activerecord 6.0.0

data/lib/active_record/locking/pessimistic.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Locking
+    # Locking::Pessimistic provides support for row-level locking using
+    # SELECT ... FOR UPDATE and other lock types.
+    #
+    # Chain <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#find</tt> to <tt>ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#lock</tt> to obtain an exclusive
+    # lock on the selected rows:
+    #   # select * from accounts where id=1 for update
+    #   Account.lock.find(1)
+    #
+    # Call <tt>lock('some locking clause')</tt> to use a database-specific locking clause
+    # of your own such as 'LOCK IN SHARE MODE' or 'FOR UPDATE NOWAIT'. Example:
+    #
+    #   Account.transaction do
+    #     # select * from accounts where name = 'shugo' limit 1 for update nowait
+    #     shugo = Account.lock("FOR UPDATE NOWAIT").find_by(name: "shugo")
+    #     yuko = Account.lock("FOR UPDATE NOWAIT").find_by(name: "yuko")
+    #     shugo.balance -= 100
+    #     shugo.save!
+    #     yuko.balance += 100
+    #     yuko.save!
+    #   end
+    #
+    # You can also use <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#lock!</tt> method to lock one record by id.
+    # This may be better if you don't need to lock every row. Example:
+    #
+    #   Account.transaction do
+    #     # select * from accounts where ...
+    #     accounts = Account.where(...)
+    #     account1 = accounts.detect { |account| ... }
+    #     account2 = accounts.detect { |account| ... }
+    #     # select * from accounts where id=? for update
+    #     account1.lock!
+    #     account2.lock!
+    #     account1.balance -= 100
+    #     account1.save!
+    #     account2.balance += 100
+    #     account2.save!
+    #   end
+    #
+    # You can start a transaction and acquire the lock in one go by calling
+    # <tt>with_lock</tt> with a block. The block is called from within
+    # a transaction, the object is already locked. Example:
+    #
+    #   account = Account.first
+    #   account.with_lock do
+    #     # This block is called within a transaction,
+    #     # account is already locked.
+    #     account.balance -= 100
+    #     account.save!
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Database-specific information on row locking:
+    #   MySQL: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/innodb-locking-reads.html
+    #   PostgreSQL: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/sql-select.html#SQL-FOR-UPDATE-SHARE
+    module Pessimistic
+      # Obtain a row lock on this record. Reloads the record to obtain the requested
+      # lock. Pass an SQL locking clause to append the end of the SELECT statement
+      # or pass true for "FOR UPDATE" (the default, an exclusive row lock). Returns
+      # the locked record.
+      def lock!(lock = true)
+        if persisted?
+          if has_changes_to_save?
+            raise(<<-MSG.squish)
+              Locking a record with unpersisted changes is not supported. Use
+              `save` to persist the changes, or `reload` to discard them
+              explicitly.
+            MSG
+          end
+
+          reload(lock: lock)
+        end
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Wraps the passed block in a transaction, locking the object
+      # before yielding. You can pass the SQL locking clause
+      # as argument (see <tt>lock!</tt>).
+      def with_lock(lock = true)
+        transaction do
+          lock!(lock)
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
+    IGNORE_PAYLOAD_NAMES = ["SCHEMA", "EXPLAIN"]
+
+    class_attribute :backtrace_cleaner, default: ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new
+
+    def self.runtime=(value)
+      ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.sql_runtime = value
+    end
+
+    def self.runtime
+      ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.sql_runtime ||= 0
+    end
+
+    def self.reset_runtime
+      rt, self.runtime = runtime, 0
+      rt
+    end
+
+    def sql(event)
+      self.class.runtime += event.duration
+      return unless logger.debug?
+
+      payload = event.payload
+
+      return if IGNORE_PAYLOAD_NAMES.include?(payload[:name])
+
+      name  = "#{payload[:name]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
+      name  = "CACHE #{name}" if payload[:cached]
+      sql   = payload[:sql]
+      binds = nil
+
+      unless (payload[:binds] || []).empty?
+        casted_params = type_casted_binds(payload[:type_casted_binds])
+        binds = "  " + payload[:binds].zip(casted_params).map { |attr, value|
+          render_bind(attr, value)
+        }.inspect
+      end
+
+      name = colorize_payload_name(name, payload[:name])
+      sql  = color(sql, sql_color(sql), true)
+
+      debug "  #{name}  #{sql}#{binds}"
+    end
+
+    private
+      def type_casted_binds(casted_binds)
+        casted_binds.respond_to?(:call) ? casted_binds.call : casted_binds
+      end
+
+      def render_bind(attr, value)
+        if attr.is_a?(Array)
+          attr = attr.first
+        elsif attr.type.binary? && attr.value
+          value = "<#{attr.value_for_database.to_s.bytesize} bytes of binary data>"
+        end
+
+        [attr && attr.name, value]
+      end
+
+      def colorize_payload_name(name, payload_name)
+        if payload_name.blank? || payload_name == "SQL" # SQL vs Model Load/Exists
+          color(name, MAGENTA, true)
+        else
+          color(name, CYAN, true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def sql_color(sql)
+        case sql
+        when /\A\s*rollback/mi
+          RED
+        when /select .*for update/mi, /\A\s*lock/mi
+          WHITE
+        when /\A\s*select/i
+          BLUE
+        when /\A\s*insert/i
+          GREEN
+        when /\A\s*update/i
+          YELLOW
+        when /\A\s*delete/i
+          RED
+        when /transaction\s*\Z/i
+          CYAN
+        else
+          MAGENTA
+        end
+      end
+
+      def logger
+        ActiveRecord::Base.logger
+      end
+
+      def debug(progname = nil, &block)
+        return unless super
+
+        if ActiveRecord::Base.verbose_query_logs
+          log_query_source
+        end
+      end
+
+      def log_query_source
+        source = extract_query_source_location(caller)
+
+        if source
+          logger.debug("  ↳ #{source}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extract_query_source_location(locations)
+        backtrace_cleaner.clean(locations.lazy).first
+      end
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.attach_to :active_record

data/lib/active_record/middleware/database_selector.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_record/middleware/database_selector/resolver"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Middleware
+    # The DatabaseSelector Middleware provides a framework for automatically
+    # swapping from the primary to the replica database connection. Rails
+    # provides a basic framework to determine when to swap and allows for
+    # applications to write custom strategy classes to override the default
+    # behavior.
+    #
+    # The resolver class defines when the application should switch (i.e. read
+    # from the primary if a write occurred less than 2 seconds ago) and a
+    # resolver context class that sets a value that helps the resolver class
+    # decide when to switch.
