asterism 0.0.0 → 0.2.0

data/tools/asterism_msggen.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#
+# asterism_msggen.rb: ROS 2 .msg / .srv -> pure Ruby message types for
+# Asterism::ROS (doc/ruby_asterism, R3). CRuby with the standard library only.
+#
+#   ruby asterism_msggen.rb -I /opt/ros/jazzy/share -o out geometry_msgs/msg/Twist
+#   ruby asterism_msggen.rb -I share -I my_ws/src -o out my_pkg/msg/Foo.msg
+#   ruby asterism_msggen.rb -I share --hash std_msgs/msg/String
+#   ruby asterism_msggen.rb -I share --check-json share --all
+#
+# Each generated file defines one type (a message, or a service with its
+# Request and Response) under Asterism::ROS::<PackageInCamelCase>, with its
+# fields and defaults, ROS_NAME, TYPE_NAME (the DDS name rmw_zenoh uses),
+# TYPE_HASH (RIHS01, computed here) and the CDR conversion in both directions
+# on top of Asterism::CDR. A file loads the types it is made of through
+# Asterism::ROS.require_type first. The output layout mirrors the ROS names:
+# <out>/<pkg>/msg/<Name>.rb and <out>/<pkg>/srv/<Name>.rb.
+#
+# The type hash follows the type description rules of ROS 2 Jazzy
+# (rosidl_generator_type_description, REP 2011): the type and every type it
+# references, as {type_name, fields: [{name, type: {type_id, capacity,
+# string_capacity, nested_type_name}}]}, without default values, referenced
+# types sorted by name, dumped like Python's json.dumps with separators
+# (", ", ": ") and ensure_ascii, then SHA-256.
+require "digest"
+require "fileutils"
+require "json"
+require "optparse"
+
+module AsterismMsgGen
+  ROS_DISTRO = "jazzy"
+
+  # .msg primitive -> [type description id, CDR kind used by Asterism::CDR]
+  PRIMITIVES = {
+    "bool" => [15, :bool],
+    "byte" => [16, :uint8],
+    "char" => [3, :uint8],     # .msg char is uint8 in the IDL
+    "int8" => [2, :int8],
+    "uint8" => [3, :uint8],
+    "int16" => [4, :int16],
+    "uint16" => [5, :uint16],
+    "int32" => [6, :int32],
+    "uint32" => [7, :uint32],
+    "int64" => [8, :int64],
+    "uint64" => [9, :uint64],
+    "float32" => [10, :float32],
+    "float64" => [11, :float64],
+    "string" => [17, :string],
+    "wstring" => [18, :wstring]
+  }.freeze
+  NESTED_ID = 1
+  BOUNDED_STRING_ID = 21
+  BOUNDED_WSTRING_ID = 22
+  ARRAY_OFFSET = { fixed: 48, bounded: 96, unbounded: 144 }.freeze
+  # Kinds that are Strings of bytes when they come as an array or sequence.
+  BYTE_KINDS = %w[byte char uint8].freeze
+  FLOAT_KINDS = %w[float32 float64].freeze
+  INT_KINDS = %w[int8 uint8 int16 uint16 int32 uint32 int64 uint64 byte char].freeze
+
+  RUBY_RESERVED = %w[
+    BEGIN END alias and begin break case class def defined? do else elsif end
+    ensure false for if in module next nil not or redo rescue retry return
+    self super then true undef unless until when while yield __FILE__ __LINE__
+    __ENCODING__ hash class object_id send method initialize
+  ].freeze
+
+  class Error < StandardError; end
+
+  # One field: base is the .msg type word ("float64", "std_msgs/msg/Header"),
+  # nested is the full name of a message type (nil for primitives).
+  Field = Struct.new(:name, :base, :nested, :array, :size, :string_max, :default, keyword_init: true) do
+    def primitive?
+      nested.nil?
+    end
+
+    def string?
+      base == "string" || base == "wstring"
+    end
+  end
+
+  Constant = Struct.new(:name, :base, :value, keyword_init: true)
+
+  # A message (also a service's Request / Response / Event).
