bolt 0.0.1 → 0.5.0

data/vendored/puppet/lib/puppet/graph/relationship_graph.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+# The relationship graph is the final form of a puppet catalog in
+# which all dependency edges are explicitly in the graph. This form of the
+# catalog is used to traverse the graph in the order in which resources are
+# managed.
+#
+# @api private
+class Puppet::Graph::RelationshipGraph < Puppet::Graph::SimpleGraph
+  attr_reader :blockers
+
+  def initialize(prioritizer)
+    super()
+
+    @prioritizer = prioritizer
+
+    @ready = Puppet::Graph::RbTreeMap.new
+    @generated = {}
+    @done = {}
+    @blockers = {}
+    @providerless_types = []
+  end
+
+  def populate_from(catalog)
+    add_all_resources_as_vertices(catalog)
+    build_manual_dependencies
+    build_autorelation_dependencies(catalog)
+
+    write_graph(:relationships) if catalog.host_config?
+
+    replace_containers_with_anchors(catalog)
+
+    write_graph(:expanded_relationships) if catalog.host_config?
+  end
+
+  def add_vertex(vertex, priority = nil)
+    super(vertex)
+
+    if priority
+      @prioritizer.record_priority_for(vertex, priority)
+    else
+      @prioritizer.generate_priority_for(vertex)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def add_relationship(f, t, label=nil)
+    super(f, t, label)
+    @ready.delete(@prioritizer.priority_of(t))
+  end
+
+  def remove_vertex!(vertex)
+    super
+    @prioritizer.forget(vertex)
+  end
+
+  def resource_priority(resource)
+    @prioritizer.priority_of(resource)
+  end
+
+  # Enqueue the initial set of resources, those with no dependencies.
+  def enqueue_roots
+    vertices.each do |v|
+      @blockers[v] = direct_dependencies_of(v).length
+      enqueue(v) if @blockers[v] == 0
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Decrement the blocker count for the resource by 1. If the number of
+  # blockers is unknown, count them and THEN decrement by 1.
+  def unblock(resource)
+    @blockers[resource] ||= direct_dependencies_of(resource).select { |r2| !@done[r2] }.length
+    if @blockers[resource] > 0
+      @blockers[resource] -= 1
+    else
+      resource.warning "appears to have a negative number of dependencies"
+    end
+    @blockers[resource] <= 0
+  end
+
+  def clear_blockers
+    @blockers.clear
+  end
+
+  def enqueue(*resources)
+    resources.each do |resource|
+      @ready[@prioritizer.priority_of(resource)] = resource
+    end
+  end
+
+  def finish(resource)
+    direct_dependents_of(resource).each do |v|
+      enqueue(v) if unblock(v)
+    end
+    @done[resource] = true
+  end
+
+  def next_resource
+    @ready.delete_min
+  end
+
+  def traverse(options = {}, &block)
+    continue_while = options[:while] || lambda { true }
+    pre_process = options[:pre_process] || lambda { |resource| }
+    overly_deferred_resource_handler = options[:overly_deferred_resource_handler] || lambda { |resource| }
+    canceled_resource_handler = options[:canceled_resource_handler] || lambda { |resource| }
+    teardown = options[:teardown] || lambda {}
+    graph_cycle_handler = options[:graph_cycle_handler] || lambda { [] }
+
+    if cycles = report_cycles_in_graph
+      graph_cycle_handler.call(cycles)
+    end
+
+    enqueue_roots
+
+    deferred_resources = []
+
+    while continue_while.call() && (resource = next_resource)
+      if resource.suitable?
+        made_progress = true
+
+        pre_process.call(resource)
+
+        yield resource
+
+        finish(resource)
+      else
+        deferred_resources << resource
+      end
+
+      if @ready.empty? and deferred_resources.any?
+        if made_progress
+          enqueue(*deferred_resources)
+        else
+          deferred_resources.each do |res|
+            overly_deferred_resource_handler.call(res)
+            finish(res)
+          end
+        end
+
+        made_progress = false
+        deferred_resources = []
+      end
+    end
+
+    if !continue_while.call()
+      while (resource = next_resource)
+        canceled_resource_handler.call(resource)
+        finish(resource)
+      end
+    end
+
+    teardown.call()
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def add_all_resources_as_vertices(catalog)
+    catalog.resources.each do |vertex|
+      add_vertex(vertex)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def build_manual_dependencies
+    vertices.each do |vertex|
+      vertex.builddepends.each do |edge|
+        add_edge(edge)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def build_autorelation_dependencies(catalog)
+    vertices.each do |vertex|
+      [:require,:subscribe].each do |rel_type|
+        vertex.send("auto#{rel_type}".to_sym, catalog).each do |edge|
+          # don't let automatic relationships conflict with manual ones.
+          next if edge?(edge.source, edge.target)
+
+          if edge?(edge.target, edge.source)
+            vertex.debug "Skipping automatic relationship with #{edge.source}"
+          else
+            vertex.debug "Adding auto#{rel_type} relationship with #{edge.source}"
+            if rel_type == :require
+              edge.event = :NONE
+            else
+              edge.callback = :refresh
+              edge.event = :ALL_EVENTS
+            end
+            add_edge(edge)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      [:before,:notify].each do |rel_type|
+        vertex.send("auto#{rel_type}".to_sym, catalog).each do |edge|
+          # don't let automatic relationships conflict with manual ones.
+          next if edge?(edge.target, edge.source)
+
+          if edge?(edge.source, edge.target)
+            vertex.debug "Skipping automatic relationship with #{edge.target}"
+          else
+            vertex.debug "Adding auto#{rel_type} relationship with #{edge.target}"
+            if rel_type == :before
+              edge.event = :NONE
+            else
+              edge.callback = :refresh
+              edge.event = :ALL_EVENTS
+            end
+            add_edge(edge)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Impose our container information on another graph by using it
+  # to replace any container vertices X with a pair of vertices
+  # { admissible_X and completed_X } such that
+  #
+  #    0) completed_X depends on admissible_X
+  #    1) contents of X each depend on admissible_X
+  #    2) completed_X depends on each on the contents of X
+  #    3) everything which depended on X depends on completed_X
+  #    4) admissible_X depends on everything X depended on
+  #    5) the containers and their edges must be removed
+  #
+  # Note that this requires attention to the possible case of containers
+  # which contain or depend on other containers, but has the advantage
+  # that the number of new edges created scales linearly with the number
+  # of contained vertices regardless of how containers are related;
+  # alternatives such as replacing container-edges with content-edges
+  # scale as the product of the number of external dependencies, which is
+  # to say geometrically in the case of nested / chained containers.
+  #
+  Default_label = { :callback => :refresh, :event => :ALL_EVENTS }
+  def replace_containers_with_anchors(catalog)
+    stage_class      = Puppet::Type.type(:stage)
+    whit_class       = Puppet::Type.type(:whit)
+    component_class  = Puppet::Type.type(:component)
+    containers = catalog.resources.find_all { |v| (v.is_a?(component_class) or v.is_a?(stage_class)) and vertex?(v) }
+    #
+    # These two hashes comprise the aforementioned attention to the possible
+    #   case of containers that contain / depend on other containers; they map
+    #   containers to their sentinels but pass other vertices through.  Thus we
+    #   can "do the right thing" for references to other vertices that may or
+    #   may not be containers.
