activerecord 4.2.0 → 5.0.0

data/lib/active_record/associations.rb

@@ -5,95 +5,170 @@ require 'active_record/errors'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class AssociationNotFoundError < ConfigurationError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(record, association_name)
-      super("Association named '#{association_name}' was not found on #{record.class.name}; perhaps you misspelled it?")
+    def initialize(record = nil, association_name = nil)
+      if record && association_name
+        super("Association named '#{association_name}' was not found on #{record.class.name}; perhaps you misspelled it?")
+      else
+        super("Association was not found.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(reflection, associated_class = nil)
-      super("Could not find the inverse association for #{reflection.name} (#{reflection.options[:inverse_of].inspect} in #{associated_class.nil? ? reflection.class_name : associated_class.name})")
+    def initialize(reflection = nil, associated_class = nil)
+      if reflection
+        super("Could not find the inverse association for #{reflection.name} (#{reflection.options[:inverse_of].inspect} in #{associated_class.nil? ? reflection.class_name : associated_class.name})")
+      else
+        super("Could not find the inverse association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasManyThroughAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection)
-      super("Could not find the association #{reflection.options[:through].inspect} in model #{owner_class_name}")
+    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner_class_name && reflection
+        super("Could not find the association #{reflection.options[:through].inspect} in model #{owner_class_name}")
+      else
+        super("Could not find the association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicSourceError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection, source_reflection)
-      super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' on the polymorphic object '#{source_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}' without 'source_type'. Try adding 'source_type: \"#{reflection.name.to_s.classify}\"' to 'has_many :through' definition.")
+    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil, source_reflection = nil)
+      if owner_class_name && reflection && source_reflection
+        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' on the polymorphic object '#{source_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}' without 'source_type'. Try adding 'source_type: \"#{reflection.name.to_s.classify}\"' to 'has_many :through' definition.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicThroughError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection)
-      super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' which goes through the polymorphic association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.through_reflection.name}'.")
+    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner_class_name && reflection
+        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' which goes through the polymorphic association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.through_reflection.name}'.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasManyThroughAssociationPointlessSourceTypeError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection, source_reflection)
-      super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' with a :source_type option if the '#{reflection.through_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}' is not polymorphic. Try removing :source_type on your association.")
+    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil, source_reflection = nil)
+      if owner_class_name && reflection && source_reflection
+        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' with a :source_type option if the '#{reflection.through_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}' is not polymorphic. Try removing :source_type on your association.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasOneThroughCantAssociateThroughCollection < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection, through_reflection)
-      super("Cannot have a has_one :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' where the :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{through_reflection.name}' is a collection. Specify a has_one or belongs_to association in the :through option instead.")
+    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil, through_reflection = nil)
+      if owner_class_name && reflection && through_reflection
+        super("Cannot have a has_one :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' where the :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{through_reflection.name}' is a collection. Specify a has_one or belongs_to association in the :through option instead.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot have a has_one :through association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasOneAssociationPolymorphicThroughError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection)
-      super("Cannot have a has_one :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' which goes through the polymorphic association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.through_reflection.name}'.")
+    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner_class_name && reflection
+        super("Cannot have a has_one :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' which goes through the polymorphic association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.through_reflection.name}'.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot have a has_one :through association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasManyThroughSourceAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(reflection)
-      through_reflection      = reflection.through_reflection
-      source_reflection_names = reflection.source_reflection_names
-      source_associations     = reflection.through_reflection.klass._reflections.keys
-      super("Could not find the source association(s) #{source_reflection_names.collect{ |a| a.inspect }.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)} in model #{through_reflection.klass}. Try 'has_many #{reflection.name.inspect}, :through => #{through_reflection.name.inspect}, :source => <name>'. Is it one of #{source_associations.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)}?")
+    def initialize(reflection = nil)
+      if reflection
+        through_reflection      = reflection.through_reflection
+        source_reflection_names = reflection.source_reflection_names
+        source_associations     = reflection.through_reflection.klass._reflections.keys
+        super("Could not find the source association(s) #{source_reflection_names.collect(&:inspect).to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)} in model #{through_reflection.klass}. Try 'has_many #{reflection.name.inspect}, :through => #{through_reflection.name.inspect}, :source => <name>'. Is it one of #{source_associations.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)}?")
+      else
+        super("Could not find the source association(s).")
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  class HasManyThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner, reflection)
-      super("Cannot modify association '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' because the source reflection class '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name}' is associated to '#{reflection.through_reflection.class_name}' via :#{reflection.source_reflection.macro}.")
+  class ThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(owner = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner && reflection
+        super("Cannot modify association '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' because the source reflection class '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name}' is associated to '#{reflection.through_reflection.class_name}' via :#{reflection.source_reflection.macro}.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot modify association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
+  class HasManyThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection < ThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  class HasOneThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection < ThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection #:nodoc:
+  end
+
   class HasManyThroughCantAssociateNewRecords < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner, reflection)
-      super("Cannot associate new records through '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' on '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.source_reflection.name rescue nil}'. Both records must have an id in order to create the has_many :through record associating them.")
+    def initialize(owner = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner && reflection
+        super("Cannot associate new records through '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' on '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.source_reflection.name rescue nil}'. Both records must have an id in order to create the has_many :through record associating them.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot associate new records.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasManyThroughCantDissociateNewRecords < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner, reflection)
-      super("Cannot dissociate new records through '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' on '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.source_reflection.name rescue nil}'. Both records must have an id in order to delete the has_many :through record associating them.")
+    def initialize(owner = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner && reflection
+        super("Cannot dissociate new records through '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' on '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.source_reflection.name rescue nil}'. Both records must have an id in order to delete the has_many :through record associating them.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot dissociate new records.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  class HasManyThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner, reflection)
-      super("Cannot modify association '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' because it goes through more than one other association.")
+  class ThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(owner = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner && reflection
+        super("Cannot modify association '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' because it goes through more than one other association.")
+      else
+        super("Through nested associations are read-only.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  class EagerLoadPolymorphicError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(reflection)
-      super("Cannot eagerly load the polymorphic association #{reflection.name.inspect}")
+  class HasManyThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly < ThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  class HasOneThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly < ThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  # This error is raised when trying to eager load a polymorphic association using a JOIN.
+  # Eager loading polymorphic associations is only possible with
+  # {ActiveRecord::Relation#preload}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#preload].
