voxcity 1.0.2__py3-none-any.whl → 1.0.15__py3-none-any.whl

voxcity/simulator_gpu/visibility/integration.py

@@ -0,0 +1,808 @@
+"""
+VoxCity Integration Module for simulator_gpu.visibility
+
+This module provides utilities for loading VoxCity models and using them
+with the GPU-accelerated visibility analysis tools.
+
+This module emulates the voxcity.simulator.visibility API using Taichi GPU acceleration.
+
+VoxCity models contain:
+- 3D voxel grids with building, tree, and ground information
+- Land cover classification codes
+- Building heights and IDs
+- Tree canopy data
+
+API Compatibility:
+    The functions in this module match the voxcity.simulator.visibility API:
+    - get_view_index() - same signature as voxcity.simulator.visibility.get_view_index
+    - get_sky_view_factor_map() - same signature as voxcity.simulator.visibility.get_sky_view_factor_map
+    - get_surface_view_factor() - same signature as voxcity.simulator.visibility.get_surface_view_factor
+    - get_landmark_visibility_map() - same signature as voxcity.simulator.visibility.get_landmark_visibility_map
+    - get_surface_landmark_visibility() - same signature as voxcity.simulator.visibility.get_surface_landmark_visibility
+    - mark_building_by_id() - same as voxcity.simulator.visibility.mark_building_by_id
+"""
+
+import numpy as np
+from typing import Dict, Optional, Tuple, Union, List
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+import math
+
+from ..domain import Domain
+from .view import ViewCalculator, SurfaceViewFactorCalculator
+from .landmark import LandmarkVisibilityCalculator, SurfaceLandmarkVisibilityCalculator
+from .landmark import mark_building_by_id
+
+
+# VoxCity voxel class codes
+VOXCITY_GROUND_CODE = -1
+VOXCITY_TREE_CODE = -2
+VOXCITY_BUILDING_CODE = -3
+
+# Green view target codes
+GREEN_VIEW_CODES = (-2, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8)  # Trees and vegetation classes
+
+
+def create_domain_from_voxcity(voxcity) -> Domain:
+    """
+    Create a Domain object from a VoxCity model.
+    
+    Args:
+        voxcity: VoxCity object with voxels attribute
+    
+    Returns:
+        Domain object configured for view analysis
+    """
+    voxel_data = voxcity.voxels.classes
+    nx, ny, nz = voxel_data.shape
+    meshsize = voxcity.voxels.meta.meshsize
+    
+    domain = Domain(
+        nx=nx, ny=ny, nz=nz,
+        dx=meshsize, dy=meshsize, dz=meshsize
+    )
+    
+    # Set domain from voxel data
+    domain.set_from_voxel_data(voxel_data, tree_code=VOXCITY_TREE_CODE)
+    
+    return domain
+
+
+def get_view_index_gpu(
+    voxcity,
+    mode: str = None,
+    hit_values: Tuple[int, ...] = None,
+    inclusion_mode: bool = True,
+    view_point_height: float = 1.5,
+    n_azimuth: int = 120,
+    n_elevation: int = 20,
+    elevation_min_degrees: float = -30.0,
+    elevation_max_degrees: float = 30.0,
+    ray_sampling: str = "grid",
+    n_rays: int = None,
+    tree_k: float = 0.5,
+    tree_lad: float = 1.0,
+    show_plot: bool = False,
+    **kwargs
+) -> np.ndarray:
+    """
+    GPU-accelerated View Index calculation for VoxCity.
+    
+    This function emulates voxcity.simulator.visibility.view.get_view_index
+    using Taichi GPU acceleration.
