weac 2.6.4__py3-none-any.whl → 3.0.0__py3-none-any.whl

weac/mixins.py

@@ -1,2083 +0,0 @@
-"""Mixins for the elastic analysis of layered snow slabs."""
-# pylint: disable=invalid-name,too-many-locals,too-many-arguments,too-many-lines
-
-# Standard library imports
-from functools import partial
-
-# Third party imports
-import numpy as np
-from scipy.integrate import cumulative_trapezoid, quad
-from scipy.optimize import brentq
-
-# Module imports
-from weac.tools import calc_vertical_bc_center_of_gravity, tensile_strength_slab
-
-
-class FieldQuantitiesMixin:
-    """
-    Mixin for field quantities.
-
-    Provides methods for the computation of displacements, stresses,
-    strains, and energy release rates from the solution vector.
-    """
-
-    # pylint: disable=no-self-use
-    def w(self, Z, unit="mm"):
-        """
-        Get centerline deflection w.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-        unit : {'m', 'cm', 'mm', 'um'}, optional
-            Desired output unit. Default is mm.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Deflection w (in specified unit) of the slab.
-        """
-        convert = {
-            "m": 1e-3,  # meters
-            "cm": 1e-1,  # centimeters
-            "mm": 1,  # millimeters
-            "um": 1e3,  # micrometers
-        }
-        return convert[unit] * Z[2, :]
-
-    def dw_dx(self, Z):
-        """
-        Get first derivative w' of the centerline deflection.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            First derivative w' of the deflection of the slab.
-        """
-        return Z[3, :]
-
-    def psi(self, Z, unit="rad"):
-        """
-        Get midplane rotation psi.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-        unit : {'deg', 'degrees', 'rad', 'radians'}, optional
-            Desired output unit. Default is radians.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        psi : float
-            Cross-section rotation psi (radians) of the slab.
-        """
-        if unit in ["deg", "degree", "degrees"]:
-            psi = np.rad2deg(Z[4, :])
-        elif unit in ["rad", "radian", "radians"]:
-            psi = Z[4, :]
-        return psi
-
-    def dpsi_dx(self, Z):
-        """
-        Get first derivative psi' of the midplane rotation.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            First derivative psi' of the midplane rotation (radians/mm)
-            of the slab.
-        """
-        return Z[5, :]
-
-    # pylint: enable=no-self-use
-    def u(self, Z, z0, unit="mm"):
-        """
-        Get horizontal displacement u = u0 + z0 psi.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-        z0 : float
-            Z-coordinate (mm) where u is to be evaluated.
-        unit : {'m', 'cm', 'mm', 'um'}, optional
-            Desired output unit. Default is mm.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Horizontal displacement u (unit) of the slab.
-        """
-        convert = {
-            "m": 1e-3,  # meters
-            "cm": 1e-1,  # centimeters
-            "mm": 1,  # millimeters
-            "um": 1e3,  # micrometers
-        }
-        return convert[unit] * (Z[0, :] + z0 * self.psi(Z))
-
-    def du_dx(self, Z, z0):
-        """
-        Get first derivative of the horizontal displacement.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-        z0 : float
-            Z-coordinate (mm) where u is to be evaluated.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            First derivative u' = u0' + z0 psi' of the horizontal
-            displacement of the slab.
-        """
-        return Z[1, :] + z0 * self.dpsi_dx(Z)
-
-    def N(self, Z):
-        """
-        Get the axial normal force N = A11 u' + B11 psi' in the slab.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Axial normal force N (N) in the slab.
-        """
-        return self.A11 * Z[1, :] + self.B11 * Z[5, :]
-
-    def M(self, Z):
-        """
-        Get bending moment M = B11 u' + D11 psi' in the slab.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Bending moment M (Nmm) in the slab.
-        """
-        return self.B11 * Z[1, :] + self.D11 * Z[5, :]
-
-    def V(self, Z):
-        """
-        Get vertical shear force V = kA55(w' + psi).
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Vertical shear force V (N) in the slab.
-        """
-        return self.kA55 * (Z[3, :] + Z[4, :])
-
-    def sig(self, Z, unit="MPa"):
-        """
-        Get weak-layer normal stress.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-        unit : {'MPa', 'kPa'}, optional
-            Desired output unit. Default is MPa.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Weak-layer normal stress sigma (in specified unit).
-        """
-        convert = {"kPa": 1e3, "MPa": 1}
-        return -convert[unit] * self.kn * self.w(Z)
-
-    def tau(self, Z, unit="MPa"):
-        """
-        Get weak-layer shear stress.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-        unit : {'MPa', 'kPa'}, optional
-            Desired output unit. Default is MPa.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Weak-layer shear stress tau (in specified unit).
-        """
-        convert = {"kPa": 1e3, "MPa": 1}
-        return (
-            -convert[unit]
-            * self.kt
-            * (self.dw_dx(Z) * self.t / 2 - self.u(Z, z0=self.h / 2))
-        )
-
-    def eps(self, Z):
-        """
-        Get weak-layer normal strain.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Weak-layer normal strain epsilon.
-        """
-        return -self.w(Z) / self.t
-
-    def gamma(self, Z):
-        """
-        Get weak-layer shear strain.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Weak-layer shear strain gamma.
-        """
-        return self.dw_dx(Z) / 2 - self.u(Z, z0=self.h / 2) / self.t
-
-    def Gi(self, Ztip, unit="kJ/m^2"):
-        """
-        Get mode I differential energy release rate at crack tip.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Ztip : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T
-            at the crack tip.
-        unit : {'N/mm', 'kJ/m^2', 'J/m^2'}, optional
-            Desired output unit. Default is kJ/m^2.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Mode I differential energy release rate (N/mm = kJ/m^2
-            or J/m^2) at the crack tip.
-        """
-        convert = {
-            "J/m^2": 1e3,  # joule per square meter
-            "kJ/m^2": 1,  # kilojoule per square meter
-            "N/mm": 1,  # newton per millimeter
-        }
-        return convert[unit] * self.sig(Ztip) ** 2 / (2 * self.kn)
-
-    def Gii(self, Ztip, unit="kJ/m^2"):
-        """
-        Get mode II differential energy release rate at crack tip.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Ztip : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T
-            at the crack tip.
-        unit : {'N/mm', 'kJ/m^2', 'J/m^2'}, optional
-            Desired output unit. Default is kJ/m^2 = N/mm.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Mode II differential energy release rate (N/mm = kJ/m^2
-            or J/m^2) at the crack tip.
-        """
-        convert = {
-            "J/m^2": 1e3,  # joule per square meter
-            "kJ/m^2": 1,  # kilojoule per square meter
-            "N/mm": 1,  # newton per millimeter
-        }
-        return convert[unit] * self.tau(Ztip) ** 2 / (2 * self.kt)
-
-    def int1(self, x, z0, z1):
-        """
-        Get mode I crack opening integrand at integration points xi.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        x : float, ndarray
-            X-coordinate where integrand is to be evaluated (mm).
-        z0 : callable
-            Function that returns the solution vector of the uncracked
-            configuration.
-        z1 : callable
-            Function that returns the solution vector of the cracked
-            configuration.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float or ndarray
-            Integrant of the mode I crack opening integral.
-        """
-        return self.sig(z0(x)) * self.eps(z1(x)) * self.t
-
-    def int2(self, x, z0, z1):
-        """
-        Get mode II crack opening integrand at integration points xi.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        x : float, ndarray
-            X-coordinate where integrand is to be evaluated (mm).
-        z0 : callable
-            Function that returns the solution vector of the uncracked
-            configuration.
-        z1 : callable
-            Function that returns the solution vector of the cracked
-            configuration.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float or ndarray
-            Integrant of the mode II crack opening integral.
-        """
-        return self.tau(z0(x)) * self.gamma(z1(x)) * self.t
-
-    def dz_dx(self, z, phi):
-        """
-        Get first derivative z'(x) = K*z(x) + q of the solution vector.
-
-        z'(x) = [u'(x) u''(x) w'(x) w''(x) psi'(x), psi''(x)]^T
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x), psi'(x)]^T
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degrees). Counterclockwise positive.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ndarray, float
-            First derivative z'(x) for the solution vector (6x1).
