carray 3.0.2 → 3.0.4

data/ext/ca_obj_monop.c

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "carray.h"
 #include "carray_internal.h"   /* ca_lazy_arena_*, ca_is_lazy_view */
 #include "ca_monop_dispatch.h"
+#include "carray_math_kernel.h" /* ca_monop_not_implement */
 
 /* ca_cast_block (carray_cast.c) */
 extern void ca_cast_block (ca_size_t n, void *ap1, void *ptr1,
@@ -221,6 +222,7 @@ ca_monop_setup (CAMonOp *ca, CArray *parent, uint16_t op_id)
 CAMonOp *
 ca_monop_new (CArray *parent, uint16_t op_id)
 {
+  /* check: the setup checks nothing */
   CAMonOp *ca = (CAMonOp *) ca_array_alloc(CA_OBJ_MONOP, parent->ndim);
   ca_monop_setup(ca, parent, op_id);
   return ca;
@@ -281,14 +283,13 @@ ca_monop_func_xfer_index (void *ap, ca_size_t *idx, void *data, int dir)
     /* PUT: only writable-view op_ids accept writes (cast, or byte_swap
        involution). */
     if ( ! ca_monop_is_writable_view(ca->op_id) ) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CAMonOp is read-only (xfer_index PUT)");
+      ca_refuse_read_only();
     }
     {
-      char scratch[32];   /* max sizeof for any built-in numeric data_type */
+      volatile VALUE holder;
       ca_size_t bytes_per_cell = (ca_monop_is_cast(ca->op_id))
                                   ? ca->parent->bytes : ca->bytes;
-      char *p = (bytes_per_cell <= 32) ? scratch
-                                       : (char *) ALLOC_N(char, bytes_per_cell);
+      char *p = ALLOCV_N(char, holder, bytes_per_cell);
       if ( ca_monop_is_cast(ca->op_id) ) {
         /* Reverse-cast view-data_type `data` to parent data_type scratch, then
            store into parent at idx[].  */
@@ -301,7 +302,7 @@ ca_monop_func_xfer_index (void *ap, ca_size_t *idx, void *data, int dir)
         ca_byte_swap_buffer(ca->data_type, ca->bytes, 1, p);
       }
       ca_store_index(ca->parent, idx, p);
-      if ( p != scratch ) xfree(p);
+      ALLOCV_END(holder);
     }
     return;
   }
@@ -316,38 +317,6 @@ ca_monop_func_xfer_index (void *ap, ca_size_t *idx, void *data, int dir)
   ca_monop_func_xfer_stride(ca, starts, counts, strides, data, CA_XFER_GET);
 }
 
-static void
-ca_monop_func_xfer_addrs (void *ap, ca_size_t n, ca_size_t *addrs,
-                          void *data, int dir)
-{
-  CAMonOp *ca = (CAMonOp *) ap;
-  ca_size_t i;
-  char *out = (char *) data;
-
-  if ( dir != CA_XFER_GET ) {
-    /* PUT: only writable-view op_ids accept writes.  */
-    if ( ! ca_monop_is_writable_view(ca->op_id) ) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CAMonOp is read-only (xfer_addrs PUT)");
-    }
-    /* Per-cell loop: forward to xfer_index PUT (handles cast/byte_swap
-       branch internally).  */
-    for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ ) {
-      ca_size_t idx[CA_RANK_MAX];
-      ca_addr2index((CArray *)ca, addrs[i], idx);
-      ca_monop_func_xfer_index(ca, idx, out + i * ca->bytes, CA_XFER_PUT);
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-
-  /* Naive per-addr loop: convert addr → idx, then xfer_index.  This path
-     is not optimised. */
-  for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ ) {
-    ca_size_t idx[CA_RANK_MAX];
-    ca_addr2index((CArray *)ca, addrs[i], idx);
-    ca_monop_func_xfer_index(ca, idx, out + i * ca->bytes, CA_XFER_GET);
-  }
-}
-
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 /* In-place chain eval (scratch = 0)                                    */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -369,27 +338,28 @@ ca_size_t ca_monop_materialise_call_count = 0;
 #define CA_MAX_LAZY_DEPTH 256
 #endif
 
+/* Whether a cast from `from` to `to` raises on a NaN cell: a float or
+   complex value has no integer for NaN. */
+static int
+ca_monop_cast_refuses_nan (int8_t from, int8_t to)
+{
+  int from_float = ( from == CA_FLOAT32 || from == CA_FLOAT64 ||
+                     from == CA_CMPLX64 || from == CA_CMPLX128 );
+  return from_float && to >= CA_INT8 && to <= CA_UINT64;
+}
+
 /* Apply a single op in-place on `data` (src == dst, unit element stride).
    Raises if the kernel is not implemented for the given input data_type.
 
-   Unmask fast path:
-   We always pass `mask == NULL` to the kernel, which selects the SIMD-
-   friendly "no mask" branch in the existing eager kernels (see e.g.
-   ca_monop_sqrt_float64_t in carray_math.c — `if (m) { ... } else
-   { ...SIMD loop... }`).  Mask cells contain garbage after evaluation,
-   but they are unobservable: the output mask is built separately via
-   the attach lifecycle (ca_monop_func_create_mask + parent.mask
-   CARefer), so reads of masked cells return UNDEF regardless of byte
-   contents.  The mask marks cells as undefined; it does not guard their
-   bytes, so writing garbage into a masked cell is licensed.
-
-   A "partial mask slow path" (= a cell-wise branch to skip masked-cell
-   compute) is a possible future micro-optimisation; it is not done
-   because masked-cell compute does not affect correctness and the SIMD
-   path is faster overall for typical mask densities.  */
+   `mask` is NULL except for an op that can raise on a cell: the kernel
+   then takes the SIMD-friendly "no mask" branch and computes the masked
+   cells too.  Their bytes are unobservable -- the output mask is the
+   parent's (ca_monop_func_create_mask) -- and the mask marks cells as
+   undefined rather than guarding their bytes, so writing anything into a
+   masked cell is licensed.  */
 static void
 apply_monop_in_place (uint16_t op_id, int8_t cur_dt,
-                      ca_size_t slab_n, void *data)
+                      ca_size_t slab_n, void *data, boolean8_t *mask)
 {
   ca_monop_func_t fn = ca_monop_kernel_lookup(op_id, cur_dt);
   if ( fn == NULL ) {
@@ -397,7 +367,7 @@ apply_monop_in_place (uint16_t op_id, int8_t cur_dt,
              "CAMonOp: kernel not implemented (op_id=%u data_type=%d)",
              (unsigned) op_id, (int) cur_dt);
   }
-  fn(slab_n, NULL, (char *) data, 1, (char *) data, 1);
+  fn(slab_n, mask, (char *) data, 1, (char *) data, 1);
 }
 
 /* Minimal CArray-shaped stub used as ca_cast_block's data_type-only carrier.
@@ -434,38 +404,25 @@ typedef struct {
 static int8_t
 pull_leaf_with_optional_cast (CArray *leaf, uint16_t innermost_op,
                               int has_cast_at_leaf, int8_t out_bytes,
-                              ca_size_t slab_n,
-                              ca_size_t *starts, ca_size_t *counts,
-                              ca_size_t *strides, void *data)
+                              const ca_lazy_req_t *req, void *data)
 {
   ca_size_t leaf_bytes = leaf->bytes;
+  ca_size_t slab_n = req->n;
 
   /* Path 1: no size mismatch, no cast — direct pull.  */
   if ( leaf_bytes == out_bytes && ! has_cast_at_leaf ) {
-    ca_xfer_stride(leaf, starts, counts, strides, data, CA_XFER_GET);
+    ca_lazy_req_pull(leaf, req, data, CA_XFER_GET);
     return leaf->data_type;
   }
 
-  /* Paths 2 & 3 both need a leaf-sized scratch + leaf-byte strides
-     for the leaf pull.  */
-  ca_size_t parent_strides[CA_RANK_MAX];
+  /* Paths 2 & 3 both pull the leaf into a leaf-sized scratch.  */
   ca_size_t total_bytes = slab_n * leaf_bytes;
   void *scratch;
-  volatile VALUE holder;
-  int8_t k;
-  {
-    ca_size_t s = leaf_bytes;
-    for ( k = leaf->ndim - 1; k >= 0; k-- ) {
-      parent_strides[k] = s;
-      s *= counts[k];
-    }
-  }
-  (void) holder;
   scratch = ( leaf->data_type == CA_OBJECT )
               ? ca_lazy_arena_acquire_object(slab_n)
               : ca_lazy_arena_acquire(total_bytes);
   ca_monop_scratch_acquire_count++;
-  ca_xfer_stride(leaf, starts, counts, parent_strides, scratch, CA_XFER_GET);
+  ca_lazy_req_pull(leaf, req, scratch, CA_XFER_GET);
 
   int8_t result_dt;
   if ( has_cast_at_leaf ) {
@@ -486,20 +443,21 @@ pull_leaf_with_optional_cast (CArray *leaf, uint16_t innermost_op,
   return result_dt;
 }
 
+/* Evaluate (GET) or write (PUT, writable views only) the cells a request
+   names; `data` holds them packed. */
 static void
-ca_monop_func_xfer_stride (void *ap, ca_size_t *starts, ca_size_t *counts,
-                           ca_size_t *strides, void *data, int dir)
+ca_monop_eval (CAMonOp *mo, const ca_lazy_req_t *req, void *data, int dir)
 {
-  CAMonOp *mo = (CAMonOp *) ap;
   uint16_t op_chain[CA_MAX_LAZY_DEPTH];
   int chain_len = 0;
   CArray  *leaf;
-  ca_size_t slab_n;
-  int8_t    k;
+  ca_size_t slab_n = req->n;
   int8_t    cur_dt;
   int       i;
   int       has_cast_at_leaf = 0;
   int       chain_apply_count;
+  boolean8_t *slab_mask = NULL;
+  int       mask_taken = 0;
 
   /* Writable-view op_ids (cast / byte_swap) use CAFake-style xfer_stride
      for both GET and PUT.  This avoids the chain-materialise inline path
@@ -510,22 +468,34 @@ ca_monop_func_xfer_stride (void *ap, ca_size_t *starts, ca_size_t *counts,
      - byte_swap: same data_type → pstrides = strides; involution apply.  */
   if ( ca_monop_is_writable_view(mo->op_id) ) {
     int is_cast = ca_monop_is_cast(mo->op_id);
-    ca_size_t pstrides[CA_RANK_MAX];
-    ca_size_t n = 1;
+    ca_size_t n = slab_n;
     ca_size_t parent_bytes = is_cast ? mo->parent->bytes : mo->bytes;
-    int8_t    kk;
     char     *v;
     volatile VALUE holder;
-    for ( kk = 0; kk < mo->ndim; kk++ ) {
-      n *= counts[kk];
-      pstrides[kk] = is_cast
-                       ? (strides[kk] / mo->bytes * mo->parent->bytes)
-                       : strides[kk];
-    }
     v = ALLOCV_N(char, holder, n * parent_bytes);
     if ( dir == CA_XFER_GET ) {
-      ca_xfer_stride(mo->parent, starts, counts, pstrides, v, CA_XFER_GET);
-      if ( is_cast ) {
+      ca_lazy_req_pull(mo->parent, req, v, CA_XFER_GET);
+      if ( is_cast && ca_monop_cast_refuses_nan(mo->parent->data_type,
+                                                mo->data_type) ) {
+        /* The cast raises on a NaN cell it is asked to convert; a masked
+           cell (mask_invalid keeps the NaN under the mask) is skipped.
+           The mask is copied off the arena first so a raise leaves no
+           arena slot held. */
+        CArray *parent = mo->parent;
+        boolean8_t *arena_mask = ca_lazy_req_mask(req, 1, &parent);
+        boolean8_t *m = NULL;
+        volatile VALUE mholder = 0;
+        if ( arena_mask ) {
+          m = ALLOCV_N(boolean8_t, mholder, n);
+          memcpy(m, arena_mask, n);
+          ca_lazy_arena_release(arena_mask);
+        }
+        ca_cast_block_with_mask(n, mo->parent, v, (CArray *) mo, data, m);
+        if ( m ) {
+          ALLOCV_END(mholder);
+        }
+      }
+      else if ( is_cast ) {
         ca_cast_block(n, mo->parent, v, (CArray *) mo, data);
       }
       else {
@@ -543,7 +513,7 @@ ca_monop_func_xfer_stride (void *ap, ca_size_t *starts, ca_size_t *counts,
         memcpy(v, data, n * mo->bytes);
         ca_byte_swap_buffer(mo->data_type, mo->bytes, n, v);
       }
-      ca_xfer_stride(mo->parent, starts, counts, pstrides, v, CA_XFER_PUT);
+      ca_lazy_req_pull(mo->parent, req, v, CA_XFER_PUT);
     }
     ALLOCV_END(holder);
     return;
@@ -552,7 +522,7 @@ ca_monop_func_xfer_stride (void *ap, ca_size_t *starts, ca_size_t *counts,
   /* Writable-view op_id PUT/GET is handled above.  Below: non-writable
      monop/monfunc.  PUT is read-only.  */
   if ( dir != CA_XFER_GET ) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CAMonOp is read-only (xfer_stride PUT)");
+    ca_refuse_read_only();
   }
   ca_monop_materialise_call_count++;
 
@@ -564,8 +534,8 @@ ca_monop_func_xfer_stride (void *ap, ca_size_t *starts, ca_size_t *counts,
   while ( leaf->obj_type == CA_OBJ_MONOP ) {
     CAMonOp *node = (CAMonOp *) leaf;
     if ( chain_len >= CA_MAX_LAZY_DEPTH ) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-               "CAMonOp chain depth exceeds CA_MAX_LAZY_DEPTH (%d)",
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+               "lazy expression too deep: more than %d operations in a chain",
                CA_MAX_LAZY_DEPTH);
     }
     op_chain[chain_len++] = node->op_id;
@@ -586,16 +556,12 @@ ca_monop_func_xfer_stride (void *ap, ca_size_t *starts, ca_size_t *counts,
   }
 
   /* === 2. pull leaf into output buffer (with optional cast) === */
-  slab_n = 1;
-  for ( k = 0; k < mo->ndim; k++ ) {
-    slab_n *= counts[k];
-  }
   cur_dt = pull_leaf_with_optional_cast(
     leaf,
     has_cast_at_leaf ? op_chain[chain_len - 1] : 0,
     has_cast_at_leaf,
     (int8_t) mo->bytes,
-    slab_n, starts, counts, strides, data
+    req, data
   );
 
   /* === 3. apply remaining chain in reverse (leaf side → outermost) ===
@@ -626,10 +592,38 @@ ca_monop_func_xfer_stride (void *ap, ca_size_t *starts, ca_size_t *counts,
       ca_lazy_arena_release(scratch);
       cur_dt = target_dt;
     } else {
-      apply_monop_in_place(op_id, cur_dt, slab_n, data);
+      if ( ! mask_taken && ca_op_raises_on_cell(CA_OP_KIND_MONOP, op_id, cur_dt) ) {
+        slab_mask  = ca_lazy_req_mask(req, 1, &leaf);
+        mask_taken = 1;
+      }
+      apply_monop_in_place(op_id, cur_dt, slab_n, data,
+                           ca_op_raises_on_cell(CA_OP_KIND_MONOP, op_id, cur_dt) ? slab_mask : NULL);
       cur_dt = ca_lazy_promote_monop(op_id, cur_dt);
     }
   }
+  if ( slab_mask ) {
+    ca_lazy_arena_release(slab_mask);
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+ca_monop_func_xfer_stride (void *ap, ca_size_t *starts, ca_size_t *counts,
+                           ca_size_t *strides, void *data, int dir)
+{
+  if ( ca_region_is_empty(((CArray *) ap)->ndim, counts) ) return;
+  ca_lazy_req_t req;
+  ca_lazy_req_region(&req, ap, starts, counts, strides);
+  ca_monop_eval((CAMonOp *) ap, &req, data, dir);
+}
+
+/* An address list is evaluated in one pass, as a region is. */
+static void
+ca_monop_func_xfer_addrs (void *ap, ca_size_t n, ca_size_t *addrs,
+                          void *data, int dir)
+{
+  ca_lazy_req_t req;
+  ca_lazy_req_addrs(&req, n, addrs);
+  ca_monop_eval((CAMonOp *) ap, &req, data, dir);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -663,16 +657,7 @@ ca_monop_func_allocate (void *ap)
   if ( ca_monop_is_writable_view(ca->op_id) ) {
     ca_attach(ca->parent);