+    
+    Args:
+        voxcity: VoxCity object
+        mode: Predefined mode ('green', 'sky', or None for custom)
+        hit_values: Target voxel values to count as visible
+        inclusion_mode: If True, count hits on targets; if False, count non-blocked rays
+        view_point_height: Observer height above ground (meters)
+        n_azimuth: Number of azimuthal divisions
+        n_elevation: Number of elevation divisions
+        elevation_min_degrees: Minimum viewing angle
+        elevation_max_degrees: Maximum viewing angle
+        ray_sampling: 'grid' or 'fibonacci'
+        n_rays: Total rays for fibonacci sampling
+        tree_k: Tree extinction coefficient
+        tree_lad: Leaf area density
+        show_plot: Whether to display a matplotlib plot
+        **kwargs: Additional parameters
+    
+    Returns:
+        2D array of view index values
+    """
+    voxel_data = voxcity.voxels.classes
+    meshsize = voxcity.voxels.meta.meshsize
+    nx, ny, nz = voxel_data.shape
+    
+    # Create domain
+    domain = Domain(
+        nx=nx, ny=ny, nz=nz,
+        dx=meshsize, dy=meshsize, dz=meshsize
+    )
+    
+    # Create calculator
+    calc = ViewCalculator(
+        domain,
+        n_azimuth=n_azimuth,
+        n_elevation=n_elevation,
+        ray_sampling=ray_sampling,
+        n_rays=n_rays
+    )
+    
+    # Compute view index
+    vi_map = calc.compute_view_index(
+        voxel_data=voxel_data,
+        mode=mode,
+        hit_values=hit_values,
+        inclusion_mode=inclusion_mode,
+        view_point_height=view_point_height,
+        elevation_min_degrees=elevation_min_degrees,
+        elevation_max_degrees=elevation_max_degrees,
+        tree_k=tree_k,
+        tree_lad=tree_lad
+    )
+    
+    # Note: ViewCalculator.compute_view_index already flips to match VoxCity coordinate system
+    
+    # Plot if requested
+    if show_plot:
+        try:
+            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+            colormap = kwargs.get('colormap', 'viridis')
+            vmin = kwargs.get('vmin', 0.0)
+            vmax = kwargs.get('vmax', 1.0)
+            
+            cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap).copy()
+            cmap.set_bad(color='lightgray')
+            plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
+            plt.imshow(vi_map, origin='lower', cmap=cmap, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
+            plt.colorbar(label='View Index')
+            plt.axis('off')
+            plt.show()
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+    
+    return vi_map
+
+
+# VoxCity API-compatible function names (recommended interface)
+def get_view_index(voxcity, mode=None, hit_values=None, inclusion_mode=True, fast_path=True, **kwargs):
+    """
+    GPU-accelerated View Index calculation for VoxCity.
+    
+    This function matches the signature of voxcity.simulator.visibility.get_view_index
+    using Taichi GPU acceleration.
+    
+    Args:
+        voxcity: VoxCity object
+        mode: Predefined mode ('green', 'sky', or None for custom)
+        hit_values: Target voxel values to count as visible
+        inclusion_mode: If True, count hits on targets; if False, count non-blocked rays
+        **kwargs: Additional parameters including:
+            - view_point_height (float): Observer height above ground (default: 1.5)
+            - N_azimuth (int): Number of azimuthal divisions (default: 120)
+            - N_elevation (int): Number of elevation divisions (default: 20)
+            - elevation_min_degrees (float): Minimum viewing angle (default: -30)
+            - elevation_max_degrees (float): Maximum viewing angle (default: 30)
+            - ray_sampling (str): 'grid' or 'fibonacci' (default: 'grid')
+            - N_rays (int): Total rays for fibonacci sampling
+            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient (default: 0.5)
+            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density (default: 1.0)
+            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name (default: 'viridis')
+            - vmin, vmax (float): Colormap limits (default: 0.0, 1.0)
+            - obj_export (bool): Whether to export OBJ file (default: False)
+    
+    Returns:
+        2D array of view index values
+    """
+    # Map VoxCity-style kwargs to our internal parameter names
+    n_azimuth = kwargs.pop('N_azimuth', kwargs.pop('n_azimuth', 120))
+    n_elevation = kwargs.pop('N_elevation', kwargs.pop('n_elevation', 20))
+    n_rays = kwargs.pop('N_rays', kwargs.pop('n_rays', None))
+    view_point_height = kwargs.pop('view_point_height', 1.5)
+    elevation_min_degrees = kwargs.pop('elevation_min_degrees', -30.0)
+    elevation_max_degrees = kwargs.pop('elevation_max_degrees', 30.0)
+    ray_sampling = kwargs.pop('ray_sampling', 'grid')
+    tree_k = kwargs.pop('tree_k', 0.5)
+    tree_lad = kwargs.pop('tree_lad', 1.0)
+    
+    return get_view_index_gpu(
+        voxcity,
+        mode=mode,
+        hit_values=hit_values,
+        inclusion_mode=inclusion_mode,
+        view_point_height=view_point_height,
+        n_azimuth=n_azimuth,
+        n_elevation=n_elevation,
+        elevation_min_degrees=elevation_min_degrees,
+        elevation_max_degrees=elevation_max_degrees,
+        ray_sampling=ray_sampling,
+        n_rays=n_rays,
+        tree_k=tree_k,
+        tree_lad=tree_lad,
+        show_plot=True,  # VoxCity default shows plot
+        **kwargs
+    )
+
+
+def get_sky_view_factor_map(voxcity, show_plot=False, **kwargs):
+    """
+    GPU-accelerated Sky View Factor calculation for VoxCity.
