sqlspec 0.47.0__cp314-cp314-win_amd64.whl

sqlspec/adapters/bigquery/core.py

@@ -0,0 +1,768 @@
+"""BigQuery adapter compiled helpers."""
+
+import datetime
+import importlib
+import io
+import os
+from decimal import Decimal
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
+
+import sqlglot
+from google.api_core.retry import Retry
+from google.cloud.bigquery import LoadJobConfig, QueryJob, QueryJobConfig
+from google.cloud.exceptions import GoogleCloudError
+from sqlglot import exp
+
+from sqlspec.core import (
+    DriverParameterProfile,
+    ParameterProfile,
+    ParameterStyle,
+    StatementConfig,
+    build_null_pruning_transform,
+    build_statement_config_from_profile,
+)
+from sqlspec.exceptions import (
+    DataError,
+    NotFoundError,
+    OperationalError,
+    PermissionDeniedError,
+    QueryTimeoutError,
+    SQLParsingError,
+    SQLSpecError,
+    StorageCapabilityError,
+    UniqueViolationError,
+)
+from sqlspec.utils.logging import get_logger
+from sqlspec.utils.serializers import to_json
+from sqlspec.utils.type_converters import build_uuid_coercions
+from sqlspec.utils.type_guards import has_errors, has_value_attribute
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping
+
+    from sqlspec.adapters.bigquery._typing import BigQueryConnection, BigQueryParam
+    from sqlspec.storage import StorageFormat, StorageTelemetry
+
+__all__ = (
+    "apply_driver_features",
+    "build_dml_rowcount",
+    "build_inlined_script",
+    "build_load_job_config",
+    "build_load_job_telemetry",
+    "build_profile",
+    "build_retry",
+    "build_statement_config",
+    "collect_rows",
+    "copy_job_config",
+    "create_mapped_exception",
+    "create_parameters",
+    "default_statement_config",
+    "detect_emulator",
+    "driver_profile",
+    "extract_insert_table",
+    "is_simple_insert",
+    "normalize_script_rowcount",
+    "resolve_column_names",
+    "run_query_job",
+    "storage_api_available",
+    "try_bulk_insert",
+)
+
+HTTP_CONFLICT = 409
+HTTP_NOT_FOUND = 404
+HTTP_BAD_REQUEST = 400
+HTTP_FORBIDDEN = 403
+HTTP_SERVER_ERROR = 500
+COLUMN_CACHE_MAX_SIZE = 256
+
+
+def _identity(value: Any) -> Any:
+    return value
+
+
+def _tuple_to_list(value: Any) -> Any:
+    if isinstance(value, tuple):
+        return list(value)
+    return value
+
+
+def _return_none(_: Any) -> None:
+    return None
+
+
+def storage_api_available() -> bool:
+    """Return True when the BigQuery Storage API client can be imported."""
+    try:
+        importlib.import_module("google.cloud.bigquery_storage_v1")
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+_BIGQUERY_MODULE: Any | None = None
+_BQ_TYPE_MAP: "dict[type, tuple[str, str | None]]" = {
+    bool: ("BOOL", None),
+    int: ("INT64", None),
+    float: ("FLOAT64", None),
+    Decimal: ("BIGNUMERIC", None),
+    str: ("STRING", None),
+    bytes: ("BYTES", None),
+    datetime.date: ("DATE", None),
+    datetime.time: ("TIME", None),
+    dict: ("JSON", None),
+}
+
+
+def try_bulk_insert(
+    connection: "BigQueryConnection",
+    sql: str,
+    parameters: "list[dict[str, Any]]",
+    expression: "exp.Expr | None" = None,
+    *,
+    allow_parse: bool = True,
+) -> "int | None":
+    """Attempt bulk insert via Parquet load.
+
+    Args:
+        connection: BigQuery connection instance.
+        sql: INSERT SQL statement.
+        parameters: Parameter dictionaries for the insert.
+        expression: Optional parsed expression to reuse.
+        allow_parse: Whether to parse SQL when expression is unavailable.
+
+    Returns:
+        Inserted row count if bulk insert succeeds, otherwise None.
