activerecord 6.0.0 → 7.2.3

data/lib/active_record/persistence.rb

@@ -57,190 +57,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Inserts a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT
-      # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
-      # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
-      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+      # Builds an object (or multiple objects) and returns either the built object or a list of built
+      # objects.
       #
-      # See <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#insert_all</tt> for documentation.
-      def insert(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil)
-        insert_all([ attributes ], returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by)
-      end
-
-      # Inserts multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT
-      # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
-      # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
-      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
-      #
-      # The +attributes+ parameter is an Array of Hashes. Every Hash determines
-      # the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
-      #
-      # Rows are considered to be unique by every unique index on the table. Any
-      # duplicate rows are skipped.
-      # Override with <tt>:unique_by</tt> (see below).
-      #
-      # Returns an <tt>ActiveRecord::Result</tt> with its contents based on
-      # <tt>:returning</tt> (see below).
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # [:returning]
-      #   (PostgreSQL only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully
-      #   inserted records, which by default is the primary key.
-      #   Pass <tt>returning: %w[ id name ]</tt> for both id and name
-      #   or <tt>returning: false</tt> to omit the underlying <tt>RETURNING</tt> SQL
-      #   clause entirely.
-      #
-      # [:unique_by]
-      #   (PostgreSQL and SQLite only) By default rows are considered to be unique
-      #   by every unique index on the table. Any duplicate rows are skipped.
-      #
-      #   To skip rows according to just one unique index pass <tt>:unique_by</tt>.
-      #
-      #   Consider a Book model where no duplicate ISBNs make sense, but if any
-      #   row has an existing id, or is not unique by another unique index,
-      #   <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique</tt> is raised.
-      #
-      #   Unique indexes can be identified by columns or name:
-      #
-      #     unique_by: :isbn
-      #     unique_by: %i[ author_id name ]
-      #     unique_by: :index_books_on_isbn
-      #
-      # Because it relies on the index information from the database
-      # <tt>:unique_by</tt> is recommended to be paired with
-      # Active Record's schema_cache.
-      #
-      # ==== Example
-      #
-      #   # Insert records and skip inserting any duplicates.
-      #   # Here "Eloquent Ruby" is skipped because its id is not unique.
-      #
-      #   Book.insert_all([
-      #     { id: 1, title: "Rework", author: "David" },
-      #     { id: 1, title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
-      #   ])
-      def insert_all(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil)
-        InsertAll.new(self, attributes, on_duplicate: :skip, returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by).execute
-      end
-
-      # Inserts a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT
-      # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
-      # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
-      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
-      #
-      # See <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#insert_all!</tt> for more.
-      def insert!(attributes, returning: nil)
-        insert_all!([ attributes ], returning: returning)
-      end
-
-      # Inserts multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT
-      # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
-      # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
-      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
-      #
-      # The +attributes+ parameter is an Array of Hashes. Every Hash determines
-      # the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
-      #
-      # Raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique</tt> if any rows violate a
-      # unique index on the table. In that case, no rows are inserted.
-      #
-      # To skip duplicate rows, see <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#insert_all</tt>.
-      # To replace them, see <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#upsert_all</tt>.
-      #
-      # Returns an <tt>ActiveRecord::Result</tt> with its contents based on
-      # <tt>:returning</tt> (see below).
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # [:returning]
-      #   (PostgreSQL only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully
-      #   inserted records, which by default is the primary key.
-      #   Pass <tt>returning: %w[ id name ]</tt> for both id and name
-      #   or <tt>returning: false</tt> to omit the underlying <tt>RETURNING</tt> SQL
-      #   clause entirely.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   # Insert multiple records
-      #   Book.insert_all!([
-      #     { title: "Rework", author: "David" },
-      #     { title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
-      #   ])
-      #
-      #   # Raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique because "Eloquent Ruby"
-      #   # does not have a unique id.
-      #   Book.insert_all!([
-      #     { id: 1, title: "Rework", author: "David" },
-      #     { id: 1, title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
-      #   ])
-      def insert_all!(attributes, returning: nil)
-        InsertAll.new(self, attributes, on_duplicate: :raise, returning: returning).execute
-      end
-
-      # Updates or inserts (upserts) a single record into the database in a
-      # single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does
-      # it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
-      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
-      #
-      # See <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#upsert_all</tt> for documentation.
-      def upsert(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil)
-        upsert_all([ attributes ], returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by)
-      end
-
-      # Updates or inserts (upserts) multiple records into the database in a
-      # single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does
-      # it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
-      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
-      #
-      # The +attributes+ parameter is an Array of Hashes. Every Hash determines
-      # the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
-      #
-      # Returns an <tt>ActiveRecord::Result</tt> with its contents based on
-      # <tt>:returning</tt> (see below).
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # [:returning]
-      #   (PostgreSQL only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully
-      #   inserted records, which by default is the primary key.
-      #   Pass <tt>returning: %w[ id name ]</tt> for both id and name
-      #   or <tt>returning: false</tt> to omit the underlying <tt>RETURNING</tt> SQL
-      #   clause entirely.
-      #
-      # [:unique_by]
-      #   (PostgreSQL and SQLite only) By default rows are considered to be unique
-      #   by every unique index on the table. Any duplicate rows are skipped.
-      #
-      #   To skip rows according to just one unique index pass <tt>:unique_by</tt>.
-      #
-      #   Consider a Book model where no duplicate ISBNs make sense, but if any
-      #   row has an existing id, or is not unique by another unique index,
-      #   <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique</tt> is raised.
-      #
-      #   Unique indexes can be identified by columns or name:
-      #
-      #     unique_by: :isbn
-      #     unique_by: %i[ author_id name ]
-      #     unique_by: :index_books_on_isbn
-      #
-      # Because it relies on the index information from the database
-      # <tt>:unique_by</tt> is recommended to be paired with
-      # Active Record's schema_cache.
+      # The +attributes+ parameter can be either a Hash or an Array of Hashes. These Hashes describe the
+      # attributes on the objects that are to be built.
       #
       # ==== Examples
+      #   # Build a single new object
+      #   User.build(first_name: 'Jamie')
       #
-      #   # Inserts multiple records, performing an upsert when records have duplicate ISBNs.
-      #   # Here "Eloquent Ruby" overwrites "Rework" because its ISBN is duplicate.
+      #   # Build an Array of new objects
+      #   User.build([{ first_name: 'Jamie' }, { first_name: 'Jeremy' }])
       #
-      #   Book.upsert_all([
-      #     { title: "Rework", author: "David", isbn: "1" },
-      #     { title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ", isbn: "1" }
-      #   ], unique_by: :isbn)
+      #   # Build a single object and pass it into a block to set other attributes.
+      #   User.build(first_name: 'Jamie') do |u|
+      #     u.is_admin = false
+      #   end
       #
-      #   Book.find_by(isbn: "1").title # => "Eloquent Ruby"
-      def upsert_all(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil)
-        InsertAll.new(self, attributes, on_duplicate: :update, returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by).execute
+      #   # Building an Array of new objects using a block, where the block is executed for each object:
+      #   User.build([{ first_name: 'Jamie' }, { first_name: 'Jeremy' }]) do |u|
+      #     u.is_admin = false
+      #   end
+      def build(attributes = nil, &block)
+        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+          attributes.collect { |attr| build(attr, &block) }
+        else
+          new(attributes, &block)
+        end
       end
 
