tensorcircuit-nightly 1.2.0.dev20250326__py3-none-any.whl → 1.4.0.dev20251128__py3-none-any.whl

tests/test_interfaces.py

@@ -1,562 +0,0 @@
-# pylint: disable=invalid-name
-
-import os
-import sys
-from functools import partial
-import pytest
-from pytest_lazyfixture import lazy_fixture as lf
-from scipy import optimize
-import tensorflow as tf
-import jax
-from jax import numpy as jnp
-
-thisfile = os.path.abspath(__file__)
-modulepath = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(thisfile))
-
-sys.path.insert(0, modulepath)
-
-try:
-    import torch
-
-    is_torch = True
-except ImportError:
-    is_torch = False
-
-import numpy as np
-import tensorcircuit as tc
-
-
-@pytest.mark.skipif(is_torch is False, reason="torch not installed")
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", [lf("tfb"), lf("jaxb")])
-def test_torch_interface(backend):
-    n = 4
-
-    def f(param):
-        c = tc.Circuit(n)
-        c = tc.templates.blocks.example_block(c, param)
-        loss = c.expectation(
-            [
-                tc.gates.x(),
-                [
-                    1,
-                ],
-            ]
-        )
-        return tc.backend.real(loss)
-
-    f_jit = tc.backend.jit(f)
-
-    f_jit_torch = tc.interfaces.torch_interface(f_jit, enable_dlpack=True)
-
-    param = torch.ones([4, n], requires_grad=True)
-    l = f_jit_torch(param)
-    l = l**2
-    l.backward()
-
-    pg = param.grad
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(pg.shape, [4, n])
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(pg[0, 1], -2.146e-3, atol=1e-5)
-
-    def f2(paramzz, paramx):
-        c = tc.Circuit(n)
-        for i in range(n):
-            c.H(i)
-        for j in range(2):
-            for i in range(n - 1):
-                c.exp1(i, i + 1, unitary=tc.gates._zz_matrix, theta=paramzz[j, i])
-            for i in range(n):
-                c.rx(i, theta=paramx[j, i])
-        loss1 = c.expectation(
-            [
-                tc.gates.x(),
-                [
-                    1,
-                ],
-            ]
-        )
-        loss2 = c.expectation(
-            [
-                tc.gates.x(),
-                [
-                    2,
-                ],
-            ]
-        )
-        return tc.backend.real(loss1), tc.backend.real(loss2)
-
-    f2_torch = tc.interfaces.torch_interface(f2, jit=True, enable_dlpack=True)
-
-    paramzz = torch.ones([2, n], requires_grad=True)
-    paramx = torch.ones([2, n], requires_grad=True)
-
-    l1, l2 = f2_torch(paramzz, paramx)
-    l = l1 - l2
-    l.backward()
-
-    pg = paramzz.grad
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(pg.shape, [2, n])
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(pg[0, 0], -0.41609, atol=1e-5)
-
-    def f3(x):
-        return tc.backend.real(x**2)
-
-    f3_torch = tc.interfaces.torch_interface(f3)
-    param3 = torch.ones([2], dtype=torch.complex64, requires_grad=True)
-    l3 = f3_torch(param3)
-    l3 = torch.sum(l3)
-    l3.backward()
-    pg = param3.grad
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(pg, 2 * np.ones([2]).astype(np.complex64), atol=1e-5)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.skipif(is_torch is False, reason="torch not installed")
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", [lf("tfb"), lf("jaxb")])
-def test_torch_interface_kws(backend):
-    def f(param, n):
-        c = tc.Circuit(n)
-        c = tc.templates.blocks.example_block(c, param)
-        loss = c.expectation(
-            [
-                tc.gates.x(),
-                [
-                    1,
-                ],
-            ]
-        )
-        return tc.backend.real(loss)
-
-    f_jit_torch = tc.interfaces.torch_interface_kws(f, jit=True, enable_dlpack=True)
-
-    param = torch.ones([4, 4], requires_grad=True)
-    l = f_jit_torch(param, n=4)
-    l = l**2
-    l.backward()
-
-    pg = param.grad
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(pg.shape, [4, 4])