+  class EagerLoadPolymorphicError < ActiveRecordError
+    def initialize(reflection = nil)
+      if reflection
+        super("Cannot eagerly load the polymorphic association #{reflection.name.inspect}")
+      else
+        super("Eager load polymorphic error.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class ReadOnlyAssociation < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(reflection)
-      super("Cannot add to a has_many :through association. Try adding to #{reflection.through_reflection.name.inspect}.")
+    def initialize(reflection = nil)
+      if reflection
+        super("Cannot add to a has_many :through association. Try adding to #{reflection.through_reflection.name.inspect}.")
+      else
+        super("Read-only reflection error.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -101,8 +176,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # (has_many, has_one) when there is at least 1 child associated instance.
   # ex: if @project.tasks.size > 0, DeleteRestrictionError will be raised when trying to destroy @project
   class DeleteRestrictionError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(name)
-      super("Cannot delete record because of dependent #{name}")
+    def initialize(name = nil)
+      if name
+        super("Cannot delete record because of dependent #{name}")
+      else
+        super("Delete restriction error.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -113,18 +192,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # These classes will be loaded when associations are created.
     # So there is no need to eager load them.
-    autoload :Association,           'active_record/associations/association'
-    autoload :SingularAssociation,   'active_record/associations/singular_association'
-    autoload :CollectionAssociation, 'active_record/associations/collection_association'
-    autoload :CollectionProxy,       'active_record/associations/collection_proxy'
+    autoload :Association
+    autoload :SingularAssociation
+    autoload :CollectionAssociation
+    autoload :ForeignAssociation
+    autoload :CollectionProxy
 
-    autoload :BelongsToAssociation,            'active_record/associations/belongs_to_association'
-    autoload :BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation, 'active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association'
-    autoload :HasManyAssociation,              'active_record/associations/has_many_association'
-    autoload :HasManyThroughAssociation,       'active_record/associations/has_many_through_association'
-    autoload :HasOneAssociation,               'active_record/associations/has_one_association'
-    autoload :HasOneThroughAssociation,        'active_record/associations/has_one_through_association'
-    autoload :ThroughAssociation,              'active_record/associations/through_association'
+    autoload :BelongsToAssociation
+    autoload :BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation
+    autoload :HasManyAssociation
+    autoload :HasManyThroughAssociation
+    autoload :HasOneAssociation
+    autoload :HasOneThroughAssociation
+    autoload :ThroughAssociation
 
     module Builder #:nodoc:
       autoload :Association,           'active_record/associations/builder/association'
@@ -138,26 +218,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     eager_autoload do
-      autoload :Preloader,        'active_record/associations/preloader'
-      autoload :JoinDependency,   'active_record/associations/join_dependency'
-      autoload :AssociationScope, 'active_record/associations/association_scope'
-      autoload :AliasTracker,     'active_record/associations/alias_tracker'
-    end
-
-    # Clears out the association cache.
-    def clear_association_cache #:nodoc:
-      @association_cache.clear if persisted?
+      autoload :Preloader
+      autoload :JoinDependency
+      autoload :AssociationScope
+      autoload :AliasTracker
     end
 
-    # :nodoc:
-    attr_reader :association_cache
-
     # Returns the association instance for the given name, instantiating it if it doesn't already exist
     def association(name) #:nodoc:
       association = association_instance_get(name)
 
       if association.nil?
-        raise AssociationNotFoundError.new(self, name) unless reflection = self.class._reflect_on_association(name)
+        unless reflection = self.class._reflect_on_association(name)
+          raise AssociationNotFoundError.new(self, name)
+        end
         association = reflection.association_class.new(self, reflection)
         association_instance_set(name, association)
       end
@@ -165,8 +239,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
       association
     end
 
+    def association_cached?(name) # :nodoc
+      @association_cache.key?(name)
+    end
+
+    def initialize_dup(*) # :nodoc:
+      @association_cache = {}
+      super
+    end
+
+    def reload(*) # :nodoc:
+      clear_association_cache
+      super
+    end
+
     private
-      # Returns the specified association instance if it responds to :loaded?, nil otherwise.
+      # Clears out the association cache.
+      def clear_association_cache # :nodoc:
+        @association_cache.clear if persisted?
+      end
+
+      def init_internals # :nodoc:
+        @association_cache = {}
+        super
+      end
+
+      # Returns the specified association instance if it exists, nil otherwise.
       def association_instance_get(name)
         @association_cache[name]
       end
@@ -203,7 +301,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # === A word of warning
     #
     # Don't create associations that have the same name as instance methods of
-    # <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>. Since the association adds a method with that name to
+    # ActiveRecord::Base. Since the association adds a method with that name to
     # its model, it will override the inherited method and break things.
     # For instance, +attributes+ and +connection+ would be bad choices for association names.
     #
@@ -220,7 +318,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   create_other(attributes={})       |     X      |              |    X
     #   create_other!(attributes={})      |     X      |              |    X
     #
-    # ===Collection associations (one-to-many / many-to-many)
+    # === Collection associations (one-to-many / many-to-many)
     #                                     |       |          | has_many
     #   generated methods                 | habtm | has_many | :through
     #   ----------------------------------+-------+----------+----------
@@ -247,7 +345,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   others.find(*args)                |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   others.exists?                    |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   others.distinct                   |   X   |    X     |    X
-    #   others.uniq                       |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   others.reset                      |   X   |    X     |    X
     #
     # === Overriding generated methods
@@ -266,7 +363,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     # If your model class is <tt>Project</tt>, the module is
-    # named <tt>Project::GeneratedFeatureMethods</tt>. The GeneratedFeatureMethods module is
+    # named <tt>Project::GeneratedAssociationMethods</tt>. The +GeneratedAssociationMethods+ module is
     # included in the model class immediately after the (anonymous) generated attributes methods
     # module, meaning an association will override the methods for an attribute with the same name.
     #
@@ -274,12 +371,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Active Record associations can be used to describe one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many
     # relationships between models. Each model uses an association to describe its role in
-    # the relation. The +belongs_to+ association is always used in the model that has
+    # the relation. The #belongs_to association is always used in the model that has
     # the foreign key.
     #
     # === One-to-one
     #
-    # Use +has_one+ in the base, and +belongs_to+ in the associated model.
+    # Use #has_one in the base, and #belongs_to in the associated model.
     #
     #   class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_one :office
@@ -290,7 +387,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # === One-to-many
     #
-    # Use +has_many+ in the base, and +belongs_to+ in the associated model.
+    # Use #has_many in the base, and #belongs_to in the associated model.
     #
     #   class Manager < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_many :employees
@@ -303,7 +400,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # There are two ways to build a many-to-many relationship.
     #
-    # The first way uses a +has_many+ association with the <tt>:through</tt> option and a join model, so
+    # The first way uses a #has_many association with the <tt>:through</tt> option and a join model, so
     # there are two stages of associations.
     #
     #   class Assignment < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -319,7 +416,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     has_many :programmers, through: :assignments
     #   end
     #
-    # For the second way, use +has_and_belongs_to_many+ in both models. This requires a join table
+    # For the second way, use #has_and_belongs_to_many in both models. This requires a join table
     # that has no corresponding model or primary key.
     #
     #   class Programmer < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -331,13 +428,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Choosing which way to build a many-to-many relationship is not always simple.
     # If you need to work with the relationship model as its own entity,
-    # use <tt>has_many :through</tt>. Use +has_and_belongs_to_many+ when working with legacy schemas or when
+    # use #has_many <tt>:through</tt>. Use #has_and_belongs_to_many when working with legacy schemas or when
     # you never work directly with the relationship itself.
     #
-    # == Is it a +belongs_to+ or +has_one+ association?
+    # == Is it a #belongs_to or #has_one association?
     #
     # Both express a 1-1 relationship. The difference is mostly where to place the foreign
-    # key, which goes on the table for the class declaring the +belongs_to+ relationship.
+    # key, which goes on the table for the class declaring the #belongs_to relationship.
     #
     #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     # I reference an account.
@@ -352,14 +449,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # The tables for these classes could look something like:
     #
     #   CREATE TABLE users (
-    #     id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
-    #     account_id int(11) default NULL,
+    #     id int NOT NULL auto_increment,
+    #     account_id int default NULL,
     #     name varchar default NULL,
     #     PRIMARY KEY  (id)
     #   )
     #
     #   CREATE TABLE accounts (
-    #     id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
+    #     id int NOT NULL auto_increment,
     #     name varchar default NULL,
     #     PRIMARY KEY  (id)
     #   )
@@ -370,35 +467,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # there is some special behavior you should be aware of, mostly involving the saving of
     # associated objects.
     #
-    # You can set the <tt>:autosave</tt> option on a <tt>has_one</tt>, <tt>belongs_to</tt>,
-    # <tt>has_many</tt>, or <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many</tt> association. Setting it
+    # You can set the <tt>:autosave</tt> option on a #has_one, #belongs_to,
+    # #has_many, or #has_and_belongs_to_many association. Setting it
     # to +true+ will _always_ save the members, whereas setting it to +false+ will
     # _never_ save the members. More details about <tt>:autosave</tt> option is available at
     # AutosaveAssociation.
     #
     # === One-to-one associations
     #
-    # * Assigning an object to a +has_one+ association automatically saves that object and
+    # * Assigning an object to a #has_one association automatically saves that object and
     #   the object being replaced (if there is one), in order to update their foreign
     #   keys - except if the parent object is unsaved (<tt>new_record? == true</tt>).
     # * If either of these saves fail (due to one of the objects being invalid), an
-    #   <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved</tt> exception is raised and the assignment is
+    #   ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved exception is raised and the assignment is
     #   cancelled.
-    # * If you wish to assign an object to a +has_one+ association without saving it,
-    #   use the <tt>build_association</tt> method (documented below). The object being
+    # * If you wish to assign an object to a #has_one association without saving it,
+    #   use the <tt>#build_association</tt> method (documented below). The object being
     #   replaced will still be saved to update its foreign key.
-    # * Assigning an object to a +belongs_to+ association does not save the object, since
+    # * Assigning an object to a #belongs_to association does not save the object, since
     #   the foreign key field belongs on the parent. It does not save the parent either.
     #
     # === Collections
     #
-    # * Adding an object to a collection (+has_many+ or +has_and_belongs_to_many+) automatically
+    # * Adding an object to a collection (#has_many or #has_and_belongs_to_many) automatically
     #   saves that object, except if the parent object (the owner of the collection) is not yet
     #   stored in the database.
     # * If saving any of the objects being added to a collection (via <tt>push</tt> or similar)
     #   fails, then <tt>push</tt> returns +false+.
     # * If saving fails while replacing the collection (via <tt>association=</tt>), an
-    #   <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved</tt> exception is raised and the assignment is
+    #   ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved exception is raised and the assignment is
     #   cancelled.
     # * You can add an object to a collection without automatically saving it by using the
     #   <tt>collection.build</tt> method (documented below).
@@ -407,14 +504,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # == Customizing the query
     #
-    # \Associations are built from <tt>Relation</tt>s, and you can use the <tt>Relation</tt> syntax
+    # \Associations are built from <tt>Relation</tt> objects, and you can use the Relation syntax
     # to customize them. For example, to add a condition:
     #
     #   class Blog < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     has_many :published_posts, -> { where published: true }, class_name: 'Post'
+    #     has_many :published_posts, -> { where(published: true) }, class_name: 'Post'
     #   end
     #
-    # Inside the <tt>-> { ... }</tt> block you can use all of the usual <tt>Relation</tt> methods.
+    # Inside the <tt>-> { ... }</tt> block you can use all of the usual Relation methods.
     #
     # === Accessing the owner object
     #
@@ -423,7 +520,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # events that occur on the user's birthday:
     #
     #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     has_many :birthday_events, ->(user) { where starts_on: user.birthday }, class_name: 'Event'
+    #     has_many :birthday_events, ->(user) { where(starts_on: user.birthday) }, class_name: 'Event'
     #   end
     #
     # Note: Joining, eager loading and preloading of these associations is not fully possible.
@@ -502,8 +599,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # * <tt>record.association(:items).owner</tt> - Returns the object the association is part of.
     # * <tt>record.association(:items).reflection</tt> - Returns the reflection object that describes the association.
-    # * <tt>record.association(:items).target</tt> - Returns the associated object for +belongs_to+ and +has_one+, or
-    #   the collection of associated objects for +has_many+ and +has_and_belongs_to_many+.
+    # * <tt>record.association(:items).target</tt> - Returns the associated object for #belongs_to and #has_one, or
+    #   the collection of associated objects for #has_many and #has_and_belongs_to_many.
     #
     # However, inside the actual extension code, you will not have access to the <tt>record</tt> as
     # above. In this case, you can access <tt>proxy_association</tt>. For example,
@@ -515,7 +612,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Has Many associations can be configured with the <tt>:through</tt> option to use an
     # explicit join model to retrieve the data. This operates similarly to a
-    # +has_and_belongs_to_many+ association. The advantage is that you're able to add validations,
+    # #has_and_belongs_to_many association. The advantage is that you're able to add validations,
     # callbacks, and extra attributes on the join model. Consider the following schema:
     #
     #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -532,7 +629,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   @author.authorships.collect { |a| a.book } # selects all books that the author's authorships belong to
     #   @author.books                              # selects all books by using the Authorship join model
     #
-    # You can also go through a +has_many+ association on the join model:
+    # You can also go through a #has_many association on the join model:
     #
     #   class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_many   :clients
@@ -552,7 +649,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   @firm.clients.flat_map { |c| c.invoices } # select all invoices for all clients of the firm
     #   @firm.invoices                            # selects all invoices by going through the Client join model
     #
-    # Similarly you can go through a +has_one+ association on the join model:
+    # Similarly you can go through a #has_one association on the join model:
     #
     #   class Group < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_many   :users
@@ -572,7 +669,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   @group.users.collect { |u| u.avatar }.compact # select all avatars for all users in the group
     #   @group.avatars                                # selects all avatars by going through the User join model.
     #
-    # An important caveat with going through +has_one+ or +has_many+ associations on the
+    # An important caveat with going through #has_one or #has_many associations on the
     # join model is that these associations are *read-only*. For example, the following
     # would not work following the previous example:
     #
@@ -581,26 +678,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # == Setting Inverses
     #
-    # If you are using a +belongs_to+ on the join model, it is a good idea to set the
-    # <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option on the +belongs_to+, which will mean that the following example
-    # works correctly (where <tt>tags</tt> is a +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt> association):
+    # If you are using a #belongs_to on the join model, it is a good idea to set the
+    # <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option on the #belongs_to, which will mean that the following example
+    # works correctly (where <tt>tags</tt> is a #has_many <tt>:through</tt> association):
     #
     #   @post = Post.first
     #   @tag = @post.tags.build name: "ruby"
     #   @tag.save
     #
-    # The last line ought to save the through record (a <tt>Taggable</tt>). This will only work if the
+    # The last line ought to save the through record (a <tt>Tagging</tt>). This will only work if the
     # <tt>:inverse_of</tt> is set:
     #
-    #   class Taggable < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     belongs_to :post
     #     belongs_to :tag, inverse_of: :taggings
     #   end
     #
     # If you do not set the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> record, the association will
     # do its best to match itself up with the correct inverse. Automatic
-    # inverse detection only works on <tt>has_many</tt>, <tt>has_one</tt>, and
-    # <tt>belongs_to</tt> associations.
+    # inverse detection only works on #has_many, #has_one, and
+    # #belongs_to associations.
     #
     # Extra options on the associations, as defined in the
     # <tt>AssociationReflection::INVALID_AUTOMATIC_INVERSE_OPTIONS</tt> constant, will
@@ -613,7 +710,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # You can turn off the automatic detection of inverse associations by setting
     # the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option to <tt>false</tt> like so:
     #
-    #   class Taggable < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     belongs_to :tag, inverse_of: false
     #   end
     #
@@ -663,7 +760,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # == Polymorphic \Associations
     #
     # Polymorphic associations on models are not restricted on what types of models they
-    # can be associated with. Rather, they specify an interface that a +has_many+ association
+    # can be associated with. Rather, they specify an interface that a #has_many association
     # must adhere to.
     #
     #   class Asset < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -747,7 +844,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Post.includes(:author).each do |post|
     #
-    # This references the name of the +belongs_to+ association that also used the <tt>:author</tt>
+    # This references the name of the #belongs_to association that also used the <tt>:author</tt>
     # symbol. After loading the posts, find will collect the +author_id+ from each one and load
     # all the referenced authors with one query. Doing so will cut down the number of queries
     # from 201 to 102.
@@ -758,7 +855,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # This will load all comments with a single query. This reduces the total number of queries
     # to 3. In general, the number of queries will be 1 plus the number of associations
-    # named (except if some of the associations are polymorphic +belongs_to+ - see below).
+    # named (except if some of the associations are polymorphic #belongs_to - see below).
     #
     # To include a deep hierarchy of associations, use a hash:
     #
@@ -798,7 +895,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # In this case it is usually more natural to include an association which has conditions defined on it:
     #
     #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     has_many :approved_comments, -> { where approved: true }, class_name: 'Comment'
+    #     has_many :approved_comments, -> { where(approved: true) }, class_name: 'Comment'
     #   end
     #
     #   Post.includes(:approved_comments)
@@ -830,7 +927,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # For example if all the addressables are either of class Person or Company then a total
     # of 3 queries will be executed. The list of addressable types to load is determined on
     # the back of the addresses loaded. This is not supported if Active Record has to fallback
-    # to the previous implementation of eager loading and will raise <tt>ActiveRecord::EagerLoadPolymorphicError</tt>.
+    # to the previous implementation of eager loading and will raise ActiveRecord::EagerLoadPolymorphicError.
     # The reason is that the parent model's type is a column value so its corresponding table
     # name cannot be put in the +FROM+/+JOIN+ clauses of that query.
     #
@@ -872,7 +969,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #                              INNER JOIN categories_posts posts_categories_join INNER JOIN posts posts_categories
     #                              INNER JOIN categories_posts categories_posts_join INNER JOIN categories categories_posts_2
     #
-    # If you wish to specify your own custom joins using <tt>joins</tt> method, those table
+    # If you wish to specify your own custom joins using ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#joins method, those table
     # names will take precedence over the eager associations:
     #
     #   Post.joins(:comments).joins("inner join comments ...")
@@ -937,20 +1034,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # The +traps+ association on +Dungeon+ and the +dungeon+ association on +Trap+ are
     # the inverse of each other and the inverse of the +dungeon+ association on +EvilWizard+
     # is the +evil_wizard+ association on +Dungeon+ (and vice-versa). By default,
-    # Active Record doesn't know anything about these inverse relationships and so no object
-    # loading optimization is possible. For example:
+    # Active Record can guess the inverse of the association based on the name
+    # of the class. The result is the following:
     #
     #    d = Dungeon.first
     #    t = d.traps.first
-    #    d.level == t.dungeon.level # => true
-    #    d.level = 10
-    #    d.level == t.dungeon.level # => false
+    #    d.object_id == t.dungeon.object_id # => true
     #
     # The +Dungeon+ instances +d+ and <tt>t.dungeon</tt> in the above example refer to
-    # the same object data from the database, but are actually different in-memory copies
-    # of that data. Specifying the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option on associations lets you tell
-    # Active Record about inverse relationships and it will optimise object loading. For
-    # example, if we changed our model definitions to:
+    # the same in-memory instance since the association matches the name of the class.
