bolognese 0.4.3 → 2.6.1

data/lib/bolognese/utils.rb

@@ -1,23 +1,634 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Bolognese
   module Utils
-    def normalize_orcid(orcid)
-      orcid = validate_orcid(orcid)
-      return nil unless orcid.present?
+    class << self
+      include Utils
+    end
 
-      # turn ORCID ID into URL
-      "http://orcid.org/" + Addressable::URI.encode(orcid)
+    NORMALIZED_LICENSES = {
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/1.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/1.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/2.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/2.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/2.5" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/2.5/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/3.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/3.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/4.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/4.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/1.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/1.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/1.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/1.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.5" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.5/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/1.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/1.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/",
+      "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0" => "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode",
+    }
+
+    DC_TO_SO_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Audiovisual" => "MediaObject",
+      "Book" => "Book",
+      "BookChapter" => "Chapter",
+      "Collection" => "Collection",
+      "ComputationalNotebook" => "SoftwareSourceCode",
+      "ConferencePaper" => "Article",
+      "ConferenceProceeding" => "Periodical",
+      "DataPaper" => "Article",
+      "Dataset" => "Dataset",
+      "Dissertation" => "Thesis",
+      "Event" => "Event",
+      "Image" => "ImageObject",
+      "InteractiveResource" => nil,
+      "Journal" => "Periodical",
+      "JournalArticle" => "ScholarlyArticle",
+      "Model" => nil,
+      "OutputManagementPlan" => nil,
+      "PeerReview" => "Review",
+      "PhysicalObject" => nil,
+      "Poster" => "Poster",
+      "Preprint" => nil,
+      "Presentation" => "PresentationDigitalDocument",
+      "Report" => "Report",
+      "Service" => "Service",
+      "Software" => "SoftwareSourceCode",
+      "Sound" => "AudioObject",
+      "Standard" => nil,
+      "Text" => "ScholarlyArticle",
+      "Workflow" => nil,
+      "Other" => "CreativeWork",
+      # not part of DataCite schema, but used internally
+      "Periodical" => "Periodical",
+      "DataCatalog" => "DataCatalog",
+      "Award" => "Grant",
+      "Project" => "Project"
+    }
+
+    DC_TO_CP_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Audiovisual" => "motion_picture",
+      "Book" => "book",
+      "BookChapter" => "chapter",
+      "Collection" => nil,
+      "ComputationalNotebook" => nil,
+      "ConferencePaper" => "paper_conference",
+      "ConferenceProceeding" => nil,
+      "DataPaper" => "report",
+      "Dataset" => "dataset",
+      "Dissertation" => nil,
+      "Event" => nil,
+      "Image" => "graphic",
+      "InteractiveResource" => nil,
+      "Journal" => nil,
+      "JournalArticle" => "article-journal",
+      "Model" => nil,
+      "OutputManagementPlan" => nil,
+      "PeerReview" => "review",
+      "PhysicalObject" => nil,
+      "Poster" => "document",
+      "Preprint" => nil,
+      "Presentation" => "presentation",
+      "Report" => "report",
+      "Service" => nil,
+      "Sound" => "song",
+      "Standard" => nil,
+      "Text" => "report",
+      "Workflow" => nil,
+      "Other" => nil
+    }
+
+    CR_TO_CP_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Proceedings" => nil,
+      "ReferenceBook" => nil,
+      "JournalIssue" => nil,
+      "ProceedingsArticle" => "paper-conference",
+      "Other" => nil,
+      "Dissertation" => "thesis",
+      "Dataset" => "dataset",
+      "EditedBook" => "book",
+      "JournalArticle" => "article-journal",
+      "Journal" => nil,
+      "Report" => "report",
+      "BookSeries" => nil,
+      "ReportSeries" => nil,
+      "BookTrack" => nil,
+      "Standard" => nil,
+      "BookSection" => "chapter",
+      "BookPart" => nil,
+      "Book" => "book",
+      "BookChapter" => "chapter",
+      "StandardSeries" => nil,
+      "Monograph" => "book",
+      "Component" => nil,
+      "ReferenceEntry" => "entry-dictionary",
+      "JournalVolume" => nil,
+      "BookSet" => nil
+    }
+
+    CR_TO_SO_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Proceedings" => nil,
+      "ReferenceBook" => "Book",
+      "JournalIssue" => "PublicationIssue",
+      "ProceedingsArticle" => nil,
+      "Other" => "CreativeWork",
+      "Dissertation" => "Thesis",
+      "Dataset" => "Dataset",
+      "EditedBook" => "Book",
+      "JournalArticle" => "ScholarlyArticle",
+      "Journal" => nil,
+      "Report" => "Report",
+      "BookSeries" => nil,
+      "ReportSeries" => nil,
+      "BookTrack" => nil,
+      "Standard" => nil,
+      "BookSection" => nil,
+      "BookPart" => nil,
+      "Book" => "Book",
+      "BookChapter" => "Chapter",
+      "StandardSeries" => nil,
+      "Monograph" => "Book",
+      "Component" => "CreativeWork",
+      "ReferenceEntry" => nil,
+      "JournalVolume" => "PublicationVolume",
+      "BookSet" => nil,
+      "PostedContent" => "ScholarlyArticle",
+      "PeerReview" => "Review"
+    }
+
+    CR_TO_BIB_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Proceedings" => "proceedings",
+      "ReferenceBook" => "book",
+      "JournalIssue" => nil,
+      "ProceedingsArticle" => nil,
+      "Other" => nil,
+      "Dissertation" => "phdthesis",
+      "Dataset" => nil,
+      "EditedBook" => "book",
+      "JournalArticle" => "article",
+      "Journal" => nil,
+      "Report" => "techreport",
+      "BookSeries" => nil,
+      "ReportSeries" => nil,
+      "BookTrack" => nil,
+      "Standard" => nil,
+      "BookSection" => "inbook",
+      "BookPart" => nil,
+      "Book" => "book",
+      "BookChapter" => "inbook",
+      "StandardSeries" => nil,
+      "Monograph" => "book",
+      "Component" => nil,
+      "ReferenceEntry" => nil,
+      "JournalVolume" => nil,
+      "BookSet" => nil,
+      "PostedContent" => "article"
+    }
+
+    BIB_TO_CR_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "proceedings" => "Proceedings",
+      "phdthesis" => "Dissertation",
+      "article" => "JournalArticle",