+    """
+    table_name = extract_insert_table(sql, expression, allow_parse=allow_parse)
+    if not table_name:
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        import pyarrow as pa
+        import pyarrow.parquet as pq
+
+        arrow_table = pa.Table.from_pylist(parameters)
+
+        buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        pq.write_table(arrow_table, buffer)
+        buffer.seek(0)
+
+        job_config = build_load_job_config("parquet", overwrite=False)
+        job = connection.load_table_from_file(buffer, table_name, job_config=job_config)
+        job.result()
+        return len(parameters)
+    except ImportError:
+        logger.debug("pyarrow not available, falling back to literal inlining")
+        return None
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.debug("Bulk insert failed, falling back to literal inlining: %s", exc)
+        return None
+
+
+def build_inlined_script(
+    sql: str,
+    parameters: "list[dict[str, Any]]",
+    expression: "exp.Expr | None" = None,
+    *,
+    allow_parse: bool = True,
+    literal_inliner: "Callable[[Any, Any, ParameterProfile], tuple[Any, Any]]",
+) -> str:
+    """Build a BigQuery script with literal inlining.
+
+    Args:
+        sql: SQL statement to inline.
+        parameters: Parameter dictionaries to inline.
+        expression: Optional parsed expression to reuse.
+        allow_parse: Whether to parse SQL when expression is unavailable.
+        literal_inliner: Callable used to inline literal values.
+
+    Returns:
+        Script SQL with inlined parameters.
+    """
+    parsed_expression = expression
+    if parsed_expression is None and allow_parse:
+        try:
+            parsed_expression = sqlglot.parse_one(sql, dialect="bigquery")
+        except sqlglot.ParseError:
+            parsed_expression = None
+
+    if parsed_expression is None:
+        return ";\n".join([sql] * len(parameters))
+
+    script_statements: list[str] = []
+    for param_set in parameters:
+        expression_copy: exp.Expr = parsed_expression.copy()
+        script_statements.append(_inline_bigquery_literals(expression_copy, param_set, literal_inliner))
+    return ";\n".join(script_statements)
+
+
+def _create_array_parameter(name: str, value: Any, array_type: str) -> "BigQueryParam":
+    """Create BigQuery ARRAY parameter.
+
+    Args:
+        name: Parameter name.
+        value: Array value (converted to list, empty list if None).
+        array_type: BigQuery array element type.
+
+    Returns:
+        ArrayQueryParameter instance.
+    """
+    bigquery = _get_bigquery_module()
+    return cast("BigQueryParam", bigquery.ArrayQueryParameter(name, array_type, [] if value is None else list(value)))
+
+
+def _create_json_parameter(name: str, value: Any, json_serializer: "Callable[[Any], str]") -> "BigQueryParam":
+    """Create BigQuery JSON parameter as STRING type.
+
+    Args:
+        name: Parameter name.
+        value: JSON-serializable value.
+        json_serializer: Function to serialize to JSON string.
+
+    Returns:
+        ScalarQueryParameter with STRING type.
+    """
+    bigquery = _get_bigquery_module()
+    return cast("BigQueryParam", bigquery.ScalarQueryParameter(name, "STRING", json_serializer(value)))
+
+
+def _create_scalar_parameter(name: str, value: Any, param_type: str) -> "BigQueryParam":
+    """Create BigQuery scalar parameter.
+
+    Args:
+        name: Parameter name.
+        value: Scalar value.
+        param_type: BigQuery parameter type (INT64, FLOAT64, etc.).
+
+    Returns:
+        ScalarQueryParameter instance.
+    """
+    bigquery = _get_bigquery_module()
+    return cast("BigQueryParam", bigquery.ScalarQueryParameter(name, param_type, value))
+
+
+def _get_bigquery_module() -> Any:
+    global _BIGQUERY_MODULE
+    if _BIGQUERY_MODULE is None:
+        from google.cloud import bigquery
+
+        _BIGQUERY_MODULE = bigquery
+    return _BIGQUERY_MODULE
+
+
+logger = get_logger("sqlspec.adapters.bigquery.core")
+
+
+def _get_bq_param_type(value: Any) -> "tuple[str | None, str | None]":
+    """Determine BigQuery parameter type from Python value.
+
+    Args:
+        value: Python value to determine BigQuery type for
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of (parameter_type, array_element_type)
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return ("STRING", None)
+
+    value_type = type(value)
+
+    if value_type is datetime.datetime:
+        return ("TIMESTAMP" if value.tzinfo else "DATETIME", None)
+
+    if value_type in _BQ_TYPE_MAP:
+        return _BQ_TYPE_MAP[value_type]
+
+    if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+        if not value:
+            msg = "Cannot determine BigQuery ARRAY type for empty sequence."
