sglang 0.4.6.post4__py3-none-any.whl → 0.4.6.post5__py3-none-any.whl

sglang/srt/managers/expert_distribution.py

@@ -1,81 +1,729 @@
-import json
+# Copyright 2023-2024 SGLang Team
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ==============================================================================
 import logging
+import os
 import time
-from collections import defaultdict
-from typing import Dict, List, Tuple
+from abc import ABC
+from collections import deque
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, List, Literal, Optional, Tuple, Type
 
+import einops
 import torch
+import torch.distributed
+
+from sglang.srt.managers.expert_location import ExpertLocationMetadata
+from sglang.srt.managers.schedule_batch import global_server_args_dict
+from sglang.srt.model_executor.forward_batch_info import ForwardBatch
+from sglang.srt.server_args import ServerArgs
+from sglang.srt.utils import Withable, get_bool_env_var
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+# --------------------------------------- Entrypoint -----------------------------------------
+
+_OutputMode = Literal["file", "object"]
+
+
+class ExpertDistributionRecorder(ABC):
+    """Global expert distribution recording"""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def init_new(
+        server_args: ServerArgs,
+        expert_location_metadata: "ExpertLocationMetadata",
+        rank: int,
+    ):
+        if server_args.expert_distribution_recorder_mode is not None:
+            return _ExpertDistributionRecorderReal(
+                server_args, expert_location_metadata, rank
+            )
+        else:
+            return _ExpertDistributionRecorderNoop()
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def with_current_layer(self, layer_idx):
+        yield
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def with_debug_name(self, debug_name):
+        yield
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def with_forward_pass(self, forward_pass_id: int, forward_batch: ForwardBatch):
+        yield
+
+    def on_select_experts(self, topk_ids: torch.Tensor):
+        pass
+
+    def on_deepep_dispatch_normal(
+        self,
+        local_physical_count_of_layer: List[int],
+        num_tokens_per_rank,
+        num_tokens_per_rdma_rank,
+        num_tokens_per_expert,
+    ):
+        pass
+
+    def on_deepep_dispatch_low_latency(
+        self, local_physical_count_of_layer: torch.Tensor
+    ):
+        pass
+
+    def start_record(self):
+        self._on_not_implemented()
+
+    def stop_record(self):
+        self._on_not_implemented()
+
+    def dump_record(self, output_mode: _OutputMode = "file"):
+        self._on_not_implemented()
+
+    def _on_not_implemented(self):
+        raise Exception(
+            "Please set ServerArgs.expert_distribution_recorder_mode to use ExpertDistributionRecorder."
+        )
+
+
+class _ExpertDistributionRecorderNoop(ExpertDistributionRecorder):
+    pass
 
-# global expert distribution recording
-class ExpertDistributionRecorder:
-    # This class is a singleton class
-    def __new__(cls):
-        if not hasattr(cls, "instance"):
-            cls.instance = super(ExpertDistributionRecorder, cls).__new__(cls)
-        return cls.instance
 
-    def __init__(self):
-        # the length of the dictionary is the number of layers
-        # the length of the list is the number of tokens
-        # the length of the tuple is topk's k value
-        self._expert_distribution_record: Dict[int, List[Tuple[int]]] = defaultdict(
-            list
+class _ExpertDistributionRecorderReal(ExpertDistributionRecorder):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        server_args: ServerArgs,
+        expert_location_metadata: "ExpertLocationMetadata",
+        rank: int,
+    ):
+        self._server_args = server_args
+        self._expert_location_metadata = expert_location_metadata
+
+        self._recording = False
+        self._current_forward_pass_id = Withable()
+        self._current_layer_idx = Withable()
+        self._current_debug_name = Withable()
+        self._accumulator = _Accumulator.init_new(
+            server_args, expert_location_metadata, rank
         )
-        self._record = False
-        self._current_layer_id = "UNKNOWN"
+        self._single_pass_gatherers = {
+            k: _SinglePassGatherer.init_new(server_args, expert_location_metadata, rank)
+            for k in self._accumulator.get_single_pass_gatherer_keys()
+        }
+
+    def with_current_layer(self, layer_idx):
+        return self._current_layer_idx.with_value(layer_idx)
+
+    def with_debug_name(self, debug_name):
+        return self._current_debug_name.with_value(debug_name)
 