-        """
-        K = self.calc_system_matrix()
-        q = self.get_load_vector(phi)
-        return np.dot(K, z) + q
-
-    def dz_dxdx(self, z, phi):
-        """
-        Get second derivative z''(x) = K*z'(x) of the solution vector.
-
-        z''(x) = [u''(x) u'''(x) w''(x) w'''(x) psi''(x), psi'''(x)]^T
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x), psi'(x)]^T
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degrees). Counterclockwise positive.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ndarray, float
-            Second derivative z''(x) = (K*z(x) + q)' = K*z'(x) = K*(K*z(x) + q)
-            of the solution vector (6x1).
-        """
-        K = self.calc_system_matrix()
-        q = self.get_load_vector(phi)
-        dz_dx = np.dot(K, z) + q
-        return np.dot(K, dz_dx)
-
-    def du0_dxdx(self, z, phi):
-        """
-        Get second derivative of the horiz. centerline displacement u0''(x).
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degrees). Counterclockwise positive.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ndarray, float
-            Second derivative of the horizontal centerline displacement
-            u0''(x) (1/mm).
-        """
-        return self.dz_dx(z, phi)[1, :]
-
-    def dpsi_dxdx(self, z, phi):
-        """
-        Get second derivative of the cross-section rotation psi''(x).
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degrees). Counterclockwise positive.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ndarray, float
-            Second derivative of the cross-section rotation psi''(x) (1/mm^2).
-        """
-        return self.dz_dx(z, phi)[5, :]
-
-    def du0_dxdxdx(self, z, phi):
-        """
-        Get third derivative of the horiz. centerline displacement u0'''(x).
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degrees). Counterclockwise positive.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ndarray, float
-            Third derivative of the horizontal centerline displacement
-            u0'''(x) (1/mm^2).
-        """
-        return self.dz_dxdx(z, phi)[1, :]
-
-    def dpsi_dxdxdx(self, z, phi):
-        """
-        Get third derivative of the cross-section rotation psi'''(x).
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x) psi'(x)]^T.
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degrees). Counterclockwise positive.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ndarray, float
-            Third derivative of the cross-section rotation psi'''(x) (1/mm^3).
-        """
-        return self.dz_dxdx(z, phi)[5, :]
-
-
-class SlabContactMixin:
-    """
-    Mixin for handling the touchdown situation in a PST.
-
-    Provides Methods for the calculation of substitute spring stiffnesses,
-    cracklength-tresholds and element lengths.
-    """
-
-    # pylint: disable=too-many-instance-attributes
-
-    def set_columnlength(self, L):
-        """
-        Set cracklength.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        L : float
-            Column length of a PST (mm).
-        """
-        self.L = L
-
-    def set_cracklength(self, a):
-        """
-        Set cracklength.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        a : float
-            Cracklength in a PST (mm).
-        """
-        self.a = a
-
-    def set_tc(self, cf):
-        """
-        Set height of the crack.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        cf : float
-            Collapse-factor. Ratio of the crack height to the
-            uncollapsed weak-layer height.
-        """
-        # mark argument as intentionally unused (API compatibility)
-        _ = cf
-        # subtract displacement under constact load from collapsed wl height
-        qn = self.calc_qn()
-        collapse_height = 4.70 * (1 - np.exp(-self.t / 7.78))
-        self.tc = collapse_height - qn / self.kn
-
-    def set_phi(self, phi):
-        """
-        Set inclination of the slab.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        phi : float
-            Inclination of the slab (°).
-        """
-        self.phi = phi
-
-    def set_stiffness_ratio(self, ratio=1000):
-        """
-        Set ratio between collapsed and uncollapsed weak-layer stiffness.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        ratio : int, optional
-            Stiffness ratio between collapsed and uncollapsed weak layer.
-            Default is 1000.
-        """
-        self.ratio = ratio
-
-    def calc_qn(self):
-        """
-        Calc total surface normal load.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Total surface normal load (N/mm).
-        """
-        return self.get_weight_load(self.phi)[0] + self.get_surface_load(self.phi)[0]
-
-    def calc_qt(self):
-        """
-        Calc total surface normal load.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        float
-            Total surface normal load (N/mm).
-        """
-        return self.get_weight_load(self.phi)[1] + self.get_surface_load(self.phi)[1]
-
-    def substitute_stiffness(self, L, support="rested", dof="rot"):
-        """
-        Calc substitute stiffness for beam on elastic foundation.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        L : float
-            Total length of the PST-column (mm).
-        support : string
-            Type of segment foundation. Defaults to 'rested'.
-        dof : string
-            Type of substitute spring, either 'rot' or 'trans'. Defaults to 'rot'.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        k : stiffness of substitute spring.
-        """
-        # adjust system to substitute system
-        if dof in ["rot"]:
-            tempsys = self.system
-            self.system = "rot"
-        if dof in ["trans"]:
-            tempsys = self.system
-            self.system = "trans"
-
-        # Change eigensystem for rested segment
-        if support in ["rested"]:
-            tempkn = self.kn
-            tempkt = self.kt
-            self.kn = self.ratio * self.kn
-            self.kt = self.ratio * self.kt
-            self.calc_system_matrix()
-            self.calc_eigensystem()
-
-        # prepare list of segment characteristics
-        segments = {
-            "li": np.array([L, 0.0]),
-            "mi": np.array([0]),
-            "ki": np.array([True, True]),
-        }
-        # solve system of equations
-        constants = self.assemble_and_solve(phi=0, **segments)
-        # calculate stiffness
-        _, z_pst, _ = self.rasterize_solution(C=constants, phi=0, num=1, **segments)
-        if dof in ["rot"]:
-            k = abs(1 / self.psi(z_pst)[0])
-        if dof in ["trans"]:
-            k = abs(1 / self.w(z_pst)[0])
-
-        # Reset to previous system and eigensystem
-        self.system = tempsys
-        if support in ["rested"]:
-            self.kn = tempkn
-            self.kt = tempkt
-            self.calc_system_matrix()
-            self.calc_eigensystem()
-
-        return k
-
-    def calc_a1(self):
-        """
-        Calc transition lengths a1 (aAB).
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        a1 : float
-            Length of the crack for transition of stage A to stage B (mm).
-        """
-        # Unpack variables
-        bs = -(self.B11**2 / self.A11 - self.D11)
-        ss = self.kA55
-        L = self.L
-        tc = self.tc
-        qn = self.calc_qn()
-
-        # Create polynomial expression
-        def polynomial(x):
-            # Spring stiffness supported segment
-            kRl = self.substitute_stiffness(L - x, "supported", "rot")
-            kNl = self.substitute_stiffness(L - x, "supported", "trans")
-            c1 = 1 / (8 * bs)
-            c2 = 1 / (2 * kRl)
-            c3 = 1 / (2 * ss)
-            c4 = 1 / kNl
-            c5 = -tc / qn
-            return c1 * x**4 + c2 * x**3 + c3 * x**2 + c4 * x + c5
-
-        # Find root
-        a1 = brentq(polynomial, L / 1000, 999 / 1000 * L)
-
-        return a1
-
-    def calc_a2(self):
-        """
-        Calc transition lengths a2 (aBC).
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        a2 : float
-            Length of the crack for transition of stage B to stage C (mm).
-        """
-        # Unpack variables
-        bs = -(self.B11**2 / self.A11 - self.D11)
-        ss = self.kA55
-        L = self.L
-        tc = self.tc
-        qn = self.calc_qn()
-
-        # Create polynomial function
-        def polynomial(x):
-            # Spring stiffness supported segment
-            kRl = self.substitute_stiffness(L - x, "supported", "rot")
-            kNl = self.substitute_stiffness(L - x, "supported", "trans")
-            c1 = ss**2 * kRl * kNl * qn
-            c2 = 6 * ss**2 * bs * kNl * qn
-            c3 = 30 * bs * ss * kRl * kNl * qn
-            c4 = 24 * bs * qn * (2 * ss**2 * kRl + 3 * bs * ss * kNl)
-            c5 = 72 * bs * (bs * qn * (ss**2 + kRl * kNl) - ss**2 * kRl * kNl * tc)
-            c6 = 144 * bs * ss * (bs * kRl * qn - bs * ss * kNl * tc)
-            c7 = -144 * bs**2 * ss * kRl * kNl * tc
-            return (
-                c1 * x**6 + c2 * x**5 + c3 * x**4 + c4 * x**3 + c5 * x**2 + c6 * x + c7
-            )
-
-        # Find root
-        a2 = brentq(polynomial, L / 1000, 999 / 1000 * L)
-
-        return a2
-
-    def calc_lA(self):
-        """
-        Calculate the length of the touchdown element in mode A.
-        """
-        lA = self.a
-
-        return lA
-
-    def calc_lB(self):
-        """
-        Calculate the length of the touchdown element in mode B.
-        """
-        lB = self.a
-
-        return lB
-
-    def calc_lC(self):
-        """
-        Calculate the length of the touchdown element in mode C.
-        """
-        # Unpack variables
-        bs = -(self.B11**2 / self.A11 - self.D11)
-        ss = self.kA55
-        L = self.L
-        a = self.a
-        tc = self.tc
-        qn = self.calc_qn()
-
-        def polynomial(x):
-            # Spring stiffness supported segment
-            kRl = self.substitute_stiffness(L - a, "supported", "rot")
-            kNl = self.substitute_stiffness(L - a, "supported", "trans")
-            # Spring stiffness rested segment
-            kRr = self.substitute_stiffness(a - x, "rested", "rot")
-            # define constants
-            c1 = ss**2 * kRl * kNl * qn
-            c2 = 6 * ss * kNl * qn * (bs * ss + kRl * kRr)
-            c3 = 30 * bs * ss * kNl * qn * (kRl + kRr)
-            c4 = (
-                24
-                * bs
-                * qn
-                * (2 * ss**2 * kRl + 3 * bs * ss * kNl + 3 * kRl * kRr * kNl)
-            )
-            c5 = (
-                72
-                * bs
-                * (
-                    bs * qn * (ss**2 + kNl * (kRl + kRr))
-                    + ss * kRl * (2 * kRr * qn - ss * kNl * tc)
-                )
-            )
-            c6 = (
-                144
-                * bs
-                * ss
-                * (bs * qn * (kRl + kRr) - kNl * tc * (bs * ss + kRl * kRr))
-            )
-            c7 = -144 * bs**2 * ss * kNl * tc * (kRl + kRr)
-            return (
-                c1 * x**6 + c2 * x**5 + c3 * x**4 + c4 * x**3 + c5 * x**2 + c6 * x + c7
-            )
-
-        # Find root
-        lC = brentq(polynomial, a / 1000, 999 / 1000 * a)
-
-        return lC
-
-    def set_touchdown_attributes(self, L, a, cf, phi, ratio):
-        """Set class attributes for touchdown consideration"""
-        self.set_columnlength(L)
-        self.set_cracklength(a)
-        self.set_phi(phi)
-        self.set_tc(cf)
-        self.set_stiffness_ratio(ratio)
-
-    def calc_touchdown_mode(self):
-        """Calculate touchdown-mode from thresholds"""
-        if self.touchdown:
-            # Calculate stage transitions
-            self.a1 = self.calc_a1()
-            self.a2 = self.calc_a2()
-            # Assign stage
-            if self.a <= self.a1:
-                mode = "A"
-            elif self.a1 < self.a <= self.a2:
-                mode = "B"
-            elif self.a2 < self.a:
-                mode = "C"
-            self.mode = mode
-        else:
-            self.mode = "A"
-
-    def calc_touchdown_length(self):
-        """Calculate touchdown length"""
-        if self.mode in ["A"]:
-            self.td = self.calc_lA()
-        elif self.mode in ["B"]:
-            self.td = self.calc_lB()
-        elif self.mode in ["C"]:
-            self.td = self.calc_lC()
-
-    def calc_touchdown_system(self, L, a, cf, phi, ratio=1000):
-        """Calculate touchdown"""
-        self.set_touchdown_attributes(L, a, cf, phi, ratio)
-        self.calc_touchdown_mode()
-        self.calc_touchdown_length()
-
-
-class SolutionMixin:
-    """
-    Mixin for the solution of boundary value problems.
-
-    Provides methods for the assembly of the system of equations
-    and for the computation of the free constants.
-    """
-
-    def bc(self, z, k=False, pos="mid"):
-        """
-        Provide equations for free (pst) or infinite (skiers) ends.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        z : ndarray
-            Solution vector (6x1) at a certain position x.
-        l : float, optional
-            Length of the segment in consideration. Default is zero.
-        k : boolean
-            Indicates whether segment has foundation(True) or not (False).
-            Default is False.
-        pos : {'left', 'mid', 'right', 'l', 'm', 'r'}, optional
-            Determines whether the segement under consideration
-            is a left boundary segement (left, l), one of the
-            center segement (mid, m), or a right boundary
-            segement (right, r). Default is 'mid'.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        bc : ndarray
-            Boundary condition vector (lenght 3) at position x.
-        """
-
-        # Set boundary conditions for PST-systems
-        if self.system in ["pst-", "-pst"]:
-            if not k:
-                if self.mode in ["A"]:
-                    # Free end
-                    bc = np.array([self.N(z), self.M(z), self.V(z)])
-                elif self.mode in ["B"] and pos in ["r", "right"]:
-                    # Touchdown right
-                    bc = np.array([self.N(z), self.M(z), self.w(z)])
-                elif self.mode in ["B"] and pos in ["l", "left"]:  # Kann dieser Block
-                    # Touchdown left                                # verschwinden? Analog zu 'A'
-                    bc = np.array([self.N(z), self.M(z), self.w(z)])
-                elif self.mode in ["C"] and pos in ["r", "right"]:
-                    # Spring stiffness
-                    kR = self.substitute_stiffness(self.a - self.td, "rested", "rot")
-                    # Touchdown right
-                    bc = np.array([self.N(z), self.M(z) + kR * self.psi(z), self.w(z)])
-                elif self.mode in ["C"] and pos in ["l", "left"]:
-                    # Spring stiffness
-                    kR = self.substitute_stiffness(self.a - self.td, "rested", "rot")
-                    # Touchdown left
-                    bc = np.array([self.N(z), self.M(z) - kR * self.psi(z), self.w(z)])
-            else:
-                # Free end
-                bc = np.array([self.N(z), self.M(z), self.V(z)])
-        # Set boundary conditions for PST-systems with vertical faces
-        elif self.system in ["-vpst", "vpst-"]:
-            bc = np.array([self.N(z), self.M(z), self.V(z)])
-        # Set boundary conditions for SKIER-systems
-        elif self.system in ["skier", "skiers"]:
-            # Infinite end (vanishing complementary solution)
-            bc = np.array([self.u(z, z0=0), self.w(z), self.psi(z)])
-        # Set boundary conditions for substitute spring calculus
-        elif self.system in ["rot", "trans"]:
-            bc = np.array([self.N(z), self.M(z), self.V(z)])
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Boundary conditions not defined for system of type {self.system}."
-            )
-
-        return bc
-
-    def eqs(self, zl, zr, k=False, pos="mid"):
-        """
-        Provide boundary or transmission conditions for beam segments.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        zl : ndarray
-            Solution vector (6x1) at left end of beam segement.
-        zr : ndarray
-            Solution vector (6x1) at right end of beam segement.
-        k : boolean
-            Indicates whether segment has foundation(True) or not (False).
-            Default is False.
-        pos: {'left', 'mid', 'right', 'l', 'm', 'r'}, optional
-            Determines whether the segement under consideration
-            is a left boundary segement (left, l), one of the
-            center segement (mid, m), or a right boundary
-            segement (right, r). Default is 'mid'.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        eqs : ndarray
-            Vector (of length 9) of boundary conditions (3) and
-            transmission conditions (6) for boundary segements
-            or vector of transmission conditions (of length 6+6)
-            for center segments.
