skinoptics 0.0.1b8__py3-none-any.whl → 0.0.2__py3-none-any.whl

skinoptics/refractive_index.py

@@ -1,414 +1,413 @@
-'''
-| SkinOptics
-| Copyright (C) 2024-2025 Victor Lima
-
-    | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-    | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    | (at your option) any later version.
-
-    | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-    | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-    | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-    | GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-    | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    | along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-    
-| Victor Lima
-| victorporto\@ifsc.usp.br
-| victor.lima\@ufscar.br
-| victorportog.github.io
-
-| Release date:
-| October 2024
-| Last modification:
-| March 2025
-
-| References:
-
-| [HQ73] Hale & Querry 1973.
-| Optical Constants of Water in the 200-nm to 200-μm Wavelength Region.
-| https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.12.000555
-
-| [S81] Segelstein's M.S. Thesis 1981.
-| The complex refractive index of water.
-| https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/11599
-
-| [LLX00] Li, Lin & Xie 2000.
-| Refractive index of human whole blood with different types in the visible and near-infrared ranges.
-| https://doi.org/10.1117/12.388073
-
-| [D*06] Ding, Lu, Wooden, Kragel & Hu 2006.
-| Refractive indices of human skin tissues at eight wavelengths and estimated dispersion relations
-| between 300 and 1600 nm.
-| https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/51/6/008
-
-| [FM06] Friebel & Meinke 2006.
-| Model function to calculate the refractive index of native hemoglobin in the wavelength range of
-| 250–1100 nm dependent on concentration.
-| https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.45.002838
-
-| [YLT18] Yanina, Lazareva & Tuchin 2018.
-| Refractive index of adipose tissue and lipid droplet measured in wide spectral and temperature ranges.
-| https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.004839
-
-| [M*21] Matiatou, Giannios, Koutsoumpos, Toutouzas, Zografos & Moutzouris 2021.
-| Data on the refractive index of freshly-excised human tissues in the visible and near-infrared
-| spectral range.
-| https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2021.103833
-'''
-
-import numpy as np
-from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
-
-from skinoptics.utils import *
-from skinoptics.dataframes import *
-
-def n_Cauchy(lambda0, A, B, C, D):
-    r'''
-    The Cauchy's equation.
-    
-    :math:`n(\lambda) = A + \frac{B}{\lambda^2} + \frac{C}{\lambda^4} + \frac{D}{\lambda^6}`
-    
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-    
-    :param A: coefficient :math:`A` [-]
-    :type A: float
-    
-    :param B: coefficient :math:`B` [nm^2]
-    :type B: float
-    
-    :param C: coefficient :math:`C` [nm^4]
-    :type C: float
-    
-    :param D: coefficient :math:`D` [nm^6]
-    :type D: float
-    
-    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
-    '''
-    
-    return A + B/np.power(lambda0, 2., dtype = 'float64') + C/np.power(lambda0, 4., dtype = 'float64') + D/np.power(lambda0, 6., dtype = 'float64')
-
-def n_Cornu(lambda0, A, B, C):
-    r'''
-    The Cornu's equation.
-    
-    :math:`n(\lambda) = A + \frac{B}{(\lambda - C)}`
-
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-    
-    :param A: coefficient :math:`A` [-]
-    :type A: float
-    
-    :param B: coefficient :math:`B` [nm]
-    :type B: float
-    
-    :param C: coefficient :math:`C` [nm]
-    :type C: float
-    
-    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
-    '''
-    
-    return A + B/(lambda0 - C)
-
-def n_Conrady(lambda0, A, B, C):
-    r'''
-    The Conrady's equation.
-    
-    :math:`n(\lambda) = A + \frac{B}{\lambda} + \frac{C}{\lambda^{3.5}}`
-
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-    
-    :param A: coefficient :math:`A` [-]
-    :type A: float
-    
-    :param B: coefficient :math:`B` [nm]
-    :type B: float
-    
-    :param C: coefficient :math:`C` [nm^3.5]
-    :type C: float
-    
-    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
-    '''
-    
-    return A + B/lambda0 + C/np.power(lambda0, 3.5, dtype = 'float64')
-
-def n_Sellmeier(lambda0, A1, B1, A2, B2):
-    r'''
-    The Sellmeier's equation.