+      "book" => "Book",
+      "inbook" => "BookChapter"
+    }
+
+    CR_TO_JATS_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Proceedings" => "working-paper",
+      "ReferenceBook" => "book",
+      "JournalIssue" => "journal",
+      "ProceedingsArticle" => "working-paper",
+      "Other" => nil,
+      "Dissertation" => nil,
+      "Dataset" => "data",
+      "EditedBook" => "book",
+      "JournalArticle" => "journal",
+      "Journal" => "journal",
+      "Report" => "report",
+      "BookSeries" => "book",
+      "ReportSeries" => "report",
+      "BookTrack" => "book",
+      "Standard" => "standard",
+      "BookSection" => "chapter",
+      "BookPart" => "chapter",
+      "Book" => "book",
+      "BookChapter" => "chapter",
+      "StandardSeries" => "standard",
+      "Monograph" => "book",
+      "Component" => nil,
+      "ReferenceEntry" => nil,
+      "JournalVolume" => "journal",
+      "BookSet" => "book"
+    }
+
+    CR_TO_DC_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Proceedings" => nil,
+      "ReferenceBook" => nil,
+      "JournalIssue" => "Text",
+      "ProceedingsArticle" => "ConferencePaper",
+      "Other" => "Other",
+      "Dissertation" => "Dissertation",
+      "Dataset" => "Dataset",
+      "EditedBook" => "Book",
+      "JournalArticle" => "JournalArticle",
+      "Journal" => "Journal",
+      "Report" => "Report",
+      "BookSeries" => nil,
+      "ReportSeries" => nil,
+      "BookTrack" => nil,
+      "Standard" => "Standard",
+      "BookSection" => "BookChapter",
+      "BookPart" => nil,
+      "Book" => "Book",
+      "BookChapter" => "BookChapter",
+      "SaComponent" => "Text",
+      "StandardSeries" => "Standard",
+      "Monograph" => "book",
+      "Component" => nil,
+      "ReferenceEntry" => nil,
+      "JournalVolume" => nil,
+      "BookSet" => nil,
+      "PostedContent" => "JournalArticle",
+      "PeerReview" => "PeerReview"
+    }
+
+    SO_TO_DC_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Article" => "Text",
+      "AudioObject" => "Sound",
+      "Blog" => "Text",
+      "BlogPosting" => "Text",
+      "Book" => "Book",
+      "Chapter" => "BookChapter",
+      "Collection" => "Collection",
+      "DataCatalog" => "Dataset",
+      "Dataset" => "Dataset",
+      "Event" => "Event",
+      "ImageObject" => "Image",
+      "Movie" => "Audiovisual",
+      "Poster" => "Poster",
+      "PresentationDigitalDocument" => "Presentation",
+      "PublicationIssue" => "Text",
+      "Report" => "Report",
+      "ScholarlyArticle" => "Text",
+      "Thesis" => "Text",
+      "Service" => "Service",
+      "Review" => "PeerReview",
+      "SoftwareSourceCode" => "Software",
+      "VideoObject" => "Audiovisual",
+      "WebPage" => "Text",
+      "WebSite" => "Text"
+    }
+
+    SO_TO_JATS_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Article" => "journal",
+      "AudioObject" => nil,
+      "Blog" => nil,
+      "BlogPosting" => nil,
+      "Book" => "book",
+      "Collection" => nil,
+      "CreativeWork" => nil,
+      "DataCatalog" => "data",
+      "Dataset" => "data",
+      "Event" => nil,
+      "ImageObject" => nil,
+      "Movie" => nil,
+      "PublicationIssue" => "journal",
+      "ScholarlyArticle" => "journal",
+      "Service" => nil,
+      "SoftwareSourceCode" => "software",
+      "VideoObject" => nil,
+      "WebPage" => nil,
+      "WebSite" => "website"
+    }
+
+    SO_TO_CP_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Article" => "",
+      "AudioObject" => "song",
+      "Blog" => "report",
+      "BlogPosting" => "post-weblog",
+      "Collection" => nil,
+      "CreativeWork" => nil,
+      "DataCatalog" => "dataset",
+      "Dataset" => "dataset",
+      "Event" => nil,
+      "ImageObject" => "graphic",
+      "Movie" => "motion_picture",
+      "Poster" => "document",
+      "PresentationDigitalDocument" => "presentation",
+      "PublicationIssue" => nil,
+      "Report" => "report",
+      "ScholarlyArticle" => "article-journal",
+      "Service" => nil,
+      "Thesis" => "thesis",
+      "VideoObject" => "broadcast",
+      "WebPage" => "webpage",
+      "WebSite" => "webpage"
+    }
+
+    SO_TO_RIS_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Article" => nil,
+      "AudioObject" => nil,
+      "Blog" => nil,
+      "BlogPosting" => "BLOG",
+      "Collection" => nil,
+      "CreativeWork" => "GEN",
+      "DataCatalog" => "CTLG",
+      "Dataset" => "DATA",
+      "Event" => nil,
+      "ImageObject" => "FIGURE",
+      "Movie" => "MPCT",
+      "Poster" => "GEN",
+      "PresentationDigitalDocument" => "SLIDE",
+      "PublicationIssue" => nil,
+      "Report" => "RPRT",
+      "ScholarlyArticle" => "JOUR",
+      "Service" => nil,
+      "SoftwareSourceCode" => "COMP",
+      "VideoObject" => "VIDEO",
+      "WebPage" => "ELEC",
+      "WebSite" => nil
+    }
+
+    CR_TO_RIS_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Proceedings" => "CONF",
+      "ReferenceBook" => "BOOK",
+      "JournalIssue" => nil,
+      "ProceedingsArticle" => "CPAPER",
+      "Other" => "GEN",
+      "Dissertation" => "THES",
+      "Dataset" => "DATA",
+      "EditedBook" => "BOOK",
+      "JournalArticle" => "JOUR",
+      "Journal" => nil,
+      "Report" => "RPRT",
+      "BookSeries" => nil,
+      "ReportSeries" => nil,
+      "BookTrack" => nil,
+      "Standard" => "STAND",
+      "BookSection" => "CHAP",
+      "BookPart" => "CHAP",
+      "Book" => "BOOK",
+      "BookChapter" => "CHAP",
+      "StandardSeries" => nil,
+      "Monograph" => "BOOK",
+      "Component" => nil,
+      "ReferenceEntry" => "DICT",
+      "JournalVolume" => nil,
+      "BookSet" => nil
+    }
+
+    DC_TO_RIS_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Audiovisual" => "MPCT",
+      "Book" => "BOOK",
+      "BookChapter" => "CHAP",
+      "Collection" => nil,
+      "ComputationalNotebook" => "COMP",
+      "ConferencePaper" => "CPAPER",
+      "ConferenceProceeding" => "CONF",
+      "DataPaper" => nil,
+      "Dataset" => "DATA",
+      "Dissertation" => "THES",
+      "Event" => nil,
+      "Image" => "FIGURE",
+      "InteractiveResource" => nil,
+      "Journal" => nil,
+      "JournalArticle" => "JOUR",
+      "Model" => nil,
+      "OutputManagementPlan" => nil,
+      "PeerReview" => nil,
+      "PhysicalObject" => nil,
+      "Poster" => "GEN",
+      "Preprint" => nil,
+      "Presentation" => "SLIDE",
+      "Report" => "RRPT",
+      "Service" => nil,
+      "Software" => "COMP",
+      "Sound" => "SOUND",
+      "Standard" => nil,
+      "Text" => "RPRT",
+      "Workflow" => nil,
+      "Other" => nil
+    }
+
+    RIS_TO_DC_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "BLOG" => "Text",