-    def set_current_layer(self, layer_idx):
-        self._current_layer_id = layer_idx
+    @contextmanager
+    def with_forward_pass(self, forward_pass_id: int, forward_batch: ForwardBatch):
+        with self._current_forward_pass_id.with_value(forward_pass_id):
+            self._on_forward_pass_start(forward_batch)
+            try:
+                yield
+            finally:
+                self._on_forward_pass_end(forward_pass_id)
 
-    def record_new_token(self, topk_ids):
-        if not self._record:
+    def _on_forward_pass_start(self, forward_batch: ForwardBatch):
+        if not self._recording:
             return
-        topk_ids_list = topk_ids.to("cpu", non_blocking=True).numpy().tolist()
-        torch.cuda.synchronize()
-        for i in topk_ids_list:
-            self._expert_distribution_record[self._current_layer_id].append(tuple(i))
+        for gatherer_key, gatherer in self._single_pass_gatherers.items():
+            gatherer.reset()
+            gatherer.on_forward_pass_start(forward_batch)
 
-    def reset(self):
+    def _on_forward_pass_end(self, forward_pass_id: int):
+        if not self._recording:
+            return
+        for gatherer_key, gatherer in self._single_pass_gatherers.items():
+            single_pass_data = gatherer.collect()
+            self._accumulator.append(forward_pass_id, gatherer_key, single_pass_data)
+
+    def on_select_experts(self, topk_ids: torch.Tensor):
+        self._on_hook("on_select_experts", topk_ids=topk_ids)
+
+    def on_deepep_dispatch_normal(
+        self,
+        local_physical_count_of_layer: List[int],
+        num_tokens_per_rank,
+        num_tokens_per_rdma_rank,
+        num_tokens_per_expert,
+    ):
+        self._on_hook(
+            "on_deepep_dispatch_normal",
+            local_physical_count_of_layer=local_physical_count_of_layer,
+            num_tokens_per_rank=num_tokens_per_rank,
+            num_tokens_per_rdma_rank=num_tokens_per_rdma_rank,
+            num_tokens_per_expert=num_tokens_per_expert,
+        )
+
+    def on_deepep_dispatch_low_latency(
+        self, local_physical_count_of_layer: torch.Tensor
+    ):
+        self._on_hook(
+            "on_deepep_dispatch_low_latency",
+            local_physical_count_of_layer=local_physical_count_of_layer,
+        )
+
+    def _on_hook(self, hook_name: str, **kwargs):
+        if not (self._recording or torch.cuda.is_current_stream_capturing()):
+            return
+        gatherer = self._single_pass_gatherers[
+            self._accumulator.get_single_pass_gatherer_key(
+                self._current_debug_name.value
+            )
+        ]
+        getattr(gatherer, hook_name)(layer_idx=self._current_layer_idx.value, **kwargs)
+
+    def _reset(self):
         """Reset the expert distribution recorder."""
-        logger.info("Resetting expert distribution record...")
-        self._record = False
-        self._expert_distribution_record.clear()
-        self._current_layer_id = "UNKNOWN"
+        logger.info("Resetting ExpertDistributionRecorder...")
+        assert (
+            self._current_layer_idx.value is None
+        ), f"{self._current_layer_idx.value=}"
+        for gatherer in self._single_pass_gatherers.values():
+            gatherer.reset()
+        self._accumulator.reset()
 
     def start_record(self):
-        """Start recording the expert distribution. Reset the recorder and set the recording flag to True."""
-        if self._record == True:
+        """Start recording the expert distribution."""
+        if self._recording:
             logger.warning(
                 "SGLang server is already recording expert ids. Did you forget to dump the expert ids recorded so far by sending requests to the `/stop_expert_distribution_record` and `/dump_expert_distribution_record` endpoints?"
             )
-        self.reset()
-        self._record = True
+        self._reset()
+        self._recording = True
 