-        """
-        if pos in ("l", "left"):
-            eqs = np.array(
-                [
-                    self.bc(zl, k, pos)[0],  # Left boundary condition
-                    self.bc(zl, k, pos)[1],  # Left boundary condition
-                    self.bc(zl, k, pos)[2],  # Left boundary condition
-                    self.u(zr, z0=0),  # ui(xi = li)
-                    self.w(zr),  # wi(xi = li)
-                    self.psi(zr),  # psii(xi = li)
-                    self.N(zr),  # Ni(xi = li)
-                    self.M(zr),  # Mi(xi = li)
-                    self.V(zr),
-                ]
-            )  # Vi(xi = li)
-        elif pos in ("m", "mid"):
-            eqs = np.array(
-                [
-                    -self.u(zl, z0=0),  # -ui(xi = 0)
-                    -self.w(zl),  # -wi(xi = 0)
-                    -self.psi(zl),  # -psii(xi = 0)
-                    -self.N(zl),  # -Ni(xi = 0)
-                    -self.M(zl),  # -Mi(xi = 0)
-                    -self.V(zl),  # -Vi(xi = 0)
-                    self.u(zr, z0=0),  # ui(xi = li)
-                    self.w(zr),  # wi(xi = li)
-                    self.psi(zr),  # psii(xi = li)
-                    self.N(zr),  # Ni(xi = li)
-                    self.M(zr),  # Mi(xi = li)
-                    self.V(zr),
-                ]
-            )  # Vi(xi = li)
-        elif pos in ("r", "right"):
-            eqs = np.array(
-                [
-                    -self.u(zl, z0=0),  # -ui(xi = 0)
-                    -self.w(zl),  # -wi(xi = 0)
-                    -self.psi(zl),  # -psii(xi = 0)
-                    -self.N(zl),  # -Ni(xi = 0)
-                    -self.M(zl),  # -Mi(xi = 0)
-                    -self.V(zl),  # -Vi(xi = 0)
-                    self.bc(zr, k, pos)[0],  # Right boundary condition
-                    self.bc(zr, k, pos)[1],  # Right boundary condition
-                    self.bc(zr, k, pos)[2],
-                ]
-            )  # Right boundary condition
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                (
-                    f"Invalid position argument {pos} given. "
-                    "Valid segment positions are l, m, and r, "
-                    "or left, mid and right."
-                )
-            )
-        return eqs
-
-    def calc_segments(
-        self,
-        li: list[float] | list[int] | bool = False,
-        mi: list[float] | list[int] | bool = False,
-        ki: list[bool] | bool = False,
-        k0: list[bool] | bool = False,
-        L: float = 1e4,
-        a: float = 0,
-        m: float = 0,
-        phi: float = 0,
-        cf: float = 0.5,
-        ratio: float = 1000,
-        **kwargs,
-    ):
-        """
-        Assemble lists defining the segments.
-
-        This includes length (li), foundation (ki, k0), and skier
-        weight (mi).
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        li : squence, optional
-            List of lengths of segements(mm). Used for system 'skiers'.
-        mi : squence, optional
-            List of skier weigths (kg) at segement boundaries. Used for
-            system 'skiers'.
-        ki : squence, optional
-            List of one bool per segement indicating whether segement
-            has foundation (True) or not (False) in the cracked state.
-            Used for system 'skiers'.
-        k0 : squence, optional
-            List of one bool per segement indicating whether segement
-            has foundation(True) or not (False) in the uncracked state.
-            Used for system 'skiers'.
-        L : float, optional
-            Total length of model (mm). Used for systems 'pst-', '-pst',
-            'vpst-', '-vpst', and 'skier'.
-        a : float, optional
-            Crack length (mm). Used for systems 'pst-', '-pst',  'pst-',
-            '-pst', and 'skier'.
-        phi : float, optional
-            Inclination (degree).
-        m : float, optional
-            Weight of skier (kg) in the axial center of the model.
-            Used for system 'skier'.
-        cf : float, optional
-            Collapse factor. Ratio of the crack height to the uncollapsed
-            weak-layer height. Used for systems 'pst-', '-pst'. Default is 0.5.
-        ratio : float, optional
-            Stiffness ratio between collapsed and uncollapsed weak layer.
-            Default is 1000.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        segments : dict
-            Dictionary with lists of touchdown booleans (tdi), segement
-            lengths (li), skier weights (mi), and foundation booleans
-            in the cracked (ki) and uncracked (k0) configurations.
-        """
-
-        _ = kwargs  # Unused arguments
-
-        # Precompute touchdown properties
-        self.calc_touchdown_system(L=L, a=a, cf=cf, phi=phi, ratio=ratio)
-
-        # Assemble list defining the segments
-        if self.system == "skiers":
-            li = np.array(li)  # Segment lengths
-            mi = np.array(mi)  # Skier weights
-            ki = np.array(ki)  # Crack
-            k0 = np.array(k0)  # No crack
-        elif self.system == "pst-":
-            li = np.array([L - self.a, self.td])  # Segment lengths
-            mi = np.array([0])  # Skier weights
-            ki = np.array([True, False])  # Crack
-            k0 = np.array([True, True])  # No crack
-        elif self.system == "-pst":
-            li = np.array([self.td, L - self.a])  # Segment lengths
-            mi = np.array([0])  # Skier weights
-            ki = np.array([False, True])  # Crack
-            k0 = np.array([True, True])  # No crack
-        elif self.system == "vpst-":
-            li = np.array([L - a, a])  # Segment lengths
-            mi = np.array([0])  # Skier weights
-            ki = np.array([True, False])  # Crack
-            k0 = np.array([True, True])  # No crack
-        elif self.system == "-vpst":
-            li = np.array([a, L - a])  # Segment lengths
-            mi = np.array([0])  # Skier weights
-            ki = np.array([False, True])  # Crack
-            k0 = np.array([True, True])  # No crack
-        elif self.system == "skier":
-            lb = (L - self.a) / 2  # Half bedded length
-            lf = self.a / 2  # Half free length
-            li = np.array([lb, lf, lf, lb])  # Segment lengths
-            mi = np.array([0, m, 0])  # Skier weights
-            ki = np.array([True, False, False, True])  # Crack
-            k0 = np.array([True, True, True, True])  # No crack
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(f"System {self.system} is not implemented.")
-
-        # Fill dictionary
-        segments = {
-            "nocrack": {"li": li, "mi": mi, "ki": k0},
-            "crack": {"li": li, "mi": mi, "ki": ki},
-            "both": {"li": li, "mi": mi, "ki": ki, "k0": k0},
-        }
-        return segments
-
-    def assemble_and_solve(self, phi, li, mi, ki):
-        """
-        Compute free constants for arbitrary beam assembly.
-
-        Assemble LHS from supported and unsupported segments in the form
-        [  ]   [ zh1  0   0  ...  0   0   0  ][   ]   [    ]   [     ]  left
-        [  ]   [ zh1 zh2  0  ...  0   0   0  ][   ]   [    ]   [     ]  mid
-        [  ]   [  0  zh2 zh3 ...  0   0   0  ][   ]   [    ]   [     ]  mid
-        [z0] = [ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ][ C ] + [ zp ] = [ rhs ]  mid
-        [  ]   [  0   0   0  ... zhL zhM  0  ][   ]   [    ]   [     ]  mid
-        [  ]   [  0   0   0  ...  0  zhM zhN ][   ]   [    ]   [     ]  mid
-        [  ]   [  0   0   0  ...  0   0  zhN ][   ]   [    ]   [     ]  right
-        and solve for constants C.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degrees).
-        li : ndarray
-            List of lengths of segements (mm).
-        mi : ndarray
-            List of skier weigths (kg) at segement boundaries.
-        ki : ndarray
-            List of one bool per segement indicating whether segement
-            has foundation (True) or not (False).
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        C : ndarray
-            Matrix(6xN) of solution constants for a system of N
-            segements. Columns contain the 6 constants of each segement.
-        """
-        # --- CATCH ERRORS ----------------------------------------------------
-
-        # No foundation
-        if not any(ki):
-            raise ValueError("Provide at least one supported segment.")
-        # Mismatch of number of segements and transisions
-        if len(li) != len(ki) or len(li) - 1 != len(mi):
-            raise ValueError(
-                "Make sure len(li)=N, len(ki)=N, and "
-                "len(mi)=N-1 for a system of N segments."
-            )
-
-        if self.system not in ["pst-", "-pst", "vpst-", "-vpst", "rot", "trans"]:
-            # Boundary segments must be on foundation for infinite BCs
-            if not all([ki[0], ki[-1]]):
-                raise ValueError(
-                    "Provide supported boundary segments in "
-                    "order to account for infinite extensions."
-                )
-            # Make sure infinity boundary conditions are far enough from skiers
-            if li[0] < 5e3 or li[-1] < 5e3:
-                print(
-                    (
-                        "WARNING: Boundary segments are short. Make sure "
-                        "the complementary solution has decayed to the "
-                        "boundaries."
-                    )
-                )
-
-        # --- PREPROCESSING ---------------------------------------------------
-
-        # Determine size of linear system of equations
-        nS = len(li)  # Number of beam segments
-
-        nDOF = 6  # Number of free constants per segment
-
-        # Add dummy segment if only one segment provided
-        if nS == 1:
-            li.append(0)
-            ki.append(True)
-            mi.append(0)
-            nS = 2
-
-        # Assemble position vector
-        pi = np.full(nS, "m")
-        pi[0], pi[-1] = "l", "r"
-
-        # Initialize matrices
-        zh0 = np.zeros([nS * 6, nS * nDOF])
-        zp0 = np.zeros([nS * 6, 1])
-        rhs = np.zeros([nS * 6, 1])
-
-        # --- ASSEMBLE LINEAR SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS -----------------------------
-
-        # Loop through segments to assemble left-hand side
-        for i in range(nS):
-            # Length, foundation and position of segment i
-            l, k, pos = li[i], ki[i], pi[i]
-            # Transmission conditions at left and right segment ends
-            zhi = self.eqs(
-                zl=self.zh(x=0, l=l, bed=k), zr=self.zh(x=l, l=l, bed=k), k=k, pos=pos
-            )
-            zpi = self.eqs(
-                zl=self.zp(x=0, phi=phi, bed=k),
-                zr=self.zp(x=l, phi=phi, bed=k),
-                k=k,
-                pos=pos,
-            )
-            # Rows for left-hand side assembly
-            start = 0 if i == 0 else 3
-            stop = 6 if i == nS - 1 else 9
-            # Assemble left-hand side
-            zh0[(6 * i - start) : (6 * i + stop), i * nDOF : (i + 1) * nDOF] = zhi
-            zp0[(6 * i - start) : (6 * i + stop)] += zpi
-
-        # Loop through loads to assemble right-hand side
-        for i, m in enumerate(mi, start=1):
-            # Get skier loads
-            Fn, Ft = self.get_skier_load(m, phi)
-            # Right-hand side for transmission from segment i-1 to segment i
-            rhs[6 * i : 6 * i + 3] = np.vstack([Ft, -Ft * self.h / 2, Fn])
-        # Set rhs so that complementary integral vanishes at boundaries
-        if self.system not in ["pst-", "-pst", "rested"]:
-            rhs[:3] = self.bc(self.zp(x=0, phi=phi, bed=ki[0]))
-            rhs[-3:] = self.bc(self.zp(x=li[-1], phi=phi, bed=ki[-1]))
-
-        # Set rhs for vertical faces
-        if self.system in ["vpst-", "-vpst"]:
-            # Calculate center of gravity and mass of
-            # added or cut off slab segement
-            xs, zs, m = calc_vertical_bc_center_of_gravity(self.slab, phi)
-            # Convert slope angle to radians
-            phi = np.deg2rad(phi)
-            # Translate inbto section forces and moments
-            N = -self.g * m * np.sin(phi)
-            M = -self.g * m * (xs * np.cos(phi) + zs * np.sin(phi))
-            V = self.g * m * np.cos(phi)
-            # Add to right-hand side
-            rhs[:3] = np.vstack([N, M, V])  # left end
-            rhs[-3:] = np.vstack([N, M, V])  # right end
-
-        # Loop through segments to set touchdown conditions at rhs
-        for i in range(nS):
-            # Length, foundation and position of segment i
-            l, k, pos = li[i], ki[i], pi[i]
-            # Set displacement BC in stage B
-            if not k and bool(self.mode in ["B"]):
-                if i == 0:
-                    rhs[:3] = np.vstack([0, 0, self.tc])
-                if i == (nS - 1):
-                    rhs[-3:] = np.vstack([0, 0, self.tc])
-            # Set normal force and displacement BC for stage C
-            if not k and bool(self.mode in ["C"]):
-                N = self.calc_qt() * (self.a - self.td)
-                if i == 0:
-                    rhs[:3] = np.vstack([-N, 0, self.tc])
-                if i == (nS - 1):
-                    rhs[-3:] = np.vstack([N, 0, self.tc])
-
-        # Rhs for substitute spring stiffness
-        if self.system in ["rot"]:
-            # apply arbitrary moment of 1 at left boundary
-            rhs = rhs * 0
-            rhs[1] = 1
-        if self.system in ["trans"]:
-            # apply arbitrary force of 1 at left boundary
-            rhs = rhs * 0
-            rhs[2] = 1
-
-        # --- SOLVE -----------------------------------------------------------
-
-        # Solve z0 = zh0*C + zp0 = rhs for constants, i.e. zh0*C = rhs - zp0
-        C = np.linalg.solve(zh0, rhs - zp0)
-        # Sort (nDOF = 6) constants for each segment into columns of a matrix
-        return C.reshape([-1, nDOF]).T
-
-
-class AnalysisMixin:
-    """
-    Mixin for the analysis of model outputs.
-
-    Provides methods for the analysis of layered slabs on compliant
-    elastic foundations.
-    """
-
-    def rasterize_solution(
-        self,
-        C: np.ndarray,
-        phi: float,
-        li: list[float] | bool,
-        ki: list[bool] | bool,
-        num: int = 250,
-        **kwargs,
-    ):
-        """
-        Compute rasterized solution vector.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        C : ndarray
-            Vector of free constants.
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degrees).
-        li : ndarray
-            List of segment lengths (mm).
-        ki : ndarray
-            List of booleans indicating whether segment lies on
-            a foundation or not.
-        num : int
-            Number of grid points.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        xq : ndarray
-            Grid point x-coordinates at which solution vector
-            is discretized.
-        zq : ndarray
-            Matrix with solution vectors as colums at grid
-            points xq.
-        xb : ndarray
-            Grid point x-coordinates that lie on a foundation.
-        """
-        # Unused arguments
-        _ = kwargs
-
-        # Drop zero-length segments
-        li = abs(li)
-        isnonzero = li > 0
-        C, ki, li = C[:, isnonzero], ki[isnonzero], li[isnonzero]
-
-        # Compute number of plot points per segment (+1 for last segment)
-        nq = np.ceil(li / li.sum() * num).astype("int")
-        nq[-1] += 1
-
-        # Provide cumulated length and plot point lists
-        lic = np.insert(np.cumsum(li), 0, 0)
-        nqc = np.insert(np.cumsum(nq), 0, 0)
-
-        # Initialize arrays
-        issupported = np.full(nq.sum(), True)
-        xq = np.full(nq.sum(), np.nan)
-        zq = np.full([6, xq.size], np.nan)
-
-        # Loop through segments
-        for i, l in enumerate(li):
-            # Get local x-coordinates of segment i
-            xi = np.linspace(0, l, num=nq[i], endpoint=(i == li.size - 1))  # pylint: disable=superfluous-parens
-            # Compute start and end coordinates of segment i
-            x0 = lic[i]
-            # Assemble global coordinate vector
-            xq[nqc[i] : nqc[i + 1]] = x0 + xi
-            # Mask coordinates not on foundation (including endpoints)
-            if not ki[i]:
-                issupported[nqc[i] : nqc[i + 1]] = False
-            # Compute segment solution
-            zi = self.z(xi, C[:, [i]], l, phi, ki[i])
-            # Assemble global solution matrix
-            zq[:, nqc[i] : nqc[i + 1]] = zi
-
-        # Make sure cracktips are included
-        transmissionbool = [ki[j] or ki[j + 1] for j, _ in enumerate(ki[:-1])]
-        for i, truefalse in enumerate(transmissionbool, start=1):
-            issupported[nqc[i]] = truefalse
-
-        # Assemble vector of coordinates on foundation
-        xb = np.full(nq.sum(), np.nan)
-        xb[issupported] = xq[issupported]
-
-        return xq, zq, xb
-
-    def ginc(self, C0, C1, phi, li, ki, k0, **kwargs):
-        """
-        Compute incremental energy relase rate of of all cracks.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        C0 : ndarray
-            Free constants of uncracked solution.