-    
-    :math:`n(\lambda) = \sqrt{1 + \frac{A_1 \mbox{ } \lambda^2}{\lambda^2 - B_1} + \frac{A_2\mbox{ } \lambda^2}{\lambda^2 - B_2}}`
-
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-    
-    :param A1: coefficient :math:`A_1` [-]
-    :type A1: float
-    
-    :param B1: coefficient :math:`B_1` [nm^2]
-    :type B1: float
-    
-    :param A2: coefficient :math:`A_2` [-]
-    :type A2: float
-    
-    :param B2: coefficient :math:`B_2` [nm^2]
-    :type B2: float
-    
-    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
-    '''
-        
-    lambda0_sqrd = np.power(lambda0, 2., dtype = 'float64')
-
-    return np.sqrt(1 + A1*lambda0_sqrd/(lambda0_sqrd - B1) + A2*lambda0_sqrd/(lambda0_sqrd - B2))
-
-def n_wat_Hale(lambda0):
-    r'''
-    | The refractive index of WATER as a function of wavelength.
-    | Linear interpolation of data from Hale & Querry 1973 [HQ73].
-    
-    | wavelength range: [200 nm, 200 μm]
-    | temperature: 25 ºC
-    
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-    
-    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
-    '''
-        
-    return interp1d(np.array(n_and_k_wat_Hale_dataframe)[:,0],
-                    np.array(n_and_k_wat_Hale_dataframe)[:,2],
-                    bounds_error = False,
-                    fill_value = (np.array(n_and_k_wat_Hale_dataframe)[0,2],
-                                  np.array(n_and_k_wat_Hale_dataframe)[-1,2]))(lambda0)
-
-def n_wat_Segelstein(lambda0):
-    r'''
-    | The refractive index of WATER as a function of wavelength.
-    | Linear interpolation of data from D. J. Segelstein's M.S. Thesis 1981 [S81] collected
-    | by S. Prahl and publicly available at <https://omlc.org/spectra/water/abs/index.html>.
-    
-    | wavelength range: [10 nm, 10 m]
-    
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-    
-    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
-    '''
-            
-    return interp1d(np.array(n_and_k_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[:,0]*1E3, 
-                    np.array(n_and_k_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[:,1],
-                    bounds_error = False,
-                    fill_value = (np.array(n_and_k_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[0,1],
-                                  np.array(n_and_k_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
-
-def n_EP_Ding(lambda0, model = 'Cauchy'):
-    r'''
-    | The refractive index of human EPIDERMIS as a function of wavelength.
-    | Ding et al. 2006 [D*06]'s fits to their own experimental data.
-    | Complementary data publicly available at <bmlaser.physics.ecu.edu/literature/lit.htm>.
-    
-    | wavelength range: [325 nm, 1557 nm]
-    | temperature: 22 ºC
-    | body location: abdomen and arm
-    | volunteers info: 12 female patients (10 caucasians and 2 african americans),
-    | phototypes I-III and V, 27-63 years old
-    
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-    
-    :param model: the user can choose one of the following... 'Cauchy', 'Cornu' or 'Conrady' (default to 'Cauchy')
-    :type moderl: str
-    
-    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
-    '''
-        
-    if model == 'Cauchy':
-        return n_Cauchy(lambda0, 1.4134, 7907.9596, -389.9784, 0)
-    elif model == 'Cornu':
-        return n_Cornu(lambda0, 1.4057, 13.3628, 162.7100)
-    elif model == 'Conrady':
-        return n_Conrady(lambda0, 1.3963, 25.0563, 6237909.3004)
-    else:
-        msg = 'The input model = {} is not valid.'.format(model)
-        raise Exception(msg)
-
-def n_DE_Ding(lambda0, model = 'Cauchy'):
-    r'''
-    | The refractive index of human DERMIS as a function of wavelength.
-    | Ding et al. 2006 [D*06]'s fits to their own experimental data.
-    | Complementary data publicly available at <bmlaser.physics.ecu.edu/literature/lit.htm>.