+    # The result would be the same if we added +:inverse_of+ to our model definitions:
     #
     #    class Dungeon < ActiveRecord::Base
     #      has_many :traps, inverse_of: :dungeon
@@ -965,20 +1058,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #      belongs_to :dungeon, inverse_of: :evil_wizard
     #    end
     #
-    # Then, from our code snippet above, +d+ and <tt>t.dungeon</tt> are actually the same
-    # in-memory instance and our final <tt>d.level == t.dungeon.level</tt> will return +true+.
-    #
     # There are limitations to <tt>:inverse_of</tt> support:
     #
     # * does not work with <tt>:through</tt> associations.
     # * does not work with <tt>:polymorphic</tt> associations.
-    # * for +belongs_to+ associations +has_many+ inverse associations are ignored.
+    # * for #belongs_to associations #has_many inverse associations are ignored.
+    #
+    # For more information, see the documentation for the +:inverse_of+ option.
     #
     # == Deleting from associations
     #
     # === Dependent associations
     #
-    # +has_many+, +has_one+ and +belongs_to+ associations support the <tt>:dependent</tt> option.
+    # #has_many, #has_one and #belongs_to associations support the <tt>:dependent</tt> option.
     # This allows you to specify that associated records should be deleted when the owner is
     # deleted.
     #
@@ -999,20 +1091,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # callbacks declared either before or after the <tt>:dependent</tt> option
     # can affect what it does.
     #
+    # Note that <tt>:dependent</tt> option is ignored for #has_one <tt>:through</tt> associations.
+    #
     # === Delete or destroy?
     #
-    # +has_many+ and +has_and_belongs_to_many+ associations have the methods <tt>destroy</tt>,
+    # #has_many and #has_and_belongs_to_many associations have the methods <tt>destroy</tt>,
     # <tt>delete</tt>, <tt>destroy_all</tt> and <tt>delete_all</tt>.
     #
-    # For +has_and_belongs_to_many+, <tt>delete</tt> and <tt>destroy</tt> are the same: they
+    # For #has_and_belongs_to_many, <tt>delete</tt> and <tt>destroy</tt> are the same: they
     # cause the records in the join table to be removed.
     #
-    # For +has_many+, <tt>destroy</tt> and <tt>destroy_all</tt> will always call the <tt>destroy</tt> method of the
+    # For #has_many, <tt>destroy</tt> and <tt>destroy_all</tt> will always call the <tt>destroy</tt> method of the
     # record(s) being removed so that callbacks are run. However <tt>delete</tt> and <tt>delete_all</tt> will either
     # do the deletion according to the strategy specified by the <tt>:dependent</tt> option, or
     # if no <tt>:dependent</tt> option is given, then it will follow the default strategy.
-    # The default strategy is <tt>:nullify</tt> (set the foreign keys to <tt>nil</tt>), except for
-    # +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt>, where the default strategy is <tt>delete_all</tt> (delete
+    # The default strategy is to do nothing (leave the foreign keys with the parent ids set), except for
+    # #has_many <tt>:through</tt>, where the default strategy is <tt>delete_all</tt> (delete
     # the join records, without running their callbacks).
     #
     # There is also a <tt>clear</tt> method which is the same as <tt>delete_all</tt>, except that
@@ -1020,13 +1114,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # === What gets deleted?
     #
-    # There is a potential pitfall here: +has_and_belongs_to_many+ and +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt>
+    # There is a potential pitfall here: #has_and_belongs_to_many and #has_many <tt>:through</tt>
     # associations have records in join tables, as well as the associated records. So when we
     # call one of these deletion methods, what exactly should be deleted?
     #
     # The answer is that it is assumed that deletion on an association is about removing the
     # <i>link</i> between the owner and the associated object(s), rather than necessarily the
-    # associated objects themselves. So with +has_and_belongs_to_many+ and +has_many+
+    # associated objects themselves. So with #has_and_belongs_to_many and #has_many
     # <tt>:through</tt>, the join records will be deleted, but the associated records won't.
     #
     # This makes sense if you think about it: if you were to call <tt>post.tags.delete(Tag.find_by(name: 'food'))</tt>
@@ -1037,20 +1131,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # a person has many projects, and each project has many tasks. If we deleted one of a person's
     # tasks, we would probably not want the project to be deleted. In this scenario, the delete method
     # won't actually work: it can only be used if the association on the join model is a
-    # +belongs_to+. In other situations you are expected to perform operations directly on
+    # #belongs_to. In other situations you are expected to perform operations directly on
     # either the associated records or the <tt>:through</tt> association.
     #
-    # With a regular +has_many+ there is no distinction between the "associated records"
+    # With a regular #has_many there is no distinction between the "associated records"
     # and the "link", so there is only one choice for what gets deleted.
     #
-    # With +has_and_belongs_to_many+ and +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt>, if you want to delete the
+    # With #has_and_belongs_to_many and #has_many <tt>:through</tt>, if you want to delete the
     # associated records themselves, you can always do something along the lines of
     # <tt>person.tasks.each(&:destroy)</tt>.
     #
-    # == Type safety with <tt>ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch</tt>
+    # == Type safety with ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch
     #
     # If you attempt to assign an object to an association that doesn't match the inferred
-    # or specified <tt>:class_name</tt>, you'll get an <tt>ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch</tt>.
+    # or specified <tt>:class_name</tt>, you'll get an ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch.
     #
     # == Options
     #
@@ -1070,6 +1164,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Adds one or more objects to the collection by setting their foreign keys to the collection's primary key.
       #   Note that this operation instantly fires update SQL without waiting for the save or update call on the
       #   parent object, unless the parent object is a new record.
+      #   This will also run validations and callbacks of associated object(s).
       # [collection.delete(object, ...)]
       #   Removes one or more objects from the collection by setting their foreign keys to +NULL+.
       #   Objects will be in addition destroyed if they're associated with <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt>,
@@ -1087,7 +1182,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [collection=objects]
       #   Replaces the collections content by deleting and adding objects as appropriate. If the <tt>:through</tt>
       #   option is true callbacks in the join models are triggered except destroy callbacks, since deletion is
-      #   direct.
+      #   direct by default. You can specify <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt> or
+      #   <tt>dependent: :nullify</tt> to override this.
       # [collection_singular_ids]
       #   Returns an array of the associated objects' ids
       # [collection_singular_ids=ids]
@@ -1104,10 +1200,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [collection.size]
       #   Returns the number of associated objects.
       # [collection.find(...)]
-      #   Finds an associated object according to the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.find</tt>.
+      #   Finds an associated object according to the same rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#find.
       # [collection.exists?(...)]
       #   Checks whether an associated object with the given conditions exists.
-      #   Uses the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.exists?</tt>.
+      #   Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#exists?.
       # [collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)]
       #   Returns one or more new objects of the collection type that have been instantiated
       #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key, but have not yet
@@ -1118,7 +1214,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   been saved (if it passed the validation). *Note*: This only works if the base model
       #   already exists in the DB, not if it is a new (unsaved) record!
       # [collection.create!(attributes = {})]
-      #   Does the same as <tt>collection.create</tt>, but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt>
+      #   Does the same as <tt>collection.create</tt>, but raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
       #   if the record is invalid.
       #
       # === Example
@@ -1170,11 +1266,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [:class_name]
       #   Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred
       #   from the association name. So <tt>has_many :products</tt> will by default be linked
-      #   to the Product class, but if the real class name is SpecialProduct, you'll have to
+      #   to the +Product+ class, but if the real class name is +SpecialProduct+, you'll have to
       #   specify it with this option.
       # [:foreign_key]
       #   Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
-      #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a +has_many+
+      #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a #has_many
       #   association will use "person_id" as the default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>.
       # [:foreign_type]
       #   Specify the column used to store the associated object's type, if this is a polymorphic
@@ -1198,20 +1294,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   * <tt>:restrict_with_error</tt> causes an error to be added to the owner if there are any associated objects.
       #
       #   If using with the <tt>:through</tt> option, the association on the join model must be
-      #   a +belongs_to+, and the records which get deleted are the join records, rather than
+      #   a #belongs_to, and the records which get deleted are the join records, rather than
       #   the associated records.
       # [:counter_cache]
       #   This option can be used to configure a custom named <tt>:counter_cache.</tt> You only need this option,
-      #   when you customized the name of your <tt>:counter_cache</tt> on the <tt>belongs_to</tt> association.
+      #   when you customized the name of your <tt>:counter_cache</tt> on the #belongs_to association.
       # [:as]
-      #   Specifies a polymorphic interface (See <tt>belongs_to</tt>).
+      #   Specifies a polymorphic interface (See #belongs_to).
       # [:through]
       #   Specifies an association through which to perform the query. This can be any other type
       #   of association, including other <tt>:through</tt> associations. Options for <tt>:class_name</tt>,
       #   <tt>:primary_key</tt> and <tt>:foreign_key</tt> are ignored, as the association uses the
       #   source reflection.
       #
-      #   If the association on the join model is a +belongs_to+, the collection can be modified
+      #   If the association on the join model is a #belongs_to, the collection can be modified
       #   and the records on the <tt>:through</tt> model will be automatically created and removed
       #   as appropriate. Otherwise, the collection is read-only, so you should manipulate the
       #   <tt>:through</tt> association directly.
@@ -1222,15 +1318,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   the appropriate join model records when they are saved. (See the 'Association Join Models'
       #   section above.)
       # [:source]
-      #   Specifies the source association name used by <tt>has_many :through</tt> queries.
+      #   Specifies the source association name used by #has_many <tt>:through</tt> queries.
       #   Only use it if the name cannot be inferred from the association.
       #   <tt>has_many :subscribers, through: :subscriptions</tt> will look for either <tt>:subscribers</tt> or
       #   <tt>:subscriber</tt> on Subscription, unless a <tt>:source</tt> is given.
       # [:source_type]
-      #   Specifies type of the source association used by <tt>has_many :through</tt> queries where the source
-      #   association is a polymorphic +belongs_to+.
+      #   Specifies type of the source association used by #has_many <tt>:through</tt> queries where the source
+      #   association is a polymorphic #belongs_to.
       # [:validate]
-      #   If +false+, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. true by default.
+      #   When set to +true+, validates new objects added to association when saving the parent object. +true+ by default.
+      #   If you want to ensure associated objects are revalidated on every update, use +validates_associated+.
       # [:autosave]
       #   If true, always save the associated objects or destroy them if marked for destruction,
       #   when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated objects.
@@ -1238,18 +1335,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   +before_save+ callback. Because callbacks are run in the order they are defined, associated objects
       #   may need to be explicitly saved in any user-defined +before_save+ callbacks.
       #
-      #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
+      #   Note that NestedAttributes::ClassMethods#accepts_nested_attributes_for sets
+      #   <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       # [:inverse_of]
-      #   Specifies the name of the <tt>belongs_to</tt> association on the associated object
-      #   that is the inverse of this <tt>has_many</tt> association. Does not work in combination
+      #   Specifies the name of the #belongs_to association on the associated object
+      #   that is the inverse of this #has_many association. Does not work in combination
       #   with <tt>:through</tt> or <tt>:as</tt> options.
       #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
+      # [:extend]
+      #   Specifies a module or array of modules that will be extended into the association object returned.
+      #   Useful for defining methods on associations, especially when they should be shared between multiple
+      #   association objects.
       #
       # Option examples:
-      #   has_many :comments, -> { order "posted_on" }
-      #   has_many :comments, -> { includes :author }
+      #   has_many :comments, -> { order("posted_on") }
+      #   has_many :comments, -> { includes(:author) }
       #   has_many :people, -> { where(deleted: false).order("name") }, class_name: "Person"
-      #   has_many :tracks, -> { order "position" }, dependent: :destroy
+      #   has_many :tracks, -> { order("position") }, dependent: :destroy
       #   has_many :comments, dependent: :nullify
       #   has_many :tags, as: :taggable
       #   has_many :reports, -> { readonly }
@@ -1261,8 +1363,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used
       # if the other class contains the foreign key. If the current class contains the foreign key,
-      # then you should use +belongs_to+ instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview
-      # on when to use +has_one+ and when to use +belongs_to+.
+      # then you should use #belongs_to instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview
+      # on when to use #has_one and when to use #belongs_to.
       #
       # The following methods for retrieval and query of a single associated object will be added:
       #
@@ -1284,7 +1386,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   with +attributes+, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that
       #   has already been saved (if it passed the validation).
       # [create_association!(attributes = {})]
-      #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt>
+      #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
       #   if the record is invalid.
       #
       # === Example
@@ -1325,9 +1427,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   * <tt>:nullify</tt> causes the foreign key to be set to +NULL+. Callbacks are not executed.
       #   * <tt>:restrict_with_exception</tt> causes an exception to be raised if there is an associated record
       #   * <tt>:restrict_with_error</tt> causes an error to be added to the owner if there is an associated object
+      #
+      #   Note that <tt>:dependent</tt> option is ignored when using <tt>:through</tt> option.
       # [:foreign_key]
       #   Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
-      #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a +has_one+ association
+      #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a #has_one association
       #   will use "person_id" as the default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>.
       # [:foreign_type]
       #   Specify the column used to store the associated object's type, if this is a polymorphic
@@ -1338,31 +1442,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [:primary_key]
       #   Specify the method that returns the primary key used for the association. By default this is +id+.
       # [:as]
-      #   Specifies a polymorphic interface (See <tt>belongs_to</tt>).
+      #   Specifies a polymorphic interface (See #belongs_to).
       # [:through]
       #   Specifies a Join Model through which to perform the query. Options for <tt>:class_name</tt>,
       #   <tt>:primary_key</tt>, and <tt>:foreign_key</tt> are ignored, as the association uses the
-      #   source reflection. You can only use a <tt>:through</tt> query through a <tt>has_one</tt>
-      #   or <tt>belongs_to</tt> association on the join model.
+      #   source reflection. You can only use a <tt>:through</tt> query through a #has_one
+      #   or #belongs_to association on the join model.
       # [:source]
-      #   Specifies the source association name used by <tt>has_one :through</tt> queries.
+      #   Specifies the source association name used by #has_one <tt>:through</tt> queries.
       #   Only use it if the name cannot be inferred from the association.
       #   <tt>has_one :favorite, through: :favorites</tt> will look for a
       #   <tt>:favorite</tt> on Favorite, unless a <tt>:source</tt> is given.
       # [:source_type]
-      #   Specifies type of the source association used by <tt>has_one :through</tt> queries where the source
-      #   association is a polymorphic +belongs_to+.
+      #   Specifies type of the source association used by #has_one <tt>:through</tt> queries where the source
+      #   association is a polymorphic #belongs_to.
       # [:validate]
-      #   If +false+, don't validate the associated object when saving the parent object. +false+ by default.
+      #   When set to +true+, validates new objects added to association when saving the parent object. +false+ by default.
+      #   If you want to ensure associated objects are revalidated on every update, use +validates_associated+.
       # [:autosave]
       #   If true, always save the associated object or destroy it if marked for destruction,
       #   when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated object.
       #   By default, only save the associated object if it's a new record.
       #
-      #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
+      #   Note that NestedAttributes::ClassMethods#accepts_nested_attributes_for sets
+      #   <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       # [:inverse_of]
-      #   Specifies the name of the <tt>belongs_to</tt> association on the associated object
-      #   that is the inverse of this <tt>has_one</tt> association. Does not work in combination
+      #   Specifies the name of the #belongs_to association on the associated object
+      #   that is the inverse of this #has_one association. Does not work in combination
       #   with <tt>:through</tt> or <tt>:as</tt> options.
       #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
       # [:required]
@@ -1374,12 +1480,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   has_one :credit_card, dependent: :destroy  # destroys the associated credit card
       #   has_one :credit_card, dependent: :nullify  # updates the associated records foreign
       #                                                 # key value to NULL rather than destroying it
-      #   has_one :last_comment, -> { order 'posted_on' }, class_name: "Comment"
-      #   has_one :project_manager, -> { where role: 'project_manager' }, class_name: "Person"
+      #   has_one :last_comment, -> { order('posted_on') }, class_name: "Comment"
+      #   has_one :project_manager, -> { where(role: 'project_manager') }, class_name: "Person"
       #   has_one :attachment, as: :attachable
-      #   has_one :boss, readonly: :true
+      #   has_one :boss, -> { readonly }
       #   has_one :club, through: :membership
-      #   has_one :primary_address, -> { where primary: true }, through: :addressables, source: :addressable
+      #   has_one :primary_address, -> { where(primary: true) }, through: :addressables, source: :addressable
       #   has_one :credit_card, required: true
       def has_one(name, scope = nil, options = {})
         reflection = Builder::HasOne.build(self, name, scope, options)
@@ -1388,8 +1494,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used
       # if this class contains the foreign key. If the other class contains the foreign key,
-      # then you should use +has_one+ instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview
-      # on when to use +has_one+ and when to use +belongs_to+.
+      # then you should use #has_one instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview
+      # on when to use #has_one and when to use #belongs_to.
       #
       # Methods will be added for retrieval and query for a single associated object, for which
       # this object holds an id:
@@ -1409,7 +1515,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   with +attributes+, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that
       #   has already been saved (if it passed the validation).
       # [create_association!(attributes = {})]
-      #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt>
+      #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
       #   if the record is invalid.
       #
       # === Example
@@ -1429,7 +1535,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # when you access the associated object.
       #
       # Scope examples:
-      #   belongs_to :user, -> { where(id: 2) }
+      #   belongs_to :firm, -> { where(id: 2) }
       #   belongs_to :user, -> { joins(:friends) }
       #   belongs_to :level, ->(level) { where("game_level > ?", level.current) }
       #
@@ -1456,12 +1562,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [:dependent]
       #   If set to <tt>:destroy</tt>, the associated object is destroyed when this object is. If set to
       #   <tt>:delete</tt>, the associated object is deleted *without* calling its destroy method.
-      #   This option should not be specified when <tt>belongs_to</tt> is used in conjunction with
-      #   a <tt>has_many</tt> relationship on another class because of the potential to leave
+      #   This option should not be specified when #belongs_to is used in conjunction with
+      #   a #has_many relationship on another class because of the potential to leave
       #   orphaned records behind.
       # [:counter_cache]
-      #   Caches the number of belonging objects on the associate class through the use of +increment_counter+
-      #   and +decrement_counter+. The counter cache is incremented when an object of this
+      #   Caches the number of belonging objects on the associate class through the use of CounterCache::ClassMethods#increment_counter
+      #   and CounterCache::ClassMethods#decrement_counter. The counter cache is incremented when an object of this
       #   class is created and decremented when it's destroyed. This requires that a column
       #   named <tt>#{table_name}_count</tt> (such as +comments_count+ for a belonging Comment class)
       #   is used on the associate class (such as a Post class) - that is the migration for
@@ -1476,27 +1582,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Note: If you've enabled the counter cache, then you may want to add the counter cache attribute
       #   to the +attr_readonly+ list in the associated classes (e.g. <tt>class Post; attr_readonly :comments_count; end</tt>).
       # [:validate]
-      #   If +false+, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. +false+ by default.
+      #   When set to +true+, validates new objects added to association when saving the parent object. +false+ by default.
+      #   If you want to ensure associated objects are revalidated on every update, use +validates_associated+.