+    #
+    # Rails default middleware uses the request's session to set a timestamp
+    # that informs the application when to read from a primary or read from a
+    # replica.
+    #
+    # To use the DatabaseSelector in your application with default settings add
+    # the following options to your environment config:
+    #
+    #   config.active_record.database_selector = { delay: 2.seconds }
+    #   config.active_record.database_resolver = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver
+    #   config.active_record.database_resolver_context = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver::Session
+    #
+    # New applications will include these lines commented out in the production.rb.
+    #
+    # The default behavior can be changed by setting the config options to a
+    # custom class:
+    #
+    #   config.active_record.database_selector = { delay: 2.seconds }
+    #   config.active_record.database_resolver = MyResolver
+    #   config.active_record.database_resolver_context = MyResolver::MySession
+    class DatabaseSelector
+      def initialize(app, resolver_klass = nil, context_klass = nil, options = {})
+        @app = app
+        @resolver_klass = resolver_klass || Resolver
+        @context_klass = context_klass || Resolver::Session
+        @options = options
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :resolver_klass, :context_klass, :options
+
+      # Middleware that determines which database connection to use in a multiple
+      # database application.
+      def call(env)
+        request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+
+        select_database(request) do
+          @app.call(env)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def select_database(request, &blk)
+          context = context_klass.call(request)
+          resolver = resolver_klass.call(context, options)
+
+          if reading_request?(request)
+            resolver.read(&blk)
+          else
+            resolver.write(&blk)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def reading_request?(request)
+          request.get? || request.head?
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/middleware/database_selector/resolver.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_record/middleware/database_selector/resolver/session"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Middleware
+    class DatabaseSelector
+      # The Resolver class is used by the DatabaseSelector middleware to
+      # determine which database the request should use.
+      #
+      # To change the behavior of the Resolver class in your application,
+      # create a custom resolver class that inherits from
+      # DatabaseSelector::Resolver and implements the methods that need to
+      # be changed.
+      #
+      # By default the Resolver class will send read traffic to the replica
+      # if it's been 2 seconds since the last write.
+      class Resolver # :nodoc:
+        SEND_TO_REPLICA_DELAY = 2.seconds
+
+        def self.call(context, options = {})
+          new(context, options)
+        end
+
+        def initialize(context, options = {})
+          @context = context
+          @options = options
+          @delay = @options && @options[:delay] ? @options[:delay] : SEND_TO_REPLICA_DELAY
+          @instrumenter = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :context, :delay, :instrumenter
+
+        def read(&blk)
+          if read_from_primary?
+            read_from_primary(&blk)
+          else
+            read_from_replica(&blk)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def write(&blk)
+          write_to_primary(&blk)
+        end
+
+        private
+
+          def read_from_primary(&blk)
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role) do
+              ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes(true) do
+                instrumenter.instrument("database_selector.active_record.read_from_primary") do
+                  yield
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def read_from_replica(&blk)
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: ActiveRecord::Base.reading_role) do
+              instrumenter.instrument("database_selector.active_record.read_from_replica") do
+                yield
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def write_to_primary(&blk)
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role) do
+              ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.while_preventing_writes(false) do
+                instrumenter.instrument("database_selector.active_record.wrote_to_primary") do
+                  yield
+                ensure
+                  context.update_last_write_timestamp
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def read_from_primary?
+            !time_since_last_write_ok?
+          end
+
+          def send_to_replica_delay
+            delay
+          end
+
+          def time_since_last_write_ok?
+            Time.now - context.last_write_timestamp >= send_to_replica_delay
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/middleware/database_selector/resolver/session.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Middleware
+    class DatabaseSelector
+      class Resolver
+        # The session class is used by the DatabaseSelector::Resolver to save
+        # timestamps of the last write in the session.
+        #
+        # The last_write is used to determine whether it's safe to read
+        # from the replica or the request needs to be sent to the primary.
+        class Session # :nodoc:
+          def self.call(request)
+            new(request.session)
+          end
+
+          # Converts time to a timestamp that represents milliseconds since
+          # epoch.
+          def self.convert_time_to_timestamp(time)
+            time.to_i * 1000 + time.usec / 1000
+          end
+
+          # Converts milliseconds since epoch timestamp into a time object.
+          def self.convert_timestamp_to_time(timestamp)
+            timestamp ? Time.at(timestamp / 1000, (timestamp % 1000) * 1000) : Time.at(0)
+          end
+
+          def initialize(session)
+            @session = session
+          end
+
+          attr_reader :session
+
+          def last_write_timestamp
+            self.class.convert_timestamp_to_time(session[:last_write])
+          end
+
+          def update_last_write_timestamp
+            session[:last_write] = self.class.convert_time_to_timestamp(Time.now)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/migration.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1397 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "benchmark"
+require "set"
+require "zlib"
+require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors"
+require "active_support/actionable_error"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class MigrationError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(message = nil)
+      message = "\n\n#{message}\n\n" if message
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Exception that can be raised to stop migrations from being rolled back.
+  # For example the following migration is not reversible.
+  # Rolling back this migration will raise an ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration error.
+  #
+  #   class IrreversibleMigrationExample < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     def change
+  #       create_table :distributors do |t|
+  #         t.string :zipcode
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       execute <<~SQL
+  #         ALTER TABLE distributors
+  #           ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+  #             CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5) NO INHERIT;
+  #       SQL
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # There are two ways to mitigate this problem.
+  #
+  # 1. Define <tt>#up</tt> and <tt>#down</tt> methods instead of <tt>#change</tt>:
+  #
+  #  class ReversibleMigrationExample < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #    def up
+  #      create_table :distributors do |t|
+  #        t.string :zipcode
+  #      end
+  #
+  #      execute <<~SQL
+  #        ALTER TABLE distributors
+  #          ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+  #            CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5) NO INHERIT;
+  #      SQL
+  #    end
+  #
+  #    def down
+  #      execute <<~SQL
+  #        ALTER TABLE distributors
+  #          DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
+  #      SQL
+  #
+  #      drop_table :distributors
+  #    end
+  #  end
+  #
+  # 2. Use the #reversible method in <tt>#change</tt> method:
+  #
+  #   class ReversibleMigrationExample < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     def change
+  #       create_table :distributors do |t|
+  #         t.string :zipcode
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       reversible do |dir|
+  #         dir.up do
+  #           execute <<~SQL
+  #             ALTER TABLE distributors
+  #               ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+  #                 CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5) NO INHERIT;
+  #           SQL
+  #         end
+  #
+  #         dir.down do
+  #           execute <<~SQL
+  #             ALTER TABLE distributors
+  #               DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
+  #           SQL
+  #         end
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  class IrreversibleMigration < MigrationError
+  end
+
+  class DuplicateMigrationVersionError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(version = nil)
+      if version
+        super("Multiple migrations have the version number #{version}.")