       # Given an attributes hash, +instantiate+ returns a new instance of
@@ -264,6 +108,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # ==== Parameters
       #
       # * +id+ - This should be the id or an array of ids to be updated.
+      #   Optional argument, defaults to all records in the relation.
       # * +attributes+ - This should be a hash of attributes or an array of hashes.
       #
       # ==== Examples
@@ -286,6 +131,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # for updating all records in a single query.
       def update(id = :all, attributes)
         if id.is_a?(Array)
+          if id.any?(ActiveRecord::Base)
+            raise ArgumentError,
+              "You are passing an array of ActiveRecord::Base instances to `update`. " \
+              "Please pass the ids of the objects by calling `pluck(:id)` or `map(&:id)`."
+          end
           id.map { |one_id| find(one_id) }.each_with_index { |object, idx|
             object.update(attributes[idx])
           }
@@ -303,99 +153,161 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Destroy an object (or multiple objects) that has the given id. The object is instantiated first,
-      # therefore all callbacks and filters are fired off before the object is deleted. This method is
-      # less efficient than #delete but allows cleanup methods and other actions to be run.
-      #
-      # This essentially finds the object (or multiple objects) with the given id, creates a new object
-      # from the attributes, and then calls destroy on it.
-      #
-      # ==== Parameters
-      #
-      # * +id+ - This should be the id or an array of ids to be destroyed.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   # Destroy a single object
-      #   Todo.destroy(1)
-      #
-      #   # Destroy multiple objects
-      #   todos = [1,2,3]
-      #   Todo.destroy(todos)
-      def destroy(id)
+      # Updates the object (or multiple objects) just like #update but calls #update! instead
+      # of +update+, so an exception is raised if the record is invalid and saving will fail.
+      def update!(id = :all, attributes)
         if id.is_a?(Array)
-          find(id).each(&:destroy)
+          if id.any?(ActiveRecord::Base)
+            raise ArgumentError,
+              "You are passing an array of ActiveRecord::Base instances to `update!`. " \
+              "Please pass the ids of the objects by calling `pluck(:id)` or `map(&:id)`."
+          end
+          id.map { |one_id| find(one_id) }.each_with_index { |object, idx|
+            object.update!(attributes[idx])
+          }
+        elsif id == :all
+          all.each { |record| record.update!(attributes) }
         else
-          find(id).destroy
+          if ActiveRecord::Base === id
+            raise ArgumentError,
+              "You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `update!`. " \
+              "Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`."
+          end
+          object = find(id)
+          object.update!(attributes)
+          object
         end
       end
 