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(pg[0, 1], -2.146e-3, atol=1e-5)
-
-    def f2(paramzz, paramx, n, nlayer):
-        c = tc.Circuit(n)
-        for i in range(n):
-            c.H(i)
-        for j in range(nlayer):  # 2
-            for i in range(n - 1):
-                c.exp1(i, i + 1, unitary=tc.gates._zz_matrix, theta=paramzz[j, i])
-            for i in range(n):
-                c.rx(i, theta=paramx[j, i])
-        loss1 = c.expectation(
-            [
-                tc.gates.x(),
-                [
-                    1,
-                ],
-            ]
-        )
-        loss2 = c.expectation(
-            [
-                tc.gates.x(),
-                [
-                    2,
-                ],
-            ]
-        )
-        return tc.backend.real(loss1), tc.backend.real(loss2)
-
-    f2_torch = tc.interfaces.torch_interface_kws(f2, jit=True, enable_dlpack=True)
-
-    paramzz = torch.ones([2, 4], requires_grad=True)
-    paramx = torch.ones([2, 4], requires_grad=True)
-
-    l1, l2 = f2_torch(paramzz, paramx, n=4, nlayer=2)
-    l = l1 - l2
-    l.backward()
-
-    pg = paramzz.grad
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(pg.shape, [2, 4])
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(pg[0, 0], -0.41609, atol=1e-5)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.skipif(is_torch is False, reason="torch not installed")
-@pytest.mark.xfail(
-    (int(tf.__version__.split(".")[1]) < 9)
-    or (int("".join(jax.__version__.split(".")[1:])) < 314),
-    reason="version too low for tf or jax",
-)
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", [lf("tfb"), lf("jaxb")])
-def test_torch_interface_dlpack_complex(backend):
-    def f3(x):
-        return tc.backend.real(x**2)
-
-    f3_torch = tc.interfaces.torch_interface(f3, enable_dlpack=True)
-    param3 = torch.ones([2], dtype=torch.complex64, requires_grad=True)
-    l3 = f3_torch(param3)
-    l3 = torch.sum(l3)
-    l3.backward()
-    pg = param3.grad
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(pg, 2 * np.ones([2]).astype(np.complex64), atol=1e-5)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.skipif(is_torch is False, reason="torch not installed")
-@pytest.mark.xfail(reason="see comment link below")
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", [lf("tfb"), lf("jaxb")])
-def test_torch_interface_pytree(backend):
-    # pytree cannot support in pytorch autograd function...
-    # https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/55509
-    def f4(x):
-        return tc.backend.sum(x["a"] ** 2), tc.backend.sum(x["b"] ** 3)
-
-    f4_torch = tc.interfaces.torch_interface(f4, jit=False)
-    param4 = {
-        "a": torch.ones([2], requires_grad=True),
-        "b": torch.ones([2], requires_grad=True),
-    }
-
-    def f4_post(x):
-        r1, r2 = f4_torch(param4)
-        l4 = r1 + r2
-        return l4
-
-    pg = tc.get_backend("pytorch").grad(f4_post)(param4)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(
-        pg["a"], 2 * np.ones([2]).astype(np.complex64), atol=1e-5
-    )
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", [lf("jaxb")])
-def test_tf_interface(backend):
-    def f0(params):
-        c = tc.Circuit(1)
-        c.rx(0, theta=params[0])
-        c.ry(0, theta=params[1])
-        return tc.backend.real(c.expectation([tc.gates.z(), [0]]))
-
-    f = tc.interfaces.tf_interface(f0, ydtype=tf.float32, jit=True, enable_dlpack=True)
-
-    tfb = tc.get_backend("tensorflow")
-    grads = tfb.jit(tfb.grad(f))(tfb.ones([2], dtype="float32"))
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(
-        tfb.real(grads), np.array([-0.45464867, -0.45464873]), atol=1e-5
-    )
-
-    f = tc.interfaces.tf_interface(f0, ydtype="float32", jit=False)
-
-    grads = tfb.grad(f)(tf.ones([2]))
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(grads, np.array([-0.45464867, -0.45464873]), atol=1e-5)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", [lf("jaxb")])