+  Message = Struct.new(:full_name, :pkg, :name, :fields, :constants, :source, :service, keyword_init: true)
+
+  Service = Struct.new(:full_name, :pkg, :name, :request, :response, :event, :source, keyword_init: true)
+
+  # "pkg/msg/Name" or "pkg/srv/Name" -> [pkg, kind, name]
+  def self.split_name(full)
+    parts = full.split("/")
+    raise Error, "bad type name #{full.inspect} (want pkg/msg/Name)" unless parts.size == 3
+    parts
+  end
+
+  def self.camel(pkg)
+    pkg.split("_").map { |w| w.empty? ? "" : w[0].upcase + w[1..] }.join
+  end
+
+  # ---- parsing -------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  class Parser
+    TYPE_RE = %r{\A([A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*(?:/[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*)?)(?:<=(\d+))?(?:\[(<=)?(\d*)\])?\z}
+    FIELD_NAME_RE = /\A[a-z][a-z0-9_]*\z/
+    CONST_NAME_RE = /\A[A-Z][A-Z0-9_]*\z/
+
+    def initialize(pkg, source)
+      @pkg = pkg
+      @source = source
+    end
+
+    # Lines of a .msg body -> [fields, constants]
+    def parse_lines(lines)
+      fields = []
+      constants = []
+      lines.each_with_index do |raw, i|
+        line = strip_comment(raw).strip
+        next if line.empty?
+        begin
+          parse_line(line, fields, constants)
+        rescue Error => e
+          raise Error, "#{@source}:#{i + 1}: #{e.message}"
+        end
+      end
+      [fields, constants]
+    end
+
+    def strip_comment(line)
+      quote = nil
+      line.each_char.with_index do |c, i|
+        if quote
+          quote = nil if c == quote
+        elsif c == '"' || c == "'"
+          quote = c
+        elsif c == "#"
+          return line[0, i]
+        end
+      end
+      line
+    end
+
+    def parse_line(line, fields, constants)
+      type_word, rest = line.split(/\s+/, 2)
+      raise Error, "no name after #{type_word}" if rest.nil? || rest.empty?
+      if (m = rest.match(/\A([A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\s*=\s*(.*)\z/)) && !rest.match?(/\A[a-z][a-z0-9_]*\s+\S/)
+        constants << parse_constant(type_word, m[1], m[2].strip)
+        return
+      end
+      name, default = rest.split(/\s+/, 2)
+      raise Error, "bad field name #{name.inspect}" unless FIELD_NAME_RE.match?(name)
+      raise Error, "field name #{name.inspect} clashes with Ruby" if RUBY_RESERVED.include?(name)
+      f = parse_type(type_word)
+      f.name = name
+      f.default = default.nil? || default.empty? ? nil : parse_default(f, default.strip)
+      fields << f
+    end
+
+    def parse_type(word)
+      m = TYPE_RE.match(word)
+      raise Error, "bad type #{word.inspect}" unless m
+      base = m[1]
+      f = Field.new
+      if m[2]
+        raise Error, "only strings can be bounded: #{word}" unless %w[string wstring].include?(base)
+        f.string_max = m[2].to_i
+      end
+      if word.include?("[")
+        if m[3]
+          f.array = :bounded
+          f.size = m[4].to_i
+          raise Error, "bounded sequence without a bound: #{word}" if m[4].empty?
+        elsif m[4].empty?
+          f.array = :unbounded
+        else
+          f.array = :fixed
+          f.size = m[4].to_i
+        end
+      end
+      if PRIMITIVES.key?(base)
+        f.base = base
+      else
+        f.nested = resolve(base)
+        f.base = f.nested
+      end
+      f
+    end
+
+    # A nested type word of a .msg -> its full name.
+    def resolve(base)
+      if base.include?("/")
+        pkg, name = base.split("/")
+        "#{pkg}/msg/#{name}"
+      elsif base == "Header"
+        "std_msgs/msg/Header"
+      else
+        "#{@pkg}/msg/#{base}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_constant(type_word, name, value)
+      raise Error, "bad constant name #{name.inspect}" unless CONST_NAME_RE.match?(name)
+      raise Error, "constants must be primitive: #{type_word}" unless PRIMITIVES.key?(type_word)
+      v = type_word == "string" || type_word == "wstring" ? value : scalar(type_word, value)
+      Constant.new(name: name, base: type_word, value: v)
+    end
+
+    def parse_default(f, text)
+      raise Error, "nested fields have no default" unless f.primitive?
+      if f.array
+        raise Error, "array default must be [..]: #{text}" unless text.start_with?("[") && text.end_with?("]")
+        items = split_list(text[1..-2])
+        items.map { |s| f.string? ? unquote(s) : scalar(f.base, s) }
+      elsif f.string?
+        unquote(text)
+      else
+        scalar(f.base, text)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def split_list(body)
+      out = []
+      cur = +""
+      quote = nil
+      body.each_char do |c|
+        if quote
+          cur << c
+          quote = nil if c == quote
+        elsif c == '"' || c == "'"
+          quote = c
+          cur << c
+        elsif c == ","
+          out << cur.strip
+          cur = +""
+        else
+          cur << c
+        end
+      end
+      out << cur.strip unless cur.strip.empty?
+      out
+    end
+
+    def unquote(s)
+      if s.size >= 2 && (s[0] == '"' || s[0] == "'") && s[-1] == s[0]
+        s[1..-2].gsub("\\#{s[0]}", s[0])
+      else
+        s
+      end
+    end
+
+    def scalar(base, s)
+      case base
+      when "bool"
+        return true if %w[true True 1].include?(s)
+        return false if %w[false False 0].include?(s)
+        raise Error, "bad bool #{s.inspect}"
+      when *FLOAT_KINDS
+        Float(s)
+      else
+        Integer(s)
+      end
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      raise Error, "bad #{base} value #{s.inspect}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # ---- the set of known types --------------------------------------------
+
+  class Registry
+    attr_reader :include_dirs
+
+    def initialize(include_dirs)
+      @include_dirs = include_dirs
+      @messages = {}
+      @services = {}
+    end
+
+    # The .msg / .srv files read so far.
+    def sources
+      (@messages.values + @services.values).map(&:source).uniq.sort
+    end
+
+    # A message by full name ("pkg/msg/Name", or a service part such as
+    # "pkg/srv/Name_Request"), parsed on first use.
+    def message(full)
+      return @messages[full] if @messages.key?(full)
+      pkg, kind, name = AsterismMsgGen.split_name(full)
+      if kind == "srv"
+        base = name.sub(/_(Request|Response|Event)\z/, "")
+        raise Error, "unknown service part #{full}" if base == name
+        service("#{pkg}/srv/#{base}")
+        return @messages.fetch(full)
+      end
+      raise Error, "not a message: #{full}" unless kind == "msg"
+      path = find("#{pkg}/msg/#{name}.msg")
+      load_msg_file(path, pkg, name)
+    end
+
+    def service(full)
+      return @services[full] if @services.key?(full)
+      pkg, kind, name = AsterismMsgGen.split_name(full)
+      raise Error, "not a service: #{full}" unless kind == "srv"
+      path = find("#{pkg}/srv/#{name}.srv")
+      load_srv_file(path, pkg, name)
+    end
+
+    def type(full)
+      _, kind, = AsterismMsgGen.split_name(full)
+      kind == "srv" && !full.match?(/_(Request|Response|Event)\z/) ? service(full) : message(full)
+    end
+
+    # The license a package declares in its package.xml (ROS layout:
+    # <dir>/<pkg>/package.xml), or nil when there is none. Several
+    # <license> tags are joined with ", ".
+    def license_of(pkg)
+      @licenses ||= {}
+      return @licenses[pkg] if @licenses.key?(pkg)
+      @licenses[pkg] = nil
+      @include_dirs.each do |d|
+        xml = File.join(d, pkg, "package.xml")
+        next unless File.file?(xml)
+        names = File.read(xml).scan(%r{<license(?:\s[^>]*)?>([^<]+)</license>}).map { |m| m[0].strip }
+        @licenses[pkg] = names.join(", ") unless names.empty?