-      # Deletes the row with a primary key matching the +id+ argument, using an
-      # SQL +DELETE+ statement, and returns the number of rows deleted. Active
-      # Record objects are not instantiated, so the object's callbacks are not
-      # executed, including any <tt>:dependent</tt> association options.
+      # Accepts a list of attribute names to be used in the WHERE clause
+      # of SELECT / UPDATE / DELETE queries and in the ORDER BY clause for +#first+ and +#last+ finder methods.
       #
-      # You can delete multiple rows at once by passing an Array of <tt>id</tt>s.
+      #   class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     query_constraints :company_id, :id
+      #   end
       #
-      # Note: Although it is often much faster than the alternative, #destroy,
-      # skipping callbacks might bypass business logic in your application
-      # that ensures referential integrity or performs other essential jobs.
+      #   developer = Developer.first
+      #   # SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" ORDER BY "developers"."company_id" ASC, "developers"."id" ASC LIMIT 1
+      #   developer.inspect # => #<Developer id: 1, company_id: 1, ...>
       #
-      # ==== Examples
+      #   developer.update!(name: "Nikita")
+      #   # UPDATE "developers" SET "name" = 'Nikita' WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1
       #
-      #   # Delete a single row
-      #   Todo.delete(1)
+      #   # It is possible to update an attribute used in the query_constraints clause:
+      #   developer.update!(company_id: 2)
+      #   # UPDATE "developers" SET "company_id" = 2 WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1
       #
-      #   # Delete multiple rows
-      #   Todo.delete([2,3,4])
-      def delete(id_or_array)
-        delete_by(primary_key => id_or_array)
+      #   developer.name = "Bob"
+      #   developer.save!
+      #   # UPDATE "developers" SET "name" = 'Bob' WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1
+      #
+      #   developer.destroy!
+      #   # DELETE FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1
+      #
+      #   developer.delete
+      #   # DELETE FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1
+      #
+      #   developer.reload
+      #   # SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1 LIMIT 1
+      def query_constraints(*columns_list)
+        raise ArgumentError, "You must specify at least one column to be used in querying" if columns_list.empty?
+
+        @query_constraints_list = columns_list.map(&:to_s)
+        @has_query_constraints = @query_constraints_list
+      end
+
+      def has_query_constraints? # :nodoc:
+        @has_query_constraints
+      end
+
+      def query_constraints_list # :nodoc:
+        @query_constraints_list ||= if base_class? || primary_key != base_class.primary_key
+          primary_key if primary_key.is_a?(Array)
+        else
+          base_class.query_constraints_list
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of column names to be used in queries. The source of column
+      # names is derived from +query_constraints_list+ or +primary_key+. This method
+      # is for internal use when the primary key is to be treated as an array.
+      def composite_query_constraints_list # :nodoc:
+        @composite_query_constraints_list ||= query_constraints_list || Array(primary_key)
       end
 
-      def _insert_record(values) # :nodoc:
+      def _insert_record(connection, values, returning) # :nodoc:
         primary_key = self.primary_key
         primary_key_value = nil
 
-        if primary_key && Hash === values
-          primary_key_value = values[primary_key]
-
-          if !primary_key_value && prefetch_primary_key?
+        if prefetch_primary_key? && primary_key
+          values[primary_key] ||= begin
             primary_key_value = next_sequence_value
-            values[primary_key] = primary_key_value
+            _default_attributes[primary_key].with_cast_value(primary_key_value)
           end
         end
 
-        if values.empty?
-          im = arel_table.compile_insert(connection.empty_insert_statement_value(primary_key))
-          im.into arel_table
-        else
-          im = arel_table.compile_insert(_substitute_values(values))
-        end
+        im = Arel::InsertManager.new(arel_table)
+
+        with_connection do |c|
+          if values.empty?
+            im.insert(connection.empty_insert_statement_value(primary_key))
+          else
+            im.insert(values.transform_keys { |name| arel_table[name] })
+          end
 
-        connection.insert(im, "#{self} Create", primary_key || false, primary_key_value)
+          connection.insert(
+            im, "#{self} Create", primary_key || false, primary_key_value,
+            returning: returning
+          )
+        end
       end
 
       def _update_record(values, constraints) # :nodoc:
-        constraints = _substitute_values(constraints).map { |attr, bind| attr.eq(bind) }
+        constraints = constraints.map { |name, value| predicate_builder[name, value] }
+
+        default_constraint = build_default_constraint
+        constraints << default_constraint if default_constraint
 
-        um = arel_table.where(
-          constraints.reduce(&:and)
-        ).compile_update(_substitute_values(values), primary_key)
+        if current_scope = self.global_current_scope
+          constraints << current_scope.where_clause.ast
+        end
 
-        connection.update(um, "#{self} Update")
+        um = Arel::UpdateManager.new(arel_table)
+        um.set(values.transform_keys { |name| arel_table[name] })
+        um.wheres = constraints
+
+        with_connection do |c|
+          c.update(um, "#{self} Update")
+        end
       end
 
       def _delete_record(constraints) # :nodoc:
-        constraints = _substitute_values(constraints).map { |attr, bind| attr.eq(bind) }
+        constraints = constraints.map { |name, value| predicate_builder[name, value] }
 
-        dm = Arel::DeleteManager.new
-        dm.from(arel_table)
+        default_constraint = build_default_constraint
+        constraints << default_constraint if default_constraint
+
+        if current_scope = self.global_current_scope
+          constraints << current_scope.where_clause.ast
+        end
+
+        dm = Arel::DeleteManager.new(arel_table)
         dm.wheres = constraints
 
-        connection.delete(dm, "#{self} Destroy")
+        with_connection do |c|
+          c.delete(dm, "#{self} Destroy")
+        end
       end
 
       private
+        def inherited(subclass)
+          super
+          subclass.class_eval do
+            @_query_constraints_list = nil
+            @has_query_constraints = false
+          end
+        end
+
         # Given a class, an attributes hash, +instantiate_instance_of+ returns a
         # new instance of the class. Accepts only keys as strings.
         def instantiate_instance_of(klass, attributes, column_types = {}, &block)
@@ -412,38 +324,49 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self
         end
 
-        def _substitute_values(values)
-          values.map do |name, value|
-            attr = arel_attribute(name)
-            bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(name, value)
-            [attr, bind]
-          end
+        # Called by +_update_record+ and +_delete_record+
+        # to build `where` clause from default scopes.
+        # Skips empty scopes.
+        def build_default_constraint
+          return unless default_scopes?(all_queries: true)
+
+          default_where_clause = default_scoped(all_queries: true).where_clause
+          default_where_clause.ast unless default_where_clause.empty?
         end
     end
 
     # Returns true if this object hasn't been saved yet -- that is, a record
     # for the object doesn't exist in the database yet; otherwise, returns false.
     def new_record?
-      sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
       @new_record
     end
 
+    # Returns true if this object was just created -- that is, prior to the last
+    # update or delete, the object didn't exist in the database and new_record? would have
+    # returned true.
+    def previously_new_record?
+      @previously_new_record
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if this object was previously persisted but now it has been deleted.
+    def previously_persisted?
+      !new_record? && destroyed?
+    end
+
     # Returns true if this object has been destroyed, otherwise returns false.
     def destroyed?
-      sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
       @destroyed
     end
 