+      "GEN" => "Poster",
+      "CTLG" => "Collection",
+      "DATA" => "Dataset",
+      "FIGURE" => "Image",
+      "THES" => "Dissertation",
+      "MPCT" => "Audiovisual",
+      "JOUR" => "JournalArticle",
+      "COMP" => "Software",
+      "VIDEO" => "Audiovisual",
+      "ELEC" => "Text",
+      "SLIDE" => "Presentation"
+    }
+
+    BIB_TO_DC_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "article" => "JournalArticle",
+      "book" => "Book",
+      "inbook" => "BookChapter",
+      "inproceedings" => nil,
+      "manual" => nil,
+      "misc" => "Other",
+      "phdthesis" => "Dissertation",
+      "proceedings" => "ConferenceProceeding",
+      "techreport" => "Report",
+      "unpublished" => nil
+    }
+
+    CP_TO_DC_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "song" => "Audiovisual",
+      "post-weblog" => "Text",
+      "dataset" => "Dataset",
+      "graphic" => "Image",
+      "motion_picture" => "Audiovisual",
+      "article-journal" => "JournalArticle",
+      "broadcast" => "Audiovisual",
+      "webpage" => "Text",
+      "document" => "Poster",
+      "presentation" => "Presentation"
+    }
+
+    SO_TO_BIB_TRANSLATIONS = {
+      "Article" => "article",
+      "AudioObject" => "misc",
+      "Thesis" => "phdthesis",
+      "Blog" => "misc",
+      "BlogPosting" => "article",
+      "Collection" => "misc",
+      "CreativeWork" => "misc",
+      "DataCatalog" => "misc",
+      "Dataset" => "misc",
+      "Event" => "misc",
+      "ImageObject" => "misc",
+      "Movie" => "misc",
+      "Poster" => "misc",
+      "PresentationDigitalDocument" => "misc",
+      "PublicationIssue" => "misc",
+      "ScholarlyArticle" => "article",
+      "Service" => "misc",
+      "SoftwareSourceCode" => "misc",
+      "VideoObject" => "misc",
+      "WebPage" => "misc",
+      "WebSite" => "misc"
+    }
+
+    UNKNOWN_INFORMATION = {
+      ":unac" => "temporarily inaccessible",
+      ":unal" => "unallowed, suppressed intentionally",
+      ":unap" => "not applicable, makes no sense",
+      ":unas" => "value unassigned (e.g., Untitled)",
+      ":unav" => "value unavailable, possibly unknown",
+      ":unkn" => "known to be unknown (e.g., Anonymous, Inconnue)",
+      ":none" => "never had a value, never will",
+      ":null" => "explicitly and meaningfully empty",
+      ":tba" => "to be assigned or announced later",
+      ":etal" => "too numerous to list (et alia)"
+    }
+
+    RESOURCE_PATHS = {
+      spdx: 'spdx/licenses.json',
+      fos: 'oecd/fos-mappings.json',
+      for: 'oecd/for-mappings.json',
+      dfg: 'oecd/dfg-mappings.json'
+    }
+
+    def resources_dir_path
+      File.expand_path('../../../resources', __FILE__) + '/'
+    end
+
+    def resource_file( extra_path )
+      File.read(resources_dir_path + extra_path)
+    end
+
+    def resource_json( resource_symbol )
+      if RESOURCE_PATHS.keys().include?(resource_symbol)
+        JSON.load(resource_file(RESOURCE_PATHS[resource_symbol]))
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    def find_from_format(id: nil, string: nil, ext: nil, filename: nil)
+      if id.present?
+        find_from_format_by_id(id)
+      elsif ext.present?
+        find_from_format_by_filename(filename) || find_from_format_by_ext(string, ext: ext)
+      elsif string.present?
+        find_from_format_by_string(string)
+      else
+        "datacite"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def find_from_format_by_id(id)
+      id = normalize_id(id)
+
+      if /\A(?:(http|https):\/(\/)?(dx\.)?(doi.org|handle.stage.datacite.org)\/)?(doi:)?(10\.\d{4,5}\/.+)\z/.match(id)
+        ra = get_doi_ra(id)
+        %w(DataCite Crossref mEDRA KISTI JaLC OP).include?(ra) ? ra.downcase : nil
+      elsif /\A(?:(http|https):\/(\/)?orcid\.org\/)?(\d{4}-\d{4}-\d{4}-\d{3}[0-9X]+)\z/.match(id)
+        "orcid"
+      elsif /\A(http|https):\/(\/)?github\.com\/(.+)\/package.json\z/.match(id)
+        "npm"
+      elsif /\A(http|https):\/(\/)?github\.com\/(.+)\z/.match(id)
+        "codemeta"
+      else
+        "schema_org"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def find_from_format_by_filename(filename)
+      if filename == "package.json"
+        "npm"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def find_from_format_by_ext(string, options={})
+      if options[:ext] == ".bib"
+        "bibtex"
+      elsif options[:ext] == ".ris"
+        "ris"
+      elsif options[:ext] == ".xml" && Maremma.from_xml(string).to_h.dig("crossref_result", "query_result", "body", "query", "doi_record", "crossref")
+        "crossref"
+      elsif options[:ext] == ".xml" && Nokogiri::XML(string, nil, 'UTF-8', &:noblanks).collect_namespaces.find { |k, v| v.start_with?("http://datacite.org/schema/kernel") }
+        "datacite"
+      elsif options[:ext] == ".json" && Maremma.from_json(string).to_h.dig("@context").to_s.start_with?("http://schema.org", "https://schema.org")
+        "schema_org"
+      elsif options[:ext] == ".json" && Maremma.from_json(string).to_h.dig("@context") == ("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/codemeta/codemeta/master/codemeta.jsonld")
+        "codemeta"
+      elsif options[:ext] == ".json" && Maremma.from_json(string).to_h.dig("schemaVersion").to_s.start_with?("http://datacite.org/schema/kernel")
+        "datacite_json"
+      elsif options[:ext] == ".json" && Maremma.from_json(string).to_h.dig("types") && Maremma.from_json(string).to_h.dig("publication_year").present?
+        "crosscite"
+      elsif options[:ext] == ".json" && Maremma.from_json(string).to_h.dig("issued", "date-parts").present?
+        "citeproc"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def find_from_format_by_string(string)
+      if Maremma.from_xml(string).to_h.dig("crossref_result", "query_result", "body", "query", "doi_record", "crossref").present?
+        "crossref"
+      elsif Nokogiri::XML(string, nil, 'UTF-8', &:noblanks).collect_namespaces.find { |k, v| v.start_with?("http://datacite.org/schema/kernel") }
+        "datacite"
+      elsif Maremma.from_json(string).to_h.dig("@context").to_s.start_with?("http://schema.org", "https://schema.org")
+        "schema_org"
+      elsif Maremma.from_json(string).to_h.dig("@context") == ("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/codemeta/codemeta/master/codemeta.jsonld")
+        "codemeta"
+      elsif Maremma.from_json(string).to_h.dig("schema-version").to_s.start_with?("http://datacite.org/schema/kernel")
+        "datacite_json"
+      elsif Maremma.from_json(string).to_h.dig("types").present? && Maremma.from_json(string).to_h.dig("publication_year").present?
+        "crosscite"
+      elsif Maremma.from_json(string).to_h.dig("issued", "date-parts").present?