+        break
+      end
+      @licenses[pkg]
+    end
+
+    def find(rel)
+      @include_dirs.each do |d|
+        p = File.join(d, rel)
+        return p if File.file?(p)
+      end
+      raise Error, "#{rel} not found under #{@include_dirs.join(', ')}"
+    end
+
+    # A .msg / .srv path -> full name. The package is the directory above
+    # msg/ or srv/ (the ROS layout).
+    def name_of_file(path)
+      dir = File.basename(File.dirname(path))
+      pkg = File.basename(File.dirname(File.dirname(path)))
+      ext = File.extname(path)
+      kind = ext == ".srv" ? "srv" : "msg"
+      raise Error, "#{path}: expected <pkg>/#{kind}/<Name>#{ext}" unless dir == kind
+      full = "#{pkg}/#{kind}/#{File.basename(path, ext)}"
+      if kind == "srv"
+        @services[full] ||= load_srv_file(path, pkg, File.basename(path, ext))
+      else
+        @messages[full] ||= load_msg_file(path, pkg, File.basename(path, ext))
+      end
+      full
+    end
+
+    def load_msg_file(path, pkg, name)
+      full = "#{pkg}/msg/#{name}"
+      fields, constants = Parser.new(pkg, path).parse_lines(File.read(path).lines)
+      @messages[full] = Message.new(full_name: full, pkg: pkg, name: name, fields: fields,
+                                    constants: constants, source: path)
+    end
+
+    def load_srv_file(path, pkg, name)
+      full = "#{pkg}/srv/#{name}"
+      lines = File.read(path).lines
+      sep = lines.index { |l| l.strip == "---" }
+      raise Error, "#{path}: no --- line" unless sep
+      parser = Parser.new(pkg, path)
+      parts = {}
+      [["Request", lines[0...sep]], ["Response", lines[(sep + 1)..]]].each do |suffix, body|
+        fields, constants = parser.parse_lines(body)
+        mfull = "#{full}_#{suffix}"
+        parts[suffix] = @messages[mfull] = Message.new(full_name: mfull, pkg: pkg, name: "#{name}_#{suffix}",
+                                                     fields: fields, constants: constants, source: path,
+                                                     service: full)
+      end
+      # The event message every service has (REP 2011 / service introspection).
+      event_full = "#{full}_Event"
+      event_fields = [
+        Field.new(name: "info", base: "service_msgs/msg/ServiceEventInfo", nested: "service_msgs/msg/ServiceEventInfo"),
+        Field.new(name: "request", base: parts["Request"].full_name, nested: parts["Request"].full_name, array: :bounded, size: 1),
+        Field.new(name: "response", base: parts["Response"].full_name, nested: parts["Response"].full_name, array: :bounded, size: 1)
+      ]
+      @messages[event_full] = Message.new(full_name: event_full, pkg: pkg, name: "#{name}_Event",
+                                          fields: event_fields, constants: [], source: path, service: full)
+      @services[full] = Service.new(full_name: full, pkg: pkg, name: name, request: parts["Request"],
+                                    response: parts["Response"], event: @messages[event_full], source: path)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # ---- type hashes ------------------------------------------------------
+
+  class Hasher
+    def initialize(registry)
+      @reg = registry
+    end
+
+    def field_type(f)
+      id = if f.nested
+             NESTED_ID
+           elsif f.string_max
+             f.base == "string" ? BOUNDED_STRING_ID : BOUNDED_WSTRING_ID
+           else
+             PRIMITIVES.fetch(f.base)[0]
+           end
+      id += ARRAY_OFFSET[f.array] if f.array
+      {
+        "type_id" => id,
+        "capacity" => f.array == :fixed || f.array == :bounded ? f.size : 0,
+        "string_capacity" => f.string_max || 0,
+        "nested_type_name" => f.nested || ""
+      }
+    end
+
+    # The individual description of a type (no references), without defaults.
