voxcity 1.0.2__py3-none-any.whl → 1.0.15__py3-none-any.whl

voxcity/simulator_gpu/solar/svf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+"""
+Sky View Factor (SVF) calculation for palm-solar.
+
+Computes the fraction of sky hemisphere visible from each surface element.
+Uses GPU-accelerated ray tracing to sample the hemisphere.
+
+PALM Alignment:
+- Uses PALM's vffrac_up formula: (cos(2*elev_low) - cos(2*elev_high)) / (2*n_azim)
+- Default discretization: n_azimuth=80, n_elevation=40 (PALM defaults)
+- svf output is equivalent to PALM's skyvft (transmissivity-weighted sky view factor)
+- svf_urban output is equivalent to PALM's skyvf (urban-only, no canopy)
+- Ray accumulation: SUM(vffrac * trans) matching PALM's methodology
+  PALM: skyvft = SUM(ztransp * vffrac, MASK=(itarget < 0))
+"""
+
+import taichi as ti
+import math
+from typing import Tuple, Optional
+
+from .core import Vector3, Point3, PI, TWO_PI
+from .raytracing import ray_voxel_first_hit, ray_canopy_absorption, sample_hemisphere_direction, hemisphere_solid_angle
+
+
+@ti.data_oriented
+class SVFCalculator:
+    """
+    GPU-accelerated Sky View Factor calculator.
+    
+    Computes SVF by tracing rays from each surface to the hemisphere.
+    SVF = fraction of hemisphere visible from surface.
+    """
+    
+    def __init__(self, domain, n_azimuth: int = 80, n_elevation: int = 40):
+        """
+        Initialize SVF calculator.
+        
+        Args:
+            domain: Domain object with grid geometry
+            n_azimuth: Number of azimuthal divisions (default 80)
+            n_elevation: Number of elevation divisions (default 40)
+        """
+        self.domain = domain
+        self.nx = domain.nx
+        self.ny = domain.ny
+        self.nz = domain.nz
+        self.dx = domain.dx
+        self.dy = domain.dy
+        self.dz = domain.dz
+        
+        self.n_azimuth = n_azimuth
+        self.n_elevation = n_elevation
+        self.n_directions = n_azimuth * n_elevation
+        
+        # Maximum ray distance
+        self.max_dist = math.sqrt(
+            (self.nx * self.dx)**2 + 
+            (self.ny * self.dy)**2 + 
+            (self.nz * self.dz)**2
+        )
+        
+        # Pre-compute directions and view factor fractions
+        # PALM uses separate vffrac_up (for upward surfaces) and vffrac_vert (for vertical surfaces)
+        # See radiation_model_mod.f90 lines 12093-12105
+        # vffrac_up is pre-computed; vffrac_vert is computed on-the-fly since it depends on surface orientation
+        self.directions = ti.Vector.field(3, dtype=ti.f32, shape=(n_azimuth, n_elevation))
+        self.solid_angles = ti.field(dtype=ti.f32, shape=(n_azimuth, n_elevation))  # vffrac_up for upward surfaces
+        self.total_solid_angle = ti.field(dtype=ti.f32, shape=())
+        
+        self._init_directions()
+    
+    @ti.kernel
+    def _init_directions(self):
+        """
+        Pre-compute hemisphere directions and view factor fractions for upward surfaces.
+        
+        Uses PALM's formulas for view factor fractions (radiation_model_mod.f90 lines 12093-12105):
+        
+        1. For upward surfaces (vffrac_up, pre-computed here):
+           vffrac_up = (cos(2*elev_low) - cos(2*elev_high)) / (2*n_azim)
+           This accounts for cosine-weighted projected area on horizontal surface.
+        
+        2. For vertical surfaces (vffrac_vert, computed on-the-fly in compute_svf):
+           vffrac_vert = (sin(az2) - sin(az1)) * elev_terms / (2*pi)
+           where elev_terms = elev_high - elev_low + sin(elev_low)*cos(elev_low) - sin(elev_high)*cos(elev_high)
+           Azimuth is measured relative to surface normal: az = azim_angle_relative - pi/2
+           
+        Elevation angle is measured from zenith (0 = up, π/2 = horizon).
+        The sum of vffrac_up over all rays in the upper hemisphere equals 1.0.
+        """
+        total_omega = 0.0
+        n_azim_f = ti.cast(self.n_azimuth, ti.f32)
+        n_elev_f = ti.cast(self.n_elevation, ti.f32)
+        
+        d_azim = TWO_PI / n_azim_f  # Azimuth step size
+        
+        for i_azim, i_elev in ti.ndrange(self.n_azimuth, self.n_elevation):
+            # Elevation boundaries (from zenith)
+            elev_low = ti.cast(i_elev, ti.f32) * (PI / 2.0) / n_elev_f
+            elev_high = ti.cast(i_elev + 1, ti.f32) * (PI / 2.0) / n_elev_f
+            elev_center = (elev_low + elev_high) / 2.0
+            
+            # Azimuth center
+            azim_center = (ti.cast(i_azim, ti.f32) + 0.5) * d_azim
+            
+            # Direction vector (x=East, y=North, z=Up)
+            sin_elev = ti.sin(elev_center)
+            cos_elev = ti.cos(elev_center)
+            
+            x = sin_elev * ti.sin(azim_center)
+            y = sin_elev * ti.cos(azim_center)
+            z = cos_elev
+            
+            self.directions[i_azim, i_elev] = Vector3(x, y, z)
+            
+            # View factor fraction for upward-facing surfaces (PALM formula)
+            # vffrac_up = (cos(2*elev_low) - cos(2*elev_high)) / (2*n_azim)
+            vf_up = (ti.cos(2.0 * elev_low) - ti.cos(2.0 * elev_high)) / (2.0 * n_azim_f)
+            self.solid_angles[i_azim, i_elev] = vf_up
+            total_omega += vf_up
+        
+        self.total_solid_angle[None] = total_omega
+    
+    @ti.kernel
+    def compute_svf(
+        self,
+        surf_pos: ti.template(),
+        surf_dir: ti.template(),
+        is_solid: ti.template(),
+        n_surf: ti.i32,
+        svf: ti.template()
+    ):
+        """
+        Compute Sky View Factor for all surfaces.
+        
+        Uses PALM's methodology (radiation_model_mod.f90):
+        - For upward surfaces: vffrac_up = (cos(2*elev_low) - cos(2*elev_high)) / (2*n_azim)
+        - For vertical surfaces: vffrac_vert = (sin(az2) - sin(az1)) * elev_terms / (2*pi)
+          where az is measured relative to surface normal and elev_terms accounts for 
+          the elevation integration.
+        
+        Args:
+            surf_pos: Surface positions (n_surf, 3)
+            surf_dir: Surface directions (n_surf,)
+            is_solid: 3D field of solid cells
+            n_surf: Number of surfaces
+            svf: Output SVF values (n_surf,)
+        """
+        n_azim_f = ti.cast(self.n_azimuth, ti.f32)
+        n_elev_f = ti.cast(self.n_elevation, ti.f32)
+        d_azim = TWO_PI / n_azim_f  # Azimuth step size
+        
+        for i in range(n_surf):
+            pos = Vector3(surf_pos[i][0], surf_pos[i][1], surf_pos[i][2])
+            direction = surf_dir[i]
+            
+            # Get surface normal and azimuth of normal (for vertical surfaces)
+            normal = Vector3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+            normal_azim = 0.0  # Azimuth angle of surface normal (for vertical surfaces)
+            
+            if direction == 0:  # Up
+                normal = Vector3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
+            elif direction == 1:  # Down
+                normal = Vector3(0.0, 0.0, -1.0)
+            elif direction == 2:  # North (normal points +y)
+                normal = Vector3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
+                normal_azim = 0.0  # North is azimuth 0
+            elif direction == 3:  # South (normal points -y)
+                normal = Vector3(0.0, -1.0, 0.0)
+                normal_azim = PI  # South is azimuth π
+            elif direction == 4:  # East (normal points +x)
+                normal = Vector3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+                normal_azim = PI / 2.0  # East is azimuth π/2
+            elif direction == 5:  # West (normal points -x)
+                normal = Vector3(-1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+                normal_azim = 3.0 * PI / 2.0  # West is azimuth 3π/2
+            
+            visible_vf = 0.0
+            total_vf = 0.0
+            
+            # Trace rays to all hemisphere directions
+            for i_azim, i_elev in ti.ndrange(self.n_azimuth, self.n_elevation):
+                ray_dir = self.directions[i_azim, i_elev]
+                
+                # Check if direction is above surface (dot product with normal > 0)
+                cos_angle = ray_dir[0] * normal[0] + ray_dir[1] * normal[1] + ray_dir[2] * normal[2]
+                
+                if cos_angle > 0.001:  # Small threshold to avoid numerical issues
+                    # Compute view factor fraction based on surface orientation
+                    elev_low = ti.cast(i_elev, ti.f32) * (PI / 2.0) / n_elev_f
+                    elev_high = ti.cast(i_elev + 1, ti.f32) * (PI / 2.0) / n_elev_f
+                    
+                    vf_frac = 0.0
+                    if direction == 0:  # Upward surface
+                        # PALM: vffrac_up = (cos(2*elev_low) - cos(2*elev_high)) / (2*n_azim)
+                        vf_frac = (ti.cos(2.0 * elev_low) - ti.cos(2.0 * elev_high)) / (2.0 * n_azim_f)
+                    elif direction == 1:  # Downward surface
+                        # Use same formula as upward (symmetric)
+                        vf_frac = (ti.cos(2.0 * elev_low) - ti.cos(2.0 * elev_high)) / (2.0 * n_azim_f)
+                    else:
+                        # Vertical surfaces: use PALM's vffrac_vert formula
+                        # Compute azimuth relative to surface normal
+                        azim_low = ti.cast(i_azim, ti.f32) * d_azim
+                        azim_high = ti.cast(i_azim + 1, ti.f32) * d_azim
+                        
+                        # Relative azimuth (measured from surface normal)
+                        # PALM shifts by -π/2 so that az=0 is at surface normal
+                        az1_rel = azim_low - normal_azim - PI / 2.0
+                        az2_rel = azim_high - normal_azim - PI / 2.0
+                        
+                        # Elevation terms for vertical surface
+                        # elev_terms = elev_high - elev_low + sin(elev_low)*cos(elev_low) - sin(elev_high)*cos(elev_high)
+                        elev_terms = (elev_high - elev_low 
+                                     + ti.sin(elev_low) * ti.cos(elev_low) 
+                                     - ti.sin(elev_high) * ti.cos(elev_high))
+                        
+                        # vffrac_vert = (sin(az2) - sin(az1)) * elev_terms / (2*π)
+                        vf_frac = (ti.sin(az2_rel) - ti.sin(az1_rel)) * elev_terms / TWO_PI
+                        
+                        # Only positive contributions (ray in front of surface)
+                        if vf_frac < 0.0:
+                            vf_frac = 0.0
+                    
+                    total_vf += vf_frac
+                    
+                    # Trace ray
+                    hit, _, _, _, _ = ray_voxel_first_hit(
+                        pos, ray_dir,
+                        is_solid,
+                        self.nx, self.ny, self.nz,
+                        self.dx, self.dy, self.dz,
+                        self.max_dist
+                    )
+                    
+                    if hit == 0:
+                        visible_vf += vf_frac
+            
+            # For vertical surfaces (direction 2-5), account for ground blocking
+            # Directions with z < 0 see ground, not sky
+            # We sample hemisphere with z > 0, but for vertical walls the mirrored rays (z < 0)
+            # would have same view factor contribution and are ALL blocked by ground
+            # This effectively doubles the total and leaves visible unchanged
+            if direction >= 2:  # Vertical surfaces
+                # The lower hemisphere (z < 0) contribution equals upper hemisphere (z > 0) by symmetry
+                # All lower hemisphere rays are blocked by ground
+                total_vf = total_vf * 2.0
+            
+            # Normalize SVF so that unobstructed surface = 1.0
+            if total_vf > 0.001:
+                svf[i] = visible_vf / total_vf
+            else:
+                svf[i] = 1.0
+    
+    @ti.kernel
+    def compute_svf_with_canopy(
+        self,
+        surf_pos: ti.template(),
+        surf_dir: ti.template(),
+        is_solid: ti.template(),
+        lad: ti.template(),
+        n_surf: ti.i32,
+        ext_coef: ti.f32,
+        svf: ti.template(),
+        svf_urban: ti.template()
+    ):
+        """
+        Compute SVF including canopy absorption.