+            raise SQLSpecError(msg)
+        element_type, _ = _get_bq_param_type(value[0])
+        if element_type is None:
+            msg = f"Unsupported element type in ARRAY: {type(value[0])}"
+            raise SQLSpecError(msg)
+        return "ARRAY", element_type
+
+    return None, None
+
+
+def create_parameters(parameters: Any, json_serializer: "Callable[[Any], str]") -> "list[BigQueryParam]":
+    """Create BigQuery QueryParameter objects from parameters.
+
+    Args:
+        parameters: Dict of named parameters or list of positional parameters
+        json_serializer: Function to serialize dict/list to JSON string
+
+    Returns:
+        List of BigQuery QueryParameter objects
+    """
+    if not parameters:
+        return []
+
+    bq_parameters: list[BigQueryParam] = []
+
+    if isinstance(parameters, dict):
+        for name, value in parameters.items():
+            param_name_for_bq = name.lstrip("@")
+            actual_value = value.value if has_value_attribute(value) else value
+            param_type, array_element_type = _get_bq_param_type(actual_value)
+
+            if param_type == "ARRAY" and array_element_type:
+                bq_parameters.append(_create_array_parameter(param_name_for_bq, actual_value, array_element_type))
+            elif param_type == "JSON":
+                bq_parameters.append(_create_json_parameter(param_name_for_bq, actual_value, json_serializer))
+            elif param_type:
+                bq_parameters.append(_create_scalar_parameter(param_name_for_bq, actual_value, param_type))
+            else:
+                msg = f"Unsupported BigQuery parameter type for value of param '{name}': {type(actual_value)}"
+                raise SQLSpecError(msg)
+
+    elif isinstance(parameters, (list, tuple)):
+        msg = "BigQuery driver requires named parameters (e.g., @name); positional parameters are not supported"
+        raise SQLSpecError(msg)
+
+    return bq_parameters
+
+
+def _inline_bigquery_literals(
+    expression: "exp.Expr", parameters: Any, inliner: "Callable[[Any, Any, ParameterProfile], tuple[Any, Any]]"
+) -> str:
+    """Inline literal values into a parsed SQLGlot expression."""
+    if not parameters:
+        return str(expression.sql(dialect="bigquery"))
+
+    transformed_expression, _ = inliner(expression, parameters, ParameterProfile.empty())
+    return str(transformed_expression.sql(dialect="bigquery"))
+
+
+def detect_emulator(connection: "BigQueryConnection") -> bool:
+    """Detect whether the BigQuery client targets an emulator endpoint."""
+    emulator_host = os.getenv("BIGQUERY_EMULATOR_HOST") or os.getenv("BIGQUERY_EMULATOR_HOST_HTTP")
+    if emulator_host:
+        return True
+
+    try:
+        inner_connection = cast("Any", connection)._connection
+    except AttributeError:
+        inner_connection = None
+    if inner_connection is None:
+        return False
+    try:
+        api_base_url = inner_connection.API_BASE_URL
+    except AttributeError:
+        api_base_url = ""
+    if not api_base_url:
+        return False
+    return "googleapis.com" not in api_base_url
+
+
+def _should_retry_bigquery_job(exception: Exception) -> bool:
+    """Return True when a BigQuery job exception is safe to retry."""
+    if not isinstance(exception, GoogleCloudError):
+        return False
+
+    errors = exception.errors if has_errors(exception) and exception.errors is not None else []
+    retryable_reasons = {
+        "backendError",
+        "internalError",
+        "jobInternalError",
+        "rateLimitExceeded",
+        "jobRateLimitExceeded",
+    }
+
+    for err in errors:
+        if not isinstance(err, dict):
+            continue
+        reason = err.get("reason")
+        message = (err.get("message") or "").lower()
+        if reason in retryable_reasons:
+            return not ("nonexistent_column" in message or ("column" in message and "not present" in message))
+
+    return False
+
+
+def build_retry(deadline: float, using_emulator: bool) -> "Retry | None":
+    """Build retry policy for job restarts based on error reason codes."""
+    if using_emulator:
+        return None
+    return Retry(predicate=_should_retry_bigquery_job, deadline=deadline)
+
+
+def _should_copy_job_attribute(attr: str, source_config: QueryJobConfig) -> bool:
+    if attr.startswith("_"):
+        return False
+
+    try:
+        value = source_config.__getattribute__(attr)
+        return value is not None and not callable(value)
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        return False
+
+
+def copy_job_config(source_config: QueryJobConfig, target_config: QueryJobConfig) -> None:
+    """Copy non-private attributes from source config to target config."""
+    for attr in dir(source_config):
+        if not _should_copy_job_attribute(attr, source_config):
+            continue
+
+        try:
+            value = source_config.__getattribute__(attr)
+            setattr(target_config, attr, value)
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+            continue
+
+
+def run_query_job(
+    connection: "BigQueryConnection",
+    sql: str,
+    parameters: Any,
+    *,
+    default_job_config: QueryJobConfig | None,
+    job_config: QueryJobConfig | None,
+    json_serializer: "Callable[[Any], str]",
+) -> QueryJob:
+    """Execute a BigQuery query job with merged configuration.
+
+    Args:
+        connection: BigQuery connection instance.
+        sql: SQL string to execute.
+        parameters: Prepared parameters payload.
+        default_job_config: Default job configuration to merge.
+        job_config: Optional job configuration override.
+        json_serializer: JSON serializer for parameter values.
+
+    Returns:
+        QueryJob object representing the executed job.
+    """
+    final_job_config = QueryJobConfig()
+    if default_job_config:
+        copy_job_config(default_job_config, final_job_config)
+    if job_config:
+        copy_job_config(job_config, final_job_config)
+    final_job_config.query_parameters = create_parameters(parameters, json_serializer)
+    return connection.query(sql, job_config=final_job_config)
+
+
+def build_load_job_config(file_format: "StorageFormat", overwrite: bool) -> "LoadJobConfig":
+    job_config = LoadJobConfig()
+    job_config.source_format = _map_bigquery_source_format(file_format)
+    job_config.write_disposition = "WRITE_TRUNCATE" if overwrite else "WRITE_APPEND"
+    return job_config
+
+
+def build_load_job_telemetry(job: QueryJob, table: str, *, format_label: str) -> "StorageTelemetry":
+    try:
+        properties = cast("Any", job)._properties
+    except AttributeError:
+        properties = {}
+    load_stats = properties.get("statistics", {}).get("load", {})
+    rows_processed = int(load_stats.get("outputRows") or 0)
+    bytes_processed = int(load_stats.get("outputBytes") or load_stats.get("inputFileBytes", 0) or 0)
+    duration = 0.0
+    if job.ended and job.started:
+        duration = (job.ended - job.started).total_seconds()
+    telemetry: StorageTelemetry = {
+        "destination": table,
+        "rows_processed": rows_processed,
+        "bytes_processed": bytes_processed,
+        "duration_s": duration,
+        "format": format_label,
+    }
+    return telemetry
+
+
+def is_simple_insert(sql: str, expression: "exp.Expr | None" = None, *, allow_parse: bool = True) -> bool:
+    """Check if SQL is a simple INSERT VALUES statement.
+
+    Args:
+        sql: SQL string to inspect.
+        expression: Optional pre-parsed expression to reuse.
+        allow_parse: When False, skip parsing and return False if expression is missing.
+    """
+    if expression is None and not allow_parse:
+        return False
+    try:
+        parsed = expression or sqlglot.parse_one(sql, dialect="bigquery")
+        if not isinstance(parsed, exp.Insert):
+            return False
+        return parsed.expression is not None or parsed.find(exp.Values) is not None
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+
+
+def extract_insert_table(sql: str, expression: "exp.Expr | None" = None, *, allow_parse: bool = True) -> str | None:
+    """Extract table name from INSERT statement using sqlglot.
+
+    Args:
+        sql: SQL string to inspect.
+        expression: Optional pre-parsed expression to reuse.
+        allow_parse: When False, skip parsing and return None if expression is missing.
+    """
+    if expression is None and not allow_parse:
+        return None
+    try:
+        parsed = expression or sqlglot.parse_one(sql, dialect="bigquery")
+        if isinstance(parsed, exp.Insert):
+            table = parsed.find(exp.Table)
+            if table:
+                parts = []
+                if table.catalog:
+                    parts.append(table.catalog)
+                if table.db:
+                    parts.append(table.db)
+                parts.append(table.name)
+                return ".".join(parts)
+    except Exception:
+        logger.debug("Failed to extract table name from INSERT statement")
+    return None
+
+
+def _map_bigquery_source_format(file_format: "StorageFormat") -> str:
+    if file_format == "parquet":
+        return "PARQUET"
+    if file_format in {"json", "jsonl"}:
+        return "NEWLINE_DELIMITED_JSON"
+    msg = f"BigQuery does not support loading '{file_format}' artifacts via the storage bridge"
+    raise StorageCapabilityError(msg, capability="parquet_import_enabled")
+
+
+def resolve_column_names(schema: Any | None, cache: "dict[int, tuple[Any, list[str]]]") -> list[str]:
+    """Resolve and cache BigQuery schema column names.
