tinygrad 0.9.1__py3-none-any.whl → 0.10.0__py3-none-any.whl

tinygrad/codegen/uopgraph.py

@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import Optional, Tuple, Dict, List, TYPE_CHECKING, Any, DefaultDict, Callable, Set
+import functools, itertools, operator
+from collections import defaultdict
+from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, ImageDType, PtrDType
+from tinygrad.ops import UOp, Ops, UPat, PatternMatcher, symbolic_flat, symbolic_simple
+from tinygrad.ops import graph_rewrite, split_uop, uop_given_valid, parse_valid, is_increasing, simplify_valid, GroupOp
+from tinygrad.helpers import DEBUG, getenv, flatten, dedup, TRANSCENDENTAL, AMX, prod, partition, all_same
+from tinygrad.codegen.transcendental import xexp2, xlog2, xsin, TRANSCENDENTAL_SUPPORTED_DTYPES
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING: from tinygrad.renderer import Renderer
+
+# ***** float4/image store handling *****
+
+def fold_expanded(ex, buf):
+  if buf.dtype.base != dtypes.float and buf.dtype.base != dtypes.half and not isinstance(buf.dtype, ImageDType): return None
+  new_srcs = dedup(list(ex.src))
+  old_new_srcs = new_srcs[:]
+  is_load, is_image = new_srcs[0].op is Ops.LOAD, isinstance(buf.dtype, ImageDType)
+
+  # first, extract all the relevant offsets
+  offsets_rootsrc: DefaultDict[Any, dict] = defaultdict(dict)
+  for i,s in enumerate(new_srcs):
+    idx = s.src[0].src[1]
+    if s.dtype.count != 1 or (is_image and idx.dtype.count == 2): continue
+    if idx.op is Ops.ADD and idx.src[1].op is Ops.CONST: root_src, arg = idx.src[0], idx.src[1].arg
+    elif idx.op is Ops.CONST: root_src, arg = "CONST", idx.arg
+    else: root_src, arg = idx, 0
+    # add gates for gated
+    if len(s.src[0].src) == 3: root_src = (s.src[0].src[2], root_src)
+    assert arg not in offsets_rootsrc[root_src], f"{offsets_rootsrc[root_src][arg]} != {i} with {len(s.src)} sources"
+    offsets_rootsrc[root_src][arg] = i
+
+  # then rewrite everything we can
+  lengths = [4] if is_image else ([8,4,2] if buf.dtype.base == dtypes.half and getenv("ALLOW_HALF8") else ([16,8,4,2] if AMX else [4,2]))
+  used: Set[Tuple[UOp, UOp]] = set()
+  for rootsrc, offsets in offsets_rootsrc.items():
+    for o in offsets:
+      for fold_length in lengths:
+        if all((rootsrc,o+i) not in used and o+i in offsets for i in range(fold_length)):
+          load_1 = new_srcs[offsets[o]]
+          new_src = list(load_1.src)
+          oidx = new_src[0].src[1]
+          if oidx.divides(fold_length) is None: continue
+          if is_image:
+            # for images, we rewrite the index. it must evenly divide 4 from the above check
+            new_src[0] = buf.index(
+              UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, dtypes.int.vec(2), ((oidx // 4) % buf.dtype.shape[1], (oidx // (4*buf.dtype.shape[1])))),
+              rootsrc[0] if isinstance(rootsrc, tuple) else None)
+          else:
+            # for non image, we upcast the index pointer
+            new_src[0] = new_src[0].cast(new_src[0].dtype.base.vec(fold_length).ptr(new_src[0].dtype.local))
+          # generate the folded new_srcs
+          if is_load:
+            new_load = UOp(Ops.LOAD, load_1.dtype.vec(fold_length), tuple(new_src))
+            for i in range(fold_length): new_srcs[offsets[o+i]] = new_load.gep(i)
+          else: # vectorize the store
+            new_src[1] = UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, new_src[1].dtype.vec(fold_length), tuple(new_srcs[offsets[o+i]].src[1] for i in range(fold_length)))
+            for i in range(fold_length): new_srcs[offsets[o+i]] = UOp(Ops.STORE, dtypes.void, tuple(new_src)) if i == 0 else None
+          used.update((rootsrc,o+i) for i in range(fold_length))
+
+  # dedup expand for LOAD
+  if is_load and len(old_new_srcs) != len(ex.src): new_srcs = [new_srcs[old_new_srcs.index(s)] for s in ex.src]
+  # remove Nones for STORE
+  return UOp(ex.op, ex.dtype, tuple(x for x in new_srcs if x is not None), ex.arg) if len(used) else None
+
+def fix_unfoldable_image_load(load:UOp, buf:UOp):
+  if not isinstance(buf.dtype, ImageDType) or (oidx:=load.src[0].src[1]).dtype.count == 2: return None
+  id4 = oidx % 4
+  new_src = list(load.src)
+  # TODO: copied logic from above
+  new_src[0] = load.src[0].src[0].index(
+    UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, dtypes.int.vec(2), ((oidx // 4) % buf.dtype.shape[1], (oidx // (4*buf.dtype.shape[1])))),
+    load.src[0].src[2] if len(load.src[0].src) == 3 else None)
+  vec_load = UOp(Ops.LOAD, load.dtype.vec(4), tuple(new_src))
+  return functools.reduce(lambda ret, i: id4.ne(i).where(ret, vec_load.gep(i)), range(4), load.const_like(float('nan')))
+
+buf_idx_pat = UPat(Ops.INDEX, src=(UPat.var("buf"),), allow_any_len=True)
+float4_folding = PatternMatcher([
+  (UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=UPat(Ops.LOAD, src=(buf_idx_pat,), allow_any_len=True), name="ex"), fold_expanded),
+  (UPat((Ops.BARRIER, Ops.SINK), src=UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(buf_idx_pat,), allow_any_len=True), name="ex"), fold_expanded),
+])
+
+# ***** image load valid simplification *****
+
+def simplify_valid_load(buf:UOp, start_idx:UOp, valid:UOp) -> Optional[UOp]:
+  if (idx:=uop_given_valid(valid, start_idx)) is None: return buf.const_like(0)
+  if not isinstance(buf.dtype, ImageDType): return None if idx is start_idx else buf.index(idx, valid)
+
+  # wait for it to be image indexed before running simplification
+  if start_idx.dtype.count != 2: return None
+
+  # can drop valid if idx is out of bound when valid is False
+  drop_stmt = []
+  for stmt in split_uop(valid, Ops.AND):
+    X, is_upper_bound, c = parse_valid(stmt)
+
+    # for X0 + X1 + ... >= 1, check if it's out of bound when Xi = 0 for all i
+    if not is_upper_bound and c == 1 and all(u.op in GroupOp.Irreducible and u.vmin == 0 for u in split_uop(X, Ops.ADD)):
+      testidx = functools.reduce(lambda nowidx,u: nowidx.substitute({u:u.const_like(0)}), split_uop(X, Ops.ADD), idx)
+      testidx = testidx.simplify()
+      if testidx.gep(0).vmax < 0 or testidx.gep(1).vmax < 0:
+        drop_stmt.append(stmt)
+        continue
+
+    # if X <= c, check if it's out of bound when X = c+1
+    # if X >= c, check if it's out of bound when X = c-1
+    test_value = c + 1 if is_upper_bound else c - 1
+    for i,b in zip(idx.src, (buf.dtype.shape[1], buf.dtype.shape[0])):
+      if is_increasing(i):
+        rw = i.substitute({X:X.const_like(test_value)}).simplify()
+        if rw.vmin >= b or rw.vmax < 0:
+          drop_stmt.append(stmt)
+          break
+
+  if not drop_stmt and idx is start_idx: return None
+  new_valid = functools.reduce(operator.and_, ss) if (ss:=[s for s in split_uop(valid, Ops.AND) if s not in drop_stmt]) else None
+  return buf.index(idx, new_valid)
+
+# ***** optional patterns *****
+
+powers_of_two = {2**i:i for i in range(64)}
+@functools.lru_cache(None)
+def get_late_rewrite_patterns(ops, force_transcendental=False):
+  pat: List[Tuple[UPat, Callable]] = [(UPat(op, dtype=TRANSCENDENTAL_SUPPORTED_DTYPES, src=(UPat.var("d"),)), f) for op,f in \
+           ((Ops.EXP2, xexp2), (Ops.LOG2, xlog2), (Ops.SIN, xsin)) if op not in ops or force_transcendental]
+  # rewrite MOD to AND (which should always be supported, but not for generic in tests)
+  if Ops.AND in ops:
+    pat += [(UPat(Ops.MOD, src=(UPat.var('base'), UPat.cvar("const"))),
+            lambda base,const: base & (const.arg-1) if const.arg in powers_of_two else None)]
+  # rewrite MUL/IDIV to SHL+SHR
+  if Ops.SHL in ops and Ops.SHR in ops:
+    pat += [
+    (UPat(Ops.MUL, dtype=dtypes.ints, src=[UPat.cvar("const"), UPat.var("mul")]), lambda mul, const:
+      mul << powers_of_two[const.arg] if const.arg in powers_of_two else None), # (x  * (2**y)) -> shl(x,y)
+    (UPat(Ops.IDIV, src=(UPat.var("div"), UPat.cvar("const"))), lambda div, const:
+      div >> powers_of_two[const.arg] if const.arg in powers_of_two else None)] # (x // (2**y)) -> shr(x,y)
+  if Ops.NEG in ops:
+    pat += [(UPat.var('x')*-1, lambda x: x.alu(Ops.NEG))]
+    if Ops.SUB in ops: pat += [(UPat.var('x')+UPat.var('y').alu(Ops.NEG), lambda x,y: x.alu(Ops.SUB, y))]
+  if Ops.MULACC in ops:
+    pat += [(UPat.var('a')*UPat.var('b')+UPat.var('c'), lambda a,b,c: a.alu(Ops.MULACC, b, c))]
+  return PatternMatcher(pat)
+
+# ***** threefry *****
+
+def threefry2x32(x: UOp, key: UOp):
+  # split x into two uint32, since x in a uint64
+  x0, x1 = (x & 0xffffffff).cast(dtypes.uint32), ((x // 2**32) & 0xffffffff).cast(dtypes.uint32)
+
+  rotations = [[13, 15, 26, 6], [17, 29, 16, 24]]
+  key0, key1 = (key & 0xffffffff).cast(dtypes.uint32), ((key // 2**32) & 0xffffffff).cast(dtypes.uint32)
+  ks = [key1, key0 ^ key1 ^ 0x1BD11BDA, key0]
+  xr = [x0 + ks[-1], x1 + ks[0]]
+  for i in range(5):
+    for r in rotations[i % 2]: xr[0], xr[1] = (x0 := xr[0] + xr[1]), x0 ^ ((xr[1] * 2**r) + (xr[1] // 2**(32 - r)))
+    xr = [(xr[0] + ks[i % 3]), (xr[1] + ks[(i + 1) % 3] + i + 1)]
+
+  return xr[1].cast(dtypes.uint64) * 2**32 | xr[0].cast(dtypes.uint64)
+
+# ***** main rewriter *****
+
+def loop_collapse(compval, multconst, rng:UOp, acc:UOp, idx2=None,idx3=None,extra=None,vec=None,ne=None,
+                  add=UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0), mul:UOp=UOp.const(dtypes.int, 1)):
+  if getenv("DISABLE_LOOP_COLLAPSE") or rng not in acc.src: return None  # must be the right REDUCE
+  loop_start, loop_end = rng.src
+  if loop_start.arg != 0:
+    # TODO: support and test this with other mul and loop_starts
+    if DEBUG >= 1: print(f"WARNING, NOT FOLDING: mul:{mul.arg} loop_start:{loop_start.arg}")
+    return None
+  if idx2 is not None: add = add + idx2
+  if idx3 is not None: add = add + idx3
+  if vec is not None:
+    # add, mul, loop_start, loop_end
+    def dvec(x:UOp):
+      if x.op is Ops.CONST: return UOp.const(x.dtype.vec(vec.dtype.count), x.arg)
+      return UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, x.dtype.vec(vec.dtype.count), src=(x,)*vec.dtype.count)
+    add, mul, loop_start, loop_end = dvec(add), dvec(mul), dvec(loop_start), dvec(loop_end)
+  if mul.vmin > 0 and ne is not None:
+    comprange = UOp.minimum(loop_end, UOp.maximum((add-compval)//mul + (loop_end-loop_start), loop_start))
+  elif mul.vmax < 0 and ne is None:
+    comprange = UOp.minimum(loop_end, UOp.maximum((add-compval-mul)//mul + (loop_end-loop_start), loop_start))
+  else:
+    return None
+  new_reduce_op = comprange.cast(multconst.dtype) * multconst
+  # TODO: what does it mean to have the same numbered DEFINE_ACC with different ranges?
+  new_acc = acc.replace(src=acc.src[0:1]+tuple(x for x in acc.src[1:] if x is not rng))
+  ret = new_acc.assign(new_acc+new_reduce_op)
+  if extra is not None: ret = ret + acc.assign(acc+extra)
+  return ret
+
+def index_collapse(idx:UOp,rng:UOp,buf:UOp,ld:UOp,acc:UOp,add=UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0),mul=UOp.const(dtypes.int, 1)):
+  if rng not in acc.src: return None
+  new_load = UOp.load(buf.index(add+mul*idx, idx.ge(rng.src[0]) & idx.lt(rng.src[1])), dtype=ld.dtype)
+  new_acc = acc.replace(src=acc.src[0:1]+tuple(x for x in acc.src[1:] if x is not rng))
+  return new_acc.assign(new_acc+new_load)
+
+# TODO: there's a lot shared with no_vectorized_wmma here
+def gep_through_wmma(gep:UOp, wmma:UOp):
+  out_sz = prod(x[1] for x in wmma.arg[6][-1])
+  wmma_idxs = gep.arg[::out_sz]
+  for i in range(out_sz):
+    if tuple(x-i for x in gep.arg[i::out_sz]) != wmma_idxs: return None
+  tsrcs = []