+        "citeproc"
+      elsif string.start_with?("TY  - ")
+        "ris"
+      elsif BibTeX.parse(string).first
+        "bibtex"
+      end
+    rescue BibTeX::ParseError => error
+      nil
     end
 
     def orcid_from_url(url)
-      Array(/\Ahttp:\/\/orcid\.org\/(.+)/.match(url)).last
+      Array(/\A:(http|https):\/\/orcid\.org\/(.+)/.match(url)).last
     end
 
     def orcid_as_url(orcid)
-      "http://orcid.org/#{orcid}" if orcid.present?
+      "https://orcid.org/#{orcid}" if orcid.present?
     end
 
     def validate_orcid(orcid)
-      Array(/\A(?:http:\/\/orcid\.org\/)?(\d{4}-\d{4}-\d{4}-\d{3}[0-9X]+)\z/.match(orcid)).last
+      orcid = Array(/\A(?:(?:http|https):\/\/(?:(?:www|sandbox)?\.)?orcid\.org\/)?(\d{4}[[:space:]-]\d{4}[[:space:]-]\d{4}[[:space:]-]\d{3}[0-9X]+)\/{0,1}\z/.match(orcid)).last
+      orcid.gsub(/[[:space:]]/, "-") if orcid.present?
+    end
+
+    def validate_ror(ror)
+      Array(/^(?:(?:(?:http|https):\/\/)?ror\.org\/)?(0\w{6}\d{2})\/{0,1}$/.match(ror)).last
+    end
+
+    def validate_orcid_scheme(orcid_scheme)
+      Array(/\A(http|https):\/\/(www\.)?(orcid\.org)/.match(orcid_scheme)).last
     end
 
     def validate_url(str)
@@ -25,41 +636,868 @@ module Bolognese
         "DOI"
       elsif /\A(http|https):\/\//.match(str)
         "URL"
+      elsif /\A(ISSN|eISSN) (\d{4}-\d{3}[0-9X]+)\z/.match(str)
+        "ISSN"
       end
     end
 
-    def parse_attributes(element)
-      if element.is_a?(String)
-        element
+    def parse_attributes(element, options={})
+      content = options[:content] || "__content__"
+
+      if element.is_a?(String) && options[:content].nil?
+        CGI.unescapeHTML(element)
       elsif element.is_a?(Hash)
-        element.fetch("text", nil)
+        element.fetch( CGI.unescapeHTML(content), nil)
       elsif element.is_a?(Array)
-        element.map { |e| e.fetch("text", nil) }
+        a = element.map { |e| e.is_a?(Hash) ? e.fetch(CGI.unescapeHTML(content), nil) : e }.uniq
+        a = options[:first] ? a.first : a.unwrap
       else
         nil
       end
     end
 
-    def parse_attribute(element)
-      if element.is_a?(String)
-        element
-      elsif element.is_a?(Hash)
-        element.fetch("text", nil)
-      elsif element.is_a?(Array)
-        element.first.fetch("text", nil)
+    def normalize_id(id, options={})
+      return nil unless id.present?
+
+      # check for valid DOI
+      doi = DoiUtils::normalize_doi(id, options)
+      return doi if doi.present?
+
+      # check for valid HTTP uri
+      uri = Addressable::URI.parse(id)
+      return nil unless uri && uri.host && %w(http https).include?(uri.scheme)
+
+      # clean up URL
+      normalize_uri_with_path_cleanup(uri)
+    rescue Addressable::URI::InvalidURIError
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def normalize_url(id, options={})
+      return nil unless id.present?
+
+      # handle info URIs
+      return id if id.to_s.start_with?("info")
+
+      # check for valid HTTP uri
+      uri = Addressable::URI.parse(id)
+
+      return nil unless uri && uri.host && %w(http https ftp).include?(uri.scheme)
+
+      # optionally turn into https URL
+      uri.scheme = "https" if options[:https]
+
+      # clean up URL
+      normalize_uri_with_path_cleanup(uri)
+    rescue Addressable::URI::InvalidURIError
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def normalize_cc_url(id)
+      id = normalize_url(id, https: true)
+      NORMALIZED_LICENSES.fetch(id, id)
+    end
+
+    def normalize_orcid(orcid)
+      orcid = validate_orcid(orcid)
+      return nil unless orcid.present?
+
+      # turn ORCID ID into URL
+      "https://orcid.org/" + Addressable::URI.encode(orcid)
+    end
+
+    def normalize_ror(ror)
+      ror = validate_ror(ror)
+      return nil unless ror.present?
+
+      # turn ROR into URL
+      "https://ror.org/" + Addressable::URI.encode(ror)
+    end
+
+    def normalize_ids(ids: nil, relation_type: nil)
+      Array.wrap(ids).select { |idx| idx["@id"].present? }.map do |idx|
+        id = normalize_id(idx["@id"])
+        related_identifier_type = DoiUtils::doi_from_url(id).present? ? "DOI" : "URL"
+        id = DoiUtils::doi_from_url(id) || id
+
+        { "relatedIdentifier" => id,
+          "relationType" => relation_type,
+          "relatedIdentifierType" => related_identifier_type,
+          "resourceTypeGeneral" => Metadata::SO_TO_DC_TRANSLATIONS[idx["@type"]] }.compact
+      end.unwrap
+    end
+
+    # pick electronic issn if there are multiple
+    # format issn as xxxx-xxxx
+    def normalize_issn(input, options={})
+      content = options[:content] || "__content__"
+
+      issn = if input.blank?
+        nil
+      elsif input.is_a?(String) && options[:content].nil?
+        input
+      elsif input.is_a?(Hash)
+        input.fetch(content, nil)
+      elsif input.is_a?(Array)
+        a = input.find { |a| a["media_type"] == "electronic" } || input.first
+        a.fetch(content, nil)
+      end
+
+      case issn.to_s.length
+      when 9
+        issn
+      when 8
+        issn[0..3] + "-" + issn[4..7]
+      else
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    # find Creative Commons or OSI license in licenses array, normalize url and name
+    def normalize_licenses(licenses)
+      standard_licenses = Array.wrap(licenses).map { |l| URI.parse(l["url"]) }.select { |li| li.host && li.host[/(creativecommons.org|opensource.org)$/] }
+      return licenses unless standard_licenses.present?
+
+      # use HTTPS
+      uri.scheme = "https"
+
+      # use host name without subdomain
+      uri.host = Array(/(creativecommons.org|opensource.org)/.match uri.host).last
+
+      # normalize URLs
+      if uri.host == "creativecommons.org"
+        uri.path = uri.path.split('/')[0..-2].join("/") if uri.path.split('/').last == "legalcode"
+        uri.path << '/' unless uri.path.end_with?('/')
+      else
+        uri.path = uri.path.gsub(/(-license|\.php|\.html)/, '')
+        uri.path = uri.path.sub(/(mit|afl|apl|osl|gpl|ecl)/) { |match| match.upcase }
+        uri.path = uri.path.sub(/(artistic|apache)/) { |match| match.titleize }
+        uri.path = uri.path.sub(/([^0-9\-]+)(-)?([1-9])?(\.)?([0-9])?$/) do
+          m = Regexp.last_match
+          text = m[1]
+
+          if m[3].present?
+            version = [m[3], m[5].presence || "0"].join(".")