-        C1 : ndarray
-            Free constants of cracked solution.
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degress).
-        li : ndarray
-            List of segment lengths.
-        ki : ndarray
-            List of booleans indicating whether segment lies on
-            a foundation or not in the cracked configuration.
-        k0 : ndarray
-            List of booleans indicating whether segment lies on
-            a foundation or not in the uncracked configuration.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ndarray
-            List of total, mode I, and mode II energy release rates.
-        """
-        # Unused arguments
-        _ = kwargs
-
-        # Make sure inputs are np.arrays
-        li, ki, k0 = np.array(li), np.array(ki), np.array(k0)
-
-        # Reduce inputs to segments with crack advance
-        iscrack = k0 & ~ki
-        C0, C1, li = C0[:, iscrack], C1[:, iscrack], li[iscrack]
-
-        # Compute total crack lenght and initialize outputs
-        da = li.sum() if li.sum() > 0 else np.nan
-        Ginc1, Ginc2 = 0, 0
-
-        # Loop through segments with crack advance
-        for j, l in enumerate(li):
-            # Uncracked (0) and cracked (1) solutions at integration points
-            z0 = partial(self.z, C=C0[:, [j]], l=l, phi=phi, bed=True)
-            z1 = partial(self.z, C=C1[:, [j]], l=l, phi=phi, bed=False)
-
-            # Mode I (1) and II (2) integrands at integration points
-            int1 = partial(self.int1, z0=z0, z1=z1)
-            int2 = partial(self.int2, z0=z0, z1=z1)
-
-            # Segement contributions to total crack opening integral
-            Ginc1 += quad(int1, 0, l, epsabs=self.tol, epsrel=self.tol)[0] / (2 * da)
-            Ginc2 += quad(int2, 0, l, epsabs=self.tol, epsrel=self.tol)[0] / (2 * da)
-
-        return np.array([Ginc1 + Ginc2, Ginc1, Ginc2]).flatten()
-
-    def gdif(self, C, phi, li, ki, unit="kJ/m^2", **kwargs):
-        """
-        Compute differential energy release rate of all crack tips.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        C : ndarray
-            Free constants of the solution.
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degress).
-        li : ndarray
-            List of segment lengths.
-        ki : ndarray
-            List of booleans indicating whether segment lies on
-            a foundation or not in the cracked configuration.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ndarray
-            List of total, mode I, and mode II energy release rates.
-        """
-        # Unused arguments
-        _ = kwargs
-
-        # Get number and indices of segment transitions
-        ntr = len(li) - 1
-        itr = np.arange(ntr)
-
-        # Identify supported-free and free-supported transitions as crack tips
-        iscracktip = [ki[j] != ki[j + 1] for j in range(ntr)]
-
-        # Transition indices of crack tips and total number of crack tips
-        ict = itr[iscracktip]
-        nct = len(ict)
-
-        # Initialize energy release rate array
-        Gdif = np.zeros([3, nct])
-
-        # Compute energy relase rate of all crack tips
-        for j, idx in enumerate(ict):
-            # Solution at crack tip
-            z = self.z(li[idx], C[:, [idx]], li[idx], phi, bed=ki[idx])
-            # Mode I and II differential energy release rates
-            Gdif[1:, j] = np.concatenate((self.Gi(z, unit=unit), self.Gii(z, unit=unit)))
-
-        # Sum mode I and II contributions
-        Gdif[0, :] = Gdif[1, :] + Gdif[2, :]
-
-        # Adjust contributions for center cracks
-        if nct > 1:
-            avgmask = np.full(nct, True)  # Initialize mask
-            avgmask[[0, -1]] = ki[[0, -1]]  # Do not weight edge cracks
-            Gdif[:, avgmask] *= 0.5  # Weigth with half crack length
-
-        # Return total differential energy release rate of all crack tips
-        return Gdif.sum(axis=1)
-
-    def get_zmesh(self, dz=2):
-        """
-        Get z-coordinates of grid points and corresponding elastic properties.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        dz : float, optional
-            Element size along z-axis (mm). Default is 2 mm.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        mesh : ndarray
-            Mesh along z-axis. Columns are a list of z-coordinates (mm) of
-            grid points along z-axis with at least two grid points (top,
-            bottom) per layer, Young's modulus of each grid point, shear
-            modulus of each grid point, and Poisson's ratio of each grid
-            point.
-        """
-        # Get ply (layer) coordinates
-        z = self.get_ply_coordinates()
-        # Compute number of grid points per layer
-        nlayer = np.ceil((z[1:] - z[:-1]) / dz).astype(np.int32) + 1
-        # Calculate grid points as list of z-coordinates (mm)
-        zi = np.hstack(
-            [np.linspace(z[i], z[i + 1], n, endpoint=True) for i, n in enumerate(nlayer)]
-        )
-        # Get lists of corresponding elastic properties (E, nu, rho)
-        si = np.repeat(self.slab[:, [2, 4, 0]], nlayer, axis=0)
-        # Assemble mesh with columns (z, E, G, nu)
-        return np.column_stack([zi, si])
-
-    def Sxx(self, Z, phi, dz=2, unit="kPa"):
-        """
-        Compute axial normal stress in slab layers.
-
-        Arguments
-        ----------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x), psi'(x)]^T
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degrees). Counterclockwise positive.
-        dz : float, optional
-            Element size along z-axis (mm). Default is 2 mm.
-        unit : {'kPa', 'MPa'}, optional
-            Desired output unit. Default is 'kPa'.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ndarray, float
-            Axial slab normal stress in specified unit.
-        """
-        # Unit conversion dict
-        convert = {"kPa": 1e3, "MPa": 1}
-
-        # Get mesh along z-axis
-        zmesh = self.get_zmesh(dz=dz)
-        zi = zmesh[:, 0]
-        rho = 1e-12 * zmesh[:, 3]
-
-        # Get dimensions of stress field (n rows, m columns)
-        n = zmesh.shape[0]
-        m = Z.shape[1]
-
-        # Initialize axial normal stress Sxx
-        Sxx = np.zeros(shape=[n, m])
-
-        # Compute axial normal stress Sxx at grid points in MPa
-        for i, (z, E, nu, _) in enumerate(zmesh):
-            Sxx[i, :] = E / (1 - nu**2) * self.du_dx(Z, z)
-
-        # Calculate weight load at grid points and superimpose on stress field
-        qt = -rho * self.g * np.sin(np.deg2rad(phi))
-        for i, qi in enumerate(qt[:-1]):
-            Sxx[i, :] += qi * (zi[i + 1] - zi[i])
-        Sxx[-1, :] += qt[-1] * (zi[-1] - zi[-2])
-
-        # Return axial normal stress in specified unit
-        return convert[unit] * Sxx
-
-    def Txz(self, Z, phi, dz=2, unit="kPa"):
-        """
-        Compute shear stress in slab layers.
-
-        Arguments
-        ----------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x), psi'(x)]^T
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degrees). Counterclockwise positive.
-        dz : float, optional
-            Element size along z-axis (mm). Default is 2 mm.
-        unit : {'kPa', 'MPa'}, optional
-            Desired output unit. Default is 'kPa'.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ndarray
-            Shear stress at grid points in the slab in specified unit.
-        """
-        # Unit conversion dict
-        convert = {"kPa": 1e3, "MPa": 1}
-        # Get mesh along z-axis
-        zmesh = self.get_zmesh(dz=dz)
-        zi = zmesh[:, 0]
-        rho = 1e-12 * zmesh[:, 3]
-
-        # Get dimensions of stress field (n rows, m columns)
-        n = zmesh.shape[0]
-        m = Z.shape[1]
-
-        # Get second derivatives of centerline displacement u0 and
-        # cross-section rotaiton psi of all grid points along the x-axis
-        du0_dxdx = self.du0_dxdx(Z, phi)
-        dpsi_dxdx = self.dpsi_dxdx(Z, phi)
-
-        # Initialize first derivative of axial normal stress sxx w.r.t. x
-        dsxx_dx = np.zeros(shape=[n, m])
-
-        # Calculate first derivative of sxx at z-grid points
-        for i, (z, E, nu, _) in enumerate(zmesh):
-            dsxx_dx[i, :] = E / (1 - nu**2) * (du0_dxdx + z * dpsi_dxdx)
-
-        # Calculate weight load at grid points
-        qt = -rho * self.g * np.sin(np.deg2rad(phi))
-
-        # Integrate -dsxx_dx along z and add cumulative weight load
-        # to obtain shear stress Txz in MPa
-        Txz = cumulative_trapezoid(dsxx_dx, zi, axis=0, initial=0)
-        Txz += cumulative_trapezoid(qt, zi, initial=0)[:, None]
-
-        # Return shear stress Txz in specified unit
-        return convert[unit] * Txz
-
-    def Szz(self, Z, phi, dz=2, unit="kPa"):
-        """
-        Compute transverse normal stress in slab layers.