       # [:autosave]
       #   If true, always save the associated object or destroy it if marked for destruction, when
       #   saving the parent object.
       #   If false, never save or destroy the associated object.
       #   By default, only save the associated object if it's a new record.
       #
-      #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
+      #   Note that NestedAttributes::ClassMethods#accepts_nested_attributes_for
+      #   sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       # [:touch]
       #   If true, the associated object will be touched (the updated_at/on attributes set to current time)
       #   when this record is either saved or destroyed. If you specify a symbol, that attribute
       #   will be updated with the current time in addition to the updated_at/on attribute.
+      #   Please note that with touching no validation is performed and only the +after_touch+,
+      #   +after_commit+ and +after_rollback+ callbacks are executed.
       # [:inverse_of]
-      #   Specifies the name of the <tt>has_one</tt> or <tt>has_many</tt> association on the associated
-      #   object that is the inverse of this <tt>belongs_to</tt> association. Does not work in
+      #   Specifies the name of the #has_one or #has_many association on the associated
+      #   object that is the inverse of this #belongs_to association. Does not work in
       #   combination with the <tt>:polymorphic</tt> options.
       #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
+      # [:optional]
+      #   When set to +true+, the association will not have its presence validated.
       # [:required]
       #   When set to +true+, the association will also have its presence validated.
       #   This will validate the association itself, not the id. You can use
       #   +:inverse_of+ to avoid an extra query during validation.
+      #   NOTE: <tt>required</tt> is set to <tt>true</tt> by default and is deprecated. If
+      #   you don't want to have association presence validated, use <tt>optional: true</tt>.
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   belongs_to :firm, foreign_key: "client_of"
@@ -1505,11 +1619,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   belongs_to :valid_coupon, ->(o) { where "discounts > ?", o.payments_count },
       #                             class_name: "Coupon", foreign_key: "coupon_id"
       #   belongs_to :attachable, polymorphic: true
-      #   belongs_to :project, readonly: true
+      #   belongs_to :project, -> { readonly }
       #   belongs_to :post, counter_cache: true
-      #   belongs_to :company, touch: true
+      #   belongs_to :comment, touch: true
       #   belongs_to :company, touch: :employees_last_updated_at
-      #   belongs_to :company, required: true
+      #   belongs_to :user, optional: true
       def belongs_to(name, scope = nil, options = {})
         reflection = Builder::BelongsTo.build(self, name, scope, options)
         Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
@@ -1532,12 +1646,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # The join table should not have a primary key or a model associated with it. You must manually generate the
       # join table with a migration such as this:
       #
-      #   class CreateDevelopersProjectsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration
+      #   class CreateDevelopersProjectsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
       #     def change
-      #       create_table :developers_projects, id: false do |t|
-      #         t.integer :developer_id
-      #         t.integer :project_id
-      #       end
+      #       create_join_table :developers, :projects
       #     end
       #   end
       #
@@ -1579,10 +1690,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [collection.find(id)]
       #   Finds an associated object responding to the +id+ and that
       #   meets the condition that it has to be associated with this object.
-      #   Uses the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.find</tt>.
+      #   Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#find.
       # [collection.exists?(...)]
       #   Checks whether an associated object with the given conditions exists.
-      #   Uses the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.exists?</tt>.
+      #   Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#exists?.
       # [collection.build(attributes = {})]
       #   Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated
       #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through the join table, but has not yet been saved.
@@ -1617,7 +1728,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # query when you access the associated collection.
       #
       # Scope examples:
-      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { includes :milestones, :manager }
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { includes(:milestones, :manager) }
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, ->(category) {
       #     where("default_category = ?", category.name)
       #   }
@@ -1646,32 +1757,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [:join_table]
       #   Specify the name of the join table if the default based on lexical order isn't what you want.
       #   <b>WARNING:</b> If you're overwriting the table name of either class, the +table_name+ method
-      #   MUST be declared underneath any +has_and_belongs_to_many+ declaration in order to work.
+      #   MUST be declared underneath any #has_and_belongs_to_many declaration in order to work.
       # [:foreign_key]
       #   Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
       #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes
-      #   a +has_and_belongs_to_many+ association to Project will use "person_id" as the
+      #   a #has_and_belongs_to_many association to Project will use "person_id" as the
       #   default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>.
       # [:association_foreign_key]
       #   Specify the foreign key used for the association on the receiving side of the association.
       #   By default this is guessed to be the name of the associated class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed.
-      #   So if a Person class makes a +has_and_belongs_to_many+ association to Project,
+      #   So if a Person class makes a #has_and_belongs_to_many association to Project,
       #   the association will use "project_id" as the default <tt>:association_foreign_key</tt>.
-      # [:readonly]
-      #   If true, all the associated objects are readonly through the association.
       # [:validate]
-      #   If +false+, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. +true+ by default.
+      #   When set to +true+, validates new objects added to association when saving the parent object. +true+ by default.
+      #   If you want to ensure associated objects are revalidated on every update, use +validates_associated+.
       # [:autosave]
       #   If true, always save the associated objects or destroy them if marked for destruction, when
       #   saving the parent object.
       #   If false, never save or destroy the associated objects.
       #   By default, only save associated objects that are new records.
       #
-      #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
+      #   Note that NestedAttributes::ClassMethods#accepts_nested_attributes_for sets
+      #   <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects
-      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { includes :milestones, :manager }
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { includes(:milestones, :manager) }
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :nations, class_name: "Country"
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, join_table: "prods_cats"
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, -> { readonly }
@@ -1687,16 +1798,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         join_model = builder.through_model
 
-        # FIXME: we should move this to the internal constants. Also people
-        # should never directly access this constant so I'm not happy about
-        # setting it.
         const_set join_model.name, join_model
+        private_constant join_model.name
 
         middle_reflection = builder.middle_reflection join_model
 
         Builder::HasMany.define_callbacks self, middle_reflection
         Reflection.add_reflection self, middle_reflection.name, middle_reflection
-        middle_reflection.parent_reflection = [name.to_s, habtm_reflection]
+        middle_reflection.parent_reflection = habtm_reflection
 
         include Module.new {
           class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
@@ -1712,12 +1821,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         hm_options[:through] = middle_reflection.name
         hm_options[:source] = join_model.right_reflection.name
 
-        [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :autosave, :validate, :join_table, :class_name].each do |k|
+        [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :autosave, :validate, :join_table, :class_name, :extend].each do |k|
           hm_options[k] = options[k] if options.key? k
         end
 
         has_many name, scope, hm_options, &extension
-        self._reflections[name.to_s].parent_reflection = [name.to_s, habtm_reflection]
+        self._reflections[name.to_s].parent_reflection = habtm_reflection
       end
     end
   end