activerecord 7.0.0 → 7.1.0

data/MIT-LICENSE

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2021 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Arel originally copyright (c) 2007-2016 Nick Kallen, Bryan Helmkamp, Emilio Tagua, Aaron Patterson
 

data/README.rdoc

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-= Active Record -- Object-relational mapping in Rails
+= Active Record -- Object-relational mapping in \Rails
 
 Active Record connects classes to relational database tables to establish an
 almost zero-configuration persistence layer for applications. The library
@@ -13,29 +13,28 @@ columns. Although these mappings can be defined explicitly, it's recommended
 to follow naming conventions, especially when getting started with the
 library.
 
-You can read more about Active Record in the {Active Record Basics}[https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_basics.html] guide.
+You can read more about Active Record in the {Active Record Basics}[https://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_basics.html] guide.
 
 A short rundown of some of the major features:
 
 * Automated mapping between classes and tables, attributes and columns.
 
-   class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
-   end
-
-  {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html]
+    class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+    end
 
-The Product class is automatically mapped to the table named "products",
-which might look like this:
+  The Product class is automatically mapped to the table named "products",
+  which might look like this:
 
-   CREATE TABLE products (
-     id bigint NOT NULL auto_increment,
-     name varchar(255),
-     PRIMARY KEY  (id)
-   );
+    CREATE TABLE products (
+      id bigint NOT NULL auto_increment,
+      name varchar(255),
+      PRIMARY KEY  (id)
+    );
 
-This would also define the following accessors: <tt>Product#name</tt> and
-<tt>Product#name=(new_name)</tt>.
+  This would also define the following accessors: <tt>Product#name</tt> and
+  <tt>Product#name=(new_name)</tt>.
 
+  {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html]
 
 * Associations between objects defined by simple class methods.
 
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ This would also define the following accessors: <tt>Product#name</tt> and
 
 * Database agnostic schema management with Migrations.
 
-    class AddSystemSettings < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
+    class AddSystemSettings < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.1]
       def up
         create_table :system_settings do |t|
           t.string  :name
@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@ The latest version of Active Record can be installed with RubyGems:
 
   $ gem install activerecord
 
-Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub:
+Source code can be downloaded as part of the \Rails project on GitHub:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/main/activerecord
 
@@ -210,7 +209,7 @@ API documentation is at:
 
 * https://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports for the Ruby on Rails project can be filed here:
+Bug reports for the Ruby on \Rails project can be filed here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
 

data/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # See ActiveRecord::Aggregations::ClassMethods for documentation
   module Aggregations
     def initialize_dup(*) # :nodoc:
-      @aggregation_cache = {}
+      @aggregation_cache = @aggregation_cache.dup
       super
     end
 
@@ -19,10 +19,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def init_internals
-        @aggregation_cache = {}
         super
+        @aggregation_cache = {}
       end
 
+      # = Active Record \Aggregations
+      #
       # Active Record implements aggregation through a macro-like class method called #composed_of
       # for representing attributes as value objects. It expresses relationships like "Account [is]
       # composed of Money [among other things]" or "Person [is] composed of [an] address". Each call
@@ -32,8 +34,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # the database).
       #
       #   class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     composed_of :balance, class_name: "Money", mapping: %w(balance amount)
-      #     composed_of :address, mapping: [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city) ]
+      #     composed_of :balance, class_name: "Money", mapping: { balance: :amount }
+      #     composed_of :address, mapping: { address_street: :street, address_city: :city }
       #   end
       #
       # The customer class now has the following methods to manipulate the value objects:
@@ -150,7 +152,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   class NetworkResource < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     composed_of :cidr,
       #                 class_name: 'NetAddr::CIDR',
-      #                 mapping: [ %w(network_address network), %w(cidr_range bits) ],
+      #                 mapping: { network_address: :network, cidr_range: :bits },
       #                 allow_nil: true,
       #                 constructor: Proc.new { |network_address, cidr_range| NetAddr::CIDR.create("#{network_address}/#{cidr_range}") },
       #                 converter: Proc.new { |value| NetAddr::CIDR.create(value.is_a?(Array) ? value.join('/') : value) }
@@ -188,10 +190,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   to the Address class, but if the real class name is +CompanyAddress+, you'll have to specify it
         #   with this option.
         # * <tt>:mapping</tt> - Specifies the mapping of entity attributes to attributes of the value
-        #   object. Each mapping is represented as an array where the first item is the name of the
-        #   entity attribute and the second item is the name of the attribute in the value object. The
+        #   object. Each mapping is represented as a key-value pair where the key is the name of the
+        #   entity attribute and the value is the name of the attribute in the value object. The
         #   order in which mappings are defined determines the order in which attributes are sent to the
-        #   value class constructor.
+        #   value class constructor. The mapping can be written as a hash or as an array of pairs.
         # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Specifies that the value object will not be instantiated when all mapped
         #   attributes are +nil+. Setting the value object to +nil+ has the effect of writing +nil+ to all
         #   mapped attributes.
@@ -208,14 +210,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   can return +nil+ to skip the assignment.
         #
         # Option examples:
-        #   composed_of :temperature, mapping: %w(reading celsius)
-        #   composed_of :balance, class_name: "Money", mapping: %w(balance amount)
+        #   composed_of :temperature, mapping: { reading: :celsius }
+        #   composed_of :balance, class_name: "Money", mapping: { balance: :amount }
+        #   composed_of :address, mapping: { address_street: :street, address_city: :city }
         #   composed_of :address, mapping: [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city) ]
         #   composed_of :gps_location
         #   composed_of :gps_location, allow_nil: true
         #   composed_of :ip_address,
         #               class_name: 'IPAddr',
-        #               mapping: %w(ip to_i),
+        #               mapping: { ip: :to_i },
         #               constructor: Proc.new { |ip| IPAddr.new(ip, Socket::AF_INET) },
         #               converter: Proc.new { |ip| ip.is_a?(Integer) ? IPAddr.new(ip, Socket::AF_INET) : IPAddr.new(ip.to_s) }
         #
@@ -249,7 +252,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                 object = constructor.respond_to?(:call) ?
                   constructor.call(*attrs) :
                   class_name.constantize.send(constructor, *attrs)
-                @aggregation_cache[name] = object
+                @aggregation_cache[name] = object.freeze
               end
               @aggregation_cache[name]
             end
@@ -275,7 +278,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                 @aggregation_cache[name] = nil
               else
                 mapping.each { |key, value| write_attribute(key, part.send(value)) }
-                @aggregation_cache[name] = part.freeze
+                @aggregation_cache[name] = part.dup.freeze
               end
             end
           end

data/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     %w(insert insert_all insert! insert_all! upsert upsert_all).each do |method|
-      class_eval <<~RUBY
+      class_eval <<~RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{method}(attributes, **kwargs)
           if @association.reflection.through_reflection?
             raise ArgumentError, "Bulk insert or upsert is currently not supported for has_many through association"

data/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Associations in Active Record are middlemen between the object that
     # holds the association, known as the <tt>owner</tt>, and the associated
     # result set, known as the <tt>target</tt>. Association metadata is available in
-    # <tt>reflection</tt>, which is an instance of <tt>ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection</tt>.
+    # <tt>reflection</tt>, which is an instance of +ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection+.
     #
     # For example, given
     #
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         reset
         reset_scope
+
+        @skip_strict_loading = nil
       end
 
       # Resets the \loaded flag to +false+ and sets the \target to +nil+.
@@ -216,7 +218,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def find_target
-          if violates_strict_loading? && owner.validation_context.nil?
+          if violates_strict_loading?
             Base.strict_loading_violation!(owner: owner.class, reflection: reflection)
           end
 
@@ -239,7 +241,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        def skip_strict_loading(&block)
+          skip_strict_loading_was = @skip_strict_loading
+          @skip_strict_loading = true
+          yield
+        ensure
+          @skip_strict_loading = skip_strict_loading_was
+        end
+
         def violates_strict_loading?
+          return if @skip_strict_loading
+
+          return unless owner.validation_context.nil?
+
           return reflection.strict_loading? if reflection.options.key?(:strict_loading)
 
           owner.strict_loading? && !owner.strict_loading_n_plus_one_only?
@@ -322,7 +336,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Returns true if record contains the foreign_key
         def foreign_key_for?(record)
-          record._has_attribute?(reflection.foreign_key)
+          foreign_key = Array(reflection.foreign_key)
+          foreign_key.all? { |key| record._has_attribute?(key) }
         end
 
         # This should be implemented to return the values of the relevant key(s) on the owner,

data/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         binds = []
         last_reflection = chain.last
 
-        binds << last_reflection.join_id_for(owner)
+        binds.push(*last_reflection.join_id_for(owner))
         if last_reflection.type
           binds << owner.class.polymorphic_name
         end
@@ -56,12 +56,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def last_chain_scope(scope, reflection, owner)
-          primary_key = reflection.join_primary_key
-          foreign_key = reflection.join_foreign_key
+          primary_key = Array(reflection.join_primary_key)
+          foreign_key = Array(reflection.join_foreign_key)
 
           table = reflection.aliased_table
-          value = transform_value(owner[foreign_key])
-          scope = apply_scope(scope, table, primary_key, value)
+          primary_key_foreign_key_pairs = primary_key.zip(foreign_key)
+          primary_key_foreign_key_pairs.each do |join_key, foreign_key|
+            value = transform_value(owner._read_attribute(foreign_key))
+            scope = apply_scope(scope, table, join_key, value)
+          end
 
           if reflection.type
             polymorphic_type = transform_value(owner.class.polymorphic_name)
@@ -76,19 +79,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def next_chain_scope(scope, reflection, next_reflection)
-          primary_key = reflection.join_primary_key
-          foreign_key = reflection.join_foreign_key
+          primary_key = Array(reflection.join_primary_key)
+          foreign_key = Array(reflection.join_foreign_key)
 
           table = reflection.aliased_table
           foreign_table = next_reflection.aliased_table
-          constraint = table[primary_key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])
+
+          primary_key_foreign_key_pairs = primary_key.zip(foreign_key)
+          constraints = primary_key_foreign_key_pairs.map do |join_primary_key, foreign_key|
+            table[join_primary_key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])
+          end.inject(&:and)
 
           if reflection.type
             value = transform_value(next_reflection.klass.polymorphic_name)
             scope = apply_scope(scope, table, reflection.type, value)
           end
 
-          scope.joins!(join(foreign_table, constraint))
+          scope.joins!(join(foreign_table, constraints))
         end
 
         class ReflectionProxy < SimpleDelegator # :nodoc:

data/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb

@@ -11,8 +11,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         when :destroy
           raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless target.destroy
         when :destroy_async
-          id = owner.public_send(reflection.foreign_key.to_sym)
-          primary_key_column = reflection.active_record_primary_key.to_sym
+          if reflection.foreign_key.is_a?(Array)
+            primary_key_column = reflection.active_record_primary_key.map(&:to_sym)
+            id = reflection.foreign_key.map { |col| owner.public_send(col.to_sym) }
+          else
+            primary_key_column = reflection.active_record_primary_key.to_sym
+            id = owner.public_send(reflection.foreign_key.to_sym)
+          end
 
           enqueue_destroy_association(
             owner_model_name: owner.class.to_s,
@@ -119,10 +124,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def replace_keys(record, force: false)
-          target_key = record ? record._read_attribute(primary_key(record.class)) : nil
+          target_key_values = record ? Array(primary_key(record.class)).map { |key| record._read_attribute(key) } : []
+          reflection_fk = Array(reflection.foreign_key)
 
-          if force || owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key) != target_key
-            owner[reflection.foreign_key] = target_key
+          if force || reflection_fk.map { |fk| owner._read_attribute(fk) } != target_key_values
+            reflection_fk.zip(target_key_values).each do |key, value|
+              owner[key] = value
+            end
           end
         end
 
@@ -131,7 +139,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def foreign_key_present?
-          owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key)
+          Array(reflection.foreign_key).all? { |fk| owner._read_attribute(fk) }
         end
 
         def invertible_for?(record)

data/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
     self.extensions = []
 
     VALID_OPTIONS = [
-      :class_name, :anonymous_class, :primary_key, :foreign_key, :dependent, :validate, :inverse_of, :strict_loading
+      :class_name, :anonymous_class, :primary_key, :foreign_key, :dependent, :validate, :inverse_of, :strict_loading, :query_constraints
     ].freeze # :nodoc:
 
     def self.build(model, name, scope, options, &block)
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
 
     def self.check_dependent_options(dependent, model)
       if dependent == :destroy_async && !model.destroy_association_async_job
-        err_message = "ActiveJob is required to use destroy_async on associations"
-        raise ActiveRecord::ActiveJobRequiredError, err_message
+        err_message = "A valid destroy_association_async_job is required to use `dependent: :destroy_async` on associations"
+        raise ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, err_message
       end
       unless valid_dependent_options.include? dependent
         raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option must be one of #{valid_dependent_options}, but is :#{dependent}"

data/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb

@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
       }
 
       klass = reflection.class_name.safe_constantize
-      klass.attr_readonly cache_column if klass && klass.respond_to?(:attr_readonly)
+      klass._counter_cache_columns |= [cache_column] if klass && klass.respond_to?(:_counter_cache_columns)
     end
 