-
-        Arguments
-        ----------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x), psi'(x)]^T
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degrees). Counterclockwise positive.
-        dz : float, optional
-            Element size along z-axis (mm). Default is 2 mm.
-        unit : {'kPa', 'MPa'}, optional
-            Desired output unit. Default is 'kPa'.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ndarray, float
-            Transverse normal stress at grid points in the slab in
-            specified unit.
-        """
-        # Unit conversion dict
-        convert = {"kPa": 1e3, "MPa": 1}
-
-        # Get mesh along z-axis
-        zmesh = self.get_zmesh(dz=dz)
-        zi = zmesh[:, 0]
-        rho = 1e-12 * zmesh[:, 3]
-
-        # Get dimensions of stress field (n rows, m columns)
-        n = zmesh.shape[0]
-        m = Z.shape[1]
-
-        # Get third derivatives of centerline displacement u0 and
-        # cross-section rotaiton psi of all grid points along the x-axis
-        du0_dxdxdx = self.du0_dxdxdx(Z, phi)
-        dpsi_dxdxdx = self.dpsi_dxdxdx(Z, phi)
-
-        # Initialize second derivative of axial normal stress sxx w.r.t. x
-        dsxx_dxdx = np.zeros(shape=[n, m])
-
-        # Calculate second derivative of sxx at z-grid points
-        for i, (z, E, nu, _) in enumerate(zmesh):
-            dsxx_dxdx[i, :] = E / (1 - nu**2) * (du0_dxdxdx + z * dpsi_dxdxdx)
-
-        # Calculate weight load at grid points
-        qn = rho * self.g * np.cos(np.deg2rad(phi))
-
-        # Integrate dsxx_dxdx twice along z to obtain transverse
-        # normal stress Szz in MPa
-        integrand = cumulative_trapezoid(dsxx_dxdx, zi, axis=0, initial=0)
-        Szz = cumulative_trapezoid(integrand, zi, axis=0, initial=0)
-        Szz += cumulative_trapezoid(-qn, zi, initial=0)[:, None]
-
-        # Return shear stress txz in specified unit
-        return convert[unit] * Szz
-
-    def principal_stress_slab(
-        self, Z, phi, dz=2, unit="kPa", val="max", normalize=False
-    ):
-        """
-        Compute maxium or minimum principal stress in slab layers.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x), psi'(x)]^T
-        phi : float
-            Inclination (degrees). Counterclockwise positive.
-        dz : float, optional
-            Element size along z-axis (mm). Default is 2 mm.
-        unit : {'kPa', 'MPa'}, optional
-            Desired output unit. Default is 'kPa'.
-        val : str, optional
-            Maximum 'max' or minimum 'min' principal stress. Default is 'max'.
-        normalize : bool
-            Toggle layerwise normalization to strength.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ndarray
-            Maximum or minimum principal stress in specified unit.
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        ValueError
-            If specified principal stress component is neither 'max' nor
-            'min', or if normalization of compressive principal stress
-            is requested.
-        """
-        # Raise error if specified component is not available
-        if val not in ["min", "max"]:
-            raise ValueError(f"Component {val} not defined.")
-
-        # Multiplier selection dict
-        m = {"max": 1, "min": -1}
-
-        # Get axial normal stresses, shear stresses, transverse normal stresses
-        Sxx = self.Sxx(Z=Z, phi=phi, dz=dz, unit=unit)
-        Txz = self.Txz(Z=Z, phi=phi, dz=dz, unit=unit)
-        Szz = self.Szz(Z=Z, phi=phi, dz=dz, unit=unit)
-
-        # Calculate principal stress
-        Ps = (Sxx + Szz) / 2 + m[val] * np.sqrt((Sxx - Szz) ** 2 + 4 * Txz**2) / 2
-
-        # Raise error if normalization of compressive stresses is attempted
-        if normalize and val == "min":
-            raise ValueError("Can only normlize tensile stresses.")
-
-        # Normalize tensile stresses to tensile strength
-        if normalize and val == "max":
-            # Get layer densities
-            rho = self.get_zmesh(dz=dz)[:, 3]
-            # Normlize maximum principal stress to layers' tensile strength
-            return Ps / tensile_strength_slab(rho, unit=unit)[:, None]
-
-        # Return absolute principal stresses
-        return Ps
-
-    def principal_stress_weaklayer(
-        self, Z, sc=2.6, unit="kPa", val="min", normalize=False
-    ):
-        """
-        Compute maxium or minimum principal stress in the weak layer.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        Z : ndarray
-            Solution vector [u(x) u'(x) w(x) w'(x) psi(x), psi'(x)]^T
-        sc : float
-            Weak-layer compressive strength. Default is 2.6 kPa.
-        unit : {'kPa', 'MPa'}, optional
-            Desired output unit. Default is 'kPa'.
-        val : str, optional
-            Maximum 'max' or minimum 'min' principal stress. Default is 'min'.
-        normalize : bool
-            Toggle layerwise normalization to strength.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        ndarray
-            Maximum or minimum principal stress in specified unit.
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        ValueError
-            If specified principal stress component is neither 'max' nor
-            'min', or if normalization of tensile principal stress
-            is requested.
-        """
-        # Raise error if specified component is not available
-        if val not in ["min", "max"]:
-            raise ValueError(f"Component {val} not defined.")
-
-        # Multiplier selection dict
-        m = {"max": 1, "min": -1}
-
-        # Get weak-layer normal and shear stresses
-        sig = self.sig(Z, unit=unit)
-        tau = self.tau(Z, unit=unit)
-
-        # Calculate principal stress
-        ps = sig / 2 + m[val] * np.sqrt(sig**2 + 4 * tau**2) / 2
-
-        # Raise error if normalization of tensile stresses is attempted
-        if normalize and val == "max":
-            raise ValueError("Can only normlize compressive stresses.")
-
-        # Normalize compressive stresses to compressive strength
-        if normalize and val == "min":
-            return ps / sc
-
-        # Return absolute principal stresses
-        return ps
-
-
-class OutputMixin:
-    """
-    Mixin for outputs.
-
-    Provides convenience methods for the assembly of output lists
-    such as rasterized displacements or rasterized stresses.
-    """
-
-    def external_potential(self, C, phi, L, **segments):
-        """
-        Compute total external potential (pst only).
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        C : ndarray
-            Matrix(6xN) of solution constants for a system of N
-            segements. Columns contain the 6 constants of each segement.
-        phi : float
-            Inclination of the slab (°).
-        L : float, optional
-            Total length of model (mm).
-        segments : dict
-            Dictionary with lists of touchdown booleans (tdi), segement
-            lengths (li), skier weights (mi), and foundation booleans
-            in the cracked (ki) and uncracked (k0) configurations.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        Pi_ext : float
-            Total external potential (Nmm).
-        """
-        # Rasterize solution
-        xq, zq, xb = self.rasterize_solution(C=C, phi=phi, **segments)
-        _ = xq, xb
-        # Compute displacements where weight loads are applied
-        w0 = self.w(zq)
-        us = self.u(zq, z0=self.zs)
-        # Get weight loads
-        qn = self.calc_qn()
-        qt = self.calc_qt()
-        # use +/- and us[0]/us[-1] according to system and phi
-        # compute total external potential
-        Pi_ext = (
-            -qn * (segments["li"][0] + segments["li"][1]) * np.average(w0)
-            - qn * (L - (segments["li"][0] + segments["li"][1])) * self.tc
-        )
-        # Ensure
-        if self.system in ["pst-"]:
-            ub = us[-1]
-        elif self.system in ["-pst"]:
-            ub = us[0]
-        Pi_ext += (
-            -qt * (segments["li"][0] + segments["li"][1]) * np.average(us)
-            - qt * (L - (segments["li"][0] + segments["li"][1])) * ub
-        )
-        if self.system not in ["pst-", "-pst"]:
-            print("Input error: Only pst-setup implemented at the moment.")