+    #
+    admissible = Hash.new { |h,k| k }
+    completed  = Hash.new { |h,k| k }
+    containers.each { |x|
+      admissible[x] = whit_class.new(:name => "admissible_#{x.ref}", :catalog => catalog)
+      completed[x]  = whit_class.new(:name => "completed_#{x.ref}",  :catalog => catalog)
+      priority = @prioritizer.priority_of(x)
+      add_vertex(admissible[x], priority)
+      add_vertex(completed[x], priority)
+    }
+    #
+    # Implement the six requirements listed above
+    #
+    containers.each { |x|
+      contents = catalog.adjacent(x, :direction => :out)
+      add_edge(admissible[x],completed[x]) if contents.empty? # (0)
+      contents.each { |v|
+        add_edge(admissible[x],admissible[v],Default_label) # (1)
+        add_edge(completed[v], completed[x], Default_label) # (2)
+      }
+      # (3) & (5)
+      adjacent(x,:direction => :in,:type => :edges).each { |e|
+        add_edge(completed[e.source],admissible[x],e.label)
+        remove_edge! e
+      }
+      # (4) & (5)
+      adjacent(x,:direction => :out,:type => :edges).each { |e|
+        add_edge(completed[x],admissible[e.target],e.label)
+        remove_edge! e
+      }
+    }
+    containers.each { |x| remove_vertex! x } # (5)
+  end
+end

data/vendored/puppet/lib/puppet/graph/sequential_prioritizer.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# This implements a priority in which keys are given values that will keep them
+# in the same priority in which they priorities are requested. Nested
+# structures (those in which a key is contained within another key) are
+# preserved in such a way that child keys are after the parent and before the
+# key after the parent.
+#
+# @api private
+class Puppet::Graph::SequentialPrioritizer < Puppet::Graph::Prioritizer
+  def initialize
+    super
+    @container = {}
+    @count = Puppet::Graph::Key.new
+  end
+
+  def generate_priority_for(key)
+    if priority_of(key).nil?
+      @count = @count.next
+      record_priority_for(key, @count)
+    else
+      priority_of(key)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def generate_priority_contained_in(container, key)
+    @container[container] ||= priority_of(container).down
+    priority = @container[container].next
+    record_priority_for(key, priority)
+    @container[container] = priority
+    priority
+  end
+end

data/vendored/puppet/lib/puppet/graph/simple_graph.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+require 'puppet/external/dot'
+require 'puppet/relationship'
+require 'set'
+
+# A hopefully-faster graph class to replace the use of GRATR.
+class Puppet::Graph::SimpleGraph
+  include Puppet::Util::PsychSupport
+
+  #
+  # All public methods of this class must maintain (assume ^ ensure) the following invariants, where "=~=" means
+  # equiv. up to order:
+  #
+  #   @in_to.keys =~= @out_to.keys =~= all vertices
+  #   @in_to.values.collect { |x| x.values }.flatten =~= @out_from.values.collect { |x| x.values }.flatten =~= all edges
+  #   @in_to[v1][v2] =~= @out_from[v2][v1] =~= all edges from v1 to v2
+  #   @in_to   [v].keys =~= vertices with edges leading to   v
+  #   @out_from[v].keys =~= vertices with edges leading from v
+  #   no operation may shed reference loops (for gc)
+  #   recursive operation must scale with the depth of the spanning trees, or better (e.g. no recursion over the set
+  #       of all vertices, etc.)
+  #
+  # This class is intended to be used with DAGs.  However, if the
+  # graph has a cycle, it will not cause non-termination of any of the
+  # algorithms.
+  #
+  def initialize
+    @in_to = {}
+    @out_from = {}
+    @upstream_from = {}
+    @downstream_from = {}
+  end
+
+  # Clear our graph.
+  def clear
+    @in_to.clear
+    @out_from.clear
+    @upstream_from.clear
+    @downstream_from.clear
+  end
+
+  # Which resources depend upon the given resource.
+  def dependencies(resource)
+    vertex?(resource) ? upstream_from_vertex(resource).keys : []
+  end
+
+  def dependents(resource)
+    vertex?(resource) ? downstream_from_vertex(resource).keys : []
+  end
+
+  # Whether our graph is directed.  Always true.  Used to produce dot files.
+  def directed?
+    true
+  end
+
+  # Determine all of the leaf nodes below a given vertex.
+  def leaves(vertex, direction = :out)
+    tree_from_vertex(vertex, direction).keys.find_all { |c| adjacent(c, :direction => direction).empty? }
+  end
+
+  # Collect all of the edges that the passed events match.  Returns
+  # an array of edges.
+  def matching_edges(event, base = nil)
+    source = base || event.resource
+
+    unless vertex?(source)
+      Puppet.warning _("Got an event from invalid vertex %{source}") % { source: source.ref }
+      return []
+    end
+    # Get all of the edges that this vertex should forward events
+    # to, which is the same thing as saying all edges directly below
+    # This vertex in the graph.