-    
-    | wavelength range: [325 nm, 1557 nm]
-    | temperature: 22 ºC
-    | body location: abdomen and arm
-    | volunteers info: 12 female patients (10 caucasians and 2 african americans),
-    | phototypes I-III and V, 27-63 years old
-    
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-
-    :param model: the user can choose one of the following... 'Cauchy', 'Cornu' or 'Conrady' (default to 'Cauchy')
-    :type moderl: str
-    
-    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
-    '''
-    
-    if model == 'Cauchy':
-        return n_Cauchy(lambda0, 1.3696, 3916.8026, -2558.7704, 0)
-    elif model == 'Cornu':
-        return n_Cornu(lambda0, 1.2573, 453.8263, -2874.5367)
-    elif model == 'Conrady':
-        return n_Conrady(lambda0, 1.3549, 17.8990, -3593764.4133)
-    else:
-        msg = 'The input model = {} is not valid.'.format(model)
-        raise Exception(msg)
-        
-def n_HY_Matiatou(lambda0):
-    r'''
-    | The refractive index of human HYPODERMIS as a function of wavelength.
-    | Matiatou et al. 2021 [M*21]'s fit to their own experimental data.
-    
-    :math:`n(\lambda) = 1.44909 + \frac{5099.42}{\lambda^2}`
-    
-    | wavelength range: [450 nm, 1551 nm]
-    | temperature: 25 ºC
-    
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-    
-    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
-    '''
-    
-    return n_Cauchy(lambda0, 1.44909, 5099.42, 0, 0)
-
-def n_AT_Matiatou(lambda0):
-    r'''
-    | The refractive index of human ADIPOSE TISSUE as a function of wavelength.
-    | Matiatou et al. 2021 [M*21]'s fit to their own experimental data.
-    
-    :math:`n(\lambda) = 1.44933 + \frac{4908.37}{\lambda^2}`
-    
-    | wavelength range: [450 nm, 1551 nm]
-    | temperature: 25 ºC
-    | body location: abdomen
-    
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-    
-    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
-    '''
-        
-    return n_Cauchy(lambda0, 1.44933, 4908.37, 0, 0)
-        
-def n_AT_Yanina(lambda0):
-    r'''
-    | The refractive index of human ADIPOSE TISSUE as a function of wavelength.
-    | Yanina, Lazareva & Tuchin 2018 [YLT18]'s fit to their own experimental data.
-    
-    :math:`n(\lambda) = \sqrt{1 + \frac{1.1236 \mbox{ } \lambda^2}{\lambda^2-10556.6963} + \frac{0.2725 \mbox{ } \lambda^2}{\lambda^2-1.8867\times 10^7}}`
-    
-    | wavelength range: [480 nm, 1550 nm]
-    | temperature: 23 ºC
-    | body location: abdomen
-    | volunteers info: 10 biopsies, 5 men, 40 – 50 years old, 70 – 80 kg
-    
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-    
-    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
-    '''
-            
-    return n_Sellmeier(lambda0, A1 = 1.1236, B1 = 10556.6963, A2 = 0.2725, B2 = 1.8867E7)
-
-def n_blo_Li(lambda0):
-    r'''
-    | The refractive index of human BLOOD as a function of wavelength.
-    | Li, Lin & Xie 2000 [LLX00]'s fit to their own experimental data.
-    
-    :math:`n(\lambda) = 1.357 + \frac{6.9 \times 10^3}{\lambda^2} + \frac{7.6 \times 10^8}{\lambda^4}`
-    
-    | wavelength range: [370 nm, 850 nm]
-    | temperature: 27 - 28 ºC
-    | blood types: A, B and O
-    | volunteers info: 9 healthy volunteers, chinese, male and female
-    
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-    
-    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
-    '''
-            
-    return n_Cauchy(lambda0, 1.357, 6.9E3, 7.6E8, 0)
-
-def beta_oxy_Friebel(lambda0):
-    r'''
-    | The specific refractive increment of OXYHEMOGLOBIN solutions as a function of wavelength.
-    | Linear interpolation of experimental data from Friebel & Meinke 2006 [FM06].
-    
-    | wavelength range: [250 nm, 1100 nm]
-    
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm] (must be in the range [250., 1100.])
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-    
-    :return: - **beta** (*float or np.ndarray*) – specific refractive increment [dL/g]
-    '''
-    
-    if isinstance(lambda0, np.ndarray) == True:
-        if np.any(lambda0 < 250) or np.any(lambda0 > 1100):
-            msg = 'At least one element in the input lambda0 is out of the range [250 nm, 1100 nm].'