+  for s,sz in zip(wmma.src, wmma.arg[6]):
+    src_args = []
+    ssz = prod(x[1] for x in sz)
+    for w in wmma_idxs: src_args += list(range((w//out_sz)*ssz, (w//out_sz)*ssz + ssz))
+    tsrcs.append(s.gep(tuple(src_args)))
+  return UOp(Ops.WMMA, gep.dtype, tuple(tsrcs), wmma.arg)
+
+def no_vectorized_wmma(wmma:UOp):
+  out_sz = prod(x[1] for x in wmma.arg[6][-1])
+  if wmma.dtype.count == out_sz: return None
+  tsrcs = []
+  for s,sz in zip(wmma.src, wmma.arg[6]):
+    ssz = prod(x[1] for x in sz)
+    tsrcs.append([s.gep(tuple(range(grp, grp+ssz))) for grp in range(0, s.dtype.count, ssz)])
+  wmmas = [UOp(Ops.WMMA, wmma.dtype.scalar().vec(out_sz), tsrc, wmma.arg) for tsrc in zip(*tsrcs)]
+  wmma_ex = flatten([[e.gep(i) for i in range(out_sz)] for e in wmmas])
+  return UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, wmma.dtype, tuple(wmma_ex))
+
+def reduce_collapse(acc:UOp, ret:UOp, alu:UOp):
+  reduce_parented, reduce_unparented = partition(acc.src[1:], lambda x: x in ret.sparents)
+  if len(reduce_unparented) == 0: return None
+  new_acc = acc.replace(src=acc.src[0:1]+tuple(reduce_parented))
+  ret = new_acc.assign(new_acc.alu(alu.op, ret))
+  if alu.op is Ops.ADD:
+    for r in reduce_unparented: ret = ret * (r.src[1]-r.src[0]).cast(ret.dtype.scalar()).broadcast(ret.dtype.count)
+  return ret
+
+acc_pat, rng_pat = UPat(Ops.DEFINE_ACC, name="acc"), UPat(Ops.RANGE, name="rng")
+rng_aug = UPat.any(rng_pat, UPat.var("add")+rng_pat, UPat.var("mul")*rng_pat, UPat.var("add")+UPat.var("mul")*rng_pat)
+
+index_load = UPat.var("buf").index(rng_aug).load(name="ld")
+
+arange_augrng = UPat.any(rng_aug, rng_aug+UPat.var("idx2"), rng_aug+UPat.var("idx2")+UPat.var("idx3"), UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, name="vec", src=rng_aug))
+arange_m = arange_augrng.lt(UPat.cvar("compval")).ne(UPat(Ops.CONST, name="ne", arg=True)).where(UPat.cvar("multconst"), UPat.const(None, 0))
+
+# this is symbolic 2.0
+sym = symbolic_flat+PatternMatcher([
+  # self ASSIGN is just self
+  (UPat(Ops.ASSIGN, src=(UPat.var('x'), UPat.var('x'))), lambda x: x),
+  # ASSIGN to global is just self
+  (UPat(Ops.ASSIGN, src=(UPat(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL), UPat.var("x"))), lambda x: x),
+  # VECTORIZE/CONST, VECTORIZE/GEP
+  (UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=UPat(Ops.CONST), name="vec"), lambda vec: UOp.const(vec.dtype, tuple(x.arg for x in vec.src))),
+  (UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=UPat(Ops.GEP, src=(UPat(name="x"),)), name="vec"), lambda vec,x: x.gep(tuple(y.arg[0] for y in vec.src))),
+  # reorder ALU/VECTORIZE
+  (UPat(GroupOp.ALU, src=(UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=UPat(name='x')), UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=UPat(name='y'))), name='alu'),
+   lambda x,y,alu: UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, alu.dtype, (UOp(alu.op, alu.dtype.scalar(), (x,y)),)*alu.dtype.count)),
+  # VECTORIZE of a single element is just that element
+  (UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=(UPat(name='x'),)), lambda x: x),
+  # VECTORIZE void is SINK
+  (UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, dtype=dtypes.void, src=UPat(Ops.BARRIER, name='b')), lambda b: b),
+  (UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, dtype=dtypes.void, name='x'), lambda x: UOp(Ops.SINK, dtypes.void, x.src)),
+  # GEP/VECTORIZE, GEP/GEP, GEP/CONST, GEP/VCONST
+  (UPat(Ops.GEP, src=(UPat(Ops.GEP, name='g2'),), name='g1'),
+   lambda g1, g2: g2.src[0].gep(tuple(g2.arg[g1.arg[i]] for i in range(g1.dtype.count)))),
+  (UPat(Ops.GEP, src=(UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, name="vec"),), name="gep"),
+   lambda gep, vec: UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, gep.dtype, tuple(vec.src[i] for i in gep.arg)) if len(gep.arg) > 1 else vec.src[gep.arg[0]]),
