activerecord 2.3.18 → 3.2.22

data/lib/active_record/validations.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 module ActiveRecord
-  # Raised by <tt>save!</tt> and <tt>create!</tt> when the record is invalid.  Use the
+  # = Active Record RecordInvalid
+  #
+  # Raised by <tt>save!</tt> and <tt>create!</tt> when the record is invalid. Use the
   # +record+ method to retrieve the record which did not validate.
+  #
   #   begin
   #     complex_operation_that_calls_save!_internally
   #   rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid => invalid
@@ -10,1137 +13,71 @@ module ActiveRecord
     attr_reader :record
     def initialize(record)
       @record = record
-      errors = @record.errors.full_messages.join(I18n.t('support.array.words_connector', :default => ', '))
-      super(I18n.t('activerecord.errors.messages.record_invalid', :errors => errors))
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Error
-    attr_accessor :base, :attribute, :type, :message, :options
-
-    def initialize(base, attribute, type = nil, options = {})
-      self.base      = base
-      self.attribute = attribute
-      self.type      = type || :invalid
-      self.options   = options
-      self.message   = options.delete(:message) || self.type
-    end
-
-    def message
-      # When type is a string, it means that we do not have to do a lookup, because
-      # the user already sent the "final" message.
-      type.is_a?(String) ? type : generate_message(default_options)
-    end
-
-    def full_message
-      attribute.to_s == 'base' ? message : generate_full_message(default_options)
-    end
-
-    alias :to_s :message
-
-    def value
-      @base.respond_to?(attribute) ? @base.send(attribute) : nil
+      errors = @record.errors.full_messages.join(", ")
+      super(I18n.t("activerecord.errors.messages.record_invalid", :errors => errors))
     end
-
-    protected
-
-      # Translates an error message in it's default scope (<tt>activerecord.errrors.messages</tt>).
-      # Error messages are first looked up in <tt>models.MODEL.attributes.ATTRIBUTE.MESSAGE</tt>, if it's not there,
-      # it's looked up in <tt>models.MODEL.MESSAGE</tt> and if that is not there it returns the translation of the
-      # default message (e.g. <tt>activerecord.errors.messages.MESSAGE</tt>). The translated model name,
-      # translated attribute name and the value are available for interpolation.
-      #
-      # When using inheritence in your models, it will check all the inherited models too, but only if the model itself
-      # hasn't been found. Say you have <tt>class Admin < User; end</tt> and you wanted the translation for the <tt>:blank</tt>
-      # error +message+ for the <tt>title</tt> +attribute+, it looks for these translations:
-      #
-      # <ol>
-      # <li><tt>activerecord.errors.models.admin.attributes.title.blank</tt></li>
-      # <li><tt>activerecord.errors.models.admin.blank</tt></li>
-      # <li><tt>activerecord.errors.models.user.attributes.title.blank</tt></li>
-      # <li><tt>activerecord.errors.models.user.blank</tt></li>
-      # <li><tt>activerecord.errors.messages.blank</tt></li>
-      # <li>any default you provided through the +options+ hash (in the activerecord.errors scope)</li>
-      # </ol>
-      def generate_message(options = {})
-        keys = @base.class.self_and_descendants_from_active_record.map do |klass|
-          [ :"models.#{klass.name.underscore}.attributes.#{attribute}.#{@message}",
-            :"models.#{klass.name.underscore}.#{@message}" ]
-        end.flatten
-
-        keys << options.delete(:default)
-        keys << :"messages.#{@message}"
-        keys << @message if @message.is_a?(String)
-        keys << @type unless @type == @message
-        keys.compact!
-
-        options.merge!(:default => keys)
-        I18n.translate(keys.shift, options)
-      end
-
-      # Wraps an error message into a full_message format.
-      #
-      # The default full_message format for any locale is <tt>"%{attribute} %{message}"</tt>.
-      # One can specify locale specific default full_message format by storing it as a
-      # translation for the key <tt>:"activerecord.errors.full_messages.format"</tt>.
-      #
-      # Additionally one can specify a validation specific error message format by
-      # storing a translation for <tt>:"activerecord.errors.full_messages.[message_key]"</tt>.
-      # E.g. the full_message format for any validation that uses :blank as a message
-      # key (such as validates_presence_of) can be stored to <tt>:"activerecord.errors.full_messages.blank".</tt>
-      #
-      # Because the message key used by a validation can be overwritten on the
-      # <tt>validates_*</tt> class macro level one can customize the full_message format for
-      # any particular validation:
-      #
-      #   # app/models/article.rb
-      #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_presence_of :title, :message => :"title.blank"
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   # config/locales/en.yml
-      #   en:
-      #     activerecord:
-      #       errors:
-      #         full_messages:
-      #           title:
-      #             blank: This title is screwed!
-      def generate_full_message(options = {})
-        keys = [
-          :"full_messages.#{@message}",
-          :'full_messages.format',
-          '%{attribute} %{message}'
-        ]
-
-        options.merge!(:default => keys, :message => self.message)
-        I18n.translate(keys.shift, options)
-      end
-
-      # Return user options with default options.