+    
+    This function matches the signature of voxcity.simulator.visibility.get_sky_view_factor_map
+    using Taichi GPU acceleration.
+    
+    Args:
+        voxcity: VoxCity object
+        show_plot: Whether to display a matplotlib plot
+        **kwargs: Additional parameters including:
+            - view_point_height (float): Observer height above ground (default: 1.5)
+            - N_azimuth (int): Number of azimuthal divisions (default: 120)
+            - N_elevation (int): Number of elevation divisions (default: 20)
+            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient (default: 0.6)
+            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density (default: 1.0)
+            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name (default: 'BuPu_r')
+    
+    Returns:
+        2D array of SVF values
+    """
+    n_azimuth = kwargs.pop('N_azimuth', kwargs.pop('n_azimuth', 120))
+    n_elevation = kwargs.pop('N_elevation', kwargs.pop('n_elevation', 20))
+    view_point_height = kwargs.pop('view_point_height', 1.5)
+    tree_k = kwargs.pop('tree_k', 0.6)
+    tree_lad = kwargs.pop('tree_lad', 1.0)
+    colormap = kwargs.pop('colormap', 'BuPu_r')
+    
+    return get_view_index_gpu(
+        voxcity,
+        mode='sky',
+        view_point_height=view_point_height,
+        n_azimuth=n_azimuth,
+        n_elevation=n_elevation,
+        elevation_min_degrees=0.0,
+        elevation_max_degrees=90.0,
+        tree_k=tree_k,
+        tree_lad=tree_lad,
+        show_plot=show_plot,
+        colormap=colormap,
+        **kwargs
+    )
+
+
+def get_surface_view_factor(voxcity, mode=None, **kwargs):
+    """
+    GPU-accelerated Surface View Factor calculation for VoxCity.
+    
+    This function matches the signature of voxcity.simulator.visibility.get_surface_view_factor
+    using Taichi GPU acceleration.
+    
+    Computes view factors for building surface faces by tracing rays from
+    face centers through the voxel domain.
+    
+    Args:
+        voxcity: VoxCity object
+        **kwargs: Additional parameters including:
+            - value_name (str): Name for the metadata field (default: 'view_factor_values')
+            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name (default: 'BuPu_r')
+            - vmin, vmax (float): Colormap limits (default: 0.0, 1.0)
+            - N_azimuth (int): Number of azimuthal divisions (default: 120)
+            - N_elevation (int): Number of elevation divisions (default: 20)
+            - ray_sampling (str): 'grid' or 'fibonacci' (default: 'grid')
+            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient (default: 0.6)
+            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density (default: 1.0)
+            - target_values (tuple): Target voxel values (default: (0,))
+            - inclusion_mode (bool): Inclusion vs exclusion mode (default: False)
+            - building_class_id (int): Building class ID for mesh extraction (default: -3)
+            - progress_report (bool): Show progress (default: False)
+            - obj_export (bool): Export mesh to OBJ (default: False)
+    
+    Returns:
+        Trimesh object with view factor values in metadata
+    """
+    voxel_data = voxcity.voxels.classes
+    meshsize = voxcity.voxels.meta.meshsize
+    building_id_grid = voxcity.buildings.ids
+    nx, ny, nz = voxel_data.shape
+    
+    value_name = kwargs.get('value_name', 'view_factor_values')
+    n_azimuth = kwargs.get('N_azimuth', kwargs.get('n_azimuth', 120))
+    n_elevation = kwargs.get('N_elevation', kwargs.get('n_elevation', 20))
+    ray_sampling = kwargs.get('ray_sampling', 'grid')
+    n_rays = kwargs.get('N_rays', kwargs.get('n_rays', None))
+    tree_k = kwargs.get('tree_k', 0.6)
+    tree_lad = kwargs.get('tree_lad', 1.0)
+    building_class_id = kwargs.get('building_class_id', -3)
+    progress_report = kwargs.get('progress_report', False)
+    
+    # Handle mode parameter
+    if mode == 'sky':
+        target_values = (0,)
+        inclusion_mode = False
+    elif mode == 'green':
+        target_values = (-2, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8)
+        inclusion_mode = True
+    else:
+        target_values = kwargs.get('target_values', (0,))
+        inclusion_mode = kwargs.get('inclusion_mode', False)
+    
+    # Try to import mesh creation utility
+    try:
+        from voxcity.geoprocessor.mesh import create_voxel_mesh
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError("VoxCity geoprocessor.mesh module required for surface view factor calculation")
+    
+    # Create mesh from building voxels
+    try:
+        building_mesh = create_voxel_mesh(
+            voxel_data,
+            building_class_id,
+            meshsize,
+            building_id_grid=building_id_grid,
+            mesh_type='open_air'
+        )
+        if building_mesh is None or len(building_mesh.faces) == 0:
+            print("No surfaces found in voxel data for the specified class.")
+            return None
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Error during mesh extraction: {e}")
+        return None
+    
+    if progress_report:
+        print(f"Processing view factor for {len(building_mesh.faces)} faces...")
+    
+    face_centers = building_mesh.triangles_center.astype(np.float32)
+    face_normals = building_mesh.face_normals.astype(np.float32)
+    
+    # Create domain and calculator
+    domain = Domain(
+        nx=nx, ny=ny, nz=nz,
+        dx=meshsize, dy=meshsize, dz=meshsize
+    )
+    
+    calc = SurfaceViewFactorCalculator(
+        domain,
+        n_azimuth=n_azimuth,
+        n_elevation=n_elevation,
+        ray_sampling=ray_sampling,
+        n_rays=n_rays
+    )
+    
+    # Compute surface view factors
+    face_vf_values = calc.compute_surface_view_factor(
+        face_centers=face_centers,
+        face_normals=face_normals,
+        voxel_data=voxel_data,
+        target_values=target_values,
+        inclusion_mode=inclusion_mode,
+        tree_k=tree_k,
+        tree_lad=tree_lad
+    )
+    
+    # Add values to mesh metadata
+    if not hasattr(building_mesh, 'metadata'):
+        building_mesh.metadata = {}
+    building_mesh.metadata[value_name] = face_vf_values
+    
+    # Export if requested
+    obj_export = kwargs.get('obj_export', False)
+    if obj_export:
+        import os
+        output_dir = kwargs.get('output_directory', 'output')
+        output_file_name = kwargs.get('output_file_name', 'surface_view_factor')
+        os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
+        try:
+            building_mesh.export(f"{output_dir}/{output_file_name}.obj")
+            if progress_report:
+                print(f"Exported surface mesh to {output_dir}/{output_file_name}.obj")
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error exporting mesh: {e}")
+    
+    return building_mesh
+
+
+def get_landmark_visibility_map(voxcity, building_gdf=None, **kwargs):
+    """
+    GPU-accelerated Landmark Visibility Map calculation for VoxCity.
+    
+    This function matches the signature of voxcity.simulator.visibility.get_landmark_visibility_map
+    using Taichi GPU acceleration.
+    
+    Args:
+        voxcity: VoxCity object
+        building_gdf: GeoDataFrame of buildings (optional, will use voxcity.extras['building_gdf'])
+        **kwargs: Additional parameters including:
+            - view_point_height (float): Observer height above ground (default: 1.5)
+            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name (default: 'viridis')
+            - landmark_building_ids (list): List of building IDs to mark as landmarks
+            - landmark_polygon: Polygon to select landmark buildings
+            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient (default: 0.6)
+            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density (default: 1.0)
+            - obj_export (bool): Export results to OBJ (default: False)
+    
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of (visibility_map, modified_voxel_data)
+    """
+    landmark_building_ids = kwargs.pop('landmark_building_ids', None)
+    view_point_height = kwargs.pop('view_point_height', 1.5)
+    tree_k = kwargs.pop('tree_k', 0.6)
+    tree_lad = kwargs.pop('tree_lad', 1.0)
+    colormap = kwargs.pop('colormap', 'viridis')
+    
+    # Get landmark IDs from various sources if not provided
+    if landmark_building_ids is None:
+        landmark_polygon = kwargs.get('landmark_polygon', None)
+        if landmark_polygon is not None and building_gdf is not None:
+            try:
+                from voxcity.geoprocessor.selection import get_buildings_in_drawn_polygon
+                # Convert landmark_polygon to VoxCity expected format
+                # VoxCity expects: [{'vertices': [(x1,y1), (x2,y2), ...]}]
+                if hasattr(landmark_polygon, 'exterior'):
+                    # Single shapely Polygon - convert to VoxCity format
+                    polygons = [{'vertices': list(landmark_polygon.exterior.coords)}]
+                elif isinstance(landmark_polygon, list) and len(landmark_polygon) > 0:
+                    if isinstance(landmark_polygon[0], dict) and 'vertices' in landmark_polygon[0]:
+                        # Already in VoxCity format
+                        polygons = landmark_polygon
+                    elif hasattr(landmark_polygon[0], 'exterior'):
+                        # List of shapely Polygons
+                        polygons = [{'vertices': list(p.exterior.coords)} for p in landmark_polygon]
+                    else:
+                        # Assume list of coordinate tuples - wrap as single polygon
+                        polygons = [{'vertices': landmark_polygon}]
+                else:
+                    polygons = landmark_polygon
+                # Use 'intersect' to find buildings that touch/overlap the polygon
+                landmark_building_ids = get_buildings_in_drawn_polygon(building_gdf, polygons, operation='intersect')
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+        
+        if landmark_building_ids is None:
+            rectangle_vertices = kwargs.get('rectangle_vertices', None)
+            if rectangle_vertices is None:
+                rectangle_vertices = voxcity.extras.get('rectangle_vertices', None)
+            if rectangle_vertices is not None and building_gdf is not None:
+                try:
+                    from voxcity.geoprocessor.selection import find_building_containing_point
+                    lons = [coord[0] for coord in rectangle_vertices]
+                    lats = [coord[1] for coord in rectangle_vertices]
+                    center_lon = (min(lons) + max(lons)) / 2
+                    center_lat = (min(lats) + max(lats)) / 2
+                    target_point = (center_lon, center_lat)
+                    landmark_building_ids = find_building_containing_point(building_gdf, target_point)
+                except ImportError:
+                    pass
+    
+    if landmark_building_ids is None:
+        print("Cannot set landmark buildings. You need to input either of rectangle_vertices or landmark_building_ids.")
+        return None
+    
+    return get_landmark_visibility_map_gpu(
+        voxcity,
+        building_gdf=building_gdf,
+        landmark_building_ids=landmark_building_ids,
+        view_point_height=view_point_height,
+        tree_k=tree_k,
+        tree_lad=tree_lad,
+        show_plot=True,  # VoxCity default shows plot
+        colormap=colormap,
+        **kwargs
+    )
+
+
+def get_surface_landmark_visibility(voxcity, building_gdf=None, **kwargs):
+    """
+    GPU-accelerated Surface Landmark Visibility calculation for VoxCity.
+    
+    This function matches the signature of voxcity.simulator.visibility.get_surface_landmark_visibility
+    using Taichi GPU acceleration.
+    
+    Computes landmark visibility for building surface faces.