+            [text, version].join("-")
+          else
+            text
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      uri.to_s
+    rescue URI::InvalidURIError
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def normalize_publisher(publisher)
+      if publisher.respond_to?(:to_hash)
+        publisher
+      elsif publisher.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        { "name" => publisher }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_datacite_json(element, options={})
+      a = Array.wrap(element).map do |e|
+        e.inject({}) {|h, (k,v)| h[k.dasherize] = v; h }
+      end
+      options[:first] ? a.unwrap : a.presence
+    end
+
+    def from_datacite_json(element)
+      Array.wrap(element).map do |e|
+        e.inject({}) {|h, (k,v)| h[k.underscore] = v; h }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_schema_org(element)
+      mapping = { "type" => "@type", "id" => "@id", "title" => "name" }
+
+      map_hash_keys(element: element, mapping: mapping)
+    end
+
+    def to_schema_org_creators(element)
+      element = Array.wrap(element).map do |c|
+        c["affiliation"] = Array.wrap(c["affiliation"]).map do |a|
+          if a.is_a?(String)
+            name = a
+            affiliation_identifier = nil
+          else
+            name = a["name"]
+            affiliation_identifier = a["affiliationIdentifier"]
+          end
+
+          {
+            "@type" => "Organization",
+            "@id" => affiliation_identifier,
+            "name" => name }.compact
+        end.unwrap
+        c["@type"] = c["nameType"].present? ? c["nameType"][0..-3] : nil
+        c["@id"] = Array.wrap(c["nameIdentifiers"]).first.to_h.fetch("nameIdentifier", nil)
+        c["name"] = c["familyName"].present? ? [c["givenName"], c["familyName"]].join(" ") : c["name"]
+        c.except("nameIdentifiers", "nameType").compact
+      end.unwrap
+    end
+
+    def to_schema_org_contributors(element)
+      element = Array.wrap(element).map do |c|
+        transformed_c = c.dup
+        transformed_c["affiliation"] = Array.wrap(c["affiliation"]).map do |a|
+          if a.is_a?(String)
+            name = a
+            affiliation_identifier = nil
+          else
+            name = a["name"]
+            affiliation_identifier = a["affiliationIdentifier"]
+          end
+
+          {
+            "@type" => "Organization",
+            "@id" => affiliation_identifier,
+            "name" => name }.compact
+        end.unwrap
+        transformed_c["@type"] = c["nameType"].present? ? c["nameType"][0..-3] : nil
+        transformed_c["@id"] = Array.wrap(c["nameIdentifiers"]).first.to_h.fetch("nameIdentifier", nil)
+        transformed_c["name"] = c["familyName"].present? ? [c["givenName"], c["familyName"]].join(" ") : c["name"]
+        transformed_c.except("nameIdentifiers", "nameType").compact
+      end.unwrap
+    end
+
+    def to_schema_org_container(element, options={})
+      return nil unless (element.is_a?(Hash) || (element.nil? && options[:container_title].present?))
+
+      {
+        "@id" => element["identifier"],
+        "@type" => (options[:type] == "Dataset") ? "DataCatalog" : "Periodical",
+        "name" => element["title"] || options[:container_title] }.compact
+    end
+
+    def to_schema_org_identifiers(element, options={})
+      Array.wrap(element).map do |ai|
+        {
+          "@type" => "PropertyValue",
+          "propertyID" => ai["identifierType"],
+          "value" => ai["identifier"] }
+      end.unwrap
+    end
+
+    def to_schema_org_relation(related_identifiers: nil, relation_type: nil)
+      return nil unless related_identifiers.present? && relation_type.present?
+
+      relation_type = relation_type == "References" ? ["References", "Cites", "Documents"] : [relation_type]
+
+      Array.wrap(related_identifiers).select { |ri| relation_type.include?(ri["relationType"]) }.map do |r|
+        if r["relatedIdentifierType"] == "ISSN" && r["relationType"] == "IsPartOf"
+          {
+            "@type" => "Periodical",
+            "issn" => r["relatedIdentifier"] }.compact
+        else
+        {
+          "@id" => normalize_id(r["relatedIdentifier"]),
+          "@type" => DC_TO_SO_TRANSLATIONS[r["resourceTypeGeneral"]] || "CreativeWork" }.compact
+        end
+      end.unwrap
+    end
+
+    def to_schema_org_funder(funding_references)
+      return nil unless funding_references.present?
+
+      Array.wrap(funding_references).map do |fr|
+        {
+          "@id" => fr["funderIdentifier"],
+          "@type" => "Organization",
+          "name" => fr["funderName"] }.compact
+      end.unwrap
+    end
+
+    def to_schema_org_spatial_coverage(geo_location)
+      return nil unless geo_location.present?
+
+      Array.wrap(geo_location).reduce([]) do |sum, gl|
+        if gl.fetch("geoLocationPoint", nil)
+          sum << {
+            "@type" => "Place",
+            "geo" => {
+              "@type" => "GeoCoordinates",
+              "address" => gl["geoLocationPlace"],
+              "latitude" => gl.dig("geoLocationPoint", "pointLatitude"),
+              "longitude" => gl.dig("geoLocationPoint", "pointLongitude") }
+          }.compact
+        end
+
+        if gl.fetch("geoLocationBox", nil)
+          sum << {
+            "@type" => "Place",
+            "geo" => {
+              "@type" => "GeoShape",
+              "address" => gl["geoLocationPlace"],
+              "box" => [gl.dig("geoLocationBox", "southBoundLatitude"),
+                        gl.dig("geoLocationBox", "westBoundLongitude"),
+                        gl.dig("geoLocationBox", "northBoundLatitude"),
+                        gl.dig("geoLocationBox", "eastBoundLongitude")].compact.join(" ").presence }.compact
+          }.compact
+        end
+
+        if gl.fetch("geoLocationPolygon", nil)
+          sum << {
+            "@type" => "Place",
+            "geo" => {
+              "@type" => "GeoShape",
+              "address" => gl["geoLocationPlace"],
+              "polygon" => Array.wrap(gl.dig("geoLocationPolygon")).map do |glp|
+                Array.wrap(glp).map do |glpp|
+                  if glpp.dig("polygonPoint")
+                    [glpp.dig("polygonPoint", "pointLongitude"), glpp.dig("polygonPoint", "pointLatitude")].compact
+                  end
+                end.compact.presence
+              end.compact.presence,
+              }
+          }
+        end
+
+        if gl.fetch("geoLocationPlace", nil) && !gl.fetch("geoLocationPoint", nil) && !gl.fetch("geoLocationBox", nil) && !gl.fetch("geoLocationPolygon", nil)
+          sum << {
+            "@type" => "Place",
+            "geo" => {
+              "@type" => "GeoCoordinates",
+              "address" => gl["geoLocationPlace"] }
+          }.compact
+        end
+
+        sum
+      end.unwrap
+    end
+