-      #
-      def default_options
-        options.reverse_merge :scope => [:activerecord, :errors],
-                              :model => @base.class.human_name,
-                              :attribute => @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute.to_s),
-                              :value => value
-      end
   end
 
-  # Active Record validation is reported to and from this object, which is used by Base#save to
-  # determine whether the object is in a valid state to be saved. See usage example in Validations.
-  class Errors
-    include Enumerable
-
-    class << self
-      def default_error_messages
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages has been deprecated. Please use I18n.translate('activerecord.errors.messages').")
-        I18n.translate 'activerecord.errors.messages'
-      end
-    end
-
-    def initialize(base) # :nodoc:
-      @base = base
-      clear
-    end
-
-    # Adds an error to the base object instead of any particular attribute. This is used
-    # to report errors that don't tie to any specific attribute, but rather to the object
-    # as a whole. These error messages don't get prepended with any field name when iterating
-    # with +each_full+, so they should be complete sentences.
-    def add_to_base(msg)
-      add(:base, msg)
-    end
-
-    # Adds an error message (+messsage+) to the +attribute+, which will be returned on a call to <tt>on(attribute)</tt>
-    # for the same attribute and ensure that this error object returns false when asked if <tt>empty?</tt>. More than one
-    # error can be added to the same +attribute+ in which case an array will be returned on a call to <tt>on(attribute)</tt>.
-    # If no +messsage+ is supplied, :invalid is assumed.
-    # If +message+ is a Symbol, it will be translated, using the appropriate scope (see translate_error).
-    #
-    def add(attribute, message = nil, options = {})
-      options[:message] = options.delete(:default) if options[:default].is_a?(Symbol)
-      error, message = message, nil if message.is_a?(Error)
-
-      @errors[attribute.to_s] ||= []
-      @errors[attribute.to_s] << (error || Error.new(@base, attribute, message, options))
-    end
-
-    # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+ that is empty.
-    def add_on_empty(attributes, custom_message = nil)
-      for attr in [attributes].flatten
-        value = @base.respond_to?(attr.to_s) ? @base.send(attr.to_s) : @base[attr.to_s]
-        is_empty = value.respond_to?(:empty?) ? value.empty? : false
-        add(attr, :empty, :default => custom_message) unless !value.nil? && !is_empty
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+ that is blank (using Object#blank?).
-    def add_on_blank(attributes, custom_message = nil)
-      for attr in [attributes].flatten
-        value = @base.respond_to?(attr.to_s) ? @base.send(attr.to_s) : @base[attr.to_s]
-        add(attr, :blank, :default => custom_message) if value.blank?
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns true if the specified +attribute+ has errors associated with it.
-    #
-    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
-    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
-    #   company.errors.invalid?(:name)      # => true
-    #   company.errors.invalid?(:address)   # => false
-    def invalid?(attribute)
-      !@errors[attribute.to_s].nil?
-    end
-
-    # Returns +nil+, if no errors are associated with the specified +attribute+.
-    # Returns the error message, if one error is associated with the specified +attribute+.
-    # Returns an array of error messages, if more than one error is associated with the specified +attribute+.
-    #
-    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
-    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
-    #   company.errors.on(:name)      # => ["is too short (minimum is 5 characters)", "can't be blank"]
-    #   company.errors.on(:email)     # => "can't be blank"
-    #   company.errors.on(:address)   # => nil
-    def on(attribute)
-      attribute = attribute.to_s
-      return nil unless @errors.has_key?(attribute)
-      errors = @errors[attribute].map(&:to_s)
-      errors.size == 1 ? errors.first : errors
-    end
-
-    alias :[] :on
-
-    # Returns errors assigned to the base object through +add_to_base+ according to the normal rules of <tt>on(attribute)</tt>.
-    def on_base
-      on(:base)
-    end
-
-    # Yields each attribute and associated message per error added.
-    #
-    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
-    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
-    #   company.errors.each{|attr,msg| puts "#{attr} - #{msg}" }
-    #   # => name - is too short (minimum is 5 characters)
-    #   #    name - can't be blank
-    #   #    address - can't be blank
-    def each
-      @errors.each_key { |attr| @errors[attr].each { |error| yield attr, error.message } }
-    end
-
-    # Yields each attribute and associated error per error added.
-    #
-    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
-    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
-    #   company.errors.each_error{|attr,err| puts "#{attr} - #{err.type}" }
-    #   # => name - :too_short
-    #   #    name - :blank
-    #   #    address - :blank
-    def each_error
-      @errors.each_key { |attr| @errors[attr].each { |error| yield attr, error } }
-    end
-
-    # Yields each full error message added. So <tt>Person.errors.add("first_name", "can't be empty")</tt> will be returned
-    # through iteration as "First name can't be empty".
-    #
-    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
-    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
-    #   company.errors.each_full{|msg| puts msg }
-    #   # => Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)
-    #   #    Name can't be blank
-    #   #    Address can't be blank
-    def each_full
-      full_messages.each { |msg| yield msg }
-    end
-
-    # Returns all the full error messages in an array.