+    @out_from[source].values.flatten.find_all { |edge| edge.match?(event.name) }
+  end
+
+  # Return a reversed version of this graph.
+  def reversal
+    result = self.class.new
+    vertices.each { |vertex| result.add_vertex(vertex) }
+    edges.each do |edge|
+      result.add_edge edge.class.new(edge.target, edge.source, edge.label)
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  # Return the size of the graph.
+  def size
+    vertices.size
+  end
+
+  def to_a
+    vertices
+  end
+
+  # This is a simple implementation of Tarjan's algorithm to find strongly
+  # connected components in the graph; this is a fairly ugly implementation,
+  # because I can't just decorate the vertices themselves.
+  #
+  # This method has an unhealthy relationship with the find_cycles_in_graph
+  # method below, which contains the knowledge of how the state object is
+  # maintained.
+  def tarjan(root, s)
+    # initialize the recursion stack we use to work around the nasty lack of a
+    # decent Ruby stack.
+    recur = [{ :node => root }]
+
+    while not recur.empty? do
+      frame = recur.last
+      vertex = frame[:node]
+
+      case frame[:step]
+      when nil then
+        s[:index][vertex]   = s[:number]
+        s[:lowlink][vertex] = s[:number]
+        s[:number]          = s[:number] + 1
+
+        s[:stack].push(vertex)
+        s[:seen][vertex] = true
+
+        frame[:children] = adjacent(vertex)
+        frame[:step]     = :children
+
+      when :children then
+        if frame[:children].length > 0 then
+          child = frame[:children].shift
+          if ! s[:index][child] then
+            # Never seen, need to recurse.
+            frame[:step] = :after_recursion
+            frame[:child] = child
+            recur.push({ :node => child })
+          elsif s[:seen][child] then
+            s[:lowlink][vertex] = [s[:lowlink][vertex], s[:index][child]].min
+          end
+        else
+          if s[:lowlink][vertex] == s[:index][vertex] then
+            this_scc = []
+            begin
+              top = s[:stack].pop
+              s[:seen][top] = false
+              this_scc << top
+            end until top == vertex
+            s[:scc] << this_scc
+          end
+          recur.pop               # done with this node, finally.
+        end
+
+      when :after_recursion then
+        s[:lowlink][vertex] = [s[:lowlink][vertex], s[:lowlink][frame[:child]]].min
+        frame[:step] = :children
+
+      else
+        fail "#{frame[:step]} is an unknown step"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Find all cycles in the graph by detecting all the strongly connected
+  # components, then eliminating everything with a size of one as
+  # uninteresting - which it is, because it can't be a cycle. :)
+  #
+  # This has an unhealthy relationship with the 'tarjan' method above, which
+  # it uses to implement the detection of strongly connected components.
+  def find_cycles_in_graph
+    state = {
+      :number => 0, :index => {}, :lowlink => {}, :scc => [],
+      :stack => [], :seen => {}
+    }
+
+    # we usually have a disconnected graph, must walk all possible roots
+    vertices.each do |vertex|
+      if ! state[:index][vertex] then
+        tarjan vertex, state
+      end
+    end
+
+    # To provide consistent results to the user, given that a hash is never
+    # assured to return the same order, and given our graph processing is
+    # based on hash tables, we need to sort the cycles internally, as well as
+    # the set of cycles.
+    #
+    # Given we are in a failure state here, any extra cost is more or less
+    # irrelevant compared to the cost of a fix - which is on a human
+    # time-scale.
+    state[:scc].select do |component|
+      multi_vertex_component?(component) || single_vertex_referring_to_self?(component)
+    end.map do |component|
+      component.sort
+    end.sort
+  end
+
+  # Perform a BFS on the sub graph representing the cycle, with a view to
+  # generating a sufficient set of paths to report the cycle meaningfully, and
+  # ideally usefully, for the end user.