+
+    Args:
+        schema: BigQuery schema object.
+        cache: Driver-local cache keyed by ``id(schema)``.
+
+    Returns:
+        Resolved column names.
+    """
+    if not schema:
+        return []
+
+    cache_key = id(schema)
+    cached = cache.get(cache_key)
+    if cached is not None and cached[0] is schema:
+        return cached[1]
+
+    column_names = [field.name for field in schema]
+    if len(cache) >= COLUMN_CACHE_MAX_SIZE:
+        cache.pop(next(iter(cache)))
+    cache[cache_key] = (schema, column_names)
+    return column_names
+
+
+def collect_rows(
+    job_result: Any,
+    schema: Any | None,
+    *,
+    column_names: "list[str] | None" = None,
+    column_name_cache: "dict[int, tuple[Any, list[str]]] | None" = None,
+) -> "tuple[list[Any], list[str]]":
+    """Collect BigQuery rows and schema into structured lists.
+
+    Returns raw BigQuery Row objects without copying to dicts.
+    Lazy dict materialization is handled by SQLResult when needed.
+
+    Args:
+        job_result: BigQuery job result iterator.
+        schema: BigQuery schema object (or None).
+        column_names: Optional precomputed column names.
+        column_name_cache: Optional cache used when column names are not precomputed.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of (rows_list, column_names).
+    """
+    rows_list = job_result if isinstance(job_result, list) else list(iter(job_result))
+    if column_names is not None:
+        resolved_column_names = column_names
+    elif column_name_cache is not None:
+        resolved_column_names = resolve_column_names(schema, column_name_cache)
+    else:
+        resolved_column_names = [field.name for field in schema] if schema else []
+    return rows_list, resolved_column_names
+
+
+def build_dml_rowcount(job: Any, fallback: int) -> int:
+    """Resolve affected rowcount for BigQuery DML jobs.
+
+    Args:
+        job: BigQuery job object with optional num_dml_affected_rows.
+        fallback: Fallback rowcount when job does not expose metadata.
+
+    Returns:
+        Resolved rowcount.
+    """
+    try:
+        rowcount = job.num_dml_affected_rows
+    except AttributeError:
+        return fallback
+    if rowcount is None:
+        return fallback
+    if isinstance(rowcount, int):
+        return rowcount
+    return fallback
+
+
+def normalize_script_rowcount(previous: int, job: Any) -> int:
+    """Normalize BigQuery script rowcount from the latest job metadata.
+
+    Args:
+        previous: Previously recorded rowcount value.
+        job: BigQuery job with optional num_dml_affected_rows metadata.
+
+    Returns:
+        Updated rowcount value.
+    """
+    return build_dml_rowcount(job, previous)
+
+
+def build_profile() -> "DriverParameterProfile":
+    """Create the BigQuery driver parameter profile."""
+
+    return DriverParameterProfile(
+        name="BigQuery",
+        default_style=ParameterStyle.NAMED_AT,
+        supported_styles={ParameterStyle.NAMED_AT, ParameterStyle.QMARK},
+        default_execution_style=ParameterStyle.NAMED_AT,
+        supported_execution_styles={ParameterStyle.NAMED_AT},
+        has_native_list_expansion=True,
+        preserve_parameter_format=True,
+        needs_static_script_compilation=False,
+        allow_mixed_parameter_styles=False,
+        preserve_original_params_for_many=False,
+        json_serializer_strategy="helper",
+        custom_type_coercions={
+            int: _identity,
+            float: _identity,
+            bytes: _identity,
+            datetime.datetime: _identity,
+            datetime.date: _identity,
+            datetime.time: _identity,
+            Decimal: _identity,
+            dict: _identity,
+            list: _identity,
+            type(None): _return_none,
+            **build_uuid_coercions(),
+        },
+        default_ast_transformer=build_null_pruning_transform(dialect="bigquery"),
+        extras={"json_tuple_strategy": "tuple", "type_coercion_overrides": {list: _identity, tuple: _tuple_to_list}},
+        default_dialect="bigquery",
+    )
+
+
+driver_profile = build_profile()
+
+
+def build_statement_config(*, json_serializer: "Callable[[Any], str] | None" = None) -> StatementConfig:
+    """Construct the BigQuery statement configuration with optional JSON serializer."""