+      else
+        super("Duplicate migration version error.")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DuplicateMigrationNameError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(name = nil)
+      if name
+        super("Multiple migrations have the name #{name}.")
+      else
+        super("Duplicate migration name.")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class UnknownMigrationVersionError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(version = nil)
+      if version
+        super("No migration with version number #{version}.")
+      else
+        super("Unknown migration version.")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class IllegalMigrationNameError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(name = nil)
+      if name
+        super("Illegal name for migration file: #{name}\n\t(only lower case letters, numbers, and '_' allowed).")
+      else
+        super("Illegal name for migration.")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class PendingMigrationError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
+    include ActiveSupport::ActionableError
+
+    action "Run pending migrations" do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
+    end
+
+    def initialize(message = nil)
+      if !message && defined?(Rails.env)
+        super("Migrations are pending. To resolve this issue, run:\n\n        rails db:migrate RAILS_ENV=#{::Rails.env}")
+      elsif !message
+        super("Migrations are pending. To resolve this issue, run:\n\n        rails db:migrate")
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ConcurrentMigrationError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
+    DEFAULT_MESSAGE = "Cannot run migrations because another migration process is currently running."
+    RELEASE_LOCK_FAILED_MESSAGE = "Failed to release advisory lock"
+
+    def initialize(message = DEFAULT_MESSAGE)
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  class NoEnvironmentInSchemaError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize
+      msg = "Environment data not found in the schema. To resolve this issue, run: \n\n        rails db:environment:set"
+      if defined?(Rails.env)
+        super("#{msg} RAILS_ENV=#{::Rails.env}")
+      else
+        super(msg)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ProtectedEnvironmentError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(env = "production")
+      msg = +"You are attempting to run a destructive action against your '#{env}' database.\n"
+      msg << "If you are sure you want to continue, run the same command with the environment variable:\n"
+      msg << "DISABLE_DATABASE_ENVIRONMENT_CHECK=1"
+      super(msg)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class EnvironmentMismatchError < ActiveRecordError
+    def initialize(current: nil, stored: nil)
+      msg = +"You are attempting to modify a database that was last run in `#{ stored }` environment.\n"
+      msg << "You are running in `#{ current }` environment. "
+      msg << "If you are sure you want to continue, first set the environment using:\n\n"
+      msg << "        rails db:environment:set"
+      if defined?(Rails.env)
+        super("#{msg} RAILS_ENV=#{::Rails.env}\n\n")
+      else
+        super("#{msg}\n\n")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # = Active Record Migrations
+  #
+  # Migrations can manage the evolution of a schema used by several physical
+  # databases. It's a solution to the common problem of adding a field to make
+  # a new feature work in your local database, but being unsure of how to
+  # push that change to other developers and to the production server. With
+  # migrations, you can describe the transformations in self-contained classes
+  # that can be checked into version control systems and executed against
+  # another database that might be one, two, or five versions behind.
+  #
+  # Example of a simple migration:
+  #
+  #   class AddSsl < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     def up
+  #       add_column :accounts, :ssl_enabled, :boolean, default: true
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def down
+  #       remove_column :accounts, :ssl_enabled
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # This migration will add a boolean flag to the accounts table and remove it
+  # if you're backing out of the migration. It shows how all migrations have
+  # two methods +up+ and +down+ that describes the transformations
+  # required to implement or remove the migration. These methods can consist
+  # of both the migration specific methods like +add_column+ and +remove_column+,
+  # but may also contain regular Ruby code for generating data needed for the
+  # transformations.
+  #
+  # Example of a more complex migration that also needs to initialize data:
+  #
+  #   class AddSystemSettings < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     def up
+  #       create_table :system_settings do |t|
+  #         t.string  :name
+  #         t.string  :label
+  #         t.text    :value
+  #         t.string  :type
+  #         t.integer :position
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       SystemSetting.create  name:  'notice',
+  #                             label: 'Use notice?',
+  #                             value: 1
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def down
+  #       drop_table :system_settings
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # This migration first adds the +system_settings+ table, then creates the very
+  # first row in it using the Active Record model that relies on the table. It
+  # also uses the more advanced +create_table+ syntax where you can specify a
+  # complete table schema in one block call.
+  #
+  # == Available transformations
+  #
+  # === Creation
+  #
+  # * <tt>create_join_table(table_1, table_2, options)</tt>: Creates a join
+  #   table having its name as the lexical order of the first two
+  #   arguments. See
+  #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#create_join_table for
+  #   details.
+  # * <tt>create_table(name, options)</tt>: Creates a table called +name+ and
+  #   makes the table object available to a block that can then add columns to it,
+  #   following the same format as +add_column+. See example above. The options hash
+  #   is for fragments like "DEFAULT CHARSET=UTF-8" that are appended to the create
+  #   table definition.
+  # * <tt>add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)</tt>: Adds a new column
+  #   to the table called +table_name+
+  #   named +column_name+ specified to be one of the following types:
+  #   <tt>:string</tt>, <tt>:text</tt>, <tt>:integer</tt>, <tt>:float</tt>,
+  #   <tt>:decimal</tt>, <tt>:datetime</tt>, <tt>:timestamp</tt>, <tt>:time</tt>,
+  #   <tt>:date</tt>, <tt>:binary</tt>, <tt>:boolean</tt>. A default value can be
+  #   specified by passing an +options+ hash like <tt>{ default: 11 }</tt>.
+  #   Other options include <tt>:limit</tt> and <tt>:null</tt> (e.g.
+  #   <tt>{ limit: 50, null: false }</tt>) -- see
+  #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition#column for details.
+  # * <tt>add_foreign_key(from_table, to_table, options)</tt>: Adds a new
+  #   foreign key. +from_table+ is the table with the key column, +to_table+ contains
+  #   the referenced primary key.
+  # * <tt>add_index(table_name, column_names, options)</tt>: Adds a new index
+  #   with the name of the column. Other options include
+  #   <tt>:name</tt>, <tt>:unique</tt> (e.g.
+  #   <tt>{ name: 'users_name_index', unique: true }</tt>) and <tt>:order</tt>
+  #   (e.g. <tt>{ order: { name: :desc } }</tt>).