+    def individual(full)
+      t = @reg.type(full)
+      fields = if t.is_a?(Service)
+                 [["request_message", t.request.full_name], ["response_message", t.response.full_name],
+                  ["event_message", t.event.full_name]].map do |n, nested|
+                   { "name" => n, "type" => field_type(Field.new(base: nested, nested: nested)) }
+                 end
+               else
+                 fs = t.fields
+                 if fs.empty?
+                   # rosidl gives an empty structure one placeholder member.
+                   fs = [Field.new(name: "structure_needs_at_least_one_member", base: "uint8")]
+                 end
+                 fs.map { |f| { "name" => f.name, "type" => field_type(f) } }
+               end
+      { "type_name" => full, "fields" => fields }
+    end
+
+    def full_description(full)
+      top = individual(full)
+      refs = {}
+      queue = top["fields"].map { |f| f["type"]["nested_type_name"] }.reject(&:empty?)
+      until queue.empty?
+        n = queue.pop
+        next if refs.key?(n)
+        refs[n] = individual(n)
+        queue.concat(refs[n]["fields"].map { |f| f["type"]["nested_type_name"] }.reject(&:empty?))
+      end
+      { "type_description" => top, "referenced_type_descriptions" => refs.keys.sort.map { |k| refs[k] } }
+    end
+
+    def type_hash(full)
+      "RIHS01_" + Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(AsterismMsgGen.py_json(full_description(full)))
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Python's json.dumps(obj, ensure_ascii=True, separators=(", ", ": ")).
+  def self.py_json(o)
+    case o
+    when Hash then "{" + o.map { |k, v| "#{py_str(k.to_s)}: #{py_json(v)}" }.join(", ") + "}"
+    when Array then "[" + o.map { |v| py_json(v) }.join(", ") + "]"
+    when String then py_str(o)
+    when Integer then o.to_s
+    when true then "true"
+    when false then "false"
+    when nil then "null"
+    else raise Error, "cannot dump #{o.class}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.py_str(s)
+    out = +'"'
+    s.each_char do |c|
+      out << case c
+             when '"' then '\\"'
+             when "\\" then "\\\\"
+             when "\n" then "\\n"
+             when "\r" then "\\r"
+             when "\t" then "\\t"
+             when "\b" then "\\b"
+             when "\f" then "\\f"
+             else
+               cp = c.ord
+               if cp < 0x20 || cp > 0x7e
+                 if cp > 0xffff
+                   cp -= 0x10000
+                   format("\\u%04x\\u%04x", 0xd800 + (cp >> 10), 0xdc00 + (cp & 0x3ff))
+                 else
+                   format("\\u%04x", cp)
+                 end
+               else
+                 c
+               end
+             end
+    end
+    out << '"'
+  end
+
+  # ---- Ruby code --------------------------------------------------------
+
+  class Emitter
+    def initialize(registry, hasher)
+      @reg = registry
+      @hasher = hasher
+    end
+
+    def self.rel_path(full)
+      "#{full}.rb"
+    end
+
+    # The Ruby constant path of a type, e.g. ::Asterism::ROS::GeometryMsgs::Twist
+    def const_of(full)
+      pkg, kind, name = AsterismMsgGen.split_name(full)
+      if kind == "srv" && (m = name.match(/\A(.+)_(Request|Response|Event)\z/))
+        "::Asterism::ROS::#{AsterismMsgGen.camel(pkg)}::#{m[1]}::#{m[2]}"
+      else
+        "::Asterism::ROS::#{AsterismMsgGen.camel(pkg)}::#{name}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # The types a file must load first (the messages its fields are made of,
+    # other than the ones it defines itself).