+    def from_schema_org(element)
+      mapping = { "@type" => "type", "@id" => "id" }
+
+      map_hash_keys(element: element, mapping: mapping)
+    end
+
+    def from_schema_org_creators(element)
+      element = Array.wrap(element).map do |c|
+        if c["affiliation"].is_a?(String)
+          c["affiliation"] = { "name" => c["affiliation"] }
+          affiliation_identifier_scheme = nil
+          scheme_uri = nil
+        elsif c.dig("affiliation", "@id").to_s.starts_with?("https://ror.org")
+          affiliation_identifier_scheme = "ROR"
+          scheme_uri = "https://ror.org/"
+        elsif c.dig("affiliation", "@id").to_s.starts_with?("https://isni.org")
+          affiliation_identifier_scheme = "ISNI"
+          scheme_uri = "https://isni.org/isni/"
+        else
+          affiliation_identifier_scheme = nil
+          scheme_uri = nil
+        end
+
+        c["nameIdentifier"] = [{ "__content__" => c["@id"], "nameIdentifierScheme" => "ORCID", "schemeUri" => "https://orcid.org" }] if normalize_orcid(c["@id"])
+        c["@type"] = c["@type"].find { |t| %w(Person Organization).include?(t) } if c["@type"].is_a?(Array)
+        c["creatorName"] = { "nameType" => c["@type"].present? ? c["@type"].titleize + "al" : nil, "__content__" => c["name"] }.compact
+        c["affiliation"] = { "__content__" => c.dig("affiliation", "name"), "affiliationIdentifier" => c.dig("affiliation", "@id"), "affiliationIdentifierScheme" => affiliation_identifier_scheme, "schemeUri" => scheme_uri }.compact.presence
+        c.except("@id", "@type", "name").compact
+      end
+    end
+
+    def from_schema_org_contributors(element)
+      element = Array.wrap(element).map do |c|
+        if c["affiliation"].is_a?(String)
+          c["affiliation"] = { "name" => c["affiliation"] }
+          affiliation_identifier_scheme = nil
+          scheme_uri = nil
+        elsif c.dig("affiliation", "@id").to_s.starts_with?("https://ror.org")
+          affiliation_identifier_scheme = "ROR"
+          scheme_uri = "https://ror.org/"
+        elsif c.dig("affiliation", "@id").to_s.starts_with?("https://isni.org")
+          affiliation_identifier_scheme = "ISNI"
+          scheme_uri = "https://isni.org/isni/"
+        else
+          affiliation_identifier_scheme = nil
+          scheme_uri = nil
+        end
+
+        c["nameIdentifier"] = [{ "__content__" => c["@id"], "nameIdentifierScheme" => "ORCID", "schemeUri" => "https://orcid.org" }] if normalize_orcid(c["@id"])
+        c["contributorName"] = { "nameType" => c["@type"].present? ? c["@type"].titleize + "al" : nil, "__content__" => c["name"] }.compact
+        c["affiliation"] = { "__content__" => c.dig("affiliation", "name"), "affiliationIdentifier" => c.dig("affiliation", "@id"), "affiliationIdentifierScheme" => affiliation_identifier_scheme, "schemeUri" => scheme_uri }.compact.presence
+        c.except("@id", "@type", "name").compact
+      end
+    end
+
+    def map_hash_keys(element: nil, mapping: nil)
+      Array.wrap(element).map do |a|
+        a.map {|k, v| [mapping.fetch(k, k), v] }.reduce({}) do |hsh, (k, v)|
+          if v.is_a?(Hash)
+            hsh[k] = to_schema_org(v)
+            hsh
+          else
+            hsh[k] = v
+            hsh
+          end
+        end
+      end.unwrap
+    end
+
+    def to_identifier(identifier)
+      {
+        "@type" => "PropertyValue",
+        "propertyID" => identifier["relatedIdentifierType"],
+        "value" => identifier["relatedIdentifier"] }
+    end
+
+    def from_citeproc(element)
+      Array.wrap(element).map do |a|
+        if a["literal"].present?
+          a["@type"] = "Organization"
+          a["creatorName"] = a["literal"]
+        else
+          a["@type"] = "Person"
+          a["name"] = [a["given"], a["family"]].compact.join(" ")
+        end
+        a["givenName"] = a["given"]
+        a["familyName"] = a["family"]
+        a.except("given", "family", "literal").compact
+      end.unwrap
+    end
+
+    def to_citeproc(element)
+      Array.wrap(element).map do |a|
+        a["family"] = a["familyName"]
+        a["given"] = a["givenName"]
+        a["literal"] = a["name"] unless a["familyName"].present?
+        a.except("nameType", "type", "@type", "id", "@id", "name", "familyName", "givenName", "affiliation", "nameIdentifiers", "contributorType").compact
+      end.presence
+    end
+
+    def to_ris(element)
+      Array.wrap(element).map do |a|
+        if a["familyName"].present?
+          [a["familyName"], a["givenName"]].join(", ")
+        else
+          a["name"]
+        end
+      end.unwrap
+    end
+
+    def sanitize(text, options={})
+      options[:tags] ||= Set.new(%w(strong em b i code pre sub sup br))
+      content = options[:content] || "__content__"
+      custom_scrubber = Bolognese::WhitelistScrubber.new(options)
+
+      if text.is_a?(String)
+        if options[:new_line]
+          # Remove multiple spaces, tabs, and other whitespace characters while preserving single spaces and new lines
+          Loofah.scrub_fragment(text, custom_scrubber).to_s.gsub(/[ \t]+/, ' ').strip
+        else
+          Loofah.scrub_fragment(text, custom_scrubber).to_s.squish
+        end
+      elsif text.is_a?(Hash)
+        sanitize(text.fetch(content, nil), new_line: options[:new_line])
+      elsif text.is_a?(Array)
+        a = text.map { |e| e.is_a?(Hash) ? sanitize(e.fetch(content, nil), new_line: options[:new_line]) : sanitize(e, new_line: options[:new_line]) }.uniq
+        a = options[:first] ? a.first : a.unwrap
       else
         nil
       end
     end
 
-    def normalize_url(url)
-      return nil unless url.present?
+    def github_from_url(url)
+      return {} unless /\Ahttps:\/\/github\.com\/(.+)(?:\/)?(.+)?(?:\/tree\/)?(.*)\z/.match(url)
+      words = URI.parse(url).path[1..-1].split('/')
+      path = words.length > 3 ? words[4...words.length].join("/") : nil
+
+      { owner: words[0],
+        repo: words[1],
+        release: words[3],
+        path: path }.compact
+    end
+
+    def github_repo_from_url(url)
+      github_from_url(url).fetch(:repo, nil)
+    end
+
+    def github_release_from_url(url)
+      github_from_url(url).fetch(:release, nil)
+    end
+
+    def github_owner_from_url(url)
+      github_from_url(url).fetch(:owner, nil)
+    end
+
+    def github_as_owner_url(url)
+      github_hash = github_from_url(url)
+      "https://github.com/#{github_hash[:owner]}" if github_hash[:owner].present?
+    end
+
+    def github_as_repo_url(url)
+      github_hash = github_from_url(url)
+      "https://github.com/#{github_hash[:owner]}/#{github_hash[:repo]}" if github_hash[:repo].present?
+    end
+
+    def github_as_release_url(url)
+      github_hash = github_from_url(url)
+      "https://github.com/#{github_hash[:owner]}/#{github_hash[:repo]}/tree/#{github_hash[:release]}" if github_hash[:release].present?