-    def self.touch_record(o, changes, foreign_key, name, touch, touch_method) # :nodoc:
+    def self.touch_record(o, changes, foreign_key, name, touch) # :nodoc:
       old_foreign_id = changes[foreign_key] && changes[foreign_key].first
 
       if old_foreign_id
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
 
         if old_record
           if touch != true
-            old_record.public_send(touch_method, touch)
+            old_record.touch_later(touch)
           else
-            old_record.public_send(touch_method)
+            old_record.touch_later
           end
         end
       end
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
       record = o.public_send name
       if record && record.persisted?
         if touch != true
-          record.public_send(touch_method, touch)
+          record.touch_later(touch)
         else
-          record.public_send(touch_method)
+          record.touch_later
         end
       end
     end
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
       touch       = reflection.options[:touch]
 
       callback = lambda { |changes_method| lambda { |record|
-        BelongsTo.touch_record(record, record.send(changes_method), foreign_key, name, touch, belongs_to_touch_method)
+        BelongsTo.touch_record(record, record.send(changes_method), foreign_key, name, touch)
       }}
 
       if reflection.counter_cache_column
@@ -123,7 +123,20 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
       super
 
       if required
-        model.validates_presence_of reflection.name, message: :required
+        if ActiveRecord.belongs_to_required_validates_foreign_key
+          model.validates_presence_of reflection.name, message: :required
+        else
+          condition = lambda { |record|
+            foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key
+            foreign_type = reflection.foreign_type
+
+            record.read_attribute(foreign_key).nil? ||
+              record.attribute_changed?(foreign_key) ||
+              (reflection.polymorphic? && (record.read_attribute(foreign_type).nil? || record.attribute_changed?(foreign_type)))
+          }
+
+          model.validates_presence_of reflection.name, message: :required, if: condition
+        end
       end
     end
 

data/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
           attr_accessor :right_reflection
         end
 
+        @table_name = nil
         def self.table_name
           # Table name needs to be resolved lazily
           # because RHS class might not have been loaded
@@ -44,11 +45,6 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
         def self.retrieve_connection
           left_model.retrieve_connection
         end
-
-        private
-          def self.suppress_composite_primary_key(pk)
-            pk unless pk.is_a?(Array)
-          end
       }
 
       join_model.name                = "HABTM_#{association_name.to_s.camelize}"

data/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb

@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
         def reload_#{name}
           association(:#{name}).force_reload_reader
         end
+
+        def reset_#{name}
+          association(:#{name}).reset
+        end
       CODE
     end
 

data/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # The CollectionAssociation class provides common methods to the collections
     # defined by +has_and_belongs_to_many+, +has_many+ or +has_many+ with
-    # the +:through association+ option.
+    # the <tt>:through association</tt> option.
     #
     # You need to be careful with assumptions regarding the target: The proxy
     # does not fetch records from the database until it needs them, but new
@@ -61,14 +61,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         primary_key = reflection.association_primary_key
         pk_type = klass.type_for_attribute(primary_key)
         ids = Array(ids).compact_blank
-        ids.map! { |i| pk_type.cast(i) }
+        ids.map! { |id| pk_type.cast(id) }
 
-        records = klass.where(primary_key => ids).index_by do |r|
-          r.public_send(primary_key)
+        records = if klass.composite_primary_key?
+          klass.where(primary_key => ids).index_by do |record|
+            primary_key.map { |primary_key| record._read_attribute(primary_key) }
+          end
+        else
+          klass.where(primary_key => ids).index_by do |record|
+            record._read_attribute(primary_key)
+          end
         end.values_at(*ids).compact
 
         if records.size != ids.size
-          found_ids = records.map { |record| record.public_send(primary_key) }
+          found_ids = records.map { |record| record._read_attribute(primary_key) }
           not_found_ids = ids - found_ids
           klass.all.raise_record_not_found_exception!(ids, records.size, ids.size, primary_key, not_found_ids)
         else
@@ -79,7 +85,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def reset
         super
         @target = []
-        @replaced_or_added_targets = Set.new
+        @replaced_or_added_targets = Set.new.compare_by_identity
         @association_ids = nil
       end
 
@@ -119,7 +125,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def concat(*records)
         records = records.flatten
         if owner.new_record?
-          load_target
+          skip_strict_loading { load_target }
           concat_records(records)
         else
           transaction { concat_records(records) }
@@ -180,7 +186,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Deletes the +records+ and removes them from this association calling
-      # +before_remove+ , +after_remove+ , +before_destroy+ and +after_destroy+ callbacks.
+      # +before_remove+, +after_remove+, +before_destroy+ and +after_destroy+ callbacks.
       #
       # Note that this method removes records from the database ignoring the
       # +:dependent+ option.
@@ -233,7 +239,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # and delete/add only records that have changed.
       def replace(other_array)
         other_array.each { |val| raise_on_type_mismatch!(val) }
-        original_target = load_target.dup
+        original_target = skip_strict_loading { load_target }.dup
 
         if owner.new_record?
           replace_records(other_array, original_target)
@@ -320,13 +326,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   * Otherwise, attributes should have the value found in the database
         def merge_target_lists(persisted, memory)
           return persisted if memory.empty?
-          return memory    if persisted.empty?
 