+    def runtime_deps(t)
+      msgs = t.is_a?(Service) ? [t.request, t.response] : [t]
+      own = msgs.map(&:full_name)
+      msgs.flat_map { |m| m.fields.map(&:nested).compact }.uniq.reject { |n| own.include?(n) }.sort
+    end
+
+    def file(full)
+      t = @reg.type(full)
+      out = +""
+      out << "# #{full} (ROS 2 #{ROS_DISTRO}), generated by asterism_msggen.rb from\n"
+      out << "# #{File.basename(t.source)} of the package #{t.pkg}.\n"
+      # Where the definition came from and under which terms: the license
+      # its package.xml declares, which this file (made from it) shares.
+      lic = @reg.license_of(t.pkg)
+      out << "# License: #{lic}, as the definition (package.xml of #{t.pkg}).\n" if lic
+      out << "# Do not edit; regenerate instead.\n"
+      deps = runtime_deps(t)
+      unless deps.empty?
+        out << "\n"
+        deps.each { |d| out << "::Asterism::ROS.require_type(#{d.inspect})\n" }
+      end
+      mod = "::Asterism::ROS::#{AsterismMsgGen.camel(t.pkg)}"
+      # Full names, no nesting: on mruby each module body is more compiled
+      # code and a deeper compile (report/r3.md). "::" because the file is
+      # evaluated inside a method there (Asterism::ROS.require_type).
+      out << "\nmodule #{mod}\nend\n\n"
+      out << if t.is_a?(Service)
+               service_body(t, mod)
+             else
+               message_body(t, "#{mod}::#{t.name}", @hasher.type_hash(full))
+             end
+      out
+    end
+
+    def service_body(s, mod)
+      dds = "#{s.pkg}::srv::dds_::#{s.name}_"
+      path = "#{mod}::#{s.name}"
+      out = +""
+      out << "# #{s.full_name}: a service. Request and Response are its messages;\n"
+      out << "# TYPE_NAME and TYPE_HASH are the service's (what rmw_zenoh puts in keys).\n"
+      out << "module #{path}\n"
+      out << "  ROS_NAME = #{s.full_name.inspect}\n"
+      out << "  TYPE_NAME = #{dds.inspect}\n"
+      out << "  TYPE_HASH = #{@hasher.type_hash(s.full_name).inspect}\n"
+      out << "end\n"
+      [s.request, s.response].each do |m|
+        out << "\n"
+        suffix = m.name.sub("#{s.name}_", "")
+        out << message_body(m, "#{path}::#{suffix}", @hasher.type_hash(m.full_name))
+      end
+      out
+    end
+
+    def dds_name(m)
+      _, kind, = AsterismMsgGen.split_name(m.full_name)
+      "#{m.pkg}::#{kind}::dds_::#{m.name}_"
+    end
+
+    def message_body(m, class_path, hash)
+      fs = m.fields
+      out = +""
+      out << "class #{class_path} < ::Asterism::ROS::Message\n"
+      out << "  ROS_NAME = #{m.full_name.inspect}\n"
+      out << "  TYPE_NAME = #{dds_name(m).inspect}\n"
+      out << "  TYPE_HASH = #{hash.inspect}\n"
+      out << "  FIELDS = [#{fs.map { |f| ":#{f.name}" }.join(', ')}]\n"
+      m.constants.each do |c|
+        out << "  #{c.name} = #{lit(c.value, c.base)}\n"
+      end
+      out << "\n"
+      out << "  attr_accessor #{fs.map { |f| ":#{f.name}" }.join(', ')}\n" unless fs.empty?
+      out << "\n" unless fs.empty?
+      # initialize
+      if fs.empty?
+        out << "  def initialize\n  end\n"
+      else
+        out << "  def initialize(#{fs.map { |f| "#{f.name}: nil" }.join(', ')})\n"
+        fs.each { |f| out << "    @#{f.name} = #{init_expr(f)}\n" }
+        out << "  end\n"
+      end
+      out << "\n"
+      out << "  def self.write(w, m)\n"
+      if fs.empty?
+        out << "    w.uint8(0)\n"
+      else
+        fs.each { |f| out << "    #{write_stmt(f)}\n" }
+      end
+      out << "  end\n\n"
+      out << "  def self.read(r)\n"
+      if fs.empty?