+    end
+
+    def github_as_codemeta_url(url)
+      github_hash = github_from_url(url)
+
+      if github_hash[:path].to_s.end_with?("codemeta.json")
+        "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/#{github_hash[:owner]}/#{github_hash[:repo]}/#{github_hash[:release]}/#{github_hash[:path]}"
+      elsif github_hash[:owner].present?
+        "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/#{github_hash[:owner]}/#{github_hash[:repo]}/master/codemeta.json"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def get_date_parts(iso8601_time)
+      return { 'date-parts' => [[]] } if iso8601_time.nil?
+
+      year = iso8601_time[0..3].to_i
+      month = iso8601_time[5..6].to_i
+      day = iso8601_time[8..9].to_i
+      { 'date-parts' => [[year, month, day].reject { |part| part == 0 }] }
+    rescue TypeError
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def get_date_from_date_parts(date_as_parts)
+      date_parts = date_as_parts.fetch("date-parts", []).first
+      year, month, day = date_parts[0], date_parts[1], date_parts[2]
+      get_date_from_parts(year, month, day)
+    end
+
+    def get_date_from_parts(year, month = nil, day = nil)
+      [year.to_s.rjust(4, '0'), month.to_s.rjust(2, '0'), day.to_s.rjust(2, '0')].reject { |part| part == "00" }.join("-")
+    end
+
+    def get_date_parts_from_parts(year, month = nil, day = nil)
+      { 'date-parts' => [[year.to_i, month.to_i, day.to_i].reject { |part| part == 0 }] }
+    end
+
+    def get_iso8601_date(iso8601_time)
+      return nil if iso8601_time.nil?
+
+      iso8601_time[0..9]
+    end
+
+    def get_year_month(iso8601_time)
+      return [] if iso8601_time.nil?
+
+      year = iso8601_time[0..3]
+      month = iso8601_time[5..6]
+
+      [year.to_i, month.to_i].reject { |part| part == 0 }
+    end
+
+    def get_year_month_day(iso8601_time)
+      return [] if iso8601_time.nil?
+
+      year = iso8601_time[0..3]
+      month = iso8601_time[5..6]
+      day = iso8601_time[8..9]
+
+      [year.to_i, month.to_i, day.to_i].reject { |part| part == 0 }
+    end
+
+    # parsing of incomplete iso8601 timestamps such as 2015-04 is broken
+    # in standard library
+    # return nil if invalid iso8601 timestamp
+    def get_datetime_from_iso8601(iso8601_time)
+      ISO8601::DateTime.new(iso8601_time).to_time.utc
+    rescue
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # iso8601 datetime without hyphens and colons, used by Crossref
+    # return nil if invalid
+    def get_datetime_from_time(time)
+      DateTime.strptime(time.to_s, "%Y%m%d%H%M%S").strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def get_date(dates, date_type)
+      dd = Array.wrap(dates).find { |d| d["dateType"] == date_type } || {}
+      dd.fetch("date", nil)
+    end
+
+    def get_contributor(contributor, contributor_type)
+      contributor.select { |c| c["contributorType"] == contributor_type }
+    end
+
+    def get_identifier(identifiers, identifier_type)
+      id = Array.wrap(identifiers).find { |i| i["identifierType"] == identifier_type } || {}
+      id.fetch("identifier", nil)
+    end
+
+    def get_identifier_type(identifier_type)
+      return nil unless identifier_type.present?
+
+      identifierTypes = {
+        "ark" => "ARK",
+        "arxiv" => "arXiv",
+        "bibcode" => "bibcode",
+        "doi" => "DOI",
+        "ean13" => "EAN13",
+        "eissn" => "EISSN",
+        "handle" => "Handle",
+        "igsn" => "IGSN",
+        "isbn" => "ISBN",
+        "issn" => "ISSN",
+        "istc" => "ISTC",
+        "lissn" => "LISSN",
+        "lsid" => "LSID",
+        "pmid" => "PMID",
+        "purl" => "PURL",
+        "upc" => "UPC",
+        "url" => "URL",
+        "urn" => "URN",
+        "md5" => "md5",
+        "minid" => "minid",
+        "dataguid" => "dataguid",
+        "cstr" => "CSTR",
+        "rrid" => "RRID"
+      }
+
+      identifierTypes[identifier_type.downcase] || identifier_type
+    end
+
+    def get_series_information(str)
+      return {} unless str.present?
+
+      str = str.split(",").map(&:strip)
+
+      title = str.first
+      volume_issue = str.length > 2 ? str[1].rpartition(/\(([^)]+)\)/) : nil
+      volume = volume_issue.present? ? volume_issue[0].presence || volume_issue[2].presence : nil
+      issue = volume_issue.present? ? volume_issue[1][1...-1].presence : nil
+      pages = str.length > 1 ? str.last : nil
+      first_page = pages.present? ? pages.split("-").map(&:strip)[0] : nil
+      last_page = pages.present? ? pages.split("-").map(&:strip)[1] : nil
+
+      {
+        "title" => title,
+        "volume" => volume,
+        "issue" => issue,
+        "firstPage" => first_page,
+        "lastPage" => last_page }.compact
+    end
+
+    def jsonlint(json)
+      return ["No JSON provided"] unless json.present?
+
+      error_array = []
+      linter = JsonLint::Linter.new
+      linter.send(:check_data, json, error_array)
+      error_array
+    end
+
+    def name_to_spdx(name)
+      spdx = resource_json(:spdx).fetch("licenses")
+      license = spdx.find { |l| l["name"] == name || l["licenseId"] == name || l["seeAlso"].first == normalize_cc_url(name) }
+
+      if license
+        {
+          "rights" => license["name"],
+          "rightsUri" => license["seeAlso"].first,
+          "rightsIdentifier" => license["licenseId"].downcase,
+          "rightsIdentifierScheme" => "SPDX",
+          "schemeUri" => "https://spdx.org/licenses/" }.compact
+      else
+        { "rights" => name }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def hsh_to_spdx(hsh)
+      spdx = resource_json(:spdx).fetch("licenses")
+      license = spdx.find { |l| l["licenseId"].casecmp?(hsh["rightsIdentifier"]) || l["seeAlso"].first == normalize_cc_url(hsh["rightsURI"]) || l["name"] == hsh["rights"] || l["seeAlso"].first == normalize_cc_url(hsh["rights"]) }
 
-      normalize_doi(url) || PostRank::URI.clean(url)
+      if license
+        {
+          "rights" => license["name"],
+          "rightsUri" => license["seeAlso"].first,
+          "rightsIdentifier" => license["licenseId"].downcase,
+          "rightsIdentifierScheme" => "SPDX",
+          "schemeUri" => "https://spdx.org/licenses/",
+          "lang" => hsh["lang"] }.compact
+      else
+        {
+          "rights" => hsh["__content__"] || hsh["rights"],
+          "rightsUri" => hsh["rightsURI"] || hsh["rightsUri"],
+          "rightsIdentifier" => hsh["rightsIdentifier"].present? ? hsh["rightsIdentifier"].downcase : nil,
+          "rightsIdentifierScheme" => hsh["rightsIdentifierScheme"],
+          "schemeUri" => hsh["schemeUri"],
+          "lang" => hsh["lang"] }.compact
+      end
     end
 
-    def normalize_ids(list)
-      Array.wrap(list).map { |url| url.merge("@id" => normalize_url(url["@id"])) }
+    def name_to_fos(name)
+      # first find subject in Fields of Science (OECD)
+      fos = resource_json(:fos).fetch("fosFields")
+
+      subject = fos.find { |l| l["fosLabel"] == name || "FOS: " + l["fosLabel"] == name }
+
+      if subject
+        return [{
+          "subject" => sanitize(name) },
+        {
+          "subject" => "FOS: " + subject["fosLabel"],
+          "subjectScheme" => "Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)",
+          "schemeUri" => "http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf"
+        }]
+      end
+
+      # if not found, look in Fields of Research (Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification)
+      # and map to Fields of Science. Add an extra entry for the latter
+      fores = resource_json(:for)
+      for_fields = fores.fetch("forFields")
+      for_disciplines = fores.fetch("forDisciplines")
+
+      subject = for_fields.find { |l| l["forLabel"] == name } ||
+                for_disciplines.find { |l| l["forLabel"] == name }
+
+      if subject
+        [{
+          "subject" => sanitize(name) },
+        {
+          "subject" => "FOS: " + subject["fosLabel"],
+          "subjectScheme" => "Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)",
+          "schemeUri" => "http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf"
+        }]
+      else
+        [{ "subject" => sanitize(name) }]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def hsh_to_fos(hsh)
+      # first find subject in Fields of Science (OECD)
+      fos = resource_json(:fos).fetch("fosFields")
+      subject = fos.find { |l| l["fosLabel"] == hsh["__content__"] || "FOS: " + l["fosLabel"] == hsh["__content__"] || l["fosLabel"] == hsh["subject"]}
+
+      if subject
+        return [{
+          "subject" => sanitize(hsh["__content__"] || hsh["subject"]),
+          "subjectScheme" => hsh["subjectScheme"],
+          "schemeUri" => hsh["schemeURI"] || hsh["schemeUri"],
+          "valueUri" => hsh["valueURI"] || hsh["valueUri"],
+          "classificationCode" => hsh["classificationCode"],
+          "lang" => hsh["lang"] }.compact,
+        {
+          "subject" => "FOS: " + subject["fosLabel"],
+          "subjectScheme" => "Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)",
+          "schemeUri" => "http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf" }.compact]
+      end
+
+      # if not found, look in Fields of Research (Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification)
+      # and map to Fields of Science. Add an extra entry for the latter
+      fores = resource_json(:for)
+      for_fields = fores.fetch("forFields")
+      for_disciplines = fores.fetch("forDisciplines")
+
+      # try to extract forId
+      if hsh["subjectScheme"] == "FOR"
+        for_id = hsh["__content__"].to_s.split(" ").first || hsh["subject"].to_s.split(" ").first
+        for_id = for_id.rjust(6, "0")
+
+        subject = for_fields.find { |l| l["forId"] == for_id } ||
+                  for_disciplines.find { |l| l["forId"] == for_id[0..3] }
+      else
+        subject = for_fields.find { |l| l["forLabel"] == hsh["__content__"] || l["forLabel"] == hsh["subject"] } ||
+                  for_disciplines.find { |l| l["forLabel"] == hsh["__content__"] || l["forLabel"] == hsh["subject"] }
+      end
+
+      if subject
+        [{
+          "subject" => sanitize(hsh["__content__"] || hsh["subject"]),
+          "subjectScheme" => hsh["subjectScheme"],
+          "classificationCode" => hsh["classificationCode"],
+          "schemeUri" => hsh["schemeURI"] || hsh["schemeUri"],
+          "valueUri" => hsh["valueURI"] || hsh["valueUri"],
+          "lang" => hsh["lang"] }.compact,
+        {
+          "subject" => "FOS: " + subject["fosLabel"],
+          "subjectScheme" => "Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)",
+          "schemeUri" => "http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf"
+        }]
+      else
+        [{
+          "subject" => sanitize(hsh["__content__"] || hsh["subject"]),
+          "subjectScheme" => hsh["subjectScheme"],
+          "classificationCode" => hsh["classificationCode"],
+          "schemeUri" => hsh["schemeURI"] || hsh["schemeUri"],
+          "valueUri" => hsh["valueURI"] || hsh["valueUri"],
+          "lang" => hsh["lang"] }.compact]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def dfg_ids_to_fos(dfg_ids)
+      dfgs = resource_json(:dfg).fetch("dfgFields")
+      ids = Array.wrap(dfg_ids)
+
+      subjects = dfgs.select { |l| ids.include?(l["dfgId"])}
+      subjects.map do |subject|
+        {
+          "classificationCode" => subject["fosId"],
+          "subject" =>  subject["fosLabel"],
+          "subjectScheme" => "Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)",
+          "schemeUri" => "http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf"
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def abstract_description
+      # Fetch the first description with descriptionType "Abstract"
+      Array.wrap(descriptions)&.find { |d| d["descriptionType"] == "Abstract" }
+    end
+
+    def generate_container(types, related_items, related_identifiers, descriptions)
+      container_type = (types.respond_to?(:dig) && types&.dig("resourceTypeGeneral")) == "Dataset" ? "DataRepository" : "Series"
+
+      # relatedItem container
+      related_item = Array.wrap(related_items).find { |ri| ri["relationType"] == "IsPublishedIn" }.to_h
+
+      if related_item.present?
+        return {
+          "type" => container_type,
+          "identifier" => related_item.dig("relatedItemIdentifier", "relatedItemIdentifier"),
+          "identifierType" => related_item.dig("relatedItemIdentifier", "relatedItemIdentifierType"),
+          "title" => related_item.dig("titles", 0).then { |t| t ? parse_attributes(t, content: "title", first: true) : nil },
+          "volume" => related_item["volume"],
+          "issue" => related_item["issue"],
+          "edition" => related_item["edition"],
+          "number" => related_item["number"],
+          "chapterNumber" => related_item["numberType"] == "Chapter" ? related_item["number"] : nil,
+          "firstPage" => related_item["firstPage"],
+          "lastPage" => related_item["lastPage"]
+        }.compact
+      end
+
+      # Legacy SeriesInformation/relatedIdentifier container fallback 
+      series_information = Array.wrap(descriptions).find { |r| r["descriptionType"] == "SeriesInformation" }.to_h.fetch("description", nil)
+      si = get_series_information(series_information)
+
+      is_part_of = Array.wrap(related_identifiers).find { |ri| ri["relationType"] == "IsPartOf" }.to_h
+
+      if si["title"].present?
+        return {
+          "type" => container_type,
+          "identifier" => is_part_of["relatedIdentifier"],
+          "identifierType" => is_part_of["relatedIdentifierType"],
+          "title" => si["title"],
+          "volume" => si["volume"],
+          "issue" => si["issue"],
+          "firstPage" => si["firstPage"],
+          "lastPage" => si["lastPage"]
+        }.compact
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def normalize_uri_with_path_cleanup(uri)
+      normalized_uri = uri.normalize
+      normalized_uri.path = normalized_uri.path.sub(%r{/\z}, "") if normalized_uri.path.present?
+      normalized_uri.to_s
     end
   end
 end