-    #
-    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
-    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
-    #   company.errors.full_messages # =>
-    #     ["Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)", "Name can't be blank", "Address can't be blank"]
-    def full_messages(options = {})
-      @errors.values.inject([]) do |full_messages, errors|
-        full_messages + errors.map { |error| error.full_message }
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns true if no errors have been added.
-    def empty?
-      @errors.empty?
-    end
-
-    # Removes all errors that have been added.
-    def clear
-      @errors = ActiveSupport::OrderedHash.new
-    end
-
-    # Returns the total number of errors added. Two errors added to the same attribute will be counted as such.
-    def size
-      @errors.values.inject(0) { |error_count, attribute| error_count + attribute.size }
-    end
-
-    alias_method :count, :size
-    alias_method :length, :size
-
-    # Returns an XML representation of this error object.
-    #
-    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
-    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
-    #   company.errors.to_xml
-    #   # =>  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-    #   #     <errors>
-    #   #       <error>Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)</error>
-    #   #       <error>Name can't be blank</error>
-    #   #       <error>Address can't be blank</error>
-    #   #     </errors>
-    def to_xml(options={})
-      options[:root] ||= "errors"
-      options[:indent] ||= 2
-      options[:builder] ||= Builder::XmlMarkup.new(:indent => options[:indent])
-
-      options[:builder].instruct! unless options.delete(:skip_instruct)
-      options[:builder].errors do |e|
-        full_messages.each { |msg| e.error(msg) }
-      end
-    end
-
-    def generate_message(attribute, message = :invalid, options = {})
-      Error.new(@base, attribute, message, options).to_s
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  # Please do have a look at ActiveRecord::Validations::ClassMethods for a higher level of validations.
-  #
-  # Active Records implement validation by overwriting Base#validate (or the variations, +validate_on_create+ and
-  # +validate_on_update+). Each of these methods can inspect the state of the object, which usually means ensuring
-  # that a number of attributes have a certain value (such as not empty, within a given range, matching a certain regular expression).
-  #
-  # Example:
+  # = Active Record Validations
   #
-  #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     protected
-  #       def validate
-  #         errors.add_on_empty %w( first_name last_name )
-  #         errors.add("phone_number", "has invalid format") unless phone_number =~ /[0-9]*/
-  #       end
-  #
-  #       def validate_on_create # is only run the first time a new object is saved
-  #         unless valid_discount?(membership_discount)
-  #           errors.add("membership_discount", "has expired")
-  #         end
-  #       end
-  #
-  #       def validate_on_update
-  #         errors.add_to_base("No changes have occurred") if unchanged_attributes?
-  #       end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   person = Person.new("first_name" => "David", "phone_number" => "what?")
-  #   person.save                         # => false (and doesn't do the save)
-  #   person.errors.empty?                # => false
-  #   person.errors.count                 # => 2
-  #   person.errors.on "last_name"        # => "can't be empty"
-  #   person.errors.on "phone_number"     # => "has invalid format"
-  #   person.errors.each_full { |msg| puts msg }
-  #                                       # => "Last name can't be empty\n" +
-  #                                       #    "Phone number has invalid format"
-  #
-  #   person.attributes = { "last_name" => "Heinemeier", "phone_number" => "555-555" }
-  #   person.save # => true (and person is now saved in the database)
-  #
-  # An Errors object is automatically created for every Active Record.
+  # Active Record includes the majority of its validations from <tt>ActiveModel::Validations</tt>
+  # all of which accept the <tt>:on</tt> argument to define the context where the
+  # validations are active. Active Record will always supply either the context of
+  # <tt>:create</tt> or <tt>:update</tt> dependent on whether the model is a
+  # <tt>new_record?</tt>.
   module Validations
-    VALIDATIONS = %w( validate validate_on_create validate_on_update )
-
-    def self.included(base) # :nodoc:
-      base.extend ClassMethods
-      base.class_eval do
-        alias_method_chain :save, :validation
-        alias_method_chain :save!, :validation
-      end
-
-      base.send :include, ActiveSupport::Callbacks
-      base.define_callbacks *VALIDATIONS
-    end
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActiveModel::Validations
 
-    # Active Record classes can implement validations in several ways. The highest level, easiest to read,
-    # and recommended approach is to use the declarative <tt>validates_..._of</tt> class methods (and
-    # +validates_associated+) documented below. These are sufficient for most model validations.
-    #
-    # Slightly lower level is +validates_each+. It provides some of the same options as the purely declarative
-    # validation methods, but like all the lower-level approaches it requires manually adding to the errors collection
-    # when the record is invalid.
-    #
-    # At a yet lower level, a model can use the class methods +validate+, +validate_on_create+ and +validate_on_update+
-    # to add validation methods or blocks. These are ActiveSupport::Callbacks and follow the same rules of inheritance
-    # and chaining.
-    #
-    # The lowest level style is to define the instance methods +validate+, +validate_on_create+ and +validate_on_update+
-    # as documented in ActiveRecord::Validations.