-def test_tf_interface_2(backend):
-    def f1(a, b):
-        sa, sb = tc.backend.sum(a), tc.backend.sum(b)
-        return sa + sb, sa - sb
-
-    f = tc.interfaces.tf_interface(f1, ydtype=["float32", "float32"], jit=True)
-
-    def f_post(a, b):
-        p, m = f(a, b)
-        return p + m
-
-    tfb = tc.get_backend("tensorflow")
-
-    grads = tfb.jit(tfb.grad(f_post))(
-        tf.ones([2], dtype=tf.float32), tf.ones([2], dtype=tf.float32)
-    )
-
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(grads, 2 * np.ones([2]), atol=1e-5)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", [lf("jaxb")])
-def test_tf_interface_3(backend, highp):
-    def f1(a, b):
-        sa, sb = tc.backend.sum(a), tc.backend.sum(b)
-        return sa + sb
-
-    f = tc.interfaces.tf_interface(f1, ydtype="float64", jit=True)
-
-    tfb = tc.get_backend("tensorflow")
-
-    grads = tfb.jit(tfb.grad(f))(
-        tf.ones([2], dtype=tf.float64), tf.ones([2], dtype=tf.float64)
-    )
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(grads, np.ones([2]), atol=1e-5)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", [lf("npb"), lf("tfb"), lf("jaxb")])
-def test_scipy_interface(backend):
-    n = 3
-
-    def f(param):
-        c = tc.Circuit(n)
-        for i in range(n):
-            c.rx(i, theta=param[0, i])
-            c.rz(i, theta=param[1, i])
-        loss = c.expectation(
-            [
-                tc.gates.y(),
-                [
-                    0,
-                ],
-            ]
-        )
-        return tc.backend.real(loss)
-
-    if tc.backend.name != "numpy":
-        f_scipy = tc.interfaces.scipy_optimize_interface(f, shape=[2, n])
-        r = optimize.minimize(f_scipy, np.zeros([2 * n]), method="L-BFGS-B", jac=True)
-        # L-BFGS-B may has issue with float32
-        # see: https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/5832
-        np.testing.assert_allclose(r["fun"], -1.0, atol=1e-5)
-
-    f_scipy = tc.interfaces.scipy_optimize_interface(f, shape=[2, n], gradient=False)
-    r = optimize.minimize(f_scipy, np.zeros([2 * n]), method="COBYLA")
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(r["fun"], -1.0, atol=1e-5)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", [lf("torchb"), lf("tfb"), lf("jaxb")])
-def test_numpy_interface(backend):
-    def f(params, n):
-        c = tc.Circuit(n)
-        for i in range(n):
-            c.rx(i, theta=params[i])
-        for i in range(n - 1):
-            c.cnot(i, i + 1)
-        r = tc.backend.real(c.expectation_ps(z=[n - 1]))
-        return r
-
-    n = 3
-    f_np = tc.interfaces.numpy_interface(f, jit=False)
-    r = f_np(np.ones([n]), n)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(r, 0.1577285, atol=1e-5)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", [lf("npb"), lf("tfb"), lf("jaxb"), lf("torchb")])
-def test_args_transformation(backend):
-    ans = tc.interfaces.general_args_to_numpy(
-        (
-            tc.backend.ones([2]),
-            {
-                "a": tc.get_backend("tensorflow").ones([]),
-                "b": [tc.get_backend("numpy").zeros([2, 1])],
-            },
-        )
-    )
-    print(ans)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(ans[1]["b"][0], np.zeros([2, 1], dtype=np.complex64))
-    ans1 = tc.interfaces.numpy_args_to_backend(
-        ans, target_backend="jax", dtype="float32"
-    )
-    print(ans1[1]["a"].dtype)
-    ans1 = tc.interfaces.numpy_args_to_backend(
-        ans,
-        target_backend="jax",
-        dtype=("complex64", {"a": "float32", "b": ["complex64"]}),
-    )
-    print(ans1[1]["a"].dtype)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", [lf("tfb"), lf("jaxb"), lf("torchb")])
-def test_dlpack_transformation(backend):
-    blist = ["tensorflow", "jax"]
-    if is_torch is True:
-        blist.append("pytorch")
-    for b in blist:
-        ans = tc.interfaces.general_args_to_backend(