     def stop_record(self):
-        """Stop recording the expert distribution. Set the recording flag to False."""
-        if self._record == False:
+        """Stop recording the expert distribution."""
+        if not self._recording:
             logger.warning(
                 "SGLang server has not been recording expert ids. Did you forget to start recording by sending request to the `/start_expert_distribution_record` endpoint?"
             )
-        self._record = False
-
-    def dump_record(self):
-        """Dump the expert distribution record to a file. Reset the recorder after dumping."""
-        results = {}
-        for layer_idx, layer_record in self._expert_distribution_record.items():
-            results[layer_idx] = defaultdict(int)
-            for token_record in layer_record:
-                for expert_idx in token_record:
-                    results[layer_idx][expert_idx] += 1
-        with open(
-            f"expert_distribution_rank{torch.distributed.get_rank()}_timestamp{time.time()}.csv",
-            "w",
-        ) as fd:
-            fd.write("layer_id,expert_id,count\n")
-            for layer_idx, layer_results in results.items():
-                for expert_idx, count in layer_results.items():
-                    fd.write(f"{layer_idx},{expert_idx},{count}\n")
-        self.reset()
+        self._recording = False
+
+    def dump_record(self, output_mode: _OutputMode = "file"):
+        """Dump the expert distribution record and reset the recorder after dumping."""
+        output = self._accumulator.dump(output_mode=output_mode)
+        self._reset()
+        return output
+
+
+_global_expert_distribution_recorder: Optional[ExpertDistributionRecorder] = (
+    _ExpertDistributionRecorderNoop()
+)
+
+
+def get_global_expert_distribution_recorder():
+    return _global_expert_distribution_recorder
+
+
+def set_global_expert_distribution_recorder(value):
+    global _global_expert_distribution_recorder
+    _global_expert_distribution_recorder = value
+
+
+# --------------------------------------- SinglePassGatherer -----------------------------------------
+
+
+class _SinglePassGatherer(ABC):
+    @staticmethod
+    def init_new(
+        server_args: ServerArgs,
+        expert_location_metadata: "ExpertLocationMetadata",
+        rank: int,
+    ) -> "_SinglePassGatherer":
+        if server_args.expert_distribution_recorder_mode == "per_token":
+            return _DetailSinglePassGatherer(
+                server_args, expert_location_metadata, rank
+            )
+        if server_args.enable_deepep_moe:
+            if server_args.deepep_mode == "normal":
+                return _DeepepNormalSinglePassGatherer(expert_location_metadata, rank)
+            elif server_args.deepep_mode == "low_latency":
+                return _DeepepLowLatencySinglePassGatherer(
+                    expert_location_metadata, rank
+                )
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError
+        return _SelectExpertsSinglePassGatherer(expert_location_metadata, rank)
+
+    def __init__(self, expert_location_metadata: "ExpertLocationMetadata", rank: int):
+        self._expert_location_metadata = expert_location_metadata
+        self._rank = rank
+
+    def on_forward_pass_start(self, forward_batch: ForwardBatch):
+        pass
+
+    def on_select_experts(self, layer_idx: int, topk_ids: torch.Tensor):
+        pass
+
+    def on_deepep_dispatch_normal(
+        self,
+        layer_idx: int,
+        local_physical_count_of_layer: List[int],
+        num_tokens_per_rank,
+        num_tokens_per_rdma_rank,
+        num_tokens_per_expert,
+    ):
+        pass
+
+    def on_deepep_dispatch_low_latency(
+        self, layer_idx: int, local_physical_count_of_layer: torch.Tensor
+    ):
+        pass
+
+    def reset(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def collect(self) -> Dict:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class _LayerBasedSinglePassGatherer(_SinglePassGatherer):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._objects_of_layer = {}
+
+    def _on_layer_data(self, layer_idx: int, objects: List[int]):
+        assert 0 <= layer_idx < self._expert_location_metadata.num_layers
+        if layer_idx in self._objects_of_layer:
+            self._objects_of_layer[layer_idx] = _list_sum(
+                self._objects_of_layer[layer_idx], objects
+            )
+        else:
+            self._objects_of_layer[layer_idx] = objects
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._objects_of_layer.clear()
+
+    def _collect_objects(self, pad_len: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+        data = [
+            self._objects_of_layer.get(layer_index) or ([0] * pad_len)
+            for layer_index in range(self._expert_location_metadata.num_layers)
+        ]
+        return torch.tensor(data)
+
+
+def _list_sum(a: List, b: List) -> List:
+    return [x + y for x, y in zip(a, b, strict=True)]
+
+
+class _SelectExpertsSinglePassGatherer(_LayerBasedSinglePassGatherer):
+    # pretty slow, but we will use the DeepEP Gatherer in production
+    def on_select_experts(self, layer_idx: int, topk_ids: torch.Tensor):
+        topk_ids_list = topk_ids.to("cpu", non_blocking=True).numpy().tolist()
+        torch.cuda.synchronize()
+
+        global_physical_count = [
+            0
+        ] * self._expert_location_metadata.num_physical_experts
+        for token_record in topk_ids_list:
+            for global_physical_expert_idx in token_record:
+                global_physical_count[global_physical_expert_idx] += 1
+
+        self._on_layer_data(layer_idx, global_physical_count)
+
+    def collect(self) -> Dict:
+        global_physical_count = super()._collect_objects(
+            pad_len=self._expert_location_metadata.num_physical_experts
+        )
+        return dict(global_physical_count=global_physical_count)
+
+
+class _DeepepNormalSinglePassGatherer(_LayerBasedSinglePassGatherer):
+    def on_deepep_dispatch_normal(
+        self,
+        layer_idx: int,
+        local_physical_count_of_layer: List[int],
+        num_tokens_per_rank,
+        num_tokens_per_rdma_rank,
+        num_tokens_per_expert,
+    ):
+        assert isinstance(local_physical_count_of_layer, list)
+        self._on_layer_data(layer_idx, local_physical_count_of_layer)
+
+    def collect(self) -> Dict:
+        local_physical_count = super()._collect_objects(
+            pad_len=self._expert_location_metadata.num_local_physical_experts
+        )
+        global_physical_count = _convert_local_to_global_physical_count(
+            local_physical_count,
+            rank=self._rank,
+            num_local_physical_experts=self._expert_location_metadata.num_local_physical_experts,
+            num_physical_experts=self._expert_location_metadata.num_physical_experts,
+        )
+        return dict(global_physical_count=global_physical_count)
+
+
+class _DeepepLowLatencySinglePassGatherer(_SinglePassGatherer):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._data = torch.zeros(
+            (
+                self._expert_location_metadata.num_layers,
+                self._expert_location_metadata.num_local_physical_experts,
+            ),
+            dtype=torch.int,
+            device="cuda",
+        )
+
+    def on_deepep_dispatch_low_latency(
+        self, layer_idx: int, local_physical_count_of_layer: torch.Tensor
+    ):
+        # Most naive implementation, can optimize later
+        self._data[layer_idx, :] += local_physical_count_of_layer
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._data[...] = 0
+
+    def collect(self) -> Dict:
+        # Can optimize if bottleneck
+        global_physical_count = _convert_local_to_global_physical_count(
+            self._data,
+            rank=self._rank,
+            num_local_physical_experts=self._expert_location_metadata.num_local_physical_experts,
+            num_physical_experts=self._expert_location_metadata.num_physical_experts,
+        )
+        return dict(global_physical_count=global_physical_count)
+
+
+def _convert_local_to_global_physical_count(
+    local_physical_count: torch.Tensor,
+    rank: int,
+    num_local_physical_experts: int,
+    num_physical_experts: int,
+) -> torch.Tensor:
+    dtype = local_physical_count.dtype
+    device = local_physical_count.device
+    num_layers, _ = local_physical_count.shape
+
+    ans = torch.zