carray 1.3.6 → 1.5.3

data/ext/calculus/carray_calculus.c

@@ -1,931 +0,0 @@
-/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  carray/carray_calculus.c
-
-  This file is part of Ruby/CArray extension library.
-  You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of
-  the Ruby Licence.
-
-  Copyright (C) 2005 Hiroki Motoyoshi
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-#include "ruby.h"
-#include "carray.h"
-#include <math.h>
-#include <float.h>
-
-/* ----------------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-static double
-simpson (double *x, double *y, ca_size_t n)
-{
-  double s;
-
-  if ( n < 2 ) {
-    return 0.0/0.0;
-  }
-  else if ( n == 2 ) {
-    s = (x[1]-x[0])*(y[1]+y[0])*0.5;
-    return s;
-  }
-  else if ( n % 2 == 0 ) {
-    double x0, x1, x2, x3;
-    double h, m, a1, a2, c0, c1, c2, c3;
-    x0 = x[0];
-    x1 = x[1];
-    x2 = x[2];
-    x3 = x[3];
-    h  = x3 - x0;
-    m  = (x3 + x0)/2;
-    a1 = x1 - m;
-    a2 = x2 - m;
-    c0 = 1.0 + 2.0*a1*a2/((x0-x1)*(x0-x2));
-    c1 =       h*h*a2/((x1-x2)*(x1-x0)*(x1-x3));
-    c2 =       h*h*a1/((x2-x1)*(x2-x0)*(x2-x3));
-    c3 = 1.0 + 2.0*a1*a2/((x3-x1)*(x3-x2));
-    s  = (c0*y[0]+c1*y[1]+c2*y[2]+c3*y[3])*h/6.0;
-    if ( n > 4 ) {
-      s += simpson(x+3, y+3, n-3);
-    }
-    return s;
-  }
-  else {
-    double x0, x1, x2;
-    double h, m, c0, c1, c2;
-    ca_size_t i;
-    s = 0.0;
-    for (i=0; i<n-2; i+=2) {
-      x0 = x[i];
-      x1 = x[i+1];
-      x2 = x[i+2];
-      h = x2-x0;
-      m = 0.5*(x2+x0);
-      c0 = 3.0 - h/(x1-x0);
-      c1 =       h*(x2-x0)/((x2-x1)*(x1-x0));
-      c2 = 3.0 - h/(x2-x1);
-      s += (c0*y[i]+c1*y[i+1]+c2*y[i+2])*h/6.0;
-    }
-    return s;
-  }
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_ca_integrate (volatile VALUE self, volatile VALUE vsc)
-{
-  CArray *sc, *ca;
-  double ans;
-
-  ca = ca_wrap_readonly(self, CA_DOUBLE);
-  sc = ca_wrap_readonly(vsc, CA_DOUBLE);
-
-  if ( ca->elements != sc->elements ) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "data num mismatch");
-  }
-
-  if ( ca_is_any_masked(ca) || ca_is_any_masked(sc) ) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-             "can't calculate integrattion when masked elements exist");
-  }
-
-  ca_attach_n(2, ca, sc);
-
-  ans = simpson((double*)sc->ptr, (double*)ca->ptr, ca->elements);
-
-  ca_detach_n(2, ca, sc);
-
-  return rb_float_new(ans);
-}
-
-
-/* ----------------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-static ca_size_t
-linear_index (ca_size_t n, double *y, double yy, double *idx)
-{
-  ca_size_t a, b, c, x1;
-  double ya, yb, yc;
-  double y1, y2;
-  double rest;
-
-  if ( yy <= y[0] ) {
-    x1 = 0;
-    goto found;
-  }
-
-  if ( yy >= y[n-1] ) {
-    x1 = n-2;
-    goto found;
-  }
-
-  /* check for equally spaced scale */
-
-  a = (ca_size_t)((yy-y[0])/(y[n-1]-y[0])*(n-1));
-
-  if ( a >= 0 && a < n-1 ) {
-    if ( (y[a] - yy) * (y[a+1] - yy) <= 0 ) { /* lucky case */
-      x1 = a;