-    #
-    # == +validate+, +validate_on_create+ and +validate_on_update+ Class Methods
-    #
-    # Calls to these methods add a validation method or block to the class. Again, this approach is recommended
-    # only when the higher-level methods documented below (<tt>validates_..._of</tt> and +validates_associated+) are
-    # insufficient to handle the required validation.
-    #
-    # This can be done with a symbol pointing to a method:
-    #
-    #   class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     validate :must_be_friends
-    #
-    #     def must_be_friends
-    #       errors.add_to_base("Must be friends to leave a comment") unless commenter.friend_of?(commentee)
-    #     end
-    #   end
-    #
-    # Or with a block which is passed the current record to be validated:
-    #
-    #   class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     validate do |comment|
-    #       comment.must_be_friends
-    #     end
-    #
-    #     def must_be_friends
-    #       errors.add_to_base("Must be friends to leave a comment") unless commenter.friend_of?(commentee)
-    #     end
-    #   end
-    #
-    # This usage applies to +validate_on_create+ and +validate_on_update+ as well.
     module ClassMethods
-      DEFAULT_VALIDATION_OPTIONS = {
-        :on => :save,
-        :allow_nil => false,
-        :allow_blank => false,
-        :message => nil
-      }.freeze
-
-      ALL_RANGE_OPTIONS = [ :is, :within, :in, :minimum, :maximum ].freeze
-      ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS = { :greater_than => '>', :greater_than_or_equal_to => '>=',
-                                  :equal_to => '==', :less_than => '<', :less_than_or_equal_to => '<=',
-                                  :odd => 'odd?', :even => 'even?' }.freeze
-
-      # Validates each attribute against a block.
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_each :first_name, :last_name do |record, attr, value|
-      #       record.errors.add attr, 'starts with z.' if value[0] == ?z
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Options:
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+.
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is blank.
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      def validates_each(*attrs)
-        options = attrs.extract_options!.symbolize_keys
-        attrs   = attrs.flatten
-
-        # Declare the validation.
-        send(validation_method(options[:on] || :save), options) do |record|
-          attrs.each do |attr|
-            value = record.send(attr)
-            next if (value.nil? && options[:allow_nil]) || (value.blank? && options[:allow_blank])
-            yield record, attr, value
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Encapsulates the pattern of wanting to validate a password or email address field with a confirmation. Example:
-      #
-      #   Model:
-      #     class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #       validates_confirmation_of :user_name, :password
-      #       validates_confirmation_of :email_address, :message => "should match confirmation"
-      #     end
-      #
-      #   View:
-      #     <%= password_field "person", "password" %>
-      #     <%= password_field "person", "password_confirmation" %>
-      #
-      # The added +password_confirmation+ attribute is virtual; it exists only as an in-memory attribute for validating the password.
-      # To achieve this, the validation adds accessors to the model for the confirmation attribute. NOTE: This check is performed
-      # only if +password_confirmation+ is not +nil+, and by default only on save. To require confirmation, make sure to add a presence
-      # check for the confirmation attribute:
-      #
-      #   validates_presence_of :password_confirmation, :if => :password_changed?
-      #
-      # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "doesn't match confirmation").
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      def validates_confirmation_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :on => :save }
-        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
-
-        attr_accessor(*(attr_names.map { |n| "#{n}_confirmation" }))
-
-        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          unless record.send("#{attr_name}_confirmation").nil? or value == record.send("#{attr_name}_confirmation")
-            record.errors.add(attr_name, :confirmation, :default => configuration[:message])
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Encapsulates the pattern of wanting to validate the acceptance of a terms of service check box (or similar agreement). Example:
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_acceptance_of :terms_of_service
-      #     validates_acceptance_of :eula, :message => "must be abided"
-      #   end
-      #
-      # If the database column does not exist, the +terms_of_service+ attribute is entirely virtual. This check is
-      # performed only if +terms_of_service+ is not +nil+ and by default on save.
-      #
-      # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "must be accepted").
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+ (default is true).
-      # * <tt>:accept</tt> - Specifies value that is considered accepted.  The default value is a string "1", which
-      #   makes it easy to relate to an HTML checkbox. This should be set to +true+ if you are validating a database
-      #   column, since the attribute is typecast from "1" to +true+ before validation.
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      def validates_acceptance_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :on => :save, :allow_nil => true, :accept => "1" }
-        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
-
-        db_cols = begin
-          column_names
-        rescue Exception # To ignore both statement and connection errors
-          []
-        end
-        names = attr_names.reject { |name| db_cols.include?(name.to_s) }
-        attr_accessor(*names)
-
-        validates_each(attr_names,configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          unless value == configuration[:accept]
-            record.errors.add(attr_name, :accepted, :default => configuration[:message])
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Validates that the specified attributes are not blank (as defined by Object#blank?). Happens by default on save. Example:
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_presence_of :first_name
-      #   end
-      #
-      # The first_name attribute must be in the object and it cannot be blank.
-      #
-      # If you want to validate the presence of a boolean field (where the real values are true and false),
-      # you will want to use <tt>validates_inclusion_of :field_name, :in => [true, false]</tt>.
-      #
-      # This is due to the way Object#blank? handles boolean values: <tt>false.blank? # => true</tt>.
-      #
-      # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "can't be blank").
-      # * <tt>on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>,
-      #   <tt>:update</tt>).
-      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).
-      #   The method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).
-      #   The method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      #
-      def validates_presence_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :on => :save }
-        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
-
-        # can't use validates_each here, because it cannot cope with nonexistent attributes,
-        # while errors.add_on_empty can
-        send(validation_method(configuration[:on]), configuration) do |record|
-          record.errors.add_on_blank(attr_names, configuration[:message])
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Validates that the specified attribute matches the length restrictions supplied. Only one option can be used at a time:
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_length_of :first_name, :maximum => 30
-      #     validates_length_of :last_name, :maximum => 30, :message => "less than %{count} if you don't mind"
-      #     validates_length_of :fax, :in => 7..32, :allow_nil => true
-      #     validates_length_of :phone, :in => 7..32, :allow_blank => true
-      #     validates_length_of :user_name, :within => 6..20, :too_long => "pick a shorter name", :too_short => "pick a longer name"
-      #     validates_length_of :zip_code, :minimum => 5, :too_short => "please enter at least %{count} characters"
-      #     validates_length_of :smurf_leader, :is => 4, :message => "papa is spelled with %{count} characters... don't play me"
-      #     validates_length_of :essay, :minimum => 100, :too_short => "Your essay must be at least %{count} words"), :tokenizer => lambda {|str| str.scan(/\w+/) }
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>:minimum</tt> - The minimum size of the attribute.
-      # * <tt>:maximum</tt> - The maximum size of the attribute.
-      # * <tt>:is</tt> - The exact size of the attribute.
-      # * <tt>:within</tt> - A range specifying the minimum and maximum size of the attribute.
-      # * <tt>:in</tt> - A synonym(or alias) for <tt>:within</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Attribute may be +nil+; skip validation.
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Attribute may be blank; skip validation.
-      # * <tt>:too_long</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes over the maximum (default is: "is too long (maximum is %{count} characters)").
-      # * <tt>:too_short</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes under the minimum (default is: "is too short (min is %{count} characters)").
-      # * <tt>:wrong_length</tt> - The error message if using the <tt>:is</tt> method and the attribute is the wrong size (default is: "is the wrong length (should be %{count} characters)").
-      # * <tt>:message</tt> - The error message to use for a <tt>:minimum</tt>, <tt>:maximum</tt>, or <tt>:is</tt> violation.  An alias of the appropriate <tt>too_long</tt>/<tt>too_short</tt>/<tt>wrong_length</tt> message.
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:tokenizer</tt> - Specifies how to split up the attribute string. (e.g. <tt>:tokenizer => lambda {|str| str.scan(/\w+/)}</tt> to
-      #   count words as in above example.)
-      #   Defaults to <tt>lambda{ |value| value.split(//) }</tt> which counts individual characters.
-      def validates_length_of(*attrs)
-        # Merge given options with defaults.
-        options = {
-          :tokenizer => lambda {|value| value.split(//)}
-        }.merge(DEFAULT_VALIDATION_OPTIONS)
-        options.update(attrs.extract_options!.symbolize_keys)
-
-        # Ensure that one and only one range option is specified.
-        range_options = ALL_RANGE_OPTIONS & options.keys
-        case range_options.size
-          when 0
-            raise ArgumentError, 'Range unspecified.  Specify the :within, :maximum, :minimum, or :is option.'
-          when 1
-            # Valid number of options; do nothing.
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, 'Too many range options specified.  Choose only one.'
-        end
-
-        # Get range option and value.
-        option = range_options.first
-        option_value = options[range_options.first]
-        key = {:is => :wrong_length, :minimum => :too_short, :maximum => :too_long}[option]
-        custom_message = options[:message] || options[key]
-
-        case option
-          when :within, :in
-            raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a Range" unless option_value.is_a?(Range)
-
-            validates_each(attrs, options) do |record, attr, value|
-              value = options[:tokenizer].call(value) if value.kind_of?(String)
-              if value.nil? or value.size < option_value.begin
-                record.errors.add(attr, :too_short, :default => custom_message || options[:too_short], :count => option_value.begin)
-              elsif value.size > option_value.end
-                record.errors.add(attr, :too_long, :default => custom_message || options[:too_long], :count => option_value.end)
-              end
-            end
-          when :is, :minimum, :maximum
-            raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a nonnegative Integer" unless option_value.is_a?(Integer) and option_value >= 0
-
-            # Declare different validations per option.
-            validity_checks = { :is => "==", :minimum => ">=", :maximum => "<=" }
-
-            validates_each(attrs, options) do |record, attr, value|
-              value = options[:tokenizer].call(value) if value.kind_of?(String)
-              unless !value.nil? and value.size.method(validity_checks[option])[option_value]
-                record.errors.add(attr, key, :default => custom_message, :count => option_value)
-              end
-            end
-        end
-      end
-
-      alias_method :validates_size_of, :validates_length_of
-
-
-      # Validates whether the value of the specified attributes are unique across the system. Useful for making sure that only one user
-      # can be named "davidhh".
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_uniqueness_of :user_name, :scope => :account_id
-      #   end
-      #
-      # It can also validate whether the value of the specified attributes are unique based on multiple scope parameters.  For example,
-      # making sure that a teacher can only be on the schedule once per semester for a particular class.
-      #
-      #   class TeacherSchedule < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_uniqueness_of :teacher_id, :scope => [:semester_id, :class_id]
-      #   end
-      #
-      # When the record is created, a check is performed to make sure that no record exists in the database with the given value for the specified
-      # attribute (that maps to a column). When the record is updated, the same check is made but disregarding the record itself.
-      #
-      # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "has already been taken").
-      # * <tt>:scope</tt> - One or more columns by which to limit the scope of the uniqueness constraint.
-      # * <tt>:case_sensitive</tt> - Looks for an exact match. Ignored by non-text columns (+true+ by default).
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      #
-      # === Concurrency and integrity
-      #
-      # Using this validation method in conjunction with ActiveRecord::Base#save
-      # does not guarantee the absence of duplicate record insertions, because
-      # uniqueness checks on the application level are inherently prone to race
-      # conditions. For example, suppose that two users try to post a Comment at
-      # the same time, and a Comment's title must be unique. At the database-level,
-      # the actions performed by these users could be interleaved in the following manner:
-      #
-      #               User 1                 |               User 2
-      #  ------------------------------------+--------------------------------------
-      #  # User 1 checks whether there's     |
-      #  # already a comment with the title  |
-      #  # 'My Post'. This is not the case.  |
-      #  SELECT * FROM comments              |
-      #  WHERE title = 'My Post'             |
-      #                                      |
-      #                                      | # User 2 does the same thing and also
-      #                                      | # infers that his title is unique.
-      #                                      | SELECT * FROM comments
-      #                                      | WHERE title = 'My Post'
-      #                                      |
-      #  # User 1 inserts his comment.       |
-      #  INSERT INTO comments                |
-      #  (title, content) VALUES             |
-      #  ('My Post', 'hi!')                  |
-      #                                      |
-      #                                      | # User 2 does the same thing.
-      #                                      | INSERT INTO comments
-      #                                      | (title, content) VALUES
-      #                                      | ('My Post', 'hello!')
-      #                                      |
-      #                                      | # ^^^^^^
-      #                                      | # Boom! We now have a duplicate
-      #                                      | # title!
-      #
-      # This could even happen if you use transactions with the 'serializable'
-      # isolation level. There are several ways to get around this problem:
-      # - By locking the database table before validating, and unlocking it after
-      #   saving. However, table locking is very expensive, and thus not
-      #   recommended.
-      # - By locking a lock file before validating, and unlocking it after saving.
-      #   This does not work if you've scaled your Rails application across
-      #   multiple web servers (because they cannot share lock files, or cannot
-      #   do that efficiently), and thus not recommended.
-      # - Creating a unique index on the field, by using
-      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#add_index. In the
-      #   rare case that a race condition occurs, the database will guarantee
-      #   the field's uniqueness.
-      #
-      #   When the database catches such a duplicate insertion,
-      #   ActiveRecord::Base#save will raise an ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-      #   exception. You can either choose to let this error propagate (which
-      #   will result in the default Rails exception page being shown), or you
-      #   can catch it and restart the transaction (e.g. by telling the user
-      #   that the title already exists, and asking him to re-enter the title).
-      #   This technique is also known as optimistic concurrency control:
-      #   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic_concurrency_control
-      #
-      #   Active Record currently provides no way to distinguish unique
-      #   index constraint errors from other types of database errors, so you
-      #   will have to parse the (database-specific) exception message to detect
-      #   such a case.
-      def validates_uniqueness_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :case_sensitive => true }
-        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
-
-        validates_each(attr_names,configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          # The check for an existing value should be run from a class that
-          # isn't abstract. This means working down from the current class
-          # (self), to the first non-abstract class. Since classes don't know
-          # their subclasses, we have to build the hierarchy between self and
-          # the record's class.
-          class_hierarchy = [record.class]
-          while class_hierarchy.first != self
-            class_hierarchy.insert(0, class_hierarchy.first.superclass)
-          end
-
-          # Now we can work our way down the tree to the first non-abstract
-          # class (which has a database table to query from).
-          finder_class = class_hierarchy.detect { |klass| !klass.abstract_class? }
-
-          column = finder_class.columns_hash[attr_name.to_s]
-
-          if value.nil?
-            comparison_operator = "IS ?"
-          elsif column.text?
-            comparison_operator = "#{connection.case_sensitive_equality_operator} ?"
-            value = column.limit ? value.to_s.mb_chars[0, column.limit] : value.to_s
-          else
-            comparison_operator = "= ?"