+    serializer = json_serializer or to_json
+    profile = driver_profile
+    return build_statement_config_from_profile(
+        profile, statement_overrides={"dialect": "bigquery"}, json_serializer=serializer
+    )
+
+
+default_statement_config = build_statement_config()
+
+
+def _normalize_bigquery_driver_features(
+    driver_features: "Mapping[str, Any] | None",
+) -> "tuple[dict[str, Any], Callable[[Any], str] | None, Callable[[Any], None] | None, Any | None]":
+    """Normalize driver feature defaults and extract core options."""
+    features: dict[str, Any] = dict(driver_features) if driver_features else {}
+    user_connection_hook = features.pop("on_connection_create", None)
+    features.setdefault("enable_uuid_conversion", True)
+    serializer = features.setdefault("json_serializer", to_json)
+    connection_instance = features.get("connection_instance")
+    if connection_instance is not None:
+        features.pop("connection_instance", None)
+
+    return (
+        features,
+        cast("Callable[[Any], str] | None", serializer),
+        cast("Callable[[Any], None] | None", user_connection_hook),
+        connection_instance,
+    )
+
+
+def apply_driver_features(
+    driver_features: "Mapping[str, Any] | None",
+) -> "tuple[dict[str, Any], Callable[[Any], str] | None, Callable[[Any], None] | None, Any | None]":
+    """Apply BigQuery driver feature defaults and extract core options."""
+    return _normalize_bigquery_driver_features(driver_features)
+
+
+def _create_bigquery_error(
+    error: Any, code: "int | None", error_class: type[SQLSpecError], description: str
+) -> SQLSpecError:
+    """Create a SQLSpec exception from a BigQuery error.
+
+    Args:
+        error: The original BigQuery exception
+        code: HTTP status code
+        error_class: The SQLSpec exception class to instantiate
+        description: Human-readable description of the error type
+
+    Returns:
+        A new SQLSpec exception instance with the original as its cause
+    """
+    code_str = f"[HTTP {code}]" if code else ""
+    msg = f"BigQuery {description} {code_str}: {error}" if code_str else f"BigQuery {description}: {error}"
+    exc = error_class(msg)
+    exc.__cause__ = error
+    return exc
+
+
+def create_mapped_exception(error: Any) -> SQLSpecError:
+    """Map BigQuery exceptions to SQLSpec exceptions.
+
+    This is a factory function that returns an exception instance rather than
+    raising. This pattern is more robust for use in __exit__ handlers and
+    avoids issues with exception control flow in different Python versions.
+
+    Mapping priority:
+    1. HTTP status codes from BigQuery API
+    2. Message pattern matching for specific errors
+    3. Default SQLSpecError fallback
+
+    Args:
+        error: The BigQuery exception to map
+
+    Returns:
+        A SQLSpec exception that wraps the original error
+    """
+    try:
+        status_code = error.code
+    except AttributeError:
+        status_code = None
+    error_msg = str(error).lower()
+
+    # Resource conflict - unique/already exists
+    if status_code == HTTP_CONFLICT or "already exists" in error_msg:
+        return _create_bigquery_error(error, status_code, UniqueViolationError, "resource already exists")
+
+    # Resource not found
+    if status_code == HTTP_NOT_FOUND or "not found" in error_msg:
+        return _create_bigquery_error(error, status_code, NotFoundError, "resource not found")
+
+    # Query timeout/cancellation
+    if "timeout" in error_msg or "deadline exceeded" in error_msg or "cancelled" in error_msg:
+        return _create_bigquery_error(error, status_code, QueryTimeoutError, "query timeout or cancelled")
+
+    # Bad request - parse message for details
+    if status_code == HTTP_BAD_REQUEST:
+        if "syntax" in error_msg or "invalid query" in error_msg:
+            return _create_bigquery_error(error, status_code, SQLParsingError, "query syntax error")
+        if "type" in error_msg or "format" in error_msg:
+            return _create_bigquery_error(error, status_code, DataError, "data error")
+        return _create_bigquery_error(error, status_code, SQLSpecError, "error")
+
+    # Permission denied - use PermissionDeniedError instead of DatabaseConnectionError
+    if status_code == HTTP_FORBIDDEN or "access denied" in error_msg or "permission denied" in error_msg:
+        return _create_bigquery_error(error, status_code, PermissionDeniedError, "permission denied")
+
+    # Server errors
+    if status_code and status_code >= HTTP_SERVER_ERROR:
+        return _create_bigquery_error(error, status_code, OperationalError, "operational error")
+
+    return _create_bigquery_error(error, status_code, SQLSpecError, "error")