-
-        return Pi_ext
-
-    def internal_potential(self, C, phi, L, **segments):
-        """
-        Compute total internal potential (pst only).
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        C : ndarray
-            Matrix(6xN) of solution constants for a system of N
-            segements. Columns contain the 6 constants of each segement.
-        phi : float
-            Inclination of the slab (°).
-        L : float, optional
-            Total length of model (mm).
-        segments : dict
-            Dictionary with lists of touchdown booleans (tdi), segement
-            lengths (li), skier weights (mi), and foundation booleans
-            in the cracked (ki) and uncracked (k0) configurations.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        Pi_int : float
-            Total internal potential (Nmm).
-        """
-        # Rasterize solution
-        xq, zq, xb = self.rasterize_solution(C=C, phi=phi, **segments)
-
-        # Compute section forces
-        N, M, V = self.N(zq), self.M(zq), self.V(zq)
-
-        # Drop parts of the solution that are not a foundation
-        zweak = zq[:, ~np.isnan(xb)]
-        xweak = xb[~np.isnan(xb)]
-
-        # Compute weak layer displacements
-        wweak = self.w(zweak)
-        uweak = self.u(zweak, z0=self.h / 2)
-
-        # Compute stored energy of the slab (monte-carlo integration)
-        n = len(xq)
-        nweak = len(xweak)
-        # energy share from moment, shear force, wl normal and tangential springs
-        Pi_int = (
-            L / 2 / n / self.A11 * np.sum([Ni**2 for Ni in N])
-            + L
-            / 2
-            / n
-            / (self.D11 - self.B11**2 / self.A11)
-            * np.sum([Mi**2 for Mi in M])
-            + L / 2 / n / self.kA55 * np.sum([Vi**2 for Vi in V])
-            + L * self.kn / 2 / nweak * np.sum([wi**2 for wi in wweak])
-            + L * self.kt / 2 / nweak * np.sum([ui**2 for ui in uweak])
-        )
-        # energy share from substitute rotation spring
-        if self.system in ["pst-"]:
-            Pi_int += 1 / 2 * M[-1] * (self.psi(zq)[-1]) ** 2
-        elif self.system in ["-pst"]:
-            Pi_int += 1 / 2 * M[0] * (self.psi(zq)[0]) ** 2
-        else:
-            print("Input error: Only pst-setup implemented at the moment.")
-
-        return Pi_int
-
-    def total_potential(self, C, phi, L, **segments):
-        """
-        Returns total differential potential
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        C : ndarray
-            Matrix(6xN) of solution constants for a system of N
-            segements. Columns contain the 6 constants of each segement.
-        phi : float
-            Inclination of the slab (°).
-        L : float, optional
-            Total length of model (mm).
-        segments : dict
-            Dictionary with lists of touchdown booleans (tdi), segement
-            lengths (li), skier weights (mi), and foundation booleans
-            in the cracked (ki) and uncracked (k0) configurations.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        Pi : float
-            Total differential potential (Nmm).
-        """
-        Pi_int = self.internal_potential(C, phi, L, **segments)
-        Pi_ext = self.external_potential(C, phi, L, **segments)
-
-        return Pi_int + Pi_ext
-
-    def get_weaklayer_shearstress(self, x, z, unit="MPa", removeNaNs=False):
-        """
-        Compute weak-layer shear stress.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        x : ndarray
-            Discretized x-coordinates (mm) where coordinates of unsupported
-            (no foundation) segments are NaNs.
-        z : ndarray
-            Solution vectors at positions x as columns of matrix z.
-        unit : {'MPa', 'kPa'}, optional
-            Stress output unit. Default is MPa.
-        keepNaNs : bool
-            If set, do not remove
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        x : ndarray
-            Horizontal coordinates (cm).
-        sig : ndarray
-            Normal stress (stress unit input).
-        """
-        # Convert coordinates from mm to cm and stresses from MPa to unit
-        x = x / 10
-        tau = self.tau(z, unit=unit)
-        # Filter stresses in unspupported segments
-        if removeNaNs:
-            # Remove coordinate-stress pairs where no weak layer is present
-            tau = tau[~np.isnan(x)]
-            x = x[~np.isnan(x)]
-        else:
-            # Set stress NaN where no weak layer is present
-            tau[np.isnan(x)] = np.nan
-
-        return x, tau
-
-    def get_weaklayer_normalstress(self, x, z, unit="MPa", removeNaNs=False):
-        """
-        Compute weak-layer normal stress.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        x : ndarray
-            Discretized x-coordinates (mm) where coordinates of unsupported
-            (no foundation) segments are NaNs.
-        z : ndarray
-            Solution vectors at positions x as columns of matrix z.
-        unit : {'MPa', 'kPa'}, optional
-            Stress output unit. Default is MPa.
-        keepNaNs : bool
-            If set, do not remove
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        x : ndarray
-            Horizontal coordinates (cm).
-        sig : ndarray
-            Normal stress (stress unit input).
-        """
-        # Convert coordinates from mm to cm and stresses from MPa to unit
-        x = x / 10
-        sig = self.sig(z, unit=unit)
-        # Filter stresses in unspupported segments
-        if removeNaNs:
-            # Remove coordinate-stress pairs where no weak layer is present
-            sig = sig[~np.isnan(x)]
-            x = x[~np.isnan(x)]
-        else:
-            # Set stress NaN where no weak layer is present
-            sig[np.isnan(x)] = np.nan
-
-        return x, sig
-
-    def get_slab_displacement(self, x, z, loc="mid", unit="mm"):
-        """
-        Compute horizontal slab displacement.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        x : ndarray
-            Discretized x-coordinates (mm) where coordinates of
-            unsupported (no foundation) segments are NaNs.
-        z : ndarray
-            Solution vectors at positions x as columns of matrix z.
-        loc : {'top', 'mid', 'bot'}
-            Get displacements of top, midplane or bottom of slab.
-            Default is mid.
-        unit : {'m', 'cm', 'mm', 'um'}, optional
-            Displacement output unit. Default is mm.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        x : ndarray
-            Horizontal coordinates (cm).
-        ndarray
-            Horizontal displacements (unit input).
-        """
-        # Coordinates (cm)
-        x = x / 10
-        # Locator
-        z0 = {"top": -self.h / 2, "mid": 0, "bot": self.h / 2}
-        # Displacement (unit)
-        u = self.u(z, z0=z0[loc], unit=unit)
-        # Output array
-        return x, u
-
-    def get_slab_deflection(self, x, z, unit="mm"):
-        """
-        Compute vertical slab displacement.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        x : ndarray
-            Discretized x-coordinates (mm) where coordinates of
-            unsupported (no foundation) segments are NaNs.
-        z : ndarray
-            Solution vectors at positions x as columns of matrix z.
-            Default is mid.
-        unit : {'m', 'cm', 'mm', 'um'}, optional
-            Displacement output unit. Default is mm.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        x : ndarray
-            Horizontal coordinates (cm).
-        ndarray
-            Vertical deflections (unit input).
-        """
-        # Coordinates (cm)
-        x = x / 10
-        # Deflection (unit)
-        w = self.w(z, unit=unit)
-        # Output array
-        return x, w
-
-    def get_slab_rotation(self, x, z, unit="degrees"):
-        """
-        Compute slab cross-section rotation angle.
-
-        Arguments
-        ---------
-        x : ndarray
-            Discretized x-coordinates (mm) where coordinates of
-            unsupported (no foundation) segments are NaNs.
-        z : ndarray
-            Solution vectors at positions x as columns of matrix z.
-            Default is mid.
-        unit : {'deg', degrees', 'rad', 'radians'}, optional
-            Rotation angle output unit. Default is degrees.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        x : ndarray
-            Horizontal coordinates (cm).
-        ndarray
-            Cross section rotations (unit input).
-        """
-        # Coordinates (cm)
-        x = x / 10
-        # Cross-section rotation angle (unit)
-        psi = self.psi(z, unit=unit)
-        # Output array
-        return x, psi