+    
+    Args:
+        voxcity: VoxCity object
+        building_gdf: GeoDataFrame of buildings
+        **kwargs: Additional parameters including:
+            - landmark_building_ids (list): List of building IDs to mark as landmarks
+            - landmark_polygon: Polygon to select landmark buildings
+            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient (default: 0.6)
+            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density (default: 1.0)
+            - building_class_id (int): Building class ID (default: -3)
+            - progress_report (bool): Show progress (default: False)
+            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name (default: 'RdYlGn')
+            - obj_export (bool): Export mesh to OBJ (default: False)
+    
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of (building_mesh with visibility, modified_voxel_data)
+    """
+    if building_gdf is None:
+        building_gdf = voxcity.extras.get('building_gdf', None)
+        if building_gdf is None:
+            raise ValueError("building_gdf not provided and not found in voxcity.extras['building_gdf']")
+    
+    voxel_data = voxcity.voxels.classes
+    building_id_grid = voxcity.buildings.ids
+    meshsize = voxcity.voxels.meta.meshsize
+    nx, ny, nz = voxel_data.shape
+    
+    progress_report = kwargs.get('progress_report', False)
+    landmark_building_ids = kwargs.get('landmark_building_ids', None)
+    landmark_polygon = kwargs.get('landmark_polygon', None)
+    tree_k = kwargs.get('tree_k', 0.6)
+    tree_lad = kwargs.get('tree_lad', 1.0)
+    building_class_id = kwargs.get('building_class_id', -3)
+    colormap = kwargs.get('colormap', 'RdYlGn')
+    landmark_value = -30
+    
+    # Get landmark IDs
+    if landmark_building_ids is None:
+        if landmark_polygon is not None:
+            try:
+                from voxcity.geoprocessor.selection import get_buildings_in_drawn_polygon
+                # Convert landmark_polygon to VoxCity expected format
+                # VoxCity expects: [{'vertices': [(x1,y1), (x2,y2), ...]}]
+                if hasattr(landmark_polygon, 'exterior'):
+                    # Single shapely Polygon - convert to VoxCity format
+                    polygons = [{'vertices': list(landmark_polygon.exterior.coords)}]
+                elif isinstance(landmark_polygon, list) and len(landmark_polygon) > 0:
+                    if isinstance(landmark_polygon[0], dict) and 'vertices' in landmark_polygon[0]:
+                        # Already in VoxCity format
+                        polygons = landmark_polygon
+                    elif hasattr(landmark_polygon[0], 'exterior'):
+                        # List of shapely Polygons
+                        polygons = [{'vertices': list(p.exterior.coords)} for p in landmark_polygon]
+                    else:
+                        # Assume list of coordinate tuples - wrap as single polygon
+                        polygons = [{'vertices': landmark_polygon}]
+                else:
+                    polygons = landmark_polygon
+                # Use 'intersect' to find buildings that touch/overlap the polygon
+                landmark_building_ids = get_buildings_in_drawn_polygon(building_gdf, polygons, operation='intersect')
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+        else:
+            rectangle_vertices = kwargs.get('rectangle_vertices', None)
+            if rectangle_vertices is None:
+                rectangle_vertices = voxcity.extras.get('rectangle_vertices', None)
+            if rectangle_vertices is None:
+                print("Cannot set landmark buildings. You need to input either rectangle_vertices or landmark_building_ids.")
+                return None, None
+            try:
+                from voxcity.geoprocessor.selection import find_building_containing_point
+                lons = [coord[0] for coord in rectangle_vertices]
+                lats = [coord[1] for coord in rectangle_vertices]
+                center_lon = (min(lons) + max(lons)) / 2
+                center_lat = (min(lats) + max(lats)) / 2
+                target_point = (center_lon, center_lat)
+                landmark_building_ids = find_building_containing_point(building_gdf, target_point)
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+    
+    if landmark_building_ids is None:
+        print("Cannot set landmark buildings. No landmark_building_ids found.")
+        return None, None
+    
+    # Prepare voxel data
+    voxel_data_for_mesh = voxel_data.copy()
+    voxel_data_modified = voxel_data.copy()
+    voxel_data_modified = mark_building_by_id(voxel_data_modified, building_id_grid, landmark_building_ids, landmark_value)
+    voxel_data_for_mesh = mark_building_by_id(voxel_data_for_mesh, building_id_grid, landmark_building_ids, 0)
+    
+    landmark_positions = np.argwhere(voxel_data_modified == landmark_value).astype(np.float32)
+    if landmark_positions.shape[0] == 0:
+        print(f"No landmarks found after marking buildings with IDs: {landmark_building_ids}")
+        return None, None
+    
+    if progress_report:
+        print(f"Found {landmark_positions.shape[0]} landmark voxels")
+        print(f"Landmark building IDs: {landmark_building_ids}")
+    
+    # Create mesh
+    try:
+        from voxcity.geoprocessor.mesh import create_voxel_mesh
+        building_mesh = create_voxel_mesh(
+            voxel_data_for_mesh,
+            building_class_id,
+            meshsize,
+            building_id_grid=building_id_grid,
+            mesh_type='open_air'
+        )
+        if building_mesh is None or len(building_mesh.faces) == 0:
+            print("No non-landmark building surfaces found in voxel data.")
+            return None, None
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError("VoxCity geoprocessor.mesh module required for surface landmark visibility")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Error during mesh extraction: {e}")
+        return None, None
+    
+    if progress_report:
+        print(f"Processing landmark visibility for {len(building_mesh.faces)} faces...")
+    
+    face_centers = building_mesh.triangles_center.astype(np.float32)
+    face_normals = building_mesh.face_normals.astype(np.float32)
+    
+    # Create domain and calculator
+    domain = Domain(
+        nx=nx, ny=ny, nz=nz,
+        dx=meshsize, dy=meshsize, dz=meshsize
+    )
+    
+    calc = SurfaceLandmarkVisibilityCalculator(domain)
+    calc.set_landmarks_from_positions(landmark_positions)
+    
+    # Compute surface landmark visibility
+    visibility_values = calc.compute_surface_landmark_visibility(
+        face_centers=face_centers,
+        face_normals=face_normals,
+        voxel_data=voxel_data_modified,
+        landmark_value=landmark_value,
+        tree_k=tree_k,
+        tree_lad=tree_lad
+    )
+    
+    # Add to mesh metadata
+    building_mesh.metadata = getattr(building_mesh, 'metadata', {})
+    building_mesh.metadata['landmark_visibility'] = visibility_values
+    
+    if progress_report:
+        valid_mask = ~np.isnan(visibility_values)
+        n_valid = np.sum(valid_mask)
+        n_visible = np.sum(visibility_values[valid_mask] > 0.5)
+        print(f"Landmark visibility statistics:")
+        print(f"  Total faces: {len(visibility_values)}")
+        print(f"  Valid faces: {n_valid}")
+        print(f"  Faces with landmark visibility: {n_visible} ({n_visible/n_valid*100:.1f}%)")
+    
+    # Export if requested
+    obj_export = kwargs.get('obj_export', False)
+    if obj_export:
+        import os
+        try:
+            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+            output_dir = kwargs.get('output_directory', 'output')
+            output_file_name = kwargs.get('output_file_name', 'surface_landmark_visibility')
+            os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
+            
+            cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap)
+            face_colors = np.zeros((len(visibility_values), 4))
+            for i, val in enumerate(visibility_values):
+                if np.isnan(val):
+                    face_colors[i] = [0.7, 0.7, 0.7, 1.0]
+                else:
+                    face_colors[i] = cmap(val)
+            building_mesh.visual.face_colors = face_colors
+            building_mesh.export(f"{output_dir}/{output_file_name}.obj")
+            if progress_report:
+                print(f"Exported surface mesh to {output_dir}/{output_file_name}.obj")
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error exporting mesh: {e}")
+    
+    return building_mesh, voxel_data_modified
+
+
+def get_sky_view_factor_map_gpu(
+    voxcity,
+    view_point_height: float = 1.5,
+    n_azimuth: int = 120,
+    n_elevation: int = 20,
+    tree_k: float = 0.6,
+    tree_lad: float = 1.0,
+    show_plot: bool = False,
+    **kwargs
+) -> np.ndarray:
+    """
+    GPU-accelerated Sky View Factor calculation for VoxCity.