     # Returns true if the record is persisted, i.e. it's not a new record and it was
     # not destroyed, otherwise returns false.
     def persisted?
-      sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
       !(@new_record || @destroyed)
     end
 
     ##
     # :call-seq:
-    #   save(*args)
+    #   save(**options)
     #
     # Saves the model.
     #
@@ -466,15 +389,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Attributes marked as readonly are silently ignored if the record is
     # being updated.
-    def save(*args, &block)
-      create_or_update(*args, &block)
+    def save(**options, &block)
+      create_or_update(**options, &block)
     rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
       false
     end
 
     ##
     # :call-seq:
-    #   save!(*args)
+    #   save!(**options)
     #
     # Saves the model.
     #
@@ -499,8 +422,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # being updated.
     #
     # Unless an error is raised, returns true.
-    def save!(*args, &block)
-      create_or_update(*args, &block) || raise(RecordNotSaved.new("Failed to save the record", self))
+    def save!(**options, &block)
+      create_or_update(**options, &block) || raise(RecordNotSaved.new("Failed to save the record", self))
     end
 
     # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to
@@ -514,10 +437,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # To enforce the object's +before_destroy+ and +after_destroy+
     # callbacks or any <tt>:dependent</tt> association
-    # options, use <tt>#destroy</tt>.
+    # options, use #destroy.
     def delete
       _delete_row if persisted?
       @destroyed = true
+      @previously_new_record = false
       freeze
     end
 
@@ -531,12 +455,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def destroy
       _raise_readonly_record_error if readonly?
       destroy_associations
-      @_trigger_destroy_callback = if persisted?
-        destroy_row > 0
-      else
-        true
-      end
+      @_trigger_destroy_callback ||= persisted? && destroy_row > 0
       @destroyed = true
+      @previously_new_record = false
       freeze
     end
 
@@ -552,33 +473,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Returns an instance of the specified +klass+ with the attributes of the
-    # current record. This is mostly useful in relation to single-table
-    # inheritance structures where you want a subclass to appear as the
+    # current record. This is mostly useful in relation to single table
+    # inheritance (STI) structures where you want a subclass to appear as the
     # superclass. This can be used along with record identification in
     # Action Pack to allow, say, <tt>Client < Company</tt> to do something
     # like render <tt>partial: @client.becomes(Company)</tt> to render that
     # instance using the companies/company partial instead of clients/client.
     #
     # Note: The new instance will share a link to the same attributes as the original class.
-    # Therefore the sti column value will still be the same.
+    # Therefore the STI column value will still be the same.
     # Any change to the attributes on either instance will affect both instances.
-    # If you want to change the sti column as well, use #becomes! instead.
+    # This includes any attribute initialization done by the new instance.
+    #
+    # If you want to change the STI column as well, use #becomes! instead.
     def becomes(klass)
       became = klass.allocate
-      became.send(:initialize)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@attributes", @attributes)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@mutations_from_database", @mutations_from_database ||= nil)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@new_record", new_record?)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@destroyed", destroyed?)
-      became.errors.copy!(errors)
+
+      became.send(:initialize) do |becoming|
+        @attributes.reverse_merge!(becoming.instance_variable_get(:@attributes))
+        becoming.instance_variable_set(:@attributes, @attributes)
+        becoming.instance_variable_set(:@mutations_from_database, @mutations_from_database ||= nil)
+        becoming.instance_variable_set(:@new_record, new_record?)
+        becoming.instance_variable_set(:@destroyed, destroyed?)
+        becoming.errors.copy!(errors)
+      end
+
       became
     end
 
-    # Wrapper around #becomes that also changes the instance's sti column value.
+    # Wrapper around #becomes that also changes the instance's STI column value.
     # This is especially useful if you want to persist the changed class in your
     # database.
     #
-    # Note: The old instance's sti column value will be changed too, as both objects
+    # Note: The old instance's STI column value will be changed too, as both objects
     # share the same set of attributes.
     def becomes!(klass)
       became = becomes(klass)
@@ -598,7 +525,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * updated_at/updated_on column is updated if that column is available.
     # * Updates all the attributes that are dirty in this object.
     #
-    # This method raises an ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError  if the
+    # This method raises an ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError if the
     # attribute is marked as readonly.
     #
     # Also see #update_column.
@@ -610,6 +537,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       save(validate: false)
     end
 