-      goto found; 
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* binary section method */
-
-  a = 0;
-  b = n-1;
-
-  ya = y[a];
-  yb = y[b];
-
-  if ( ya > yb ) {
-    return -1; /* input scale array should have accending order */
-  }
-
-  while ( (b - a) >= 1 ) {
-
-    c  = (a + b)/2;
-    yc = y[c];
-    if ( a == c ) {
-      break;
-    }
-
-    if ( yc == yy ) {
-      a = c;
-      break;
-    }
-    else if ( (ya - yy) * (yc - yy) <= 0 ) {
-      b = c;
-      yb = yc;
-    }
-    else {
-      a = c;
-      ya = yc;
-    }
-
-    if ( ya > yb ) {
-      return -1; /* input scale array should have accending order */
-    }
-  }
-
-  x1 = a;
-
- found:
-
-  y1 = y[x1];
-  y2 = y[x1+1];
-  rest = (yy-y1)/(y2-y1);
-
-  if ( fabs(y2-yy)/fabs(y2) < DBL_EPSILON*100 ) {
-    *idx = (double) (x1 + 1);
-  }
-  else if ( fabs(y1-yy)/fabs(y1) < DBL_EPSILON*100 ) {
-    *idx = (double) x1;
-  }
-  else {
-    *idx = rest + (double) x1;
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_ca_binary_search_linear_index (volatile VALUE self, volatile VALUE vx)
-{
-  volatile VALUE out, out0;
-  CArray *ca, *sc, *cx, *co0, *co;
-  ca_size_t n;
-  double *x;
-  double *px;
-  double *po;
-  ca_size_t i;
-
-  Data_Get_Struct(self, CArray, ca);
-
-  if ( rb_ca_is_any_masked(self) ) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "self should not have any masked elements");
-  }
-
-  sc = ca_wrap_readonly(self, CA_FLOAT64);
-  cx = ca_wrap_readonly(vx, CA_FLOAT64);
-
-  co0 = carray_new(ca->data_type, cx->rank, cx->dim, 0, NULL);
-  out = out0 = ca_wrap_struct(co0);
-  co = ca_wrap_writable(out, CA_FLOAT64);
-
-  ca_attach_n(3, sc, cx, co);
-
-  n = sc->elements;
-  x  = (double*) sc->ptr;
-  px = (double*) cx->ptr;
-  po = (double*) co->ptr;
-
-  ca_update_mask(cx);
-  if ( cx->mask ) {
-    boolean8_t *mx, *mo;
-    ca_create_mask(co);
-    mx = (boolean8_t *) cx->mask->ptr;
-    mo = (boolean8_t *) co->mask->ptr;
-    for (i=0; i<cx->elements; i++) {
-      if ( ! *mx ) {
-        linear_index(n, x, *px, po);
-      }
-      else {
-        *mo = 1;
-      }
-      mx++; mo++; px++, po++;
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-    for (i=0; i<cx->elements; i++) {
-      linear_index(n, x, *px, po);
-      px++, po++;
-    }
-  }
-
-  ca_sync(co);
-  ca_detach_n(3, sc, cx, co);
-
-  if ( rb_ca_is_scalar(vx) ) {
-    return rb_funcall(out0, rb_intern("[]"), 1, INT2NUM(0));
-  }
-  else {
-    return out0;
-  }
-}
-
-static double
-interp_lin (double *x, double *y, double xx)
-{
-  double a, b;
-  double xa, xb;
-  double ab;
-  double fa, fb;
-  a = x[0];
-  b = x[1];
-  fa = y[0];
-  fb = y[1];
-  xa = xx - a;
-  xb = xx - b;
-  ab = a - b;
-  return -xa*fb/ab + xb*fa/ab;
-}
-
-static double
-deriv_lin (double *x, double *y, double xx)
-{
-  double a, b;
-  double ab;
-  double fa, fb;
-  a = x[0];
-  b = x[1];
-  fa = y[0];
-  fb = y[1];
-  ab = a - b;
-  return -fb/ab + fa/ab;
-}
-
-static double
-interp_qual (double *x, double *y, double xx)
-{
-  double a, b, c;
-  double xa, xb, xc;
-  double ab, bc, ca;
-  double fa, fb, fc;
-  a  = x[0];
-  b  = x[1];
-  c  = x[2];
-  fa = y[0];
-  fb = y[1];
-  fc = y[2];
-  xa = xx - a;
-  xb = xx - b;
-  xc = xx - c;
-  ab = a - b;
-  bc = b - c;
-  ca = c - a;
-  return -(xa*xb*fc/ca/bc + xb*xc*fa/ab/ca + xc*xa*fb/bc/ab);
-}
-
-static double
-deriv_qual (double *x, double *y, double xx)
-{
-  double a, b, c;
-  double xa, xb, xc;
-  double ab, bc, ca;
-  double fa, fb, fc;
-  a  = x[0];
-  b  = x[1];
-  c  = x[2];
-  fa = y[0];
-  fb = y[1];
-  fc = y[2];
-  xa = xx - a;
-  xb = xx - b;
-  xc = xx - c;
-  ab = a - b;
-  bc = b - c;
-  ca = c - a;
-  return - (xa+xb)*fc/ca/bc
-         - (xb+xc)*fa/ab/ca
-         - (xc+xa)*fb/bc/ab;
-}
-
-static double
-interp_cubic (double *x, double *y, double xx)
-{
-  double a, b, c, d;
-  double xa, xb, xc, xd;
-  double ab, bc, cd, da, db, ac;
-  double fa, fb, fc, fd;
-  a  = x[0];
-  b  = x[1];
-  c  = x[2];
-  d  = x[3];
-  fa = y[0];
-  fb = y[1];
-  fc = y[2];
-  fd = y[3];
-  xa = xx - a;
-  xb = xx - b;
-  xc = xx - c;
-  xd = xx - d;
-  ab = a - b;
-  bc = b - c;
-  cd = c - d;
-  da = d - a;
-  db = d - b;
-  ac = a - c;
-  return -xa*xb*xc*fd/da/db/cd - xb*xc*xd*fa/ab/ac/da +
-      xc*xd*xa*fb/bc/db/ab + xd*xa*xb*fc/cd/ac/bc;
-}
-
-static double
-deriv_cubic (double *x, double *y, double xx)
-{
-  double a, b, c, d;
-  double xa, xb, xc, xd;
-  double ab, bc, cd, da, db, ac;
-  double fa, fb, fc, fd;
-  a  = x[0];
-  b  = x[1];
-  c  = x[2];
-  d  = x[3];
-  fa = y[0];
-  fb = y[1];
-  fc = y[2];
-  fd = y[3];
-  xa = xx - a;
-  xb = xx - b;
-  xc = xx - c;
-  xd = xx - d;
-  ab = a - b;
-  bc = b - c;
-  cd = c - d;
-  da = d - a;
-  db = d - b;
-  ac = a - c;
-  return - (xb*xc+xa*xc+xa*xb)*fd/da/db/cd
-         - (xc*xd+xb*xd+xb*xc)*fa/ab/ac/da
-         + (xd*xa+xc*xa+xc*xd)*fb/bc/db/ab
-         + (xa*xb+xd*xb+xd*xa)*fc/cd/ac/bc;
-}
-
-static double
-interp_penta (double *x, double *y, double xx)
-{
-  double a, b, c, d, e, f;
-  double xa, xb, xc, xd, xe, xf;
-  double ya, yb, yc, yd, ye, yf;
-  double ab, ac, ad, ae, af;
-  double     bc, bd, be, bf;
-  double         cd, ce, cf;
-  double             de, df;
-  double                 ef;
-  a  = x[0];
-  b  = x[1];
-  c  = x[2];
-  d  = x[3];
-  e  = x[4];
-  f  = x[5];
-  ya = y[0];
-  yb = y[1];
-  yc = y[2];
-  yd = y[3];
-  ye = y[4];
-  yf = y[5];
-  xa = xx - a;
-  xb = xx - b;
-  xc = xx - c;
-  xd = xx - d;
-  xe = xx - e;
-  xf = xx - f;
-  ab = a - b;
-  ac = a - c;
-  ad = a - d;  
-  ae = a - e;  
-  af = a - f;  
-  bc = b - c;
-  bd = b - d;
-  be = b - e;
-  bf = b - f;
-  cd = c - d;
-  ce = c - e;
-  cf = c - f;
-  de = d - e;
-  df = d - f;
-  ef = e - f;
-  return   ya*xb*xc*xd*xe*xf/(ab*ac*ad*ae*af)
-         - xa*yb*xc*xd*xe*xf/(ab*bc*bd*be*bf)   
-         + xa*xb*yc*xd*xe*xf/(ac*bc*cd*ce*cf) 
-         - xa*xb*xc*yd*xe*xf/(ad*bd*cd*de*df) 
-         + xa*xb*xc*xd*ye*xf/(ae*be*ce*de*ef)        
-         - xa*xb*xc*xd*xe*yf/(af*bf*cf*df*ef);        
-}
-
-
-static double
-deriv_penta (double *x, double *y, double xx)
-{
-  double a, b, c, d, e, f;
-  double xa, xb, xc, xd, xe, xf;
-  double ya, yb, yc, yd, ye, yf;
-  double ab, ac, ad, ae, af;
-  double     bc, bd, be, bf;
-  double         cd, ce, cf;
-  double             de, df;
-  double                 ef;
-  a  = x[0];
-  b  = x[1];
-  c  = x[2];
-  d  = x[3];
-  e  = x[4];
-  f  = x[5];
-  ya = y[0];
-  yb = y[1];
-  yc = y[2];
-  yd = y[3];
-  ye = y[4];
-  yf = y[5];
-  xa = xx - a;
-  xb = xx - b;
-  xc = xx - c;
-  xd = xx - d;
-  xe = xx - e;
-  xf = xx - f;
-  ab = a - b;
-  ac = a - c;
-  ad = a - d;  
-  ae = a - e;  
-  af = a - f;  
-  bc = b - c;
-  bd = b - d;
-  be = b - e;
-  bf = b - f;
-  cd = c - d;
-  ce = c - e;
-  cf = c - f;
-  de = d - e;
-  df = d - f;
-  ef = e - f;
-  return   (xc*xd*xe*xf+xb*xd*xe*xf+xb*xc*xe*xf+xb*xc*xd*xf+xb*xc*xd*xe)*ya/(ab*ac*ad*ae*af)
-         - (xc*xd*xe*xf+xa*xd*xe*xf+xa*xc*xe*xf+xa*xc*xd*xf+xa*xc*xd*xe)*yb/(ab*bc*bd*be*bf)   
-         + (xb*xd*xe*xf+xa*xd*xe*xf+xa*xb*xe*xf+xa*xb*xd*xf+xa*xb*xd*xe)*yc/(ac*bc*cd*ce*cf) 
-         - (xb*xc*xe*xf+xa*xc*xe*xf+xa*xb*xe*xf+xa*xb*xc*xf+xa*xb*xc*xe)*yd/(ad*bd*cd*de*df) 
-         + (xb*xc*xd*xf+xa*xc*xd*xf+xa*xb*xd*xf+xa*xb*xc*xf+xa*xb*xc*xd)*ye/(ae*be*ce*de*ef)        
-         - (xb*xc*xd*xe+xa*xc*xd*xe+xa*xb*xd*xe+xa*xb*xc*xe+xa*xb*xc*xd)*yf/(af*bf*cf*df*ef);        
-}
-
-static double
-interpolate_linear (double *x, double *y, ca_size_t n, double xx)
-{
-  double xt[2];
-  double ri;
-  ca_size_t i0;
-  if ( n == 1) {
-    return y[0];
-  }
-  if ( x != NULL ) {
-    if ( xx == x[0] ) {
-      return y[0];
-    }
-    if ( xx == x[1] ) {
-      return y[1];
-    }
-    if ( n == 2 ) {
-      return interp_lin(x, y, xx);
-    }
-    linear_index(n, x, xx, &ri);
-    i0 = floor(ri);
-    if ( i0 <= 0 ) {
-      i0 = 0;
-    }
-    else if ( i0 + 1 >= n - 1 ) {
-      i0 = n - 2;
-    }
-    return interp_lin(&x[i0], &y[i0], xx);
-  }
-  else {
-    if ( xx == 0 ) {
-      return y[0];
-    }
-    if ( xx == 1 ) {
-      return y[1];
-    }
-    if ( n == 2 ) {
-      xt[0] = 0.0;
-      xt[1] = 1.0;
-      return interp_lin(xt, y, xx);
-    }
-    i0 = floor(xx);
-    if ( i0 <= 0 ) {
-      i0 = 0;
-    }
-    else if ( i0 + 1 >= n - 1 ) {
-      i0 = n - 2;
-    }
-    xt[0] = i0;
-    xt[1] = i0+1;
-    return interp_lin(xt, &y[i0], xx);
-  }
-}
-
-static double
-interpolate_cubic (double *x, double *y, ca_size_t n, double xx)
-{
-  static double xt[4];
-  double ri;
-  ca_size_t i0;
-  if ( n == 1) {
-    return y[0];
-  }
-  if ( x != NULL ) {
-    if ( xx == x[0] ) {
-      return y[0];
-    }
-    if ( xx == x[1] ) {
-      return y[1];
-    }
-    if ( xx == x[2] ) {
-      return y[2];
-    }
-    if ( n == 2 ) {
-      return interp_lin(x, y, xx);
-    }
-    if ( n == 3 ) {
-      return interp_qual(x, y, xx);
-    }
-    linear_index(n, x, xx, &ri);