           persisted.map! do |record|
             if mem_record = memory.delete(record)
 
-              ((record.attribute_names & mem_record.attribute_names) - mem_record.changed_attribute_names_to_save).each do |name|
-                mem_record[name] = record[name]
+              ((record.attribute_names & mem_record.attribute_names) - mem_record.changed_attribute_names_to_save - mem_record.class._attr_readonly).each do |name|
+                mem_record._write_attribute(name, record[name])
               end
 
               mem_record

data/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
+    # = Active Record Collection Proxy
+    #
     # Collection proxies in Active Record are middlemen between an
     # <tt>association</tt>, and its <tt>target</tt> result set.
     #
@@ -94,12 +96,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # receive:
       #
       #   person.pets.select(:name).first.person_id
-      #   # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing attribute: person_id
+      #   # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing attribute 'person_id' for Pet
       #
-      # *Second:* You can pass a block so it can be used just like Array#select.
+      # *Second:* You can pass a block so it can be used just like <tt>Array#select</tt>.
       # This builds an array of objects from the database for the scope,
       # converting them into an array and iterating through them using
-      # Array#select.
+      # <tt>Array#select</tt>.
       #
       #   person.pets.select { |pet| /oo/.match?(pet.name) }
       #   # => [
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #    ]
 
       # Finds an object in the collection responding to the +id+. Uses the same
-      # rules as ActiveRecord::Base.find. Returns ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
+      # rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods.find. Returns ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
       # error if the object cannot be found.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -218,7 +220,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # :call-seq:
       #   third_to_last()
       #
-      # Same as #first except returns only the third-to-last record.
+      # Same as #last except returns only the third-to-last record.
 
       ##
       # :method: second_to_last
@@ -226,7 +228,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # :call-seq:
       #   second_to_last()
       #
-      # Same as #first except returns only the second-to-last record.
+      # Same as #last except returns only the second-to-last record.
 
       # Returns the last record, or the last +n+ records, from the collection.
       # If the collection is empty, the first form returns +nil+, and the second
@@ -260,7 +262,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Gives a record (or N records if a parameter is supplied) from the collection
-      # using the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.take</tt>.
+      # using the same rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods.take.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets
@@ -382,7 +384,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # => [#<Pet id: 2, name: "Puff", group: "celebrities", person_id: 1>]
       #
       # If the supplied array has an incorrect association type, it raises
-      # an <tt>ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch</tt> error:
+      # an ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch error:
       #
       #   person.pets.replace(["doo", "ggie", "gaga"])
       #   # => ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch: Pet expected, got String
@@ -475,7 +477,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Deletes the records of the collection directly from the database
       # ignoring the +:dependent+ option. Records are instantiated and it
-      # invokes +before_remove+, +after_remove+ , +before_destroy+ and
+      # invokes +before_remove+, +after_remove+, +before_destroy+, and
       # +after_destroy+ callbacks.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -930,7 +932,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association
       end
 
-      # Returns a <tt>Relation</tt> object for the records in this association
+      # Returns a Relation object for the records in this association
       def scope
         @scope ||= @association.scope
       end
@@ -955,10 +957,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   person.pets == other
       #   # => true
       #
+      #
+      # Note that unpersisted records can still be seen as equal:
+      #
       #   other = [Pet.new(id: 1), Pet.new(id: 2)]
       #
       #   person.pets == other
-      #   # => false
+      #   # => true
       def ==(other)
         load_target == other
       end
@@ -1102,13 +1107,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
       end
 
+      def pretty_print(pp) # :nodoc:
+        load_target if find_from_target?
+        super
+      end
+
       delegate_methods = [
         QueryMethods,
         SpawnMethods,
       ].flat_map { |klass|
         klass.public_instance_methods(false)
       } - self.public_instance_methods(false) - [:select] + [
-        :scoping, :values, :insert, :insert_all, :insert!, :insert_all!, :upsert, :upsert_all
+        :scoping, :values, :insert, :insert_all, :insert!, :insert_all!, :upsert, :upsert_all, :load_async
       ]
 
       delegate(*delegate_methods, to: :scope)