+        out << "    r.uint8\n    new\n"
+      else
+        out << "    m = new\n"
+        fs.each { |f| out << "    m.#{f.name} = #{read_expr(f)}\n" }
+        out << "    m\n"
+      end
+      out << "  end\n"
+      out << "end\n"
+    end
+
+    def kind(f)
+      PRIMITIVES.fetch(f.base)[1]
+    end
+
+    def byte_kind?(f)
+      BYTE_KINDS.include?(f.base)
+    end
+
+    def lit(v, base)
+      case v
+      when Array then "[" + v.map { |x| lit(x, base) }.join(", ") + "]"
+      when String then v.inspect
+      when Float
+        if v.nan? then "::Float::NAN"
+        elsif v.infinite? then v > 0 ? "::Float::INFINITY" : "-::Float::INFINITY"
+        else v.to_s
+        end
+      when Integer
+        FLOAT_KINDS.include?(base) ? v.to_f.to_s : v.to_s
+      else v.inspect
+      end
+    end
+
+    def zero(f)
+      case f.base
+      when "bool" then "false"
+      when "string", "wstring" then '""'
+      when *FLOAT_KINDS then "0.0"
+      else "0"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # The value a field starts with when it is not given.
+    def default_expr(f)
+      if f.nested
+        c = const_of(f.nested)
+        case f.array
+        when nil then "#{c}.new"
+        when :fixed then "::Array.new(#{f.size}) { #{c}.new }"
+        else "[]"
+        end
+      elsif f.array
+        if f.default
+          if byte_kind?(f)
+            "::Asterism::CDR.byte_string(#{lit(f.default, f.base)})"
+          else
+            lit(f.default, f.base)
+          end
+        elsif byte_kind?(f)
+          f.array == :fixed ? "\"\\x00\" * #{f.size}" : '""'
+        elsif f.array == :fixed
+          "::Array.new(#{f.size}, #{zero(f)})"
+        else
+          "[]"
+        end
+      else
+        f.default.nil? ? zero(f) : lit(f.default, f.base)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def init_expr(f)
+      d = default_expr(f)
+      if f.nested && f.array.nil?
+        "#{const_of(f.nested)}.from(#{f.name})"
+      elsif f.nested
+        "#{f.name}.nil? ? #{d} : #{f.name}.map { |e| #{const_of(f.nested)}.from(e) }"
+      else
+        "#{f.name}.nil? ? #{d} : #{f.name}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def bound_args(f)
+      case f.array
+      when :fixed then "#{f.size}, nil"
+      when :bounded then "nil, #{f.size}"
+      else "nil, nil"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def write_stmt(f)
+      v = "m.#{f.name}"
+      if f.nested
+        c = const_of(f.nested)
+        return "#{c}.write(w, #{c}.from(#{v}))" if f.array.nil?
+        return "w.structs(#{c}, #{v}, #{bound_args(f)})"
+      end
+      if f.array
+        return "w.bytes(#{v}, #{bound_args(f)})" if byte_kind?(f)
+        return "w.array(:#{kind(f)}, #{v}, #{bound_args(f)}, #{f.string_max.inspect})" if f.string?
+        return "w.array(:#{kind(f)}, #{v}, #{bound_args(f)})"
+      end
+      return "w.#{kind(f)}(#{v}, #{f.string_max})" if f.string? && f.string_max
+      "w.#{kind(f)}(#{v})"
+    end
+
+    def read_expr(f)
+      if f.nested
+        c = const_of(f.nested)
+        return "#{c}.read(r)" if f.array.nil?
+        return "r.structs(#{c}, #{f.array == :fixed ? f.size : 'nil'})"
+      end
+      fixed = f.array == :fixed ? f.size : "nil"
+      if f.array
+        return "r.bytes(#{fixed})" if byte_kind?(f)
+        return "r.array(:#{kind(f)}, #{fixed})"
+      end
+      "r.#{kind(f)}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # ---- driver -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+  # Every type full name a set of requested types needs in the output
+  # (the requested ones and the messages their fields use).
+  def self.closure(registry, names)
+    out = []
+    queue = names.dup
+    until queue.empty?
+      n = queue.shift
+      next if out.include?(n)
+      out << n
+      t = registry.type(n)
+      msgs = t.is_a?(Service) ? [t.request, t.response] : [t]
+      msgs.each { |m| m.fields.each { |f| queue << f.nested if f.nested } }
+    end
+    out
+  end
+
+  # All the hash names of a type: itself and what it references, as in the
+  # type_hashes list of the ROS 2 type description JSON.
+  def self.hash_names(hasher, full)
+    d = hasher.full_description(full)
+    [full] + d["referenced_type_descriptions"].map { |r| r["type_name"] }
+  end
+
+  # Compares the hashes with <dir>/<pkg>/<msg|srv>/<Name>.json. Returns
+  # [checked, mismatches, missing].
+  def self.check_json(hasher, names, dirs)
+    checked = 0
+    bad = []
+    missing = []
+    names.each do |full|
+      pkg, kind, name = split_name(full)
+      path = dirs.map { |d| File.join(d, pkg, kind, "#{name}.json") }.find { |p| File.file?(p) }
+      if path.nil?
+        missing << full
+        next
+      end
+      JSON.parse(File.read(path))["type_hashes"].each do |th|
+        mine = hasher.type_hash(th["type_name"])
+        checked += 1
+        bad << [th["type_name"], mine, th["hash_string"]] unless mine == th["hash_string"]
+      end
+    end
+    [checked, bad, missing]
+  end
+
+  def self.main(argv)
+    include_dirs = []
+    out_dir = nil
+    json_dirs = []
+    mode = :generate
+    deps = true
+    op = OptionParser.new do |o|
+      o.banner = "usage: asterism_msggen.rb [-I DIR]... (-o OUT | --hash | --check-json DIR) TYPE_OR_FILE..."
+      o.on("-I DIR", "where <pkg>/msg/*.msg and <pkg>/srv/*.srv are (repeatable)") { |d| include_dirs << d }
+      o.on("-o OUT", "write <OUT>/<pkg>/<msg|srv>/<Name>.rb") { |d| out_dir = d }
+      o.on("--no-deps", "write only the named types, not the types they use") { deps = false }
+      o.on("--hash", "print the RIHS01 hashes instead of writing files") { mode = :hash }
+      o.on("--check-json DIR", "compare the hashes with the ROS 2 type description JSON under DIR") do |d|
+        mode = :check
+        json_dirs << d
+      end
+    end
+    args = op.parse(argv)
+    abort op.banner if args.empty?
+    reg = Registry.new(include_dirs)
+    names = args.map do |a|
+      if a.end_with?(".msg") || a.end_with?(".srv")
+        reg.include_dirs << File.dirname(File.dirname(File.dirname(File.expand_path(a))))
+        reg.name_of_file(a)
+      else
+        a
+      end
+    end
+    hasher = Hasher.new(reg)
+    case mode
+    when :hash
+      names.each { |n| hash_names(hasher, n).each { |h| puts "#{h} #{hasher.type_hash(h)}" } }
+    when :check
+      all = closure(reg, names)
+      checked, bad, missing = check_json(hasher, all, json_dirs)
+      bad.each { |n, mine, theirs| warn "MISMATCH #{n}: computed #{mine}, json #{theirs}" }
+      missing.each { |n| warn "no JSON for #{n}" }
+      puts "type hashes: #{checked} checked, #{bad.size} mismatched, #{missing.size} without JSON"
+      exit(bad.empty? && missing.empty? ? 0 : 1)
+    else
+      abort "-o OUT is needed" unless out_dir
+      em = Emitter.new(reg, hasher)
+      (deps ? closure(reg, names) : names).each do |n|
+        path = File.join(out_dir, Emitter.rel_path(n))
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(path))
+        File.write(path, em.file(n))
+        puts path
+      end
+    end
+  rescue Error => e
+    abort "asterism_msggen: #{e.message}"
+  end
+end
+
+AsterismMsgGen.main(ARGV) if $PROGRAM_NAME == __FILE__