-          end
-
-          sql_attribute = "#{record.class.quoted_table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(attr_name)}"
-
-          if value.nil? || (configuration[:case_sensitive] || !column.text?)
-            condition_sql = "#{sql_attribute} #{comparison_operator}"
-            condition_params = [value]
-          else
-            condition_sql = "LOWER(#{sql_attribute}) #{comparison_operator}"
-            condition_params = [value.mb_chars.downcase]
-          end
-
-          if scope = configuration[:scope]
-            Array(scope).map do |scope_item|
-              scope_value = record.send(scope_item)
-              condition_sql << " AND " << attribute_condition("#{record.class.quoted_table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(scope_item)}", scope_value)
-              condition_params << scope_value
-            end
-          end
-
-          unless record.new_record?
-            condition_sql << " AND #{record.class.quoted_table_name}.#{record.class.primary_key} <> ?"
-            condition_params << record.send(:id)
-          end
-
-          finder_class.with_exclusive_scope do
-            if finder_class.exists?([condition_sql, *condition_params])
-              record.errors.add(attr_name, :taken, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-
-      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is of the correct form by matching it against the regular expression
-      # provided.
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_format_of :email, :with => /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\Z/i, :on => :create
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Note: use <tt>\A</tt> and <tt>\Z</tt> to match the start and end of the string, <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt> match the start/end of a line.
-      #
-      # A regular expression must be provided or else an exception will be raised.
-      #
-      # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:with</tt> - The regular expression used to validate the format with (note: must be supplied!).
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      def validates_format_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :on => :save, :with => nil }
-        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
-
-        raise(ArgumentError, "A regular expression must be supplied as the :with option of the configuration hash") unless configuration[:with].is_a?(Regexp)
-
-        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          unless value.to_s =~ configuration[:with]
-            record.errors.add(attr_name, :invalid, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is available in a particular enumerable object.
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_inclusion_of :gender, :in => %w( m f )
-      #     validates_inclusion_of :age, :in => 0..99
-      #     validates_inclusion_of :format, :in => %w( jpg gif png ), :message => "extension %{value} is not included in the list"
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of available items.
-      # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is not included in the list").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      def validates_inclusion_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :on => :save }
-        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
-
-        enum = configuration[:in] || configuration[:within]
-
-        raise(ArgumentError, "An object with the method include? is required must be supplied as the :in option of the configuration hash") unless enum.respond_to?(:include?)
-
-        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          unless enum.include?(value)
-            record.errors.add(attr_name, :inclusion, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Validates that the value of the specified attribute is not in a particular enumerable object.
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_exclusion_of :username, :in => %w( admin superuser ), :message => "You don't belong here"
-      #     validates_exclusion_of :age, :in => 30..60, :message => "This site is only for under 30 and over 60"
-      #     validates_exclusion_of :format, :in => %w( mov avi ), :message => "extension %{value} is not allowed"
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of items that the value shouldn't be part of.
-      # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is reserved").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      def validates_exclusion_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :on => :save }
-        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
-
-        enum = configuration[:in] || configuration[:within]
-
-        raise(ArgumentError, "An object with the method include? is required must be supplied as the :in option of the configuration hash") unless enum.respond_to?(:include?)
-
-        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          if enum.include?(value)
-            record.errors.add(attr_name, :exclusion, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Validates whether the associated object or objects are all valid themselves. Works with any kind of association.
-      #
-      #   class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_many :pages
-      #     belongs_to :library
-      #
-      #     validates_associated :pages, :library
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Warning: If, after the above definition, you then wrote:
-      #
-      #   class Page < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     belongs_to :book
-      #
-      #     validates_associated :book
-      #   end
-      #
-      # this would specify a circular dependency and cause infinite recursion.
-      #
-      # NOTE: This validation will not fail if the association hasn't been assigned. If you want to ensure that the association
-      # is both present and guaranteed to be valid, you also need to use +validates_presence_of+.
-      #
-      # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid")
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      def validates_associated(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :on => :save }
-        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
-
-        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          unless (value.is_a?(Array) ? value : [value]).collect { |r| r.nil? || r.valid? }.all?
-            record.errors.add(attr_name, :invalid, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is numeric by trying to convert it to
-      # a float with Kernel.Float (if <tt>only_integer</tt> is false) or applying it to the regular expression
-      # <tt>/\A[\+\-]?\d+\Z/</tt> (if <tt>only_integer</tt> is set to true).
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     validates_numericality_of :value, :on => :create
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is not a number").
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
-      # * <tt>:only_integer</tt> - Specifies whether the value has to be an integer, e.g. an integral value (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+). Notice that for fixnum and float columns empty strings are converted to +nil+.
-      # * <tt>:greater_than</tt> - Specifies the value must be greater than the supplied value.
-      # * <tt>:greater_than_or_equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be greater than or equal the supplied value.
-      # * <tt>:equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be equal to the supplied value.
-      # * <tt>:less_than</tt> - Specifies the value must be less than the supplied value.
-      # * <tt>:less_than_or_equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be less than or equal the supplied value.