+    
+    Legacy function - use get_sky_view_factor_map() for VoxCity API compatibility.
+    
+    Args:
+        voxcity: VoxCity object
+        view_point_height: Observer height above ground (meters)
+        n_azimuth: Number of azimuthal divisions
+        n_elevation: Number of elevation divisions
+        tree_k: Tree extinction coefficient
+        tree_lad: Leaf area density
+        show_plot: Whether to display a matplotlib plot
+        **kwargs: Additional parameters
+    
+    Returns:
+        2D array of SVF values
+    """
+    return get_view_index_gpu(
+        voxcity,
+        mode='sky',
+        view_point_height=view_point_height,
+        n_azimuth=n_azimuth,
+        n_elevation=n_elevation,
+        elevation_min_degrees=0.0,
+        elevation_max_degrees=90.0,
+        tree_k=tree_k,
+        tree_lad=tree_lad,
+        show_plot=show_plot,
+        **kwargs
+    )
+
+
+def get_landmark_visibility_map_gpu(
+    voxcity,
+    building_gdf=None,
+    landmark_building_ids: List[int] = None,
+    view_point_height: float = 1.5,
+    tree_k: float = 0.6,
+    tree_lad: float = 1.0,
+    show_plot: bool = False,
+    **kwargs
+) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
+    """
+    GPU-accelerated Landmark Visibility calculation for VoxCity.
+    
+    Legacy function - use get_landmark_visibility_map() for VoxCity API compatibility.
+    
+    Args:
+        voxcity: VoxCity object
+        building_gdf: GeoDataFrame of buildings (optional)
+        landmark_building_ids: List of building IDs to mark as landmarks
+        view_point_height: Observer height above ground (meters)
+        tree_k: Tree extinction coefficient
+        tree_lad: Leaf area density
+        show_plot: Whether to display a matplotlib plot
+        **kwargs: Additional parameters
+    
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of (visibility_map, modified_voxel_data)
+    """
+    if landmark_building_ids is None:
+        raise ValueError("landmark_building_ids must be provided")
+    
+    voxel_data = voxcity.voxels.classes
+    building_id_grid = voxcity.buildings.ids
+    meshsize = voxcity.voxels.meta.meshsize
+    nx, ny, nz = voxel_data.shape
+    
+    view_height_voxel = int(view_point_height / meshsize)
+    
+    # Mark landmark buildings
+    target_value = -30
+    voxel_data_modified = mark_building_by_id(
+        voxel_data, building_id_grid, landmark_building_ids, target_value
+    )
+    
+    # Create domain
+    domain = Domain(
+        nx=nx, ny=ny, nz=nz,
+        dx=meshsize, dy=meshsize, dz=meshsize
+    )
+    
+    # Create calculator
+    calc = LandmarkVisibilityCalculator(domain)
+    calc.set_landmarks_from_voxel_value(voxel_data_modified, target_value)
+    
+    # Compute visibility
+    visibility_map = calc.compute_visibility_map(
+        voxel_data=voxel_data_modified,
+        view_height_voxel=view_height_voxel,
+        tree_k=tree_k,
+        tree_lad=tree_lad
+    )
+    
+    # Plot if requested
+    if show_plot:
+        try:
+            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+            import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
+            colormap = kwargs.get('colormap', 'viridis')
+            
+            cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap, 2).copy()
+            cmap.set_bad(color='lightgray')
+            plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
+            plt.imshow(visibility_map, origin='lower', cmap=cmap, vmin=0, vmax=1)
+            visible_patch = mpatches.Patch(color=cmap(1.0), label='Visible (1)')
+            not_visible_patch = mpatches.Patch(color=cmap(0.0), label='Not Visible (0)')
+            plt.legend(handles=[visible_patch, not_visible_patch], 
+                      loc='center left', bbox_to_anchor=(1.0, 0.5))
+            plt.axis('off')
+            plt.show()
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+    
+    return visibility_map, voxel_data_modified