+    # Updates a single attribute and saves the record.
+    # This is especially useful for boolean flags on existing records. Also note that
+    #
+    # * Validation is skipped.
+    # * \Callbacks are invoked.
+    # * updated_at/updated_on column is updated if that column is available.
+    # * Updates all the attributes that are dirty in this object.
+    #
+    # This method raises an ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError if the
+    # attribute is marked as readonly.
+    #
+    # If any of the <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks throws +:abort+ the action is cancelled
+    # and #update_attribute! raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved. See
+    # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
+    def update_attribute!(name, value)
+      name = name.to_s
+      verify_readonly_attribute(name)
+      public_send("#{name}=", value)
+
+      save!(validate: false)
+    end
+
     # Updates the attributes of the model from the passed-in hash and saves the
     # record, all wrapped in a transaction. If the object is invalid, the saving
     # will fail and false will be returned.
@@ -622,9 +571,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    alias update_attributes update
-    deprecate update_attributes: "please, use update instead"
-
     # Updates its receiver just like #update but calls #save! instead
     # of +save+, so an exception is raised if the record is invalid and saving will fail.
     def update!(attributes)
@@ -636,9 +582,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    alias update_attributes! update!
-    deprecate update_attributes!: "please, use update! instead"
-
     # Equivalent to <code>update_columns(name => value)</code>.
     def update_column(name, value)
       update_columns(name => value)
@@ -663,24 +606,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def update_columns(attributes)
       raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update a new record" if new_record?
       raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update a destroyed record" if destroyed?
+      _raise_readonly_record_error if readonly?
 
       attributes = attributes.transform_keys do |key|
         name = key.to_s
-        self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
-      end
-
-      attributes.each_key do |key|
-        verify_readonly_attribute(key)
+        name = self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
+        verify_readonly_attribute(name) || name
       end
 
-      id_in_database = self.id_in_database
-      attributes.each do |k, v|
-        write_attribute_without_type_cast(k, v)
+      update_constraints = _query_constraints_hash
+      attributes = attributes.each_with_object({}) do |(k, v), h|
+        h[k] = @attributes.write_cast_value(k, v)
+        clear_attribute_change(k)
       end
 
       affected_rows = self.class._update_record(
         attributes,
-        @primary_key => id_in_database
+        update_constraints
       )
 
       affected_rows == 1
@@ -703,9 +645,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Returns +self+.
     def increment!(attribute, by = 1, touch: nil)
       increment(attribute, by)
-      change = public_send(attribute) - (attribute_in_database(attribute.to_s) || 0)
+      change = public_send(attribute) - (public_send(:"#{attribute}_in_database") || 0)
       self.class.update_counters(id, attribute => change, touch: touch)
-      clear_attribute_change(attribute) # eww
+      public_send(:"clear_#{attribute}_change")
       self
     end
 
@@ -800,17 +742,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     def reload(options = nil)
-      self.class.connection.clear_query_cache
+      self.class.connection_pool.clear_query_cache
 
-      fresh_object =
-        if options && options[:lock]
-          self.class.unscoped { self.class.lock(options[:lock]).find(id) }
-        else
-          self.class.unscoped { self.class.find(id) }
-        end
+      fresh_object = if apply_scoping?(options)
+        _find_record((options || {}).merge(all_queries: true))
+      else
+        self.class.unscoped { _find_record(options) }
+      end
 
-      @attributes = fresh_object.instance_variable_get("@attributes")
+      @association_cache = fresh_object.instance_variable_get(:@association_cache)
+      @association_cache.each_value { |association| association.owner = self }
+      @attributes = fresh_object.instance_variable_get(:@attributes)
       @new_record = false
+      @previously_new_record = false
       self
     end
 
@@ -849,17 +793,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   ball.touch(:updated_at)   # => raises ActiveRecordError
     #
     def touch(*names, time: nil)
-      unless persisted?
-        raise ActiveRecordError, <<-MSG.squish
-          cannot touch on a new or destroyed record object. Consider using
-          persisted?, new_record?, or destroyed? before touching
-        MSG
-      end
+      _raise_record_not_touched_error unless persisted?
+      _raise_readonly_record_error if readonly?
 
       attribute_names = timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
-      attribute_names |= names.map!(&:to_s).map! { |name|
-        self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
-      }
+      attribute_names = (attribute_names | names).map! do |name|
+        name = name.to_s
+        name = self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
+        verify_readonly_attribute(name)
+        name
+      end
 
       unless attribute_names.empty?
         affected_rows = _touch_row(attribute_names, time)
@@ -870,6 +813,53 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
   private
+    def init_internals
+      super
+      @_trigger_destroy_callback = @_trigger_update_callback = nil
+      @previously_new_record = false
+    end
+
+    def strict_loaded_associations
+      @association_cache.find_all do |_, assoc|
+        assoc.owner.strict_loading? && !assoc.owner.strict_loading_n_plus_one_only?
+      end.map(&:first)
+    end
+
+    def _find_record(options)
+      all_queries = options ? options[:all_queries] : nil
+      base = self.class.all(all_queries: all_queries).preload(strict_loaded_associations)
+
+      if options && options[:lock]
+        base.lock(options[:lock]).find_by!(_in_memory_query_constraints_hash)
+      else
+        base.find_by!(_in_memory_query_constraints_hash)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _in_memory_query_constraints_hash
+      if self.class.query_constraints_list.nil?
+        { @primary_key => id }
+      else
+        self.class.query_constraints_list.index_with do |column_name|
+          attribute(column_name)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def apply_scoping?(options)
+      !(options && options[:unscoped]) &&
+        (self.class.default_scopes?(all_queries: true) || self.class.global_current_scope)
+    end
+
+    def _query_constraints_hash
+      if self.class.query_constraints_list.nil?
+        { @primary_key => id_in_database }
+      else
+        self.class.query_constraints_list.index_with do |column_name|
+          attribute_in_database(column_name)
+        end
+      end
+    end
 
     # A hook to be overridden by association modules.
     def destroy_associations
@@ -880,7 +870,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def _delete_row
-      self.class._delete_record(@primary_key => id_in_database)
+      self.class._delete_record(_query_constraints_hash)
     end
 
     def _touch_row(attribute_names, time)
@@ -896,7 +886,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def _update_row(attribute_names, attempted_action = "update")
       self.class._update_record(
         attributes_with_values(attribute_names),
-        @primary_key => id_in_database
+        _query_constraints_hash
       )
     end
 
@@ -920,6 +910,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @_trigger_update_callback = affected_rows == 1
       end
 
+      @previously_new_record = false
+
       yield(self) if block_given?
 
       affected_rows
@@ -930,13 +922,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def _create_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names)
       attribute_names = attributes_for_create(attribute_names)
 
-      new_id = self.class._insert_record(
-        attributes_with_values(attribute_names)
-      )
+      self.class.with_connection do |connection|
+        returning_columns = self.class._returning_columns_for_insert(connection)
 
-      self.id ||= new_id if @primary_key
+        returning_values = self.class._insert_record(
+          connection,
+          attributes_with_values(attribute_names),
+          returning_columns
+        )
+
+        returning_columns.zip(returning_values).each do |column, value|
+          _write_attribute(column, value) if !_read_attribute(column)
+        end if returning_values
+      end
 
       @new_record = false
+      @previously_new_record = true
 
       yield(self) if block_given?
 
@@ -944,24 +945,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def verify_readonly_attribute(name)
-      raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} is marked as readonly" if self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(name)
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} is marked as readonly" if self.class.readonly_attribute?(name)
     end
 
     def _raise_record_not_destroyed
       @_association_destroy_exception ||= nil
-      raise @_association_destroy_exception || RecordNotDestroyed.new("Failed to destroy the record", self)
+      key = self.class.primary_key
+      raise @_association_destroy_exception || RecordNotDestroyed.new("Failed to destroy #{self.class} with #{key}=#{id}", self)
     ensure
       @_association_destroy_exception = nil
     end
 
-    # The name of the method used to touch a +belongs_to+ association when the
-    # +:touch+ option is used.
-    def belongs_to_touch_method
-      :touch
-    end
-
     def _raise_readonly_record_error
       raise ReadOnlyRecord, "#{self.class} is marked as readonly"
     end
+
+    def _raise_record_not_touched_error
+      raise ActiveRecordError, <<~MSG.squish
+        Cannot touch on a new or destroyed record object. Consider using
+        persisted?, new_record?, or destroyed? before touching.
+      MSG
+    end
   end
 end