   }
-  ca->ptr = xmalloc(ca_length(ca));
-  /* CA_OBJECT initialisation for GC safety.  */
-  if ( ca->data_type == CA_OBJECT ) {
-    VALUE *p = (VALUE *) ca->ptr;
-    VALUE zero = SIZE2NUM(0);
-    ca_size_t i;
-    for ( i = 0; i < ca->elements; i++ ) {
-      *p++ = zero;
-    }
-  }
+  ca->ptr = ca_alloc_cells((CArray *) ca);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -701,22 +686,19 @@ ca_monop_func_attach (void *ap)
      Mirrors CAFake.attach.  */
   if ( ca_monop_is_writable_view(ca->op_id) ) {
     ca_attach(ca->parent);
-    ca->ptr = xmalloc(ca_length(ca));
-    /* CA_OBJECT initialisation for GC safety (mirrors CAFake.allocate):
-       zero-init the VALUE cells before any potential GC can observe
-       them.  */
-    if ( ca->data_type == CA_OBJECT ) {
-      VALUE *p = (VALUE *) ca->ptr;
-      VALUE zero = SIZE2NUM(0);
-      ca_size_t i;
-      for ( i = 0; i < ca->elements; i++ ) {
-        *p++ = zero;
-      }
-    }
+    ca->ptr = ca_alloc_cells((CArray *) ca);
     if ( ca_monop_is_cast(ca->op_id) ) {
-      /* Cast parent.ptr (parent data_type) → ca.ptr (cast target data_type).  */
-      ca_cast_block(ca->elements, ca->parent, ca->parent->ptr,
-                    (CArray *) ca, ca->ptr);
+      /* Cast parent.ptr (parent data_type) → ca.ptr (cast target data_type).
+         A cast that raises on NaN skips the masked cells; the parent's
+         mask is attached with the parent.  A raise here is undone by
+         ca_attach, which calls the detach slot once ca->ptr is set. */
+      boolean8_t *m = NULL;
+      if ( ca_monop_cast_refuses_nan(ca->parent->data_type, ca->data_type)
+           && ca_has_mask(ca->parent) ) {
+        m = (boolean8_t *) ca->parent->mask->ptr;
+      }
+      ca_cast_block_with_mask(ca->elements, ca->parent, ca->parent->ptr,
+                              (CArray *) ca, ca->ptr, m);
     }
     else {
       /* byte_swap: memcpy parent.ptr → ca.ptr (same data_type same bytes),
@@ -727,19 +709,11 @@ ca_monop_func_attach (void *ap)
     return;
   }
 
-  ca->ptr = xmalloc(ca_length(ca));
+  ca->ptr = ca_alloc_cells((CArray *) ca);
 
   s = ca->bytes;
   for ( k = ca->ndim - 1; k >= 0; k-- ) { native[k] = s; s *= ca->dim[k]; }
   for ( k = 0; k < ca->ndim; k++ ) starts[k] = 0;
-  /* CA_OBJECT cells are VALUEs and this buffer is about to be marked as
-     soon as the view is, so it must not be handed to the GC as raw
-     xmalloc garbage. */
-  if ( ca->data_type == CA_OBJECT ) {
-    VALUE *p = (VALUE *) ca->ptr;
-    ca_size_t i;
-    for ( i = 0; i < ca->elements; i++ ) *p++ = Qnil;
-  }
   ca_monop_func_xfer_stride(ca, starts, ca->dim, native, ca->ptr, CA_XFER_GET);
 }
 
@@ -774,10 +748,12 @@ ca_monop_func_sync (void *ap)
     }
   }
   else {
-    /* byte_swap (involution): apply on ca.ptr in place (re-swap), then
-       memcpy ca.ptr → parent.ptr.  Mirrors CAByteSwap sync.  */
-    ca_byte_swap_buffer(ca->data_type, ca->bytes, ca->elements, ca->ptr);
+    /* byte_swap (involution): swap a copy back to the parent's byte order.
+       Not ca.ptr in place -- the window stays open after a sync, and a
+       second sync (a stack holding this view twice) would swap it again. */
     memcpy(ca->parent->ptr, ca->ptr, ca_length(ca));
+    ca_byte_swap_buffer(ca->data_type, ca->bytes, ca->elements,
+                        ca->parent->ptr);
   }
   ca_sync(ca->parent);
 }
@@ -805,14 +781,13 @@ ca_monop_func_fill_data (void *ap, void *ptr)
      data_type (= same bytes for byte_swap, reverse-cast for cast).
      Non-writable monop/monfunc remains read-only.  */
   if ( ! ca_monop_is_writable_view(ca->op_id) ) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "CAMonOp is read-only (fill_data)");
+    ca_refuse_read_only();
   }
   {
     int is_cast = ca_monop_is_cast(ca->op_id);
     ca_size_t parent_bytes = is_cast ? ca->parent->bytes : ca->bytes;
-    char stack_v[32];
-    char *v = (parent_bytes <= 32) ? stack_v
-                                   : (char *) xmalloc(parent_bytes);
+    volatile VALUE holder;
+    char *v = ALLOCV_N(char, holder, parent_bytes);
     if ( is_cast ) {
       ca_ptr2ptr((CArray *) ca, ptr, ca->parent, v);
     }
@@ -821,7 +796,7 @@ ca_monop_func_fill_data (void *ap, void *ptr)
       ca_byte_swap_buffer(ca->data_type, ca->bytes, 1, v);
     }
     ca_fill(ca->parent, v);
-    if ( v != stack_v ) xfree(v);
+    ALLOCV_END(holder);
   }
 }
 
@@ -829,12 +804,12 @@ static void
 ca_monop_func_create_mask (void *ap)
 {
   CAMonOp *ca = (CAMonOp *) ap;
-  if ( ! ca->parent->mask ) {
-    ca_create_mask(ca->parent);
+  ca_view_func_create_mask(ca);
+  /* A cast view writes through to its parent, mask included; any other
+     operation is read-only and so is its mask. */
+  if ( ca_test_flag(ca, CA_FLAG_READ_ONLY) ) {
+    ca_set_flag(ca->mask, CA_FLAG_READ_ONLY);
   }
-  ca->mask =
-    (CArray *) ca_refer_new(ca->parent->mask,
-                            CA_BOOLEAN, ca->ndim, ca->dim, 0, 0);
 }
 
 ca_operation_function_t ca_monop_func = {
@@ -933,8 +908,41 @@ rb_ca_monop_build (VALUE cary, uint16_t op_id)
   }
 
   parent_dt    = parent->data_type;
+
+  /* A boolean parent, as rb_ca_call_monop and the data_type-changing
+     monops treat it: a math function wants an explicit cast, and an op
+     with no boolean kernel reads the 0/1 storage in int64. */
+  if ( parent_dt == CA_BOOLEAN && ! ca_monop_is_writable_view(op_id) ) {
+    if ( ca_monop_is_widening(op_id) ) {
+      /* the eager monop reads a boolean with no kernel as int64 (0/1), and
+         names that type in its refusal */
+      ca_op_refuse_unimplemented(cary, CA_INT64, rb_eCADataTypeError);
+    }
+    if ( ca_monop_kernel_lookup(op_id, CA_BOOLEAN) == ca_monop_not_implement ) {
+      target = rb_ca_monop_new(target, CA_MONOP_CAST_BASE + CA_INT64);
+      TypedData_Get_Struct(target, CArray, &carray_data_type, parent);
+      parent_dt = CA_INT64;
+    }
+  }
+
   kernel_in_dt = ca_monop_kernel_input_data_type(op_id, parent_dt);
 
+  /* No kernel for the parent, nor one a cast could reach (a fixlen cell
+     converts to nothing numeric): raise as the eager monop does, before
+     a view is built over it. */
+  if ( ! ca_monop_is_writable_view(op_id) &&
+       ( ca_monop_kernel_lookup(op_id, kernel_in_dt) == ca_monop_not_implement ||
+         ( parent_dt == CA_FIXLEN &&
+           ca_monop_kernel_lookup(op_id, CA_FIXLEN) == ca_monop_not_implement ) ) ) {
+    /* the eager monop takes an integer to float64 before it looks for the
+       kernel, and names the type it looked in */
+    ca_op_refuse_unimplemented(cary,
+                               parent_dt == CA_FIXLEN ? CA_FIXLEN
+                               : RTEST(rb_ca_is_integer_type(cary)) ? CA_FLOAT64
+                               : kernel_in_dt,
+                               rb_eCADataTypeError);
+  }
+
   /* Insert cast node if the kernel wants a different input data_type.  */
   if ( kernel_in_dt != parent_dt ) {
     uint16_t cast_op_id = CA_MONOP_CAST_BASE + (uint16_t) kernel_in_dt;
@@ -949,6 +957,7 @@ rb_ca_monop_build (VALUE cary, uint16_t op_id)
 static VALUE
 rb_ca_monop_s_build (VALUE klass, VALUE cary, VALUE op_id_val)
 {
+  /* fits: an operation number from the library's own table */
   uint16_t op_id = (uint16_t) NUM2UINT(op_id_val);
   (void) klass;
   return rb_ca_monop_build(cary, op_id);
@@ -964,6 +973,19 @@ rb_ca_is_lazy_view_p (VALUE self)
 }
 