-            raise Exception(msg)
-    else:
-        if lambda0 < 250 or lambda0 > 1100:
-            msg = 'The input lambda0 = {} nm is out of the range [250 nm, 1100 nm].'.format(lambda0)
-            raise Exception(msg)
-            
-    return interp1d(np.array(beta_oxy_Friebel_dataframe)[:,0],
-                    np.array(beta_oxy_Friebel_dataframe)[:,1])(lambda0)
-
-def n_oxy_Friebel(lambda0, Cmass_oxy, n_wat_model = 'Segelstein'):
-    '''
-    | The refractive index of OXYHEMOGLOBIN solutions as a function of wavelength and 
-    | oxyhemoglobin concentration.
-    | Calculated from the specific refractive increment :meth:`skinoptics.refractive_index.beta_oxy_Friebel`
-    | and the refractive index of water.
-    
-    :math:`n_{oxy}(\lambda, C_{oxy}) = n_{wat}(\lambda) \mbox{ } [\\beta (\lambda) \mbox{ } C_{oxy} + 1]`
-    
-    | wavelength range: [250 nm, 1100 nm]
-    | concentration range: [0 g/dL, 28.7 g/dL]
-    
-    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm] (must be in the range [250., 1100.])
-    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
-    
-    :param Cmass_oxy: oxyhemoglobin mass concentration [g/dL]
-    :type Cmass_oxy: float
-    
-    :param n_wat_model: the user can choose one of the following... 'Hale' or 'Segelstein' (default to 'Segelstein')
-    :type n_wat_model: str
-
-    | 'Hale' refers to :meth:`skinoptics.refractive_index.n_wat_Hale`
-    | 'Segelstein' refers to :meth:`skinoptics.refractive_index.n_wat_Segelstein`
-    
-    :return: - **n** (*float or array-like*) – refractive index [-]
-    '''
-    
-    if Cmass_oxy < 0:
-        msg = 'The input Cmass_oxy = {} g/dL is not valid.'.format(Cmass_oxy)
-        raise Exception(msg)
-    if Cmass_oxy > 28.7:
-        msg = 'The input Cmass_oxy = {} g/dL is out of the concentration range [0 g/dL, 28.7 g/dL].'.format(Cmass_oxy)
-        warnings.warn(msg) 
-    
-    if n_wat_model == 'Hale':
-        n_wat_lambda0 = n_wat_Hale(lambda0)
-    elif n_wat_model == 'Segelstein':
-        n_wat_lambda0 = n_wat_Segelstein(lambda0)
-    else:
-        msg = 'The input n_wat_model = {} is not valid.'.format(n_wat_model)
-        raise Exception(msg)
-    
-    return n_wat_lambda0*(beta_oxy_Friebel(lambda0)*Cmass_oxy + 1)
+'''
+| SkinOptics
+| Copyright (C) 2024-2025 Victor Lima
+
+    | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    | (at your option) any later version.
+
+    | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    | GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    | along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+    
+| Victor Lima
+| victor.lima\@ufscar.br
+| victorportog.github.io
+
+| Release date:
+| October 2024
+| Last modification:
+| March 2025
+
+| References:
+
+| [HQ73] Hale & Querry 1973.
+| Optical Constants of Water in the 200-nm to 200-μm Wavelength Region.
+| https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.12.000555
+
+| [S81] Segelstein's M.S. Thesis 1981.
+| The complex refractive index of water.
+| https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/11599
+
+| [LLX00] Li, Lin & Xie 2000.
+| Refractive index of human whole blood with different types in the visible and near-infrared ranges.
+| https://doi.org/10.1117/12.388073
+
+| [D*06] Ding, Lu, Wooden, Kragel & Hu 2006.
+| Refractive indices of human skin tissues at eight wavelengths and estimated dispersion relations
+| between 300 and 1600 nm.
+| https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/51/6/008
+
+| [FM06] Friebel & Meinke 2006.
+| Model function to calculate the refractive index of native hemoglobin in the wavelength range of
+| 250–1100 nm dependent on concentration.
+| https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.45.002838
+
+| [YLT18] Yanina, Lazareva & Tuchin 2018.
+| Refractive index of adipose tissue and lipid droplet measured in wide spectral and temperature ranges.
+| https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.004839
+
+| [M*21] Matiatou, Giannios, Koutsoumpos, Toutouzas, Zografos & Moutzouris 2021.
+| Data on the refractive index of freshly-excised human tissues in the visible and near-infrared
+| spectral range.
+| https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2021.103833
+'''
+
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
+
+from skinoptics.utils import *
+from skinoptics.dataframes import *
+
+def n_Cauchy(lambda0, A, B, C, D):
+    r'''
+    The Cauchy's equation.
+    
+    :math:`n(\lambda) = A + \frac{B}{\lambda^2} + \frac{C}{\lambda^4} + \frac{D}{\lambda^6}`
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param A: coefficient :math:`A` [-]
+    :type A: float
+    
+    :param B: coefficient :math:`B` [nm^2]
+    :type B: float
+    
+    :param C: coefficient :math:`C` [nm^4]
+    :type C: float
+    
+    :param D: coefficient :math:`D` [nm^6]
+    :type D: float
+    
+    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
+    '''
+    
+    return A + B/np.power(lambda0, 2., dtype = 'float64') + C/np.power(lambda0, 4., dtype = 'float64') + D/np.power(lambda0, 6., dtype = 'float64')
+
+def n_Cornu(lambda0, A, B, C):
+    r'''
+    The Cornu's equation.
+    
+    :math:`n(\lambda) = A + \frac{B}{(\lambda - C)}`
+
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param A: coefficient :math:`A` [-]
+    :type A: float
+    
+    :param B: coefficient :math:`B` [nm]
+    :type B: float
+    
+    :param C: coefficient :math:`C` [nm]
+    :type C: float
+    
+    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
+    '''
+    
+    return A + B/(lambda0 - C)
+
+def n_Conrady(lambda0, A, B, C):
+    r'''
+    The Conrady's equation.
+    
+    :math:`n(\lambda) = A + \frac{B}{\lambda} + \frac{C}{\lambda^{3.5}}`
+
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param A: coefficient :math:`A` [-]
+    :type A: float
+    
+    :param B: coefficient :math:`B` [nm]
+    :type B: float
+    
+    :param C: coefficient :math:`C` [nm^3.5]
+    :type C: float
+    
+    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
+    '''
+    
+    return A + B/lambda0 + C/np.power(lambda0, 3.5, dtype = 'float64')
+
+def n_Sellmeier(lambda0, A1, B1, A2, B2):
+    r'''
+    The Sellmeier's equation.
+    
+    :math:`n(\lambda) = \sqrt{1 + \frac{A_1 \mbox{ } \lambda^2}{\lambda^2 - B_1} + \frac{A_2\mbox{ } \lambda^2}{\lambda^2 - B_2}}`
+
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param A1: coefficient :math:`A_1` [-]
+    :type A1: float
+    
+    :param B1: coefficient :math:`B_1` [nm^2]
+    :type B1: float
+    
+    :param A2: coefficient :math:`A_2` [-]
+    :type A2: float
+    
+    :param B2: coefficient :math:`B_2` [nm^2]
+    :type B2: float
+    
+    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
+    '''
+        
+    lambda0_sqrd = np.power(lambda0, 2., dtype = 'float64')
+
+    return np.sqrt(1 + A1*lambda0_sqrd/(lambda0_sqrd - B1) + A2*lambda0_sqrd/(lambda0_sqrd - B2))
+
+def n_wat_Hale(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The refractive index of WATER as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from Hale & Querry 1973 [HQ73].
+    
+    | wavelength range: [200 nm, 200 μm]
+    | temperature: 25 ºC
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
+    '''
+        
+    return interp1d(np.array(n_and_k_wat_Hale_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(n_and_k_wat_Hale_dataframe)[:,2],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(n_and_k_wat_Hale_dataframe)[0,2],
+                                  np.array(n_and_k_wat_Hale_dataframe)[-1,2]))(lambda0)
+
+def n_wat_Segelstein(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The refractive index of WATER as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of data from D. J. Segelstein's M.S. Thesis 1981 [S81] collected
+    | by S. Prahl and publicly available at <https://omlc.org/spectra/water/abs/index.html>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [10 nm, 10 m]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
+    '''
+            
+    return interp1d(np.array(n_and_k_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[:,0]*1E3, 
+                    np.array(n_and_k_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[:,1],
+                    bounds_error = False,
+                    fill_value = (np.array(n_and_k_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[0,1],
+                                  np.array(n_and_k_wat_Segelstein_dataframe)[-1,1]))(lambda0)
+
+def n_EP_Ding(lambda0, model = 'Cauchy'):
+    r'''
+    | The refractive index of human EPIDERMIS as a function of wavelength.
+    | Ding et al. 2006 [D*06]'s fits to their own experimental data.
+    | Complementary data publicly available at <bmlaser.physics.ecu.edu/literature/lit.htm>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [325 nm, 1557 nm]
+    | temperature: 22 ºC
+    | body location: abdomen and arm
+    | volunteers info: 12 female patients (10 caucasians and 2 african americans),
+    | phototypes I-III and V, 27-63 years old
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param model: the user can choose one of the following... 'Cauchy', 'Cornu' or 'Conrady' (default to 'Cauchy')
+    :type moderl: str
+    
+    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
+    '''
+        
+    if model == 'Cauchy':
+        return n_Cauchy(lambda0, 1.4134, 7907.9596, -389.9784, 0)
+    elif model == 'Cornu':
+        return n_Cornu(lambda0, 1.4057, 13.3628, 162.7100)
+    elif model == 'Conrady':
+        return n_Conrady(lambda0, 1.3963, 25.0563, 6237909.3004)
+    else:
+        msg = 'The input model = {} is not valid.'.format(model)
+        raise Exception(msg)
+
+def n_DE_Ding(lambda0, model = 'Cauchy'):
+    r'''
+    | The refractive index of human DERMIS as a function of wavelength.
+    | Ding et al. 2006 [D*06]'s fits to their own experimental data.
+    | Complementary data publicly available at <bmlaser.physics.ecu.edu/literature/lit.htm>.
+    
+    | wavelength range: [325 nm, 1557 nm]
+    | temperature: 22 ºC
+    | body location: abdomen and arm
+    | volunteers info: 12 female patients (10 caucasians and 2 african americans),
+    | phototypes I-III and V, 27-63 years old
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+
+    :param model: the user can choose one of the following... 'Cauchy', 'Cornu' or 'Conrady' (default to 'Cauchy')
+    :type moderl: str
+    
+    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
+    '''
+    
+    if model == 'Cauchy':
+        return n_Cauchy(lambda0, 1.3696, 3916.8026, -2558.7704, 0)
+    elif model == 'Cornu':
+        return n_Cornu(lambda0, 1.2573, 453.8263, -2874.5367)
+    elif model == 'Conrady':
+        return n_Conrady(lambda0, 1.3549, 17.8990, -3593764.4133)
+    else:
+        msg = 'The input model = {} is not valid.'.format(model)
+        raise Exception(msg)
+        
+def n_HY_Matiatou(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The refractive index of human HYPODERMIS as a function of wavelength.
+    | Matiatou et al. 2021 [M*21]'s fit to their own experimental data.
+    
+    :math:`n(\lambda) = 1.44909 + \frac{5099.42}{\lambda^2}`
+    
+    | wavelength range: [450 nm, 1551 nm]
+    | temperature: 25 ºC
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
+    '''
+    
+    return n_Cauchy(lambda0, 1.44909, 5099.42, 0, 0)
+
+def n_AT_Matiatou(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The refractive index of human ADIPOSE TISSUE as a function of wavelength.
+    | Matiatou et al. 2021 [M*21]'s fit to their own experimental data.
+    
+    :math:`n(\lambda) = 1.44933 + \frac{4908.37}{\lambda^2}`
+    
+    | wavelength range: [450 nm, 1551 nm]
+    | temperature: 25 ºC
+    | body location: abdomen
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
+    '''
+        
+    return n_Cauchy(lambda0, 1.44933, 4908.37, 0, 0)
+        
+def n_AT_Yanina(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The refractive index of human ADIPOSE TISSUE as a function of wavelength.
+    | Yanina, Lazareva & Tuchin 2018 [YLT18]'s fit to their own experimental data.
+    
+    :math:`n(\lambda) = \sqrt{1 + \frac{1.1236 \mbox{ } \lambda^2}{\lambda^2-10556.6963} + \frac{0.2725 \mbox{ } \lambda^2}{\lambda^2-1.8867\times 10^7}}`
+    
+    | wavelength range: [480 nm, 1550 nm]
+    | temperature: 23 ºC
+    | body location: abdomen
+    | volunteers info: 10 biopsies, 5 men, 40 – 50 years old, 70 – 80 kg
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
+    '''
+            
+    return n_Sellmeier(lambda0, A1 = 1.1236, B1 = 10556.6963, A2 = 0.2725, B2 = 1.8867E7)
+
+def n_blo_Li(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The refractive index of human BLOOD as a function of wavelength.