+  #
+  # BFS is preferred because it will generally report the shortest paths
+  # through the graph first, which are more likely to be interesting to the
+  # user.  I think; it would be interesting to verify that. --daniel 2011-01-23
+  def paths_in_cycle(cycle, max_paths = 1)
+    #TRANSLATORS "negative or zero" refers to the count of paths
+    raise ArgumentError, _("negative or zero max_paths") if max_paths < 1
+
+    # Calculate our filtered outbound vertex lists...
+    adj = {}
+    cycle.each do |vertex|
+      adj[vertex] = adjacent(vertex).select{|s| cycle.member? s}
+    end
+
+    found = []
+
+    # frame struct is vertex, [path]
+    stack = [[cycle.first, []]]
+    while frame = stack.shift do
+      if frame[1].member?(frame[0]) then
+        found << frame[1] + [frame[0]]
+        break if found.length >= max_paths
+      else
+        adj[frame[0]].each do |to|
+          stack.push [to, frame[1] + [frame[0]]]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    return found.sort
+  end
+
+  # @return [Array] array of dependency cycles (arrays)
+  def report_cycles_in_graph
+    cycles = find_cycles_in_graph
+    number_of_cycles = cycles.length
+    return if number_of_cycles == 0
+
+    message = n_("Found %{num} dependency cycle:\n", "Found %{num} dependency cycles:\n", number_of_cycles) % { num: number_of_cycles }
+    cycles.each do |cycle|
+      paths = paths_in_cycle(cycle)
+      message += paths.map{ |path| '(' + path.join(" => ") + ')'}.join("\n") + "\n"
+    end
+
+    if Puppet[:graph] then
+      filename = write_cycles_to_graph(cycles)
+      message += _("Cycle graph written to %{filename}.") % { filename: filename }
+    else
+      #TRANSLATORS "graph" refers to a command line option and should not be translated
+      #TRANSLATORS OmniGraffle and GraphViz and program names and should not be translated
+      message += _("Try the '--graph' option and opening the resulting '.dot' file in OmniGraffle or GraphViz")
+    end
+    Puppet.err(message)
+    cycles
+  end
+
+  def write_cycles_to_graph(cycles)
+    # This does not use the DOT graph library, just writes the content
+    # directly.  Given the complexity of this, there didn't seem much point
+    # using a heavy library to generate exactly the same content. --daniel 2011-01-27
+    graph = ["digraph Resource_Cycles {"]
+    graph << '  label = "Resource Cycles"'
+
+    cycles.each do |cycle|
+      paths_in_cycle(cycle, 10).each do |path|
+        graph << path.map { |v| '"' + v.to_s.gsub(/"/, '\\"') + '"' }.join(" -> ")
+      end
+    end
+
+    graph << '}'
+
+    filename = File.join(Puppet[:graphdir], "cycles.dot")
+    # DOT files are assumed to be UTF-8 by default - http://www.graphviz.org/doc/info/lang.html
+    File.open(filename, "w:UTF-8") { |f| f.puts graph }
+    return filename
+  end
+
+  # Add a new vertex to the graph.
+  def add_vertex(vertex)
+    @in_to[vertex]    ||= {}
+    @out_from[vertex] ||= {}
+  end
+
+  # Remove a vertex from the graph.
+  def remove_vertex!(v)
+    return unless vertex?(v)
+    @upstream_from.clear
+    @downstream_from.clear
+    (@in_to[v].values+@out_from[v].values).flatten.each { |e| remove_edge!(e) }
+    @in_to.delete(v)
+    @out_from.delete(v)
+  end
+
+  # Test whether a given vertex is in the graph.
+  def vertex?(v)
+    @in_to.include?(v)
+  end
+
+  # Return a list of all vertices.
+  def vertices
+    @in_to.keys
+  end
+
+  # Add a new edge.  The graph user has to create the edge instance,
+  # since they have to specify what kind of edge it is.
+  def add_edge(e,*a)
+    return add_relationship(e,*a) unless a.empty?
+    e = Puppet::Relationship.from_data_hash(e) if e.is_a?(Hash)
+    @upstream_from.clear
+    @downstream_from.clear
+    add_vertex(e.source)
+    add_vertex(e.target)
+    # Avoid multiple lookups here. This code is performance critical
+    arr = (@in_to[e.target][e.source] ||= [])
+    arr << e unless arr.include?(e)
+    arr = (@out_from[e.source][e.target] ||= [])
+    arr << e unless arr.include?(e)
+  end
+
+  def add_relationship(source, target, label = nil)
+    add_edge Puppet::Relationship.new(source, target, label)
+  end
+
+  # Find all matching edges.
+  def edges_between(source, target)
+    (@out_from[source] || {})[target] || []
+  end
+
+  # Is there an edge between the two vertices?
+  def edge?(source, target)
+    vertex?(source) and vertex?(target) and @out_from[source][target]
+  end
+
+  def edges
+    @in_to.values.collect { |x| x.values }.flatten
+  end
+
+  def each_edge
+    @in_to.each { |t,ns| ns.each { |s,es| es.each { |e| yield e }}}
+  end
+
+  # Remove an edge from our graph.
+  def remove_edge!(e)
+    if edge?(e.source,e.target)
+      @upstream_from.clear
+      @downstream_from.clear
+      @in_to   [e.target].delete e.source if (@in_to   [e.target][e.source] -= [e]).empty?
+      @out_from[e.source].delete e.target if (@out_from[e.source][e.target] -= [e]).empty?
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Find adjacent edges.
+  def adjacent(v, options = {})
+    return [] unless ns = (options[:direction] == :in) ? @in_to[v] : @out_from[v]
+    (options[:type] == :edges) ? ns.values.flatten : ns.keys
+  end
+
+  # Just walk the tree and pass each edge.
+  def walk(source, direction)
+    # Use an iterative, breadth-first traversal of the graph. One could do
+    # this recursively, but Ruby's slow function calls and even slower
+    # recursion make the shorter, recursive algorithm cost-prohibitive.
+    stack = [source]
+    seen = Set.new
+    until stack.empty?
+      node = stack.shift
+      next if seen.member? node
+      connected = adjacent(node, :direction => direction)
+      connected.each do |target|
+        yield node, target
+      end
+      stack.concat(connected)
+      seen << node
+    end
+  end
+
+  # A different way of walking a tree, and a much faster way than the
+  # one that comes with GRATR.
+  def tree_from_vertex(start, direction = :out)
+    predecessor={}
+    walk(start, direction) do |parent, child|
+      predecessor[child] = parent
+    end
+    predecessor
+  end
+
+  def downstream_from_vertex(v)
+    return @downstream_from[v] if @downstream_from[v]
+    result = @downstream_from[v] = {}
+    @out_from[v].keys.each do |node|
+      result[node] = 1
+      result.update(downstream_from_vertex(node))
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  def direct_dependents_of(v)
+    (@out_from[v] || {}).keys
+  end
+
+  def upstream_from_vertex(v)
+    return @upstream_from[v] if @upstream_from[v]
+    result = @upstream_from[v] = {}
+    @in_to[v].keys.each do |node|
+      result[node] = 1
+      result.update(upstream_from_vertex(node))
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  def direct_dependencies_of(v)
+    (@in_to[v] || {}).keys
+  end
+
+  # Return an array of the edge-sets between a series of n+1 vertices (f=v0,v1,v2...t=vn)
+  #   connecting the two given vertices.  The ith edge set is an array containing all the
+  #   edges between v(i) and v(i+1); these are (by definition) never empty.
+  #
+  #     * if f == t, the list is empty
+  #     * if they are adjacent the result is an array consisting of
+  #       a single array (the edges from f to t)
+  #     * and so on by induction on a vertex m between them
+  #     * if there is no path from f to t, the result is nil
+  #
+  # This implementation is not particularly efficient; it's used in testing where clarity
+  #   is more important than last-mile efficiency.
+  #
+  def path_between(f,t)
+    if f==t
+      []
+    elsif direct_dependents_of(f).include?(t)
+      [edges_between(f,t)]
+    elsif dependents(f).include?(t)
+      m = (dependents(f) & direct_dependencies_of(t)).first
+      path_between(f,m) + path_between(m,t)
+    else
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  # LAK:FIXME This is just a paste of the GRATR code with slight modifications.