 /* Read CAMonOp's op_id for inspect/dump_tree consumers in Ruby.  */
+/* Whether this node's kernel skips the cells its operands mask, rather
+   than computing them: a kernel that can raise on a cell or calls Ruby
+   for it.  CArray::Fusion reads it so a plan carries the same rule. */
+static VALUE
+rb_ca_monop_trapping (VALUE self)
+{
+  CAMonOp *mo;
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, CAMonOp, &camonop_data_type, mo);
+  return ( ! ca_monop_is_cast(mo->op_id)
+           && ca_op_raises_on_cell(CA_OP_KIND_MONOP, mo->op_id, mo->parent->data_type) )
+         ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 rb_ca_monop_op_id (VALUE self)
 {
@@ -980,6 +1002,7 @@ rb_ca_monop_op_id (VALUE self)
    because in-place chain eval allocates no scratch; only attach (xfer_all
    → output) and the parent's own xfer_stride alloc, neither of which we
    count here.  */
+#ifdef CARRAY_DEV_BUILD
 static VALUE
 rb_ca_monop_s_reset_scratch_counter (VALUE klass)
 {
@@ -1005,6 +1028,7 @@ rb_ca_monop_s_materialise_count (VALUE klass)
 {
   return SIZE2NUM(ca_monop_materialise_call_count);
 }
+#endif /* CARRAY_DEV_BUILD */
 
 static VALUE
 rb_ca_monop_s_allocate (VALUE klass)
@@ -1018,6 +1042,7 @@ rb_ca_monop_initialize_copy (VALUE self, VALUE other)
 {
   CAMonOp *ca, *cs;
   TypedData_Get_Struct(self,  CAMonOp, &camonop_data_type, ca);
+  ca_check_uninitialized(ca);
   TypedData_Get_Struct(other, CAMonOp, &camonop_data_type, cs);
   if ( ca_func[CA_OBJ_MONOP].pool_init ) {
     ca_array_pool_alloc(ca, CA_OBJ_MONOP, cs->parent->ndim);
@@ -1102,16 +1127,18 @@ Init_ca_obj_monop (void)
   rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cCAMonOp, "__build__",
                              rb_ca_monop_s_build, 2);
 
-  /* Lazy-view predicate exposed on CArray (covers CAMonOp and
-     CALazyMarker).  */
-  rb_define_method(rb_cCArray, "__lazy_view__?",
-                   rb_ca_is_lazy_view_p, 0);
+  /* Lazy-view predicate on CArray (covers CAMonOp and CALazyMarker).
+     Protected: the lazy dispatch asks it of the other operands. */
+  rb_define_protected_method(rb_cCArray, "lazy_view?",
+                             rb_ca_is_lazy_view_p, 0);
 
   /* op_id accessor for inspect / dump_tree consumers in Ruby.  */
   rb_define_method(rb_cCAMonOp, "__op_id__",
                    rb_ca_monop_op_id, 0);
+  rb_define_method(rb_cCAMonOp, "__trapping__", rb_ca_monop_trapping, 0);
 
   /* Test instrumentation (not user-facing API).  */
+#ifdef CARRAY_DEV_BUILD
   rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cCAMonOp, "__reset_scratch_counter__",
                              rb_ca_monop_s_reset_scratch_counter, 0);
   rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cCAMonOp, "__scratch_count__",
@@ -1120,4 +1147,5 @@ Init_ca_obj_monop (void)
                              rb_ca_monop_s_reset_materialise_counter, 0);
   rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cCAMonOp, "__materialise_count__",
                              rb_ca_monop_s_materialise_count, 0);
+#endif
 }