+        
+        Uses PALM's methodology (radiation_model_mod.f90):
+        - For upward surfaces: vffrac_up = (cos(2*elev_low) - cos(2*elev_high)) / (2*n_azim)
+        - For vertical surfaces: vffrac_vert = (sin(az2) - sin(az1)) * elev_terms / (2*pi)
+        
+        Args:
+            surf_pos: Surface positions
+            surf_dir: Surface directions
+            is_solid: 3D solid field
+            lad: 3D Leaf Area Density field
+            n_surf: Number of surfaces
+            ext_coef: Extinction coefficient
+            svf: Output SVF with canopy (n_surf,)
+            svf_urban: Output SVF without canopy (n_surf,)
+        """
+        n_azim_f = ti.cast(self.n_azimuth, ti.f32)
+        n_elev_f = ti.cast(self.n_elevation, ti.f32)
+        d_azim = TWO_PI / n_azim_f
+        
+        for i in range(n_surf):
+            pos = Vector3(surf_pos[i][0], surf_pos[i][1], surf_pos[i][2])
+            direction = surf_dir[i]
+            
+            # Get surface normal and azimuth of normal (for vertical surfaces)
+            normal = Vector3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+            normal_azim = 0.0
+            
+            if direction == 0:  # Up
+                normal = Vector3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
+            elif direction == 1:  # Down
+                normal = Vector3(0.0, 0.0, -1.0)
+            elif direction == 2:  # North
+                normal = Vector3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
+                normal_azim = 0.0
+            elif direction == 3:  # South
+                normal = Vector3(0.0, -1.0, 0.0)
+                normal_azim = PI
+            elif direction == 4:  # East
+                normal = Vector3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+                normal_azim = PI / 2.0
+            elif direction == 5:  # West
+                normal = Vector3(-1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+                normal_azim = 3.0 * PI / 2.0
+            
+            visible_omega = 0.0
+            visible_omega_urban = 0.0
+            total_omega = 0.0
+            
+            for i_azim, i_elev in ti.ndrange(self.n_azimuth, self.n_elevation):
+                ray_dir = self.directions[i_azim, i_elev]
+                
+                cos_angle = ray_dir[0] * normal[0] + ray_dir[1] * normal[1] + ray_dir[2] * normal[2]
+                
+                if cos_angle > 0.001:
+                    # Compute view factor fraction based on surface orientation
+                    elev_low = ti.cast(i_elev, ti.f32) * (PI / 2.0) / n_elev_f
+                    elev_high = ti.cast(i_elev + 1, ti.f32) * (PI / 2.0) / n_elev_f
+                    
+                    vf_frac = 0.0
+                    if direction == 0 or direction == 1:  # Upward or Downward surface
+                        # PALM: vffrac_up
+                        vf_frac = (ti.cos(2.0 * elev_low) - ti.cos(2.0 * elev_high)) / (2.0 * n_azim_f)
+                    else:
+                        # Vertical surfaces: use PALM's vffrac_vert formula
+                        azim_low = ti.cast(i_azim, ti.f32) * d_azim
+                        azim_high = ti.cast(i_azim + 1, ti.f32) * d_azim
+                        
+                        # Relative azimuth (measured from surface normal)
+                        az1_rel = azim_low - normal_azim - PI / 2.0
+                        az2_rel = azim_high - normal_azim - PI / 2.0
+                        
+                        # Elevation terms
+                        elev_terms = (elev_high - elev_low 
+                                     + ti.sin(elev_low) * ti.cos(elev_low) 
+                                     - ti.sin(elev_high) * ti.cos(elev_high))
+                        
+                        # vffrac_vert = (sin(az2) - sin(az1)) * elev_terms / (2*π)
+                        vf_frac = (ti.sin(az2_rel) - ti.sin(az1_rel)) * elev_terms / TWO_PI
+                        
+                        if vf_frac < 0.0:
+                            vf_frac = 0.0
+                    
+                    total_omega += vf_frac
+                    
+                    # Trace with canopy absorption
+                    trans, _ = ray_canopy_absorption(
+                        pos, ray_dir,
+                        lad, is_solid,
+                        self.nx, self.ny, self.nz,
+                        self.dx, self.dy, self.dz,
+                        self.max_dist,
+                        ext_coef
+                    )
+                    
+                    # SVF with canopy considers transparency (PALM's skyvft)
+                    visible_omega += vf_frac * trans
+                    
+                    # SVF urban (only solid obstacles, PALM's skyvf)
+                    hit, _, _, _, _ = ray_voxel_first_hit(
+                        pos, ray_dir,
+                        is_solid,
+                        self.nx, self.ny, self.nz,
+                        self.dx, self.dy, self.dz,
+                        self.max_dist
+                    )
+                    if hit == 0:
+                        visible_omega_urban += vf_frac
+            
+            # For vertical surfaces (direction 2-5), account for ground blocking
+            # Directions with z < 0 see ground, not sky
+            # The lower hemisphere has equal total_omega contribution, all blocked by ground
+            if direction >= 2:  # Vertical surfaces
+                total_omega = total_omega * 2.0
+            
+            if total_omega > 1e-10:
+                svf[i] = visible_omega / total_omega
+                svf_urban[i] = visible_omega_urban / total_omega
+            else:
+                svf[i] = 0.0
+                svf_urban[i] = 0.0
+
+
+@ti.kernel
+def compute_svf_grid_kernel(
+    topo_top: ti.template(),
+    is_solid: ti.template(),
+    directions: ti.template(),
+    solid_angles: ti.template(),
+    nx: ti.i32,
+    ny: ti.i32,
+    nz: ti.i32,
+    dx: ti.f32,
+    dy: ti.f32,
+    dz: ti.f32,
+    n_azim: ti.i32,
+    n_elev: ti.i32,
+    max_dist: ti.f32,
+    svf_grid: ti.template()
+):
+    """
+    Compute SVF for a 2D grid at terrain level.
+    
+    svf_grid[i, j] = SVF at terrain surface (i, j)
+    """
+    for i, j in ti.ndrange(nx, ny):
+        k = topo_top[i, j]
+        
+        if k < nz:
+            pos = Vector3((i + 0.5) * dx, (j + 0.5) * dy, (k + 0.5) * dz)
+            normal = Vector3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
+            
+            visible_omega = 0.0
+            total_omega = 0.0
+            
+            for i_azim, i_elev in ti.ndrange(n_azim, n_elev):
+                ray_dir = directions[i_azim, i_elev]
+                d_omega = solid_angles[i_azim, i_elev]
+                
+                cos_angle = ray_dir[2]  # Normal is (0, 0, 1)
+                
+                if cos_angle > 0:
+                    total_omega += d_omega * cos_angle
+                    
+                    hit, _, _, _, _ = ray_voxel_first_hit(
+                        pos, ray_dir,
+                        is_solid,
+                        nx, ny, nz,
+                        dx, dy, dz,
+                        max_dist
+                    )
+                    
+                    if hit == 0:
+                        visible_omega += d_omega * cos_angle
+            
+            if total_omega > 1e-10:
+                svf_grid[i, j] = visible_omega / total_omega
+            else:
+                svf_grid[i, j] = 1.0
+        else:
+            svf_grid[i, j] = 0.0  # Inside terrain