+
+  # Return a DOT::DOTDigraph for directed graphs or a DOT::DOTSubgraph for an
+  # undirected Graph.  _params_ can contain any graph property specified in
+  # rdot.rb. If an edge or vertex label is a kind of Hash then the keys
+  # which match +dot+ properties will be used as well.
+  def to_dot_graph (params = {})
+    params['name'] ||= self.class.name.gsub(/:/,'_')
+    fontsize   = params['fontsize'] ? params['fontsize'] : '8'
+    graph      = (directed? ? DOT::DOTDigraph : DOT::DOTSubgraph).new(params)
+    edge_klass = directed? ? DOT::DOTDirectedEdge : DOT::DOTEdge
+    vertices.each do |v|
+      name = v.ref
+      params = {'name'     => '"'+name+'"',
+        'fontsize' => fontsize,
+        'label'    => name}
+      v_label = v.ref
+      params.merge!(v_label) if v_label and v_label.kind_of? Hash
+      graph << DOT::DOTNode.new(params)
+    end
+    edges.each do |e|
+      params = {'from'     => '"'+ e.source.ref + '"',
+        'to'       => '"'+ e.target.ref + '"',
+        'fontsize' => fontsize }
+      e_label = e.ref
+      params.merge!(e_label) if e_label and e_label.kind_of? Hash
+      graph << edge_klass.new(params)
+    end
+    graph
+  end
+
+  # Output the dot format as a string
+  def to_dot (params={}) to_dot_graph(params).to_s; end
+
+  # Produce the graph files if requested.
+  def write_graph(name)
+    return unless Puppet[:graph]
+
+    file = File.join(Puppet[:graphdir], "#{name}.dot")
+    # DOT files are assumed to be UTF-8 by default - http://www.graphviz.org/doc/info/lang.html
+    File.open(file, "w:UTF-8") { |f|
+      f.puts to_dot("name" => name.to_s.capitalize)
+    }
+  end
+
+  # This flag may be set to true to use the new YAML serialization
+  # format (where @vertices is a simple list of vertices rather than a
+  # list of VertexWrapper objects).  Deserialization supports both
+  # formats regardless of the setting of this flag.
+  class << self
+    attr_accessor :use_new_yaml_format
+  end
+  self.use_new_yaml_format = false
+
+  def initialize_from_hash(hash)
+    initialize
+    vertices = hash['vertices']
+    edges = hash['edges']
+    if vertices.is_a?(Hash)
+      # Support old (2.6) format
+      vertices = vertices.keys
+    end
+    vertices.each { |v| add_vertex(v) } unless vertices.nil?
+    edges.each { |e| add_edge(e) } unless edges.nil?
+  end
+
+  def to_data_hash
+    hash = { 'edges' => edges.map(&:to_data_hash) }
+    hash['vertices'] = if self.class.use_new_yaml_format
+      vertices
+    else
+      # Represented in YAML using the old (version 2.6) format.
+      result = {}
+      vertices.each do |vertex|
+        adjacencies = {}
+        [:in, :out].each do |direction|
+          direction_hash = {}
+          adjacencies[direction.to_s] = direction_hash
+          adjacent(vertex, :direction => direction, :type => :edges).each do |edge|
+            other_vertex = direction == :in ? edge.source : edge.target
+            (direction_hash[other_vertex.to_s] ||= []) << edge
+          end
+          direction_hash.each_pair { |key, edges| direction_hash[key] = edges.uniq.map(&:to_data_hash) }
+        end
+        vname = vertex.to_s
+        result[vname] = { 'adjacencies' => adjacencies, 'vertex' => vname }
+      end
+      result
+    end
+    hash
+  end
+
+  def multi_vertex_component?(component)
+    component.length > 1
+  end
+  private :multi_vertex_component?
+
+  def single_vertex_referring_to_self?(component)
+    if component.length == 1
+      vertex = component[0]
+      adjacent(vertex).include?(vertex)
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+  private :single_vertex_referring_to_self?
+end