+  # * <tt>add_reference(:table_name, :reference_name)</tt>: Adds a new column
+  #   +reference_name_id+ by default an integer. See
+  #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#add_reference for details.
+  # * <tt>add_timestamps(table_name, options)</tt>: Adds timestamps (+created_at+
+  #   and +updated_at+) columns to +table_name+.
+  #
+  # === Modification
+  #
+  # * <tt>change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)</tt>:  Changes
+  #   the column to a different type using the same parameters as add_column.
+  # * <tt>change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes)</tt>:
+  #   Sets a default value for +column_name+ defined by +default_or_changes+ on
+  #   +table_name+. Passing a hash containing <tt>:from</tt> and <tt>:to</tt>
+  #   as +default_or_changes+ will make this change reversible in the migration.
+  # * <tt>change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)</tt>:
+  #   Sets or removes a +NOT NULL+ constraint on +column_name+. The +null+ flag
+  #   indicates whether the value can be +NULL+. See
+  #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#change_column_null for
+  #   details.
+  # * <tt>change_table(name, options)</tt>: Allows to make column alterations to
+  #   the table called +name+. It makes the table object available to a block that
+  #   can then add/remove columns, indexes or foreign keys to it.
+  # * <tt>rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)</tt>: Renames
+  #   a column but keeps the type and content.
+  # * <tt>rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)</tt>: Renames an index.
+  # * <tt>rename_table(old_name, new_name)</tt>: Renames the table called +old_name+
+  #   to +new_name+.
+  #
+  # === Deletion
+  #
+  # * <tt>drop_table(name)</tt>: Drops the table called +name+.
+  # * <tt>drop_join_table(table_1, table_2, options)</tt>: Drops the join table
+  #   specified by the given arguments.
+  # * <tt>remove_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)</tt>: Removes the column
+  #   named +column_name+ from the table called +table_name+.
+  # * <tt>remove_columns(table_name, *column_names)</tt>: Removes the given
+  #   columns from the table definition.
+  # * <tt>remove_foreign_key(from_table, to_table = nil, **options)</tt>: Removes the
+  #   given foreign key from the table called +table_name+.
+  # * <tt>remove_index(table_name, column: column_names)</tt>: Removes the index
+  #   specified by +column_names+.
+  # * <tt>remove_index(table_name, name: index_name)</tt>: Removes the index
+  #   specified by +index_name+.
+  # * <tt>remove_reference(table_name, ref_name, options)</tt>: Removes the
+  #   reference(s) on +table_name+ specified by +ref_name+.
+  # * <tt>remove_timestamps(table_name, options)</tt>: Removes the timestamp
+  #   columns (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) from the table definition.
+  #
+  # == Irreversible transformations
+  #
+  # Some transformations are destructive in a manner that cannot be reversed.
+  # Migrations of that kind should raise an <tt>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</tt>
+  # exception in their +down+ method.
+  #
+  # == Running migrations from within Rails
+  #
+  # The Rails package has several tools to help create and apply migrations.
+  #
+  # To generate a new migration, you can use
+  #   rails generate migration MyNewMigration
+  #
+  # where MyNewMigration is the name of your migration. The generator will
+  # create an empty migration file <tt>timestamp_my_new_migration.rb</tt>
+  # in the <tt>db/migrate/</tt> directory where <tt>timestamp</tt> is the
+  # UTC formatted date and time that the migration was generated.
+  #
+  # There is a special syntactic shortcut to generate migrations that add fields to a table.
+  #
+  #   rails generate migration add_fieldname_to_tablename fieldname:string
+  #
+  # This will generate the file <tt>timestamp_add_fieldname_to_tablename.rb</tt>, which will look like this:
+  #   class AddFieldnameToTablename < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     def change
+  #       add_column :tablenames, :fieldname, :string
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # To run migrations against the currently configured database, use
+  # <tt>rails db:migrate</tt>. This will update the database by running all of the
+  # pending migrations, creating the <tt>schema_migrations</tt> table
+  # (see "About the schema_migrations table" section below) if missing. It will also
+  # invoke the db:schema:dump command, which will update your db/schema.rb file
+  # to match the structure of your database.
+  #
+  # To roll the database back to a previous migration version, use
+  # <tt>rails db:rollback VERSION=X</tt> where <tt>X</tt> is the version to which
+  # you wish to downgrade. Alternatively, you can also use the STEP option if you
+  # wish to rollback last few migrations. <tt>rails db:rollback STEP=2</tt> will rollback
+  # the latest two migrations.
+  #
+  # If any of the migrations throw an <tt>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</tt> exception,
+  # that step will fail and you'll have some manual work to do.
+  #
+  # == Database support
+  #
+  # Migrations are currently supported in MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite,
+  # SQL Server, and Oracle (all supported databases except DB2).
+  #
+  # == More examples
+  #
+  # Not all migrations change the schema. Some just fix the data:
+  #
+  #   class RemoveEmptyTags < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     def up
+  #       Tag.all.each { |tag| tag.destroy if tag.pages.empty? }
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def down
+  #       # not much we can do to restore deleted data
+  #       raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration, "Can't recover the deleted tags"
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Others remove columns when they migrate up instead of down:
+  #
+  #   class RemoveUnnecessaryItemAttributes < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     def up
+  #       remove_column :items, :incomplete_items_count
+  #       remove_column :items, :completed_items_count
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def down
+  #       add_column :items, :incomplete_items_count
+  #       add_column :items, :completed_items_count
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # And sometimes you need to do something in SQL not abstracted directly by migrations:
+  #
+  #   class MakeJoinUnique < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     def up
+  #       execute "ALTER TABLE `pages_linked_pages` ADD UNIQUE `page_id_linked_page_id` (`page_id`,`linked_page_id`)"
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def down
+  #       execute "ALTER TABLE `pages_linked_pages` DROP INDEX `page_id_linked_page_id`"
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # == Using a model after changing its table
+  #
+  # Sometimes you'll want to add a column in a migration and populate it
+  # immediately after. In that case, you'll need to make a call to
+  # <tt>Base#reset_column_information</tt> in order to ensure that the model has the
+  # latest column data from after the new column was added. Example:
+  #
+  #   class AddPeopleSalary < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     def up
+  #       add_column :people, :salary, :integer
+  #       Person.reset_column_information
+  #       Person.all.each do |p|
+  #         p.update_attribute :salary, SalaryCalculator.compute(p)
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # == Controlling verbosity
+  #
+  # By default, migrations will describe the actions they are taking, writing
+  # them to the console as they happen, along with benchmarks describing how
+  # long each step took.
+  #
+  # You can quiet them down by setting ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false.
+  #
+  # You can also insert your own messages and benchmarks by using the +say_with_time+
+  # method:
+  #
+  #   def up
+  #     ...
+  #     say_with_time "Updating salaries..." do
+  #       Person.all.each do |p|
+  #         p.update_attribute :salary, SalaryCalculator.compute(p)
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #     ...
+  #   end
+  #
+  # The phrase "Updating salaries..." would then be printed, along with the
+  # benchmark for the block when the block completes.
+  #
+  # == Timestamped Migrations
+  #
+  # By default, Rails generates migrations that look like:
+  #
+  #    20080717013526_your_migration_name.rb
+  #
+  # The prefix is a generation timestamp (in UTC).
+  #
+  # If you'd prefer to use numeric prefixes, you can turn timestamped migrations
+  # off by setting:
+  #
+  #    config.active_record.timestamped_migrations = false
+  #
+  # In application.rb.
+  #
+  # == Reversible Migrations
+  #
+  # Reversible migrations are migrations that know how to go +down+ for you.
+  # You simply supply the +up+ logic, and the Migration system figures out
+  # how to execute the down commands for you.
+  #
+  # To define a reversible migration, define the +change+ method in your
+  # migration like this:
+  #
+  #   class TenderloveMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     def change
+  #       create_table(:horses) do |t|
+  #         t.column :content, :text
+  #         t.column :remind_at, :datetime
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # This migration will create the horses table for you on the way up, and
+  # automatically figure out how to drop the table on the way down.
+  #
+  # Some commands cannot be reversed. If you care to define how to move up
+  # and down in these cases, you should define the +up+ and +down+ methods
+  # as before.
+  #
+  # If a command cannot be reversed, an
+  # <tt>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</tt> exception will be raised when
+  # the migration is moving down.
+  #
+  # For a list of commands that are reversible, please see
+  # <tt>ActiveRecord::Migration::CommandRecorder</tt>.
+  #
+  # == Transactional Migrations
+  #
+  # If the database adapter supports DDL transactions, all migrations will
+  # automatically be wrapped in a transaction. There are queries that you
+  # can't execute inside a transaction though, and for these situations
+  # you can turn the automatic transactions off.
+  #
+  #   class ChangeEnum < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     disable_ddl_transaction!
+  #
+  #     def up
+  #       execute "ALTER TYPE model_size ADD VALUE 'new_value'"
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Remember that you can still open your own transactions, even if you
+  # are in a Migration with <tt>self.disable_ddl_transaction!</tt>.
+  class Migration
+    autoload :CommandRecorder, "active_record/migration/command_recorder"
+    autoload :Compatibility, "active_record/migration/compatibility"
+
+    # This must be defined before the inherited hook, below
+    class Current < Migration #:nodoc:
+    end
+
+    def self.inherited(subclass) #:nodoc:
+      super
+      if subclass.superclass == Migration
+        raise StandardError, "Directly inheriting from ActiveRecord::Migration is not supported. " \
+          "Please specify the Rails release the migration was written for:\n" \
+          "\n" \
+          "  class #{subclass} < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.[](version)
+      Compatibility.find(version)
+    end
+
+    def self.current_version
+      ActiveRecord::VERSION::STRING.to_f
+    end
+
+    MigrationFilenameRegexp = /\A([0-9]+)_([_a-z0-9]*)\.?([_a-z0-9]*)?\.rb\z/ #:nodoc:
+
+    # This class is used to verify that all migrations have been run before
+    # loading a web page if <tt>config.active_record.migration_error</tt> is set to :page_load
+    class CheckPending
+      def initialize(app)
+        @app = app
+        @last_check = 0
+      end
+
+      def call(env)
+        mtime = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.migration_context.last_migration.mtime.to_i
+        if @last_check < mtime
+          ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!(connection)
+          @last_check = mtime
+        end
+        @app.call(env)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def connection
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        end
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :delegate #:nodoc:
+      attr_accessor :disable_ddl_transaction #:nodoc:
+
+      def nearest_delegate #:nodoc:
+        delegate || superclass.nearest_delegate
+      end
+
+      # Raises <tt>ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError</tt> error if any migrations are pending.
+      def check_pending!(connection = Base.connection)
+        raise ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError if connection.migration_context.needs_migration?
+      end
+
+      def load_schema_if_pending!
+        current_config = Base.connection_config
+        all_configs = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: Rails.env)
+
+        needs_update = !all_configs.all? do |db_config|
+          Tasks::DatabaseTasks.schema_up_to_date?(db_config.config, ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format, nil, Rails.env, db_config.spec_name)
+        end
+
+        if needs_update
+          # Roundtrip to Rake to allow plugins to hook into database initialization.
+          root = defined?(ENGINE_ROOT) ? ENGINE_ROOT : Rails.root
+          FileUtils.cd(root) do
+            Base.clear_all_connections!
+            system("bin/rails db:test:prepare")
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Establish a new connection, the old database may be gone (db:test:prepare uses purge)
+        Base.establish_connection(current_config)
+
+        check_pending!
+      end
+
+      def maintain_test_schema! #:nodoc:
+        if ActiveRecord::Base.maintain_test_schema
+          suppress_messages { load_schema_if_pending! }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(name, *args, &block) #:nodoc:
+        nearest_delegate.send(name, *args, &block)
+      end
+
+      def migrate(direction)
+        new.migrate direction
+      end
+
+      # Disable the transaction wrapping this migration.
+      # You can still create your own transactions even after calling #disable_ddl_transaction!
+      #
+      # For more details read the {"Transactional Migrations" section above}[rdoc-ref:Migration].
+      def disable_ddl_transaction!
+        @disable_ddl_transaction = true
+      end
+    end
+
+    def disable_ddl_transaction #:nodoc:
+      self.class.disable_ddl_transaction
+    end
+
+    cattr_accessor :verbose
+    attr_accessor :name, :version
+
+    def initialize(name = self.class.name, version = nil)
+      @name       = name
+      @version    = version
+      @connection = nil
+    end
+
+    self.verbose = true
+    # instantiate the delegate object after initialize is defined
+    self.delegate = new
+
+    # Reverses the migration commands for the given block and
+    # the given migrations.
+    #
+    # The following migration will remove the table 'horses'
+    # and create the table 'apples' on the way up, and the reverse
+    # on the way down.
+    #
+    #   class FixTLMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+    #     def change
+    #       revert do
+    #         create_table(:horses) do |t|
+    #           t.text :content
+    #           t.datetime :remind_at
+    #         end
+    #       end
+    #       create_table(:apples) do |t|
+    #         t.string :variety
+    #       end
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Or equivalently, if +TenderloveMigration+ is defined as in the
+    # documentation for Migration:
+    #
+    #   require_relative '20121212123456_tenderlove_migration'
+    #
+    #   class FixupTLMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+    #     def change
+    #       revert TenderloveMigration
+    #
+    #       create_table(:apples) do |t|
+    #         t.string :variety
+    #       end
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # This command can be nested.
+    def revert(*migration_classes)
+      run(*migration_classes.reverse, revert: true) unless migration_classes.empty?
+      if block_given?
+        if connection.respond_to? :revert
+          connection.revert { yield }
+        else
+          recorder = command_recorder
+          @connection = recorder
+          suppress_messages do
+            connection.revert { yield }
+          end
+          @connection = recorder.delegate
+          recorder.replay(self)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def reverting?
+      connection.respond_to?(:reverting) && connection.reverting
+    end
+
+    ReversibleBlockHelper = Struct.new(:reverting) do #:nodoc:
+      def up
+        yield unless reverting
+      end
+
+      def down
+        yield if reverting
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Used to specify an operation that can be run in one direction or another.
+    # Call the methods +up+ and +down+ of the yielded object to run a block
+    # only in one given direction.
+    # The whole block will be called in the right order within the migration.
+    #
+    # In the following example, the looping on users will always be done
+    # when the three columns 'first_name', 'last_name' and 'full_name' exist,
+    # even when migrating down:
+    #
+    #    class SplitNameMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+    #      def change
+    #        add_column :users, :first_name, :string
+    #        add_column :users, :last_name, :string
+    #
+    #        reversible do |dir|
+    #          User.reset_column_information
+    #          User.all.each do |u|
+    #            dir.up   { u.first_name, u.last_name = u.full_name.split(' ') }
+    #            dir.down { u.full_name = "#{u.first_name} #{u.last_name}" }
+    #            u.save
+    #          end
+    #        end
+    #
+    #        revert { add_column :users, :full_name, :string }
+    #      end
+    #    end
+    def reversible
+      helper = ReversibleBlockHelper.new(reverting?)
+      execute_block { yield helper }
+    end
+
+    # Used to specify an operation that is only run when migrating up
+    # (for example, populating a new column with its initial values).
+    #
+    # In the following example, the new column +published+ will be given
+    # the value +true+ for all existing records.
+    #
+    #    class AddPublishedToPosts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]
+    #      def change
+    #        add_column :posts, :published, :boolean, default: false
+    #        up_only do
+    #          execute "update posts set published = 'true'"
+    #        end
+    #      end
+    #    end
+    def up_only
+      execute_block { yield } unless reverting?
+    end
+
+    # Runs the given migration classes.
+    # Last argument can specify options:
+    # - :direction (default is :up)
+    # - :revert (default is false)
+    def run(*migration_classes)
+      opts = migration_classes.extract_options!
+      dir = opts[:direction] || :up
+      dir = (dir == :down ? :up : :down) if opts[:revert]
+      if reverting?
+        # If in revert and going :up, say, we want to execute :down without reverting, so
+        revert { run(*migration_classes, direction: dir, revert: true) }
+      else
+        migration_classes.each do |migration_class|
+          migration_class.new.exec_migration(connection, dir)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def up
+      self.class.delegate = self
+      return unless self.class.respond_to?(:up)
+      self.class.up
+    end
+
+    def down
+      self.class.delegate = self
+      return unless self.class.respond_to?(:down)
+      self.class.down
+    end
+
+    # Execute this migration in the named direction
+    def migrate(direction)
+      return unless respond_to?(direction)
+
+      case direction
+      when :up   then announce "migrating"
+      when :down then announce "reverting"
+      end
+
+      time = nil
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.with_connection do |conn|
+        time = Benchmark.measure do
+          exec_migration(conn, direction)
+        end
+      end
+
+      case direction
+      when :up   then announce "migrated (%.4fs)" % time.real; write
+      when :down then announce "reverted (%.4fs)" % time.real; write
+      end
+    end
+
+    def exec_migration(conn, direction)
+      @connection = conn
+      if respond_to?(:change)
+        if direction == :down
+          revert { change }
+        else
+          change
+        end
+      else
+        send(direction)
+      end
+    ensure
+      @connection = nil
+    end
+
+    def write(text = "")
+      puts(text) if verbose
+    end
+
+    def announce(message)
+      text = "#{version} #{name}: #{message}"
+      length = [0, 75 - text.length].max
+      write "== %s %s" % [text, "=" * length]
+    end
+
+    # Takes a message argument and outputs it as is.
+    # A second boolean argument can be passed to specify whether to indent or not.
+    def say(message, subitem = false)
+      write "#{subitem ? "   ->" : "--"} #{message}"
+    end
+
+    # Outputs text along with how long it took to run its block.
+    # If the block returns an integer it assumes it is the number of rows affected.
+    def say_with_time(message)
+      say(message)
+      result = nil
+      time = Benchmark.measure { result = yield }
+      say "%.4fs" % time.real, :subitem
+      say("#{result} rows", :subitem) if result.is_a?(Integer)
+      result
+    end
+
+    # Takes a block as an argument and suppresses any output generated by the block.
+    def suppress_messages
+      save, self.verbose = verbose, false
+      yield
+    ensure
+      self.verbose = save
+    end
+
+    def connection
+      @connection || ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    end
+
+    def method_missing(method, *arguments, &block)
+      arg_list = arguments.map(&:inspect) * ", "
+
+      say_with_time "#{method}(#{arg_list})" do
+        unless connection.respond_to? :revert
+          unless arguments.empty? || [:execute, :enable_extension, :disable_extension].include?(method)
+            arguments[0] = proper_table_name(arguments.first, table_name_options)
+            if [:rename_table, :add_foreign_key].include?(method) ||
+              (method == :remove_foreign_key && !arguments.second.is_a?(Hash))
+              arguments[1] = proper_table_name(arguments.second, table_name_options)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        return super unless connection.respond_to?(method)
+        connection.send(method, *arguments, &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def copy(destination, sources, options = {})
+      copied = []
+      schema_migration = options[:schema_migration] || ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration
+
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(destination) unless File.exist?(destination)
+
+      destination_migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(destination, schema_migration).migrations
+      last = destination_migrations.last
+      sources.each do |scope, path|
+        source_migrations = ActiveRecord::MigrationContext.new(path, schema_migration).migrations
+
+        source_migrations.each do |migration|
+          source = File.binread(migration.filename)
+          inserted_comment = "# This migration comes from #{scope} (originally #{migration.version})\n"
+          magic_comments = +""
+          loop do
+            # If we have a magic comment in the original migration,
+            # insert our comment after the first newline(end of the magic comment line)
+            # so the magic keep working.
+            # Note that magic comments must be at the first line(except sh-bang).
+            source.sub!(/\A(?:#.*\b(?:en)?coding:\s*\S+|#\s*frozen_string_literal:\s*(?:true|false)).*\n/) do |magic_comment|
+              magic_comments << magic_comment; ""
+            end || break
+          end
+          source = "#{magic_comments}#{inserted_comment}#{source}"
+
+          if duplicate = destination_migrations.detect { |m| m.name == migration.name }
+            if options[:on_skip] && duplicate.scope != scope.to_s
+              options[:on_skip].call(scope, migration)
+            end
+            next
+          end
+
+          migration.version = next_migration_number(last ? last.version + 1 : 0).to_i
+          new_path = File.join(destination, "#{migration.version}_#{migration.name.underscore}.#{scope}.rb")
+          old_path, migration.filename = migration.filename, new_path
+          last = migration
+
+          File.binwrite(migration.filename, source)
+          copied << migration
+          options[:on_copy].call(scope, migration, old_path) if options[:on_copy]
+          destination_migrations << migration
+        end
+      end
+
+      copied
+    end
+
+    # Finds the correct table name given an Active Record object.
+    # Uses the Active Record object's own table_name, or pre/suffix from the
+    # options passed in.
+    def proper_table_name(name, options = {})
+      if name.respond_to? :table_name
+        name.table_name
+      else
+        "#{options[:table_name_prefix]}#{name}#{options[:table_name_suffix]}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Determines the version number of the next migration.
+    def next_migration_number(number)
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.timestamped_migrations
+        [Time.now.utc.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S"), "%.14d" % number].max
+      else
+        SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number(number)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Builds a hash for use in ActiveRecord::Migration#proper_table_name using
+    # the Active Record object's table_name prefix and suffix
+    def table_name_options(config = ActiveRecord::Base) #:nodoc:
+      {
+        table_name_prefix: config.table_name_prefix,
+        table_name_suffix: config.table_name_suffix
+      }
+    end
+
+    private
+      def execute_block
+        if connection.respond_to? :execute_block
+          super # use normal delegation to record the block
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      def command_recorder
+        CommandRecorder.new(connection)
+      end
+  end
+
+  # MigrationProxy is used to defer loading of the actual migration classes
+  # until they are needed
+  MigrationProxy = Struct.new(:name, :version, :filename, :scope) do
+    def initialize(name, version, filename, scope)
+      super
+      @migration = nil
+    end
+
+    def basename
+      File.basename(filename)
+    end
+
+    def mtime
+      File.mtime filename
+    end
+
+    delegate :migrate, :announce, :write, :disable_ddl_transaction, to: :migration
+
+    private
+
+      def migration
+        @migration ||= load_migration
+      end
+
+      def load_migration
+        require(File.expand_path(filename))
+        name.constantize.new(name, version)
+      end
+  end
+
+  class NullMigration < MigrationProxy #:nodoc:
+    def initialize
+      super(nil, 0, nil, nil)
+    end
+
+    def mtime
+      0
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MigrationContext #:nodoc:
+    attr_reader :migrations_paths, :schema_migration
+
+    def initialize(migrations_paths, schema_migration)
+      @migrations_paths = migrations_paths
+      @schema_migration = schema_migration
+    end
+
+    def migrate(target_version = nil, &block)
+      case
+      when target_version.nil?
+        up(target_version, &block)
+      when current_version == 0 && target_version == 0
+        []
+      when current_version > target_version
+        down(target_version, &block)
+      else
+        up(target_version, &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def rollback(steps = 1)
+      move(:down, steps)
+    end
+
+    def forward(steps = 1)
+      move(:up, steps)
+    end
+
+    def up(target_version = nil)
+      selected_migrations = if block_given?
+        migrations.select { |m| yield m }
+      else
+        migrations
+      end
+
+      Migrator.new(:up, selected_migrations, schema_migration, target_version).migrate
+    end
+
+    def down(target_version = nil)
+      selected_migrations = if block_given?
+        migrations.select { |m| yield m }
+      else
+        migrations
+      end
+
+      Migrator.new(:down, selected_migrations, schema_migration, target_version).migrate
+    end
+
+    def run(direction, target_version)
+      Migrator.new(direction, migrations, schema_migration, target_version).run
+    end
+
+    def open
+      Migrator.new(:up, migrations, schema_migration)
+    end
+
+    def get_all_versions
+      if schema_migration.table_exists?
+        schema_migration.all_versions.map(&:to_i)
+      else
+        []
+      end
+    end
+
+    def current_version
+      get_all_versions.max || 0
+    rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+    end
+
+    def needs_migration?
+      (migrations.collect(&:version) - get_all_versions).size > 0
+    end
+
+    def any_migrations?
+      migrations.any?
+    end
+
+    def last_migration #:nodoc:
+      migrations.last || NullMigration.new
+    end
+
+    def migrations
+      migrations = migration_files.map do |file|
+        version, name, scope = parse_migration_filename(file)
+        raise IllegalMigrationNameError.new(file) unless version
+        version = version.to_i
+        name = name.camelize
+
+        MigrationProxy.new(name, version, file, scope)
+      end
+
+      migrations.sort_by(&:version)
+    end
+
+    def migrations_status
+      db_list = schema_migration.normalized_versions
+
+      file_list = migration_files.map do |file|
+        version, name, scope = parse_migration_filename(file)
+        raise IllegalMigrationNameError.new(file) unless version
+        version = schema_migration.normalize_migration_number(version)
+        status = db_list.delete(version) ? "up" : "down"
+        [status, version, (name + scope).humanize]
+      end.compact
+
+      db_list.map! do |version|
+        ["up", version, "********** NO FILE **********"]
+      end
+
+      (db_list + file_list).sort_by { |_, version, _| version }
+    end
+
+    def current_environment
+      ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::DEFAULT_ENV.call
+    end
+
+    def protected_environment?
+      ActiveRecord::Base.protected_environments.include?(last_stored_environment) if last_stored_environment
+    end
+
+    def last_stored_environment
+      return nil if current_version == 0
+      raise NoEnvironmentInSchemaError unless ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata.table_exists?