-            args=tc.backend.ones([2], dtype="float32"),
-            target_backend=b,
-            enable_dlpack=True,
-        )
-        ans = tc.interfaces.which_backend(ans).device_move(ans, "cpu")
-        np.testing.assert_allclose(ans, np.ones([2]))
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", [lf("npb"), lf("tfb"), lf("jaxb")])
-def test_args_to_tensor(backend):
-    @partial(
-        tc.interfaces.args_to_tensor,
-        argnums=[0, 1, 2],
-        gate_to_tensor=True,
-        qop_to_tensor=True,
-    )
-    def f(a, b, c, d):
-        return a, b, c, d
-
-    r = f(np.ones([2]), tc.backend.ones([1, 2]), {"a": [tf.zeros([3])]}, np.ones([2]))
-    a = r[0]
-    b = r[1]
-    c = r[2]["a"][0]
-    d = r[3]
-    assert tc.interfaces.which_backend(a, return_backend=False) == tc.backend.name
-    assert tc.interfaces.which_backend(b, return_backend=False) == tc.backend.name
-    assert tc.interfaces.which_backend(c, return_backend=False) == tc.backend.name
-    assert tc.interfaces.which_backend(d, return_backend=False) == "numpy"
-    # print(f([np.ones([2]), np.ones([1])], {"a": np.ones([3])}))
-    # print(f([tc.Gate(np.ones([2, 2])), tc.Gate(np.ones([2, 2, 2, 2]))], np.ones([2])))
-
-    a, b, c, d = f(
-        [tc.Gate(np.ones([2, 2])), tc.Gate(np.ones([2, 2, 2, 2]))],
-        tc.QuOperator.from_tensor(np.ones([2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2])),
-        np.ones([2, 2, 2, 2]),
-        tf.zeros([1, 2]),
-    )
-    assert tc.interfaces.which_backend(a[0], return_backend=False) == tc.backend.name
-    assert tc.backend.shape_tuple(a[1]) == (4, 4)
-    assert tc.interfaces.which_backend(b, return_backend=False) == tc.backend.name
-    assert tc.interfaces.which_backend(d, return_backend=False) == "tensorflow"
-    assert tc.backend.shape_tuple(b) == (8, 8)
-    assert tc.backend.shape_tuple(c) == (2, 2, 2, 2)
-
-    @partial(
-        tc.interfaces.args_to_tensor,
-        argnums=[0, 1, 2],
-        tensor_as_matrix=False,
-        gate_to_tensor=True,
-        gate_as_matrix=False,
-        qop_to_tensor=True,
-        qop_as_matrix=False,
-    )
-    def g(a, b, c):
-        return a, b, c
-
-    a, b, c = g(
-        [tc.Gate(np.ones([2, 2])), tc.Gate(np.ones([2, 2, 2, 2]))],
-        tc.QuOperator.from_tensor(np.ones([2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2])),
-        np.ones([2, 2, 2, 2]),
-    )
-
-    assert tc.interfaces.which_backend(a[0], return_backend=False) == tc.backend.name
-    assert tc.backend.shape_tuple(a[1]) == (2, 2, 2, 2)
-    assert tc.backend.shape_tuple(b.eval()) == (2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)
-    assert tc.backend.shape_tuple(c) == (2, 2, 2, 2)
-
-
-def test_jax_interface_basic(tfb):
-
-    def f(params):
-        c = tc.Circuit(1)
-        c.rx(0, theta=params[0])
-        c.ry(0, theta=params[1])
-        return tc.backend.real(c.expectation_ps(z=[0]))
-
-    f_jax = tc.interfaces.jax_interface(f, jit=True)
-    params = jnp.ones(2)
-
-    # Test forward pass
-    val = f_jax(params)
-    assert isinstance(val, jnp.ndarray)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(val, 0.291927, atol=1e-5)
-
-    # Test gradient computation
-    val, grad = jax.value_and_grad(f_jax)(params)
-    assert isinstance(grad, jnp.ndarray)
-    assert grad.shape == params.shape
-
-
-def test_jax_interface_multiple_inputs(tfb):
-
-    def f(params1, params2):
-        c = tc.Circuit(2)
-        c.rx(0, theta=params1[0])
-        c.ry(1, theta=params2[0])
-        return tc.backend.real(c.expectation([tc.gates.z(), [0]]))
-
-    f_jax = tc.interfaces.jax_interface(f, jit=False)
-    p1 = jnp.array([1.0])
-    p2 = jnp.array([2.0])
-
-    # Test forward pass
-    val = f_jax(p1, p2)
-    assert isinstance(val, jnp.ndarray)
-
-    # Test gradient computation
-
-    val, (grad1, grad2) = jax.value_and_grad(f_jax, argnums=(0, 1))(p1, p2)
-    assert isinstance(grad1, jnp.ndarray)
-    assert isinstance(grad2, jnp.ndarray)
-    assert grad1.shape == p1.shape
-    assert grad2.shape == p2.shape
-
-
-@pytest.mark.skip(
-    reason="might fail when testing with other function",
-)
-def test_jax_interface_jit_dlpack(tfb):
-
-    def f(params):
-        c = tc.Circuit(2)
-        c.rx(range(2), theta=params)
-        return tc.backend.real(c.expectation([tc.gates.z(), [0]]))
-
-    # Test with JIT
-    f_jax = tc.interfaces.jax_interface(f, jit=True, enable_dlpack=True)
-    params = jnp.array([np.pi, np.pi], dtype=jnp.float32)
-
-    # First call compiles
-    val1 = f_jax(params)
-    # Second call should be faster
-    val2, gs = jax.value_and_grad(f_jax)(params)
-
-    assert isinstance(val1, jnp.ndarray)
-    assert isinstance(gs, jnp.ndarray)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(val1, val2, atol=1e-5)
-
-
-def test_jax_interface_pure_callback(tfb):
-
-    def f(params):
-        # Use TF operation to test pure_callback
-        return tf.square(params)
-
-    def f_jax1(params):
-        return jnp.sum(tc.interfaces.jax_interface(f)(params))
-
-    def f_jax2(params):
-        return jnp.sum(
-            tc.interfaces.jax_interface(
-                f, jit=True, output_shape=[2], output_dtype=jnp.float32
-            )(params)
-        )
-
-    params = jnp.array([1.0, 2.0])
-
-    for f_jax in [f_jax1, f_jax2]:
-        val = f_jax(params)
-        assert isinstance(val, jnp.ndarray)
-        np.testing.assert_allclose(val, 5.0, atol=1e-5)
-
-        # Test gradient
-        grad = jax.grad(f_jax)(params)
-        assert isinstance(grad, jnp.ndarray)
-        np.testing.assert_allclose(grad, [2.0, 4.0], atol=1e-5)
-
-
-def test_jax_interface_multiple_outputs(tfb):
-
-    def f(params):
-        # Use TF operation to test pure_callback
-        return tf.square(params), params
-
-    def f_jax1(params):
-        r = tc.interfaces.jax_interface(f)(params)
-        return jnp.sum(r[0] + r[1] ** 2) / 2
-
-    def f_jax2(params):
-        r = tc.interfaces.jax_interface(
-            f,
-            jit=True,
-            output_shape=([2], [2]),
-            output_dtype=(jnp.float32, jnp.float32),
-        )(params)
-        return jnp.sum(r[0] + r[1] ** 2) / 2
-
-    params = jnp.array([1.0, 2.0])
-
-    for f_jax in [f_jax1, f_jax2]:
-        val = f_jax(params)
-        assert isinstance(val, jnp.ndarray)
-        np.testing.assert_allclose(val, 5.0, atol=1e-5)
-
-        # Test gradient
-        grad = jax.grad(f_jax)(params)
-        assert isinstance(grad, jnp.ndarray)
-        np.testing.assert_allclose(grad, [2.0, 4.0], atol=1e-5)

tests/test_keras.py

@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import sys
-from functools import partial
-
-thisfile = os.path.abspath(__file__)
-modulepath = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(thisfile))
-
-sys.path.insert(0, modulepath)
-
-import numpy as np
-import tensorflow as tf
-import tensorcircuit as tc
-
-
-dtype = np.complex128
-tfdtype = tf.complex128
-
-ii = np.eye(4, dtype=dtype)
-iir = tf.constant(ii.reshape([2, 2, 2, 2]))
-zz = np.array([[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, -1, 0, 0], [0, 0, -1, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1]], dtype=dtype)
-zzr = tf.constant(zz.reshape([2, 2, 2, 2]))
-
-
-def tfi_energy(c, j=1.0, h=-1.0):
-    e = 0.0
-    n = c._nqubits
-    for i in range(n):
-        e += h * c.expectation((tc.gates.x(), [i]))
-    for i in range(n - 1):  # OBC
-        e += j * c.expectation((tc.gates.z(), [i]), (tc.gates.z(), [(i + 1) % n]))
-    return e
-
-
-def vqe_f2(inputs, xweights, zzweights, nlayers, n):
-    c = tc.Circuit(n)
-    paramx = tf.cast(xweights, tfdtype)
-    paramzz = tf.cast(zzweights, tfdtype)
-    for i in range(n):
-        c.H(i)
-    for j in range(nlayers):
-        for i in range(n - 1):
-            c.any(
-                i,
-                i + 1,
-                unitary=tf.math.cos(paramzz[j, i]) * iir
-                + tf.math.sin(paramzz[j, i]) * 1.0j * zzr,
-            )
-        for i in range(n):
-            c.rx(i, theta=paramx[j, i])
-    e = tfi_energy(c)
-    e = tf.math.real(e)
-    return e
-
-
-def test_vqe_layer2(tfb, highp):
-    vqe_fp = partial(vqe_f2, nlayers=3, n=6)
-    vqe_layer = tc.KerasLayer(vqe_fp, [(3, 6), (3, 6)])
-    inputs = np.zeros([1])
-    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
-        e = vqe_layer(inputs)
-    print(e, tape.gradient(e, vqe_layer.variables))
-    model = tf.keras.Sequential([vqe_layer])
-    model.compile(
-        loss=tc.keras.output_asis_loss, optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(0.01)
-    )
-    model.fit(np.zeros([1, 1]), np.zeros([1]), batch_size=1, epochs=300)
-
-
-def vqe_f(inputs, weights, nlayers, n):
-    c = tc.Circuit(n)
-    paramc = tf.cast(weights, tfdtype)
-    for i in range(n):
-        c.H(i)
-    for j in range(nlayers):
-        for i in range(n - 1):
-            c.any(
-                i,
-                i + 1,
-                unitary=tf.math.cos(paramc[2 * j, i]) * iir
-                + tf.math.sin(paramc[2 * j, i]) * 1.0j * zzr,
-            )
-        for i in range(n):
-            c.rx(i, theta=paramc[2 * j + 1, i])
-    e = tfi_energy(c)
-    e = tf.math.real(e)
-    return e
-
-
-def test_vqe_layer(tfb, highp):
-    vqe_fp = partial(vqe_f, nlayers=6, n=6)
-    vqe_layer = tc.keras.QuantumLayer(vqe_fp, (6 * 2, 6))
-    inputs = np.zeros([1])
-    inputs = tf.constant(inputs)
-    model = tf.keras.Sequential([vqe_layer])
-
-    model.compile(
-        loss=tc.keras.output_asis_loss, optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(0.01)
-    )
-
-    model.fit(np.zeros([2, 1]), np.zeros([2, 1]), batch_size=2, epochs=500)
-
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(model.predict(np.zeros([1])), -7.27, atol=5e-2)
-
-
-def test_function_io(tfb, tmp_path, highp):
-    vqe_f_p = partial(vqe_f, inputs=tf.ones([1]))
-
-    vqe_f_p = tf.function(vqe_f_p)
-    vqe_f_p(weights=tf.ones([6, 6], dtype=tf.float64), nlayers=3, n=6)
-    tc.keras.save_func(vqe_f_p, str(tmp_path))
-    loaded = tc.keras.load_func(str(tmp_path), fallback=vqe_f_p)
-    print(loaded(weights=tf.ones([6, 6], dtype=tf.float64), nlayers=3, n=6))
-    print(loaded(weights=tf.ones([6, 6], dtype=tf.float64), nlayers=3, n=6))
-
-
-def test_keras_hardware(tfb):
-    n = 2
-
-    def qf(inputs, param):
-        c = tc.Circuit(n)
-        c.rx(0, theta=inputs[0])
-        c.rx(1, theta=inputs[1])
-        c.h(1)
-        c.rzz(0, 1, theta=param[0])
-        return tc.backend.stack([c.expectation_ps(z=[i]) for i in range(n)])
-
-    ql = tc.keras.HardwareLayer(qf, [1], regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(1e-3))
-    print(ql(tf.ones([1, 2])))
-
-
-def test_keras_layer_inputs_dict(tfb):
-    # https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/65306
-    # keras3 for tf2.16+ fails to accept complex valued input for keras layers
-    # which is vital for quantum applications
-    n = 3
-    p = 0.1
-    K = tc.backend
-
-    def f(inputs, weights):
-        state = inputs["state"]
-        noise = inputs["noise"]
-        c = tc.Circuit(n, inputs=state)
-        for i in range(n):
-            c.rz(i, theta=weights[i])
-        for i in range(n):
-            c.depolarizing(i, px=p, py=p, pz=p, status=noise[i])
-        return K.real(c.expectation_ps(x=[0]))
-
-    layer = tc.KerasLayer(f, [n])
-    v = {"state": K.ones([1, 2**n]) / 2 ** (n / 2), "noise": 0.2 * K.ones([1, n])}
-    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
-        l = layer(v)
-    g1 = tape.gradient(l, layer.trainable_variables)
-
-    v = {"state": K.ones([2**n]) / 2 ** (n / 2), "noise": 0.2 * K.ones([n])}
-    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
-        l = layer(v)
-    g2 = tape.gradient(l, layer.trainable_variables)
-
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(g1[0], g2[0], atol=1e-5)