-    i0 = floor(ri) - 1;
-    if ( i0 <= 0 ) {
-      i0 = 0;
-    }
-    else if ( i0 + 3 >= n - 1 ) {
-      i0 = n - 4;
-    }
-    return interp_cubic(&x[i0], &y[i0], xx);
-  }
-  else {    
-    if ( xx == 0 ) {
-      return y[0];
-    }
-    if ( xx == 1 ) {
-      return y[1];
-    }
-    if ( xx == 2 ) {
-      return y[2];
-    }    
-    if ( n == 2 ) {
-      xt[0] = 0.0;
-      xt[1] = 1.0;
-      return interp_lin(xt, y, xx);
-    }
-    if ( n == 3 ) {
-      xt[0] = 0.0;
-      xt[1] = 1.0;
-      xt[2] = 2.0;
-      return interp_qual(xt, y, xx);
-    }
-    ri = xx;
-    i0 = floor(ri) - 1;
-    if ( i0 <= 0 ) {
-      i0 = 0;
-    }
-    else if ( i0 + 3 >= n - 1 ) {
-      i0 = n - 4;
-    }
-    xt[0] = i0;
-    xt[1] = i0+1;
-    xt[2] = i0+2;
-    xt[3] = i0+3;
-    return interp_cubic(xt, &y[i0], xx);
-  }
-}
-
-static double
-differentiate (double *x, double *y, ca_size_t n, double xx)
-{
-  double ri;
-  ca_size_t i0;
-  switch ( n ) {
-  case 1:
-    return 0.0/0.0;
-  case 2:    
-    return deriv_lin(x, y, xx);
-  case 3:
-    return deriv_qual(x, y, xx);    
-  case 4:
-    return deriv_cubic(x, y, xx);    
-  }
-  linear_index(n, x, xx, &ri);
-  i0 = floor(ri) - 1;
-  if ( i0 <= 0 ) {
-    i0 = 0;
-  }
-  else if ( n == 5 && i0 + 4 > n - 1 ) {
-    i0 = n - 5;
-  }
-  else if ( i0 + 5 > n - 1 ) {
-    i0 = n - 6;
-  }
-  if ( n == 5 ) {
-    return deriv_cubic(&x[i0], &y[i0], xx);
-  }
-  else {
-    return deriv_penta(&x[i0], &y[i0], xx);    
-  }
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_ca_interpolate (int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-  volatile VALUE rval = self;
-  volatile VALUE vsc, vx, ropt, rtype = Qnil, out0, out;
-  CArray *ca, *sc, *cv, *cx, *co0, *co;
-  char *typename = NULL;
-  int type = 0;
-  double *px, *po;
-  ca_size_t i;
-
-  Data_Get_Struct(self, CArray, ca);
-
-  rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &vsc, &vx, &ropt);
-  rb_scan_options(ropt, "type", &rtype);
-
-  if ( ! NIL_P(rtype) ) {
-    Check_Type(rtype, T_STRING);
-    typename = StringValuePtr(rtype);
-  }
-
-  if ( typename == NULL || ! strncmp("cubic", typename, 5) ) {
-    type = 3;
-  }
-  else if ( ! strncmp("linear", typename, 6) ) {
-    type = 1;
-  }
-  else {
-    volatile VALUE inspect = rb_inspect(rtype);
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, 
-             "invalid interpolation type <%s>", StringValuePtr(inspect));
-  }
-
-  if ( ! NIL_P(vsc) ) {
-
-    cv = ca_wrap_readonly(rval, CA_DOUBLE);
-    sc = ca_wrap_readonly(vsc,  CA_DOUBLE);
-
-    if ( ca_is_any_masked(cv) || ca_is_any_masked(sc) ) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-               "can't calculate interpolation when masked elements exist");
-    }
-
-    if ( cv->elements != sc->elements ) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "data num mismatch with scale");
-    }
-
-    cx = ca_wrap_readonly(vx,   CA_DOUBLE);
-
-    co0 = carray_new(ca->data_type, cx->rank, cx->dim, 0, NULL);
-    out = out0 = ca_wrap_struct(co0);
-    co = ca_wrap_writable(out, CA_DOUBLE);
-
-    ca_attach_n(4, cv, sc, cx, co);
-
-    px = (double*) cx->ptr;
-    po = (double*) co->ptr;
-
-    ca_update_mask(cx);
-    if ( cx->mask ) {
-      boolean8_t *mx, *mo;
-      ca_create_mask(co);
-      mx = (boolean8_t *) cx->mask->ptr;
-      mo = (boolean8_t *) co->mask->ptr;
-      if ( type == 3 ) {
-        for (i=0; i<cx->elements; i++) {
-          if ( ! *mx ) {
-            *po = interpolate_cubic((double*)sc->ptr, (double*)cv->ptr, 
-                                    cv->elements, *px);
-          }
-          else {
-            *mo = 1;
-          }
-          mx++; mo++; po++; px++;
-        }
-      }
-      else {
-        for (i=0; i<cx->elements; i++) {
-          if ( ! *mx ) {
-            *po = interpolate_linear((double*)sc->ptr, (double*)cv->ptr, 
-                                     cv->elements, *px);
-          }
-          else {
-            *mo = 1;
-          }
-          mx++; mo++; po++; px++;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    else {
-      if ( type == 3 ) {
-        for (i=0; i<cx->elements; i++) {
-          *po++ = interpolate_cubic((double*)sc->ptr, (double*)cv->ptr, 
-                                    cv->elements, *px++);
-        }
-      }
-      else {
-        for (i=0; i<cx->elements; i++) {
-          *po++ = interpolate_linear((double*)sc->ptr, (double*)cv->ptr, 
-                                     cv->elements, *px++);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    ca_sync(co);
-    ca_detach_n(4, cv, sc, cx, co);
-
-  }
-  else {
-
-    
-    cv = ca_wrap_readonly(rval, CA_DOUBLE);
-
-
-    if ( ca_is_any_masked(cv) ) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-               "can't calculate interpolation when masked elements exist");
-    }
-
-    cx = ca_wrap_readonly(vx,   CA_DOUBLE);
-
-    co0 = carray_new(ca->data_type, cx->rank, cx->dim, 0, NULL);
-    out = out0 = ca_wrap_struct(co0);
-    co = ca_wrap_writable(out, CA_DOUBLE);
-
-    ca_attach_n(3, cv, cx, co);
-
-    px = (double*) cx->ptr;
-    po = (double*) co->ptr;
-
-    ca_update_mask(cx);
-    if ( cx->mask ) {
-      boolean8_t *mx, *mo;
-      ca_create_mask(co);
-      mx = (boolean8_t *) cx->mask->ptr;
-      mo = (boolean8_t *) co->mask->ptr;
-      if ( type == 3 ) {
-        for (i=0; i<cx->elements; i++) {
-          if ( ! *mx ) {
-            *po = interpolate_cubic(NULL, (double*)cv->ptr, 
-                                    cv->elements, *px);
-          }
-          else {
-            *mo = 1;
-          }
-          mx++; mo++; po++; px++;
-        }
-      }
-      else {
-        for (i=0; i<cx->elements; i++) {
-          if ( ! *mx ) {
-            *po = interpolate_linear(NULL, (double*)cv->ptr, 
-                                     cv->elements, *px);
-          }
-          else {
-            *mo = 1;
-          }
-          mx++; mo++; po++; px++;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    else {
-      if ( type == 3 ) {
-        for (i=0; i<cx->elements; i++) {
-          *po++ = interpolate_cubic(NULL, (double*)cv->ptr, 
-                                    cv->elements, *px++);
-        }
-      }
-      else {
-        for (i=0; i<cx->elements; i++) {
-          *po++ = interpolate_linear(NULL, (double*)cv->ptr, 
-                                     cv->elements, *px++);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    ca_sync(co);
-    ca_detach_n(3, cv, cx, co);    
-    
-  }
-
-  if ( rb_ca_is_scalar(vx) ) {
-    return rb_funcall(out0, rb_intern("[]"), 1, INT2NUM(0));
-  }
-  else {
-    return out0;
-  }
-}
-
-static VALUE
-rb_ca_differentiate (volatile VALUE self,
-                     volatile VALUE vsc, volatile VALUE vx)
-{
-  volatile VALUE rval = self;
-  volatile VALUE out0, out;
-  CArray *ca, *cv, *sc, *cx, *co0, *co;
-  double *px, *po;
-  ca_size_t i;
-
-  Data_Get_Struct(self, CArray, ca);
-
-  sc = ca_wrap_readonly(vsc,  CA_DOUBLE);
-
-  if ( ca_is_any_masked(ca) || ca_is_any_masked(sc) ) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-             "can't calculate differentiation when masked elements exist");
-  }
-
-  if ( ca->elements != sc->elements ) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "data num mismatch with scale");
-  }
-
-  cv = ca_wrap_readonly(rval, CA_DOUBLE);
-  cx = ca_wrap_readonly(vx,   CA_DOUBLE);
-
-  co0 = carray_new(ca->data_type, cx->rank, cx->dim, 0, NULL);
-  out = out0 = ca_wrap_struct(co0);
-  co = ca_wrap_writable(out, CA_DOUBLE);
-
-  ca_attach_n(4, cv, sc, cx, co);
-
-  px = (double*) cx->ptr;
-  po = (double*) co->ptr;
-
-  ca_update_mask(cx);
-  if ( cx->mask ) {
-    boolean8_t *mx, *mo;
-    ca_create_mask(co);
-    mx = (boolean8_t *) cx->mask->ptr;
-    mo = (boolean8_t *) co->mask->ptr;
-    for (i=0; i<cx->elements; i++) {
-      if ( ! *mx ) {
-        *po = differentiate((double*)sc->ptr, (double*)cv->ptr, 
-                            cv->elements, *px);
-      }
-      else {
-        *mo = 1;
-      }
-      mx++; mo++; px++, po++;
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-    for (i=0; i<cx->elements; i++) {
-      *po = differentiate((double*)sc->ptr, (double*)cv->ptr, 
-                          cv->elements, *px);
-      px++, po++;
-    }
-  }
-
-  ca_sync(co);
-  ca_detach_n(4, cv, sc, cx, co);
-
-  if ( rb_ca_is_scalar(vx) ) {
-    return rb_funcall(out0, rb_intern("[]"), 1, INT2NUM(0));
-  }
-  else {
-    return out0;
-  }
-}
-
-void
-Init_carray_interpolate ();
-
-void
-Init_carray_calculus ()
-{
-  rb_define_method(rb_cCArray,  "section",
-                   rb_ca_binary_search_linear_index, 1);
-  rb_define_method(rb_cCArray,  "integrate",    rb_ca_integrate, 1);
-  rb_define_method(rb_cCArray,  "interpolate",  rb_ca_interpolate, -1);
-  rb_define_method(rb_cCArray,  "differentiate", rb_ca_differentiate, 2);
-
-  Init_carray_interpolate();
-}