+
+      environment = ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata[:environment]
+      raise NoEnvironmentInSchemaError unless environment
+      environment
+    end
+
+    private
+      def migration_files
+        paths = Array(migrations_paths)
+        Dir[*paths.flat_map { |path| "#{path}/**/[0-9]*_*.rb" }]
+      end
+
+      def parse_migration_filename(filename)
+        File.basename(filename).scan(Migration::MigrationFilenameRegexp).first
+      end
+
+      def move(direction, steps)
+        migrator = Migrator.new(direction, migrations, schema_migration)
+
+        if current_version != 0 && !migrator.current_migration
+          raise UnknownMigrationVersionError.new(current_version)
+        end
+
+        start_index =
+          if current_version == 0
+            0
+          else
+            migrator.migrations.index(migrator.current_migration)
+          end
+
+        finish = migrator.migrations[start_index + steps]
+        version = finish ? finish.version : 0
+        send(direction, version)
+      end
+  end
+
+  class Migrator # :nodoc:
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :migrations_paths
+
+      # For cases where a table doesn't exist like loading from schema cache
+      def current_version
+        MigrationContext.new(migrations_paths, SchemaMigration).current_version
+      end
+    end
+
+    self.migrations_paths = ["db/migrate"]
+
+    def initialize(direction, migrations, schema_migration, target_version = nil)
+      @direction         = direction
+      @target_version    = target_version
+      @migrated_versions = nil
+      @migrations        = migrations
+      @schema_migration  = schema_migration
+
+      validate(@migrations)
+
+      @schema_migration.create_table
+      ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata.create_table
+    end
+
+    def current_version
+      migrated.max || 0
+    end
+
+    def current_migration
+      migrations.detect { |m| m.version == current_version }
+    end
+    alias :current :current_migration
+
+    def run
+      if use_advisory_lock?
+        with_advisory_lock { run_without_lock }
+      else
+        run_without_lock
+      end
+    end
+
+    def migrate
+      if use_advisory_lock?
+        with_advisory_lock { migrate_without_lock }
+      else
+        migrate_without_lock
+      end
+    end
+
+    def runnable
+      runnable = migrations[start..finish]
+      if up?
+        runnable.reject { |m| ran?(m) }
+      else
+        # skip the last migration if we're headed down, but not ALL the way down
+        runnable.pop if target
+        runnable.find_all { |m| ran?(m) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def migrations
+      down? ? @migrations.reverse : @migrations.sort_by(&:version)
+    end
+
+    def pending_migrations
+      already_migrated = migrated
+      migrations.reject { |m| already_migrated.include?(m.version) }
+    end
+
+    def migrated
+      @migrated_versions || load_migrated
+    end
+
+    def load_migrated
+      @migrated_versions = Set.new(@schema_migration.all_versions.map(&:to_i))
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      # Used for running a specific migration.
+      def run_without_lock
+        migration = migrations.detect { |m| m.version == @target_version }
+        raise UnknownMigrationVersionError.new(@target_version) if migration.nil?
+        result = execute_migration_in_transaction(migration, @direction)
+
+        record_environment
+        result
+      end
+
+      # Used for running multiple migrations up to or down to a certain value.
+      def migrate_without_lock
+        if invalid_target?
+          raise UnknownMigrationVersionError.new(@target_version)
+        end
+
+        result = runnable.each do |migration|
+          execute_migration_in_transaction(migration, @direction)
+        end
+
+        record_environment
+        result
+      end
+
+      # Stores the current environment in the database.
+      def record_environment
+        return if down?
+        ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata[:environment] = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.migration_context.current_environment
+      end
+
+      def ran?(migration)
+        migrated.include?(migration.version.to_i)
+      end
+
+      # Return true if a valid version is not provided.
+      def invalid_target?
+        @target_version && @target_version != 0 && !target
+      end
+
+      def execute_migration_in_transaction(migration, direction)
+        return if down? && !migrated.include?(migration.version.to_i)
+        return if up?   &&  migrated.include?(migration.version.to_i)
+
+        Base.logger.info "Migrating to #{migration.name} (#{migration.version})" if Base.logger
+
+        ddl_transaction(migration) do
+          migration.migrate(direction)
+          record_version_state_after_migrating(migration.version)
+        end
+      rescue => e
+        msg = +"An error has occurred, "
+        msg << "this and " if use_transaction?(migration)
+        msg << "all later migrations canceled:\n\n#{e}"
+        raise StandardError, msg, e.backtrace
+      end
+
+      def target
+        migrations.detect { |m| m.version == @target_version }
+      end
+
+      def finish
+        migrations.index(target) || migrations.size - 1
+      end
+
+      def start
+        up? ? 0 : (migrations.index(current) || 0)
+      end
+
+      def validate(migrations)
+        name, = migrations.group_by(&:name).find { |_, v| v.length > 1 }
+        raise DuplicateMigrationNameError.new(name) if name
+
+        version, = migrations.group_by(&:version).find { |_, v| v.length > 1 }
+        raise DuplicateMigrationVersionError.new(version) if version
+      end
+
+      def record_version_state_after_migrating(version)
+        if down?
+          migrated.delete(version)
+          @schema_migration.delete_by(version: version.to_s)
+        else
+          migrated << version
+          @schema_migration.create!(version: version.to_s)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def up?
+        @direction == :up
+      end
+
+      def down?
+        @direction == :down
+      end
+
+      # Wrap the migration in a transaction only if supported by the adapter.
+      def ddl_transaction(migration)
+        if use_transaction?(migration)
+          Base.transaction { yield }
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      def use_transaction?(migration)
+        !migration.disable_ddl_transaction && Base.connection.supports_ddl_transactions?
+      end
+
+      def use_advisory_lock?
+        Base.connection.advisory_locks_enabled?
+      end
+
+      def with_advisory_lock
+        lock_id = generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id
+        connection = Base.connection
+        got_lock = connection.get_advisory_lock(lock_id)
+        raise ConcurrentMigrationError unless got_lock
+        load_migrated # reload schema_migrations to be sure it wasn't changed by another process before we got the lock
+        yield
+      ensure
+        if got_lock && !connection.release_advisory_lock(lock_id)
+          raise ConcurrentMigrationError.new(
+            ConcurrentMigrationError::RELEASE_LOCK_FAILED_MESSAGE
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      MIGRATOR_SALT = 2053462845
+      def generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id
+        db_name_hash = Zlib.crc32(Base.connection.current_database)
+        MIGRATOR_SALT * db_name_hash
+      end
+  end
+end