-      # * <tt>:odd</tt> - Specifies the value must be an odd number.
-      # * <tt>:even</tt> - Specifies the value must be an even number.
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      def validates_numericality_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :on => :save, :only_integer => false, :allow_nil => false }
-        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
-
-
-        numericality_options = ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS.keys & configuration.keys
-
-        (numericality_options - [ :odd, :even ]).each do |option|
-          raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a number" unless configuration[option].is_a?(Numeric)
-        end
-
-        validates_each(attr_names,configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          raw_value = record.send("#{attr_name}_before_type_cast") || value
-
-          next if configuration[:allow_nil] and raw_value.nil?
-
-          if configuration[:only_integer]
-            unless raw_value.to_s =~ /\A[+-]?\d+\Z/
-              record.errors.add(attr_name, :not_a_number, :value => raw_value, :default => configuration[:message])
-              next
-            end
-            raw_value = raw_value.to_i
-          else
-            begin
-              raw_value = Kernel.Float(raw_value)
-            rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
-              record.errors.add(attr_name, :not_a_number, :value => raw_value, :default => configuration[:message])
-              next
-            end
-          end
-
-          numericality_options.each do |option|
-            case option
-              when :odd, :even
-                unless raw_value.to_i.method(ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS[option])[]
-                  record.errors.add(attr_name, option, :value => raw_value, :default => configuration[:message])
-                end
-              else
-                record.errors.add(attr_name, option, :default => configuration[:message], :value => raw_value, :count => configuration[option]) unless raw_value.method(ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS[option])[configuration[option]]
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Creates an object just like Base.create but calls save! instead of save
+      # Creates an object just like Base.create but calls <tt>save!</tt> instead of +save+
       # so an exception is raised if the record is invalid.
-      def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
+      def create!(attributes = nil, options = {}, &block)
         if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-          attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, &block) }
+          attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, options, &block) }
         else
-          object = new(attributes)
+          object = new(attributes, options)
           yield(object) if block_given?
           object.save!
           object
         end
       end
-
-      private
-        def validation_method(on)
-          case on
-            when :save   then :validate
-            when :create then :validate_on_create
-            when :update then :validate_on_update
-          end
-        end
     end
 
-    # The validation process on save can be skipped by passing false. The regular Base#save method is
+    # The validation process on save can be skipped by passing <tt>:validate => false</tt>. The regular Base#save method is
     # replaced with this when the validations module is mixed in, which it is by default.
-    def save_with_validation(perform_validation = true)
-      if perform_validation && valid? || !perform_validation
-        save_without_validation
-      else
-        false
-      end
+    def save(options={})
+      perform_validations(options) ? super : false
     end
 
-    # Attempts to save the record just like Base#save but will raise a RecordInvalid exception instead of returning false
+    # Attempts to save the record just like Base#save but will raise a +RecordInvalid+ exception instead of returning false
     # if the record is not valid.
-    def save_with_validation!
-      if valid?
-        save_without_validation!
-      else
-        raise RecordInvalid.new(self)
-      end
+    def save!(options={})
+      perform_validations(options) ? super : raise(RecordInvalid.new(self))
     end
 
-    # Runs +validate+ and +validate_on_create+ or +validate_on_update+ and returns true if no errors were added otherwise false.
-    def valid?
-      errors.clear
-
-      run_callbacks(:validate)
-      validate
-
-      if new_record?
-        run_callbacks(:validate_on_create)
-        validate_on_create
-      else
-        run_callbacks(:validate_on_update)
-        validate_on_update
-      end
-
-      errors.empty?
+    # Runs all the validations within the specified context. Returns true if no errors are found,
+    # false otherwise.
+    #
+    # If the argument is false (default is +nil+), the context is set to <tt>:create</tt> if
+    # <tt>new_record?</tt> is true, and to <tt>:update</tt> if it is not.
+    #
+    # Validations with no <tt>:on</tt> option will run no matter the context. Validations with
+    # some <tt>:on</tt> option will only run in the specified context.
+    def valid?(context = nil)
+      context ||= (new_record? ? :create : :update)
+      output = super(context)
+      errors.empty? && output
     end
 
-    # Performs the opposite of <tt>valid?</tt>. Returns true if errors were added, false otherwise.
-    def invalid?
-      !valid?
-    end
+  protected
 
-    # Returns the Errors object that holds all information about attribute error messages.
-    def errors
-      @errors ||= Errors.new(self)
+    def perform_validations(options={})
+      perform_validation = options[:validate] != false
+      perform_validation ? valid?(options[:context]) : true
     end
-
-    protected
-      # Overwrite this method for validation checks on all saves and use <tt>Errors.add(field, msg)</tt> for invalid attributes.
-      def validate
-      end
-
-      # Overwrite this method for validation checks used only on creation.
-      def validate_on_create
-      end
-
-      # Overwrite this method for validation checks used only on updates.
-      def validate_on_update
-      end
   end
 end
+
+require "active_record/validations/associated"
+require "active_record/validations/uniqueness"