+    | Li, Lin & Xie 2000 [LLX00]'s fit to their own experimental data.
+    
+    :math:`n(\lambda) = 1.357 + \frac{6.9 \times 10^3}{\lambda^2} + \frac{7.6 \times 10^8}{\lambda^4}`
+    
+    | wavelength range: [370 nm, 850 nm]
+    | temperature: 27 - 28 ºC
+    | blood types: A, B and O
+    | volunteers info: 9 healthy volunteers, chinese, male and female
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm]
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **n** (*float or np.ndarray*) – refractive index [-]
+    '''
+            
+    return n_Cauchy(lambda0, 1.357, 6.9E3, 7.6E8, 0)
+
+def beta_oxy_Friebel(lambda0):
+    r'''
+    | The specific refractive increment of OXYHEMOGLOBIN solutions as a function of wavelength.
+    | Linear interpolation of experimental data from Friebel & Meinke 2006 [FM06].
+    
+    | wavelength range: [250 nm, 1100 nm]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm] (must be in the range [250., 1100.])
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :return: - **beta** (*float or np.ndarray*) – specific refractive increment [dL/g]
+    '''
+    
+    if isinstance(lambda0, np.ndarray) == True:
+        if np.any(lambda0 < 250) or np.any(lambda0 > 1100):
+            msg = 'At least one element in the input lambda0 is out of the range [250 nm, 1100 nm].'
+            raise Exception(msg)
+    else:
+        if lambda0 < 250 or lambda0 > 1100:
+            msg = 'The input lambda0 = {} nm is out of the range [250 nm, 1100 nm].'.format(lambda0)
+            raise Exception(msg)
+            
+    return interp1d(np.array(beta_oxy_Friebel_dataframe)[:,0],
+                    np.array(beta_oxy_Friebel_dataframe)[:,1])(lambda0)
+
+def n_oxy_Friebel(lambda0, Cmass_oxy, n_wat_model = 'Segelstein'):
+    '''
+    | The refractive index of OXYHEMOGLOBIN solutions as a function of wavelength and 
+    | oxyhemoglobin concentration.
+    | Calculated from the specific refractive increment :meth:`skinoptics.refractive_index.beta_oxy_Friebel`
+    | and the refractive index of water.
+    
+    :math:`n_{oxy}(\lambda, C_{oxy}) = n_{wat}(\lambda) \mbox{ } [\\beta (\lambda) \mbox{ } C_{oxy} + 1]`
+    
+    | wavelength range: [250 nm, 1100 nm]
+    | concentration range: [0 g/dL, 28.7 g/dL]
+    
+    :param lambda0: wavelength [nm] (must be in the range [250., 1100.])
+    :type lambda0: float or np.ndarray
+    
+    :param Cmass_oxy: oxyhemoglobin mass concentration [g/dL]
+    :type Cmass_oxy: float
+    
+    :param n_wat_model: the user can choose one of the following... 'Hale' or 'Segelstein' (default to 'Segelstein')
+    :type n_wat_model: str
+
+    | 'Hale' refers to :meth:`skinoptics.refractive_index.n_wat_Hale`
+    | 'Segelstein' refers to :meth:`skinoptics.refractive_index.n_wat_Segelstein`
+    
+    :return: - **n** (*float or array-like*) – refractive index [-]
+    '''
+    
+    if Cmass_oxy < 0:
+        msg = 'The input Cmass_oxy = {} g/dL is not valid.'.format(Cmass_oxy)
+        raise Exception(msg)
+    if Cmass_oxy > 28.7:
+        msg = 'The input Cmass_oxy = {} g/dL is out of the concentration range [0 g/dL, 28.7 g/dL].'.format(Cmass_oxy)
+        warnings.warn(msg) 
+    
+    if n_wat_model == 'Hale':
+        n_wat_lambda0 = n_wat_Hale(lambda0)
+    elif n_wat_model == 'Segelstein':
+        n_wat_lambda0 = n_wat_Segelstein(lambda0)
+    else:
+        msg = 'The input n_wat_model = {} is not valid.'.format(n_wat_model)
+        raise Exception(msg)
+    
+    return n_wat_lambda0*(beta_oxy_Friebel(lambda0)*Cmass_oxy + 1)