+  (UPat(Ops.GEP, src=(UPat.cvar("c", vec=False),), name="gep"), lambda gep, c: gep.const_like(c.arg)),
+  (UPat(Ops.GEP, src=(UPat(Ops.VCONST, name="c"),), name="gep"), lambda gep, c: gep.const_like(tuple(c.arg[x] for x in gep.arg))),
+  # push all GEPs through ALUs (fix arange stuff)
+  (UPat(Ops.GEP, src=(UPat((*GroupOp.ALU, Ops.CAST, Ops.BITCAST), name='alu'),), name='gep'),
+   lambda gep,alu: UOp(alu.op, alu.dtype.scalar().vec(gep.dtype.count), tuple(x.gep(gep.arg) for x in alu.src), alu.arg)),
+  # push some GEPs through WMMAs
+  (UPat(Ops.GEP, src=(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="wmma"),), name="gep"), gep_through_wmma),
+  # tensor core with a 0 input is acc
+  (UPat(Ops.WMMA, src=(UPat.const(None, 0.0), UPat.var(), UPat.var("acc"))), lambda acc: acc),
+  (UPat(Ops.WMMA, src=(UPat.var(), UPat.const(None, 0.0), UPat.var("acc"))), lambda acc: acc),
+  # tensor core cleanups
+  (UPat.var("add") + UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="wmma"),
+    lambda add, wmma: UOp(wmma.op, wmma.dtype, (wmma.src[0], wmma.src[1], wmma.src[2]+add), wmma.arg)),
+  # threefry + remove longs
+  (UPat(Ops.THREEFRY, dtype=dtypes.uint64, src=(UPat.var("x"), UPat.var("key"))), threefry2x32),
+  (UPat.var('x', dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64).cast(dtypes.uint32), lambda x: x),   # cast there and back is noop (TODO: genericize)
+  ((UPat.var('x', dtypes.uint64)&0xFFFFFFFF).cast(dtypes.uint32), lambda x: x.cast(dtypes.uint32)),  # cast does truncation
+  (((UPat.var(None, dtypes.uint64)*(1<<32)) | UPat.var('y',  dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64)).cast(dtypes.uint32), lambda y: y),
+  (((UPat.var('x',  dtypes.uint64)*(1<<32)) | UPat.var(None, dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64))//(1<<32), lambda x: x),
+  # hacks for threefry long removal when padded (TODO: genericize)
+  (UPat.var('x', dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64) * UPat.var('y').where(UPat.const(dtypes.uint64, 1<<32), UPat.const(dtypes.uint64, 0)),
+   lambda x,y: y.where(x, UOp.const(dtypes.uint32, 0)).cast(dtypes.uint64) * (1<<32)),
+  ((UPat.var('x', dtypes.uint64)&(UPat.var('y').where(UPat.const(dtypes.uint64, 0xFFFFFFFF), UPat.const(dtypes.uint64, 0)))).cast(dtypes.uint32),
+   lambda x,y: y.where(x.cast(dtypes.uint32), UOp.const(dtypes.uint32, 0))),
+  # arange loop folding
+  (acc_pat.assign(UPat.any(arange_m, arange_m+UPat.var("extra"))+acc_pat), loop_collapse),
+  # indexing, with cast or where
+  (acc_pat.assign(UPat.var("idx").eq(UPat(Ops.RANGE, name="rng")).cast()*index_load+acc_pat), index_collapse),
+  (acc_pat.assign(UPat.var("idx").eq(UPat(Ops.RANGE, name="rng")).where(index_load, UPat.const(None, 0.0))+acc_pat), index_collapse),
+  # parentless reduce
+  (acc_pat.assign(UPat(Ops.ADD, src=[acc_pat, UPat.var("ret")], name="alu")), reduce_collapse),
+  (acc_pat.assign(UPat(Ops.MAX, src=[acc_pat, UPat.var("ret")], name="alu")), reduce_collapse),
+  # ** self folding **
+  (UPat(Ops.DEFINE_ACC, src=(UPat.var("x"),)), lambda x: x),            # a DEFINE_ACC without ranges is a CONST
+  (UPat(Ops.ASSIGN, src=(UPat.cvar(),UPat.var("x"))), lambda x: x),     # an ASSIGN to a const is a NOOP
+  # x!=0 -> (bool)x
+  (UPat.var("x").ne(0), lambda x: x.cast(dtypes.bool.vec(x.dtype.count))),
+  # ** load/store folding **
+  (UPat.store(UPat(Ops.INDEX, name="index"), UPat.load(UPat(Ops.INDEX, name="index"))), lambda index: UOp(Ops.NOOP)),
+  (UPat.store(UPat(Ops.INDEX, name="index"), UPat.var("gate").where(UPat.var("alt"), UPat.load(UPat(Ops.INDEX, name="index")))),
+   lambda index, gate, alt: UOp.store(index.src[0].index(index.src[1], gate), alt)),
+  # fold gated LOAD/STORE
+  (UPat().index(UPat(), UPat.const(dtypes.bool, True)).named("idx"), lambda idx: idx.replace(src=idx.src[0:2])), # remove True
+  (UPat().index(UPat(), UPat.const(dtypes.bool, False)).named("idx"), lambda idx: idx.const_like(0)),      # False -> NULL pointer
+  (UPat(Ops.LOAD, src=(UPat.const(None, 0),), allow_any_len=True, name="x"), lambda x: x.const_like(0)),  # NULL pointer load loads 0
+  (UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(UPat.const(None, 0),), allow_any_len=True), lambda: UOp(Ops.NOOP)),  # NULL pointer store does nothing
+  # remove NOOPs from SINK
+  (UPat(Ops.SINK, name="root"),
+    lambda root: UOp(Ops.SINK, root.dtype, a, root.arg) if len(a:=tuple(x for x in root.src if x.op is not Ops.NOOP)) != len(root.src) else None),
+  # remove EXPANDs from SINK/BARRIER
+  (UPat(Ops.BARRIER, src=(UPat((Ops.VECTORIZE, Ops.SINK), name='sink'),)), lambda sink: UOp(Ops.BARRIER, dtypes.void, sink.src)),
+  (UPat(Ops.SINK, name="root"),
+    lambda root: UOp(Ops.SINK, root.dtype, tuple(flatten(x.src if x.op in {Ops.SINK, Ops.EXPAND} else (x,) for x in root.src)), root.arg)
+      if any(x.op in {Ops.SINK, Ops.EXPAND} for x in root.src) else None),
+])
+
+# *** uop expander ***
+
+def _expand_arg_to_idx(args:Tuple[Tuple[int, int], ...], rpk:Dict[int, int]) -> int:
+  idx, mul = 0, 1
+  for axis,m in args[::-1]:
+    idx += rpk[axis] * mul
+    mul *= m
+  return idx
+
+def _choices_from_args(args:Tuple[Tuple[int, int], ...]) -> List[Dict[int, int]]:
+  return [dict(x) for x in itertools.product(*[zip(itertools.repeat(axis), range(m)) for axis,m in args])]
+
+@functools.lru_cache(None)
+def _swizzle_args(cargs:Tuple[Tuple[int, int], ...], eargs:Tuple[Tuple[int, int], ...], exclude_args:Tuple[int, ...]) -> List[int]:
+  return [_expand_arg_to_idx(eargs, {**rpk, **{x:0 for x in exclude_args}} if exclude_args else rpk) for rpk in _choices_from_args(cargs)]
+
+def do_expand(root:UOp):
+  expands = [x for x in root.src if x.op is Ops.EXPAND]
+  if len(expands) == 0: return None
+  # NOTE: we 0 out the reduce axis for WMMA. in theory they should all be the same, but is this always correct?
+  exclude_args = tuple(dedup(root.arg[-1] + tuple(y[0] for y in flatten(root.arg[-2])))) if root.op is Ops.WMMA else ()
+  if all_same(expands_args:=[x.arg for x in expands]) and len(exclude_args) == 0:
+    # if there's only one expand arg, it's okay to use it (optimization)
+    expand_args = expands[0].arg
+  else:
+    # otherwise, we sort them and GEP
+    expand_args = tuple(x for x in sorted(dedup(flatten(expands_args))) if x[0] not in exclude_args)
+  expand_sz = prod([x[1] for x in expand_args])
+  new_srcs = []
+  for i,src in enumerate(root.src):
+    if src.op is Ops.EXPAND:
+      if root.op is Ops.IF and i == 0:
+        # IF means OR on first arg to IF
+        new_srcs.append(functools.reduce(operator.__or__, [src.src[0].gep(i) for i in range(expand_sz)]))
+      elif expand_args == src.arg:
+        # just remove the expand
+        new_srcs.append(src.src[0])
+      else:
+        lst = _swizzle_args(expand_args, src.arg, exclude_args)
+        # if the base dtype is > 1, put those at the end
+        if src.dtype.count > 1: lst = flatten([[i*src.dtype.count+j for j in range(src.dtype.count)] for i in lst])
+        new_srcs.append(src.src[0].gep(tuple(lst)))
+    else:
+      # non-EXPAND input
+      if root.op is Ops.IF:
+        # for the first arg of IF, just pass them through ignoring EXPANDS
+        new_srcs.append(src)
+      elif src.dtype.count > 1:
+        # put any input dtype > 1 grouped together
+        new_srcs.append(UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE,
+                            src.dtype.scalar().vec(expand_sz*src.dtype.count), tuple(src.gep(i) for i in range(src.dtype.count))*expand_sz))
+      else:
+        # repeat the arg
+        new_srcs.append(src.broadcast(expand_sz))
+
+  new_arg = root.arg
+  if root.op is Ops.GEP:
+    assert root.dtype.count == 1
+    # is this right?
+    new_arg = tuple(range(root.arg[0], new_srcs[0].dtype.count, new_srcs[0].dtype.count // expand_sz))
+  nsrc = UOp(root.op, root.dtype.scalar().vec(root.dtype.count*expand_sz), tuple(new_srcs), new_arg)
+  return UOp(Ops.EXPAND, root.dtype, (nsrc,), expand_args)
+
+def do_contract(con:UOp):
+  ex = con.src[0]
+  # CONTRACT without EXPAND repeats the element VECTORIZED
+  if ex.op is not Ops.EXPAND: return UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, con.dtype, con.src*con.dtype.count)
+  # CONTRACT may remove several axes from EXPAND
+  assert con.dtype.count == prod([x[1] for x in con.arg]), "dtype is wrong"
+  idxs = []
+  for rpk in _choices_from_args(new_ex_args:=tuple(x for x in ex.arg if x not in con.arg)):
+    idxs += [_expand_arg_to_idx(ex.arg, {**rpk, **lrpk}) for lrpk in _choices_from_args(con.arg)]
+  return UOp(Ops.EXPAND, con.dtype, (ex.src[0].gep(tuple(idxs)),), new_ex_args)
+
+def no_vectorized_alu(alu):
+  if alu.dtype.vcount == 1: return None
+  alus = tuple(UOp(alu.op, alu.dtype.scalar(), tuple(s.gep(i) for s in alu.src), alu.arg) for i in range(alu.dtype.vcount))
+  return UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, alu.dtype, alus)
+
+def create_gate(root:UOp) -> Optional[UOp]:
+  @functools.lru_cache(None)
+  def _gate_srcs(u:UOp, gate:UOp) -> UOp:
+    if u.op is Ops.BARRIER: return u
+    if u.op is Ops.LOAD and u.src[-1].op is Ops.BARRIER:
+      return UOp(u.op, u.dtype, u.src[:-1]+(UOp(Ops.IF, dtypes.void, (gate, u.src[-1])),), u.arg)
+    return u if (replace_source:=tuple(_gate_srcs(x, gate) for x in u.src)) == u.src else UOp(u.op, u.dtype, replace_source, u.arg)
+  idx = root.src[0]
+  if idx.op is Ops.CAST: idx = idx.src[0]
+  return None if idx.op is not Ops.INDEX or len(idx.src) == 2 or (ret:=_gate_srcs(root, idx.src[2])) is root else ret
+
+expander = PatternMatcher([
+  # double expand
+  (UPat(Ops.EXPAND, name="outer", src=(UPat(Ops.EXPAND, name="inner"),)),
+   lambda outer, inner: UOp(Ops.EXPAND, outer.dtype, (inner.src[0],), inner.arg+outer.arg)),
+  # do expansion
+  (UPat((*GroupOp.ALU, Ops.CAST, Ops.BITCAST, Ops.GEP, Ops.WMMA, Ops.LOAD, Ops.STORE, Ops.INDEX, Ops.ASSIGN,
+         Ops.VECTORIZE, Ops.IF), name="root", custom_early_reject=set([Ops.EXPAND])), do_expand),
+  (UPat(Ops.CONTRACT, name="con"), do_contract),
+  # vectorize DEFINE_ACC
+  (UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=UPat(Ops.DEFINE_ACC, name="acc"), name="v"), lambda acc,v: acc.replace(dtype=v.dtype)),
+  # BARRIERs aren't actually expanded
+  (UPat(Ops.BARRIER, src=(UPat(Ops.EXPAND, name="ex"),)),
+   lambda ex: UOp(Ops.EXPAND, dtypes.void, (UOp(Ops.BARRIER, dtypes.void, ex.src),)*len(ex.src), ex.arg)),
+  # empty EXPAND is NOOP
+  (UPat(Ops.EXPAND, src=(UPat.var('x'),), arg=()), lambda x: x),
+  # EXPAND GEP (needed for WMMA, generalize this) -> vectorized ALU
+  (UPat(Ops.EXPAND, name="ex", src=tuple(UPat.var('x').gep(i)+UPat.var('y').gep(i) for i in range(256 if AMX else 8))),
+    lambda ex,x,y: UOp(Ops.EXPAND, ex.dtype, tuple((x+y).gep(i) for i in range(256 if AMX else 8)), ex.arg)),
+])
+
+def no_vectorized_load_store(ls:UOp):
+  idx = ls.src[0]
+  assert isinstance(idx.dtype, PtrDType)
+  if idx.dtype.v == 1: return None
+  tv = [UOp(ls.op, ls.dtype.scalar(), tuple(j.gep(i) for j in ls.src)) for i in range(idx.dtype.v)]
+  return UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, ls.dtype, tuple(tv))
+
+def no_vectorized_acc(acc:UOp):
+  if acc.dtype.count == 1: return None
+  alus = tuple(UOp(acc.op, acc.dtype.scalar(),
+    tuple(s.gep(i) if j == 0 else s for j,s in enumerate(acc.src)), acc.arg+(i,)) for i in range(acc.dtype.count))
+  return UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, acc.dtype, alus)
+
+devectorize = PatternMatcher([
+  # no ALU on vectorized dtypes
+  (UPat((*GroupOp.ALU, Ops.CAST, Ops.BITCAST, Ops.ASSIGN, Ops.INDEX), name="alu"), no_vectorized_alu),
+  (UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="wmma"), no_vectorized_wmma),
+  (UPat(Ops.DEFINE_ACC, name="acc"), no_vectorized_acc),
+  (UPat((Ops.LOAD, Ops.STORE), name="ls"), no_vectorized_load_store),
+])
+
+def delete_redundant_gates(buf:UOp, idx:UOp, val:UOp, store_gate:UOp, cast:Optional[UOp]=None) -> Optional[UOp]:
+  if store_gate not in [gate.src[0] for gate in val.sparents if gate.op is Ops.IF]: return None
+  # remove the gate from the index
+  return UOp.store(buf.index(idx).cast(cast.dtype) if cast is not None else buf.index(idx), val)
+
+load_store_indexing = PatternMatcher([
+  # late fixup of unfoldable image loads
+  (UPat(Ops.LOAD, src=(UPat.var("buf"), UPat()), allow_any_len=True, name="load"), fix_unfoldable_image_load),
+  # simplify valid
+  (UPat(Ops.AND, name="valid"), simplify_valid),
+  # image load valid idx simplification
+  (UPat(Ops.INDEX, src=(UPat.var("buf"), UPat.var("start_idx"), UPat.var("valid"))), simplify_valid_load),
+  # delete_redundant_gates (after expand)
+  (UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(UPat.any(stidx:=UPat.var("buf").index(UPat.var("idx"), UPat.var("store_gate")), stidx.cast().named("cast")),
+                                  UPat.var("val"))), delete_redundant_gates),
+])
+
+migrate_indexing = PatternMatcher([
+  # create gate MUST BE BEFORE expander
+  (UPat(Ops.STORE, name="root"), create_gate),
+])
+
+def move_mask(x:UOp, buf:UOp, idx:UOp, mask:UOp, cast:Optional[UOp]=None) -> UOp:
+  # this moves the mask from the indexing to the load/store op for rendering
+  nidx = buf.index(idx).cast(cast.dtype) if cast is not None else buf.index(idx)
+  return UOp.load(nidx, x.const_like(0), mask, *x.src[1:], dtype=x.dtype) if x.op is Ops.LOAD else UOp.store(nidx, x.src[1], mask, *x.src[2:])
+
+pm_render = PatternMatcher([
+  # for rendering, we use explicit VECTORIZE
+  (UPat(Ops.CONST, name='c'),
+   lambda c: UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, c.dtype, (UOp.const(c.dtype.scalar(), c.arg),)*c.dtype.vcount) if c.dtype.vcount > 1 else None),
+  (UPat(Ops.VCONST, name='c'), lambda c: UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, c.dtype, tuple(UOp.const(c.dtype.scalar(), x) for x in c.arg))),
+  (UPat(Ops.GEP, name='gep'), lambda gep: UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, gep.dtype, tuple(gep.src[0].gep(x) for x in gep.arg)) if len(gep.arg) > 1 else None),
+  (UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=(UPat(name='x'),)), lambda x: x),
+  # move masks of loads/stores
+  (UPat((Ops.LOAD, Ops.STORE), src=(UPat.any(masked_index:=UPat(Ops.INDEX, src=(UPat(name="buf"), UPat(name="idx"), UPat(name="mask"))),
+                                               masked_index.cast(None).named("cast")),), allow_any_len=True, name="x"), move_mask),
+])
+
+# *** uop graph ***
+
+def full_graph_rewrite(sink:UOp, opts:Optional[Renderer]=None) -> UOp:
+  assert sink.op is Ops.SINK, f"sink isn't sink, it's {sink.op}"
+  supported_ops = tuple(opts.code_for_op.keys()) if opts is not None else ()
+  extra_matcher = opts.extra_matcher if opts is not None and opts.extra_matcher is not None else PatternMatcher([])
+
+  # initial symbolic + migrate indexing (remove this)
+  sink = graph_rewrite(sink, sym+migrate_indexing)
+
+  # expand
+  sink = graph_rewrite(sink, sym+expander)
+
+  # devectorize + load_store_indexing
+  sink = graph_rewrite(sink, sym+(devectorize+float4_folding if opts is not None and opts.supports_float4 else devectorize)+load_store_indexing)
+
+  # final rules for the renderer (without sym)
+  sink = graph_rewrite(sink, symbolic_simple+get_late_rewrite_patterns(supported_ops, TRANSCENDENTAL>=2)+pm_render+extra_matcher)
+  return sink