_range_.end = PatchList::Append(inst_, rune_range_.end, f.end);
+  }
+  return f.begin;
+}
+
+int Compiler::RuneByteSuffix(uint8 lo, uint8 hi, bool foldcase, int next) {
+  // In Latin1 mode, there's no point in caching.
+  // In forward UTF-8 mode, only need to cache continuation bytes.
+  if (encoding_ == kEncodingLatin1 ||
+      (encoding_ == kEncodingUTF8 &&
+       !reversed_ &&
+       !(0x80 <= lo && hi <= 0xbf))) {
+    return UncachedRuneByteSuffix(lo, hi, foldcase, next);
+  }
+
+  uint64 key = ((uint64)next << 17) | (lo<<9) | (hi<<1) | foldcase;
+  map<uint64, int>::iterator it = rune_cache_.find(key);
+  if (it != rune_cache_.end())
+    return it->second;
+  int id = UncachedRuneByteSuffix(lo, hi, foldcase, next);
+  rune_cache_[key] = id;
+  return id;
+}
+
+void Compiler::AddSuffix(int id) {
+  if (rune_range_.begin == 0) {
+    rune_range_.begin = id;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  int alt = AllocInst(1);
+  if (alt < 0) {
+    rune_range_.begin = 0;
+    return;
+  }
+  inst_[alt].InitAlt(rune_range_.begin, id);
+  rune_range_.begin = alt;
+}
+
+Frag Compiler::EndRange() {
+  return rune_range_;
+}
+
+// Converts rune range lo-hi into a fragment that recognizes
+// the bytes that would make up those runes in the current
+// encoding (Latin 1 or UTF-8).
+// This lets the machine work byte-by-byte even when
+// using multibyte encodings.
+
+void Compiler::AddRuneRange(Rune lo, Rune hi, bool foldcase) {
+  switch (encoding_) {
+    default:
+    case kEncodingUTF8:
+      AddRuneRangeUTF8(lo, hi, foldcase);
+      break;
+    case kEncodingLatin1:
+      AddRuneRangeLatin1(lo, hi, foldcase);
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
+void Compiler::AddRuneRangeLatin1(Rune lo, Rune hi, bool foldcase) {
+  // Latin1 is easy: runes *are* bytes.
+  if (lo > hi || lo > 0xFF)
+    return;
+  if (hi > 0xFF)
+    hi = 0xFF;
+  AddSuffix(RuneByteSuffix(lo, hi, foldcase, 0));
+}
+
+// Table describing how to make a UTF-8 matching machine
+// for the rune range 80-10FFFF (Runeself-Runemax).
+// This range happens frequently enough (for example /./ and /[^a-z]/)
+// and the rune_cache_ map is slow enough that this is worth
+// special handling.  Makes compilation of a small expression
+// with a dot in it about 10% faster.
+// The * in the comments below mark whole sequences.
+static struct ByteRangeProg {
+  int next;
+  int lo;
+  int hi;
+} prog_80_10ffff[] = {
+  // Two-byte
+  { -1, 0x80, 0xBF, },  // 0:  80-BF
+  {  0, 0xC2, 0xDF, },  // 1:  C2-DF 80-BF*
+
+  // Three-byte
+  {  0, 0xA0, 0xBF, },  // 2:  A0-BF 80-BF
+  {  2, 0xE0, 0xE0, },  // 3:  E0 A0-BF 80-BF*
+  {  0, 0x80, 0xBF, },  // 4:  80-BF 80-BF
+  {  4, 0xE1, 0xEF, },  // 5:  E1-EF 80-BF 80-BF*
+
+  // Four-byte
+  {  4, 0x90, 0xBF, },  // 6:  90-BF 80-BF 80-BF
+  {  6, 0xF0, 0xF0, },  // 7:  F0 90-BF 80-BF 80-BF*
+  {  4, 0x80, 0xBF, },  // 8:  80-BF 80-BF 80-BF
+  {  8, 0xF1, 0xF3, },  // 9: F1-F3 80-BF 80-BF 80-BF*
+  {  4, 0x80, 0x8F, },  // 10: 80-8F 80-BF 80-BF
+  { 10, 0xF4, 0xF4, },  // 11: F4 80-8F 80-BF 80-BF*
+};
+
+void Compiler::Add_80_10ffff() {
+  int inst[arraysize(prog_80_10ffff)];
+  for (int i = 0; i < arraysize(prog_80_10ffff); i++) {
+    const ByteRangeProg& p = prog_80_10ffff[i];
+    int next = 0;
+    if (p.next >= 0)
+      next = inst[p.next];
+    inst[i] = UncachedRuneByteSuffix(p.lo, p.hi, false, next);
+    if ((p.lo & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+      AddSuffix(inst[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+void Compiler::AddRuneRangeUTF8(Rune lo, Rune hi, bool foldcase) {
+  if (lo > hi)
+    return;
+
+  // Pick off 80-10FFFF as a common special case
+  // that can bypass the slow rune_cache_.
+  if (lo == 0x80 && hi == 0x10ffff && !reversed_) {
+    Add_80_10ffff();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Split range into same-length sized ranges.
+  for (int i = 1; i < UTFmax; i++) {
+    Rune max = MaxRune(i);
+    if (lo <= max && max < hi) {
+      AddRuneRangeUTF8(lo, max, foldcase);
+      AddRuneRangeUTF8(max+1, hi, foldcase);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ASCII range is always a special case.
+  if (hi < Runeself) {
+    AddSuffix(RuneByteSuffix(lo, hi, foldcase, 0));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Split range into sections that agree on leading bytes.
+  for (int i = 1; i < UTFmax; i++) {
+    uint m = (1<<(6*i)) - 1;  // last i bytes of a UTF-8 sequence
+    if ((lo & ~m) != (hi & ~m)) {
+      if ((lo & m) != 0) {
+        AddRuneRangeUTF8(lo, lo|m, foldcase);
+        AddRuneRangeUTF8((lo|m)+1, hi, foldcase);
+        return;
+      }
+      if ((hi & m) != m) {
+        AddRuneRangeUTF8(lo, (hi&~m)-1, foldcase);
+        AddRuneRangeUTF8(hi&~m, hi, foldcase);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Finally.  Generate byte matching equivalent for lo-hi.
+  uint8 ulo[UTFmax], uhi[UTFmax];
+  int n = runetochar(reinterpret_cast<char*>(ulo), &lo);
+  int m = runetochar(reinterpret_cast<char*>(uhi), &hi);
+  (void)m;  // USED(m)
+  DCHECK_EQ(n, m);
+
+  int id = 0;
+  if (reversed_) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
+      id = RuneByteSuffix(ulo[i], uhi[i], false, id);
+  } else {
+    for (int i = n-1; i >= 0; i--)
+      id = RuneByteSuffix(ulo[i], uhi[i], false, id);
+  }
+  AddSuffix(id);
+}
+
+// Should not be called.
+Frag Compiler::Copy(Frag arg) {
+  // We're using WalkExponential; there should be no copying.
+  LOG(DFATAL) << "Compiler::Copy called!";
+  failed_ = true;
+  return NoMatch();
+}
+
+// Visits a node quickly; called once WalkExponential has
+// decided to cut this walk short.
+Frag Compiler::ShortVisit(Regexp* re, Frag) {
+  failed_ = true;
+  return NoMatch();
+}
+
+// Called before traversing a node's children during the walk.
+Frag Compiler::PreVisit(Regexp* re, Frag, bool* stop) {
+  // Cut off walk if we've already failed.
+  if (failed_)
+    *stop = true;
+
+  return kNullFrag;  // not used by caller
+}
+
+Frag Compiler::Literal(Rune r, bool foldcase) {
+  switch (encoding_) {
+    default:
+      return kNullFrag;
+
+    case kEncodingLatin1:
+      return ByteRange(r, r, foldcase);
+
+    case kEncodingUTF8: {
+      if (r < Runeself)  // Make common case fast.
+        return ByteRange(r, r, foldcase);
+      uint8 buf[UTFmax];
+      int n = runetochar(reinterpret_cast<char*>(buf), &r);
+      Frag f = ByteRange((uint8)buf[0], buf[0], false);
+      for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
+        f = Cat(f, ByteRange((uint8)buf[i], buf[i], false));
+      return f;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Called after traversing the node's children during the walk.
+// Given their frags, build and return the frag for this re.
+Frag Compiler::PostVisit(Regexp* re, Frag, Frag, Frag* child_frags,
+                         int nchild_frags) {
+  // If a child failed, don't bother going forward, especially
+  // since the child_frags might contain Frags with NULLs in them.
+  if (failed_)
+    return NoMatch();
+
+  // Given the child fragments, return the fragment for this node.
+  switch (re->op()) {
+    case kRegexpRepeat:
+      // Should not see; code at bottom of function will print error
+      break;
+
+    case kRegexpNoMatch:
+      return NoMatch();
+
+    case kRegexpEmptyMatch:
+      return Nop();
+
+    case kRegexpHaveMatch: {
+      Frag f = Match(re->match_id());
+      // Remember unanchored match to end of string.
+      if (anchor_ != RE2::ANCHOR_BOTH)
+        f = Cat(DotStar(), f);
+      return f;
+    }
+
+    case kRegexpConcat: {
+      Frag f = child_frags[0];
+      for (int i = 1; i < nchild_frags; i++)
+        f = Cat(f, child_frags[i]);
+      return f;
+    }
+
+    case kRegexpAlternate: {
+      Frag f = child_frags[0];
+      for (int i = 1; i < nchild_frags; i++)
+        f = Alt(f, child_frags[i]);
+      return f;
+    }
+
+    case kRegexpStar:
+      return Star(child_frags[0], re->parse_flags()&Regexp::NonGreedy);
+
+    case kRegexpPlus:
+      return Plus(child_frags[0], re->parse_flags()&Regexp::NonGreedy);
+
+    case kRegexpQuest:
+      return Quest(child_frags[0], re->parse_flags()&Regexp::NonGreedy);
+
+    case kRegexpLiteral:
+      return Literal(re->rune(), re->parse_flags()&Regexp::FoldCase);
+
+    case kRegexpLiteralString: {
+      // Concatenation of literals.
+      if (re->nrunes() == 0)
+        return Nop();
+      Frag f;
+      for (int i = 0; i < re->nrunes(); i++) {
+        Frag f1 = Literal(re->runes()[i], re->parse_flags()&Regexp::FoldCase);
+        if (i == 0)
+          f = f1;
+        else
+          f = Cat(f, f1);
+      }
+      return f;
+    }
+
+    case kRegexpAnyChar:
+      BeginRange();
+      AddRuneRange(0, Runemax, false);
+      return EndRange();
+
+    case kRegexpAnyByte:
+      return ByteRange(0x00, 0xFF, false);
+
+    case kRegexpCharClass: {
+      CharClass* cc = re->cc();
+      if (cc->empty()) {
+        // This can't happen.
+        LOG(DFATAL) << "No ranges in char class";
+        failed_ = true;
+        return NoMatch();
+      }
+
+      // ASCII case-folding optimization: if the char class
+      // behaves the same on A-Z as it does on a-z,
+      // discard any ranges wholly contained in A-Z
+      // and mark the other ranges as foldascii.
+      // This reduces the size of a program for
+      // (?i)abc from 3 insts per letter to 1 per letter.
+      bool foldascii = cc->FoldsASCII();
+
+      // Character class is just a big OR of the different
+      // character ranges in the class.
+      BeginRange();
+      for (CharClass::iterator i = cc->begin(); i != cc->end(); ++i) {
+        // ASCII case-folding optimization (see above).
+        if (foldascii && 'A' <= i->lo && i->hi <= 'Z')
+          continue;
+
+        // If this range contains all of A-Za-z or none of it,
+        // the fold flag is unnecessary; don't bother.
+        bool fold = foldascii;
+        if ((i->lo <= 'A' && 'z' <= i->hi) || i->hi < 'A' || 'z' < i->lo)
+          fold = false;
+
+        AddRuneRange(i->lo, i->hi, fold);
+      }
+      return EndRange();
+    }
+
+    case kRegexpCapture:
+      // If this is a non-capturing parenthesis -- (?:foo) --
+      // just use the inner expression.
+      if (re->cap() < 0)
+        return child_frags[0];
+      return Capture(child_frags[0], re->cap());
+
+    case kRegexpBeginLine:
+      return EmptyWidth(reversed_ ? kEmptyEndLine : kEmptyBeginLine);
+
+    case kRegexpEndLine:
+      return EmptyWidth(reversed_ ? kEmptyBeginLine : kEmptyEndLine);
+
+    case kRegexpBeginText:
+      return EmptyWidth(reversed_ ? kEmptyEndText : kEmptyBeginText);
+
+    case kRegexpEndText:
+      return EmptyWidth(reversed_ ? kEmptyBeginText : kEmptyEndText);
+
+    case kRegexpWordBoundary:
+      return EmptyWidth(kEmptyWordBoundary);
+
+    case kRegexpNoWordBoundary:
+      return EmptyWidth(kEmptyNonWordBoundary);
+  }
+  LOG(DFATAL) << "Missing case in Compiler: " << re->op();
+  failed_ = true;
+  return NoMatch();
+}
+
+// Is this regexp required to start at the beginning of the text?
+// Only approximate; can return false for complicated regexps like (\Aa|\Ab),
+// but handles (\A(a|b)).  Could use the Walker to write a more exact one.
+static bool IsAnchorStart(Regexp** pre, int depth) {
+  Regexp* re = *pre;
+  Regexp* sub;
+  // The depth limit makes sure that we don't overflow
+  // the stack on a deeply nested regexp.  As the comment
+  // above says, IsAnchorStart is conservative, so returning
+  // a false negative is okay.  The exact limit is somewhat arbitrary.
+  if (re == NULL || depth >= 4)
+    return false;
+  switch (re->op()) {
+    default:
+      break;
+    case kRegexpConcat:
+      if (re->nsub() > 0) {
+        sub = re->sub()[0]->Incref();
+        if (IsAnchorStart(&sub, depth+1)) {
+          Regexp** subcopy = new Regexp*[re->nsub()];
+          subcopy[0] = sub;  // already have reference
+          for (int i = 1; i < re->nsub(); i++)
+            subcopy[i] = re->sub()[i]->Incref();
+          *pre = Regexp::Concat(subcopy, re->nsub(), re->parse_flags());
+          delete[] subcopy;
+          re->Decref();
+          return true;
+        }
+        sub->Decref();
+      }
+      break;
+    case kRegexpCapture:
+      sub = re->sub()[0]->Incref();
+      if (IsAnchorStart(&sub, depth+1)) {
+        *pre = Regexp::Capture(sub, re->parse_flags(), re->cap());
+        re->Decref();
+        return true;
+      }
+      sub->Decref();
+      break;
+    case kRegexpBeginText:
+      *pre = Regexp::LiteralString(NULL, 0, re->parse_flags());
+      re->Decref();
+      return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Is this regexp required to start at the end of the text?
+// Only approximate; can return false for complicated regexps like (a\z|b\z),
+// but handles ((a|b)\z).  Could use the Walker to write a more exact one.
+static bool IsAnchorEnd(Regexp** pre, int depth) {
+  Regexp* re = *pre;
+  Regexp* sub;
+  // The depth limit makes sure that we don't overflow
+  // the stack on a deeply nested regexp.  As the comment
+  // above says, IsAnchorEnd is conservative, so returning
+  // a false negative is okay.  The exact limit is somewhat arbitrary.
+  if (re == NULL || depth >= 4)
+    return false;
+  switch (re->op()) {
+    default:
+      break;
+    case kRegexpConcat:
+      if (re->nsub() > 0) {
+        sub = re->sub()[re->nsub() - 1]->Incref();
+        if (IsAnchorEnd(&sub, depth+1)) {
+          Regexp** subcopy = new Regexp*[re->nsub()];
+          subcopy[re->nsub() - 1] = sub;  // already have reference
+          for (int i = 0; i < re->nsub() - 1; i++)
+            subcopy[i] = re->sub()[i]->Incref();
+          *pre = Regexp::Concat(subcopy, re->nsub(), re->parse_flags());
+          delete[] subcopy;
+          re->Decref();
+          return true;
+        }
+        sub->Decref();
+      }
+      break;
+    case kRegexpCapture:
+      sub = re->sub()[0]->Incref();
+      if (IsAnchorEnd(&sub, depth+1)) {
+        *pre = Regexp::Capture(sub, re->parse_flags(), re->cap());
+        re->Decref();
+        return true;
+      }
+      sub->Decref();
+      break;
+    case kRegexpEndText:
+      *pre = Regexp::LiteralString(NULL, 0, re->parse_flags());
+      re->Decref();
+      return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+void Compiler::Setup(Regexp::ParseFlags flags, int64 max_mem,
+                     RE2::Anchor anchor) {
+  prog_->set_flags(flags);
+
+  if (flags & Regexp::Latin1)
+    encoding_ = kEncodingLatin1;
+  max_mem_ = max_mem;
+  if (max_mem <= 0) {
+    max_inst_ = 100000;  // more than enough
+  } else if (max_mem <= sizeof(Prog)) {
+    // No room for anything.
+    max_inst_ = 0;
+  } else {
+    int64 m = (max_mem - sizeof(Prog)) / sizeof(Prog::Inst);
+    // Limit instruction count so that inst->id() fits nicely in an int.
+    // SparseArray also assumes that the indices (inst->id()) are ints.
+    // The call to WalkExponential uses 2*max_inst_ below,
+    // and other places in the code use 2 or 3 * prog->size().
+    // Limiting to 2^24 should avoid overflow in those places.
+    // (The point of allowing more than 32 bits of memory is to
+    // have plenty of room for the DFA states, not to use it up
+    // on the program.)
+    if (m >= 1<<24)
+      m = 1<<24;
+
+    // Inst imposes its own limit (currently bigger than 2^24 but be safe).
+    if (m > Prog::Inst::kMaxInst)
+      m = Prog::Inst::kMaxInst;
+
+    max_inst_ = m;
+  }
+
+  anchor_ = anchor;
+}
+
+// Compiles re, returning program.
+// Caller is responsible for deleting prog_.
+// If reversed is true, compiles a program that expects
+// to run over the input string backward (reverses all concatenations).
+// The reversed flag is also recorded in the returned program.
+Prog* Compiler::Compile(Regexp* re, bool reversed, int64 max_mem) {
+  Compiler c;
+
+  c.Setup(re->parse_flags(), max_mem, RE2::ANCHOR_BOTH /* unused */);
+  c.reversed_ = reversed;
+
+  // Simplify to remove things like counted repetitions
+  // and character classes like \d.
+  Regexp* sre = re->Simplify();
+  if (sre == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+
+  // Record whether prog is anchored, removing the anchors.
+  // (They get in the way of other optimizations.)
+  bool is_anchor_start = IsAnchorStart(&sre, 0);
+  bool is_anchor_end = IsAnchorEnd(&sre, 0);
+
+  // Generate fragment for entire regexp.
+  Frag f = c.WalkExponential(sre, kNullFrag, 2*c.max_inst_);
+  sre->Decref();
+  if (c.failed_)
+    return NULL;
+
+  // Success!  Finish by putting Match node at end, and record start.
+  // Turn off c.reversed_ (if it is set) to force the remaining concatenations
+  // to behave normally.
+  c.reversed_ = false;
+  Frag all = c.Cat(f, c.Match(0));
+  c.prog_->set_start(all.begin);
+
+  if (reversed) {
+    c.prog_->set_anchor_start(is_anchor_end);
+    c.prog_->set_anchor_end(is_anchor_start);
+  } else {
+    c.prog_->set_anchor_start(is_anchor_start);
+    c.prog_->set_anchor_end(is_anchor_end);
+  }
+
+  // Also create unanchored version, which starts with a .*? loop.
+  if (c.prog_->anchor_start()) {
+    c.prog_->set_start_unanchored(c.prog_->start());
+  } else {
+    Frag unanchored = c.Cat(c.DotStar(), all);
+    c.prog_->set_start_unanchored(unanchored.begin);
+  }
+
+  c.prog_->set_reversed(reversed);
+
+  // Hand ownership of prog_ to caller.
+  return c.Finish();
+}
+
+Prog* Compiler::Finish() {
+  if (failed_)
+    return NULL;
+
+  if (prog_->start() == 0 && prog_->start_unanchored() == 0) {
+    // No possible matches; keep Fail instruction only.
+    inst_len_ = 1;
+  }
+
+  // Trim instruction to minimum array and transfer to Prog.
+  Trim();
+  prog_->inst_ = inst_;
+  prog_->size_ = inst_len_;
+  inst_ = NULL;
+
+  // Compute byte map.
+  prog_->ComputeByteMap();
+
+  prog_->Optimize();
+
+  // Record remaining memory for DFA.
+  if (max_mem_ <= 0) {
+    prog_->set_dfa_mem(1<<20);
+  } else {
+    int64 m = max_mem_ - sizeof(Prog) - inst_len_*sizeof(Prog::Inst);
+    if (m < 0)
+      m = 0;
+    prog_->set_dfa_mem(m);
+  }
+
+  Prog* p = prog_;
+  prog_ = NULL;
+  return p;
+}
+
+// Converts Regexp to Prog.
+Prog* Regexp::CompileToProg(int64 max_mem) {
+  return Compiler::Compile(this, false, max_mem);
+}
+
+Prog* Regexp::CompileToReverseProg(int64 max_mem) {
+  return Compiler::Compile(this, true, max_mem);
+}
+
+Frag Compiler::DotStar() {
+  return Star(ByteRange(0x00, 0xff, false), true);
+}
+
+// Compiles RE set to Prog.
+Prog* Compiler::CompileSet(const RE2::Options& options, RE2::Anchor anchor,
+                           Regexp* re) {
+  Compiler c;
+
+  Regexp::ParseFlags pf = static_cast<Regexp::ParseFlags>(options.ParseFlags());
+  c.Setup(pf, options.max_mem(), anchor);
+
+  // Compile alternation of fragments.
+  Frag all = c.WalkExponential(re, kNullFrag, 2*c.max_inst_);
+  re->Decref();
+  if (c.failed_)
+    return NULL;
+
+  if (anchor == RE2::UNANCHORED) {
+    // The trailing .* was added while handling kRegexpHaveMatch.
+    // We just have to add the leading one.
+    all = c.Cat(c.DotStar(), all);
+  }
+
+  c.prog_->set_start(all.begin);
+  c.prog_->set_start_unanchored(all.begin);
+  c.prog_->set_anchor_start(true);
+  c.prog_->set_anchor_end(true);
+
+  Prog* prog = c.Finish();
+  if (prog == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+
+  // Make sure DFA has enough memory to operate,
+  // since we're not going to fall back to the NFA.
+  bool failed;
+  StringPiece sp = "hello, world";
+  prog->SearchDFA(sp, sp, Prog::kAnchored, Prog::kManyMatch,
+                  NULL, &failed, NULL);
+  if (failed) {
+    delete prog;
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  return prog;
+}
+
+Prog* Prog::CompileSet(const RE2::Options& options, RE2::Anchor anchor,
+                       Regexp* re) {
+  return Compiler::CompileSet(options, anchor, re);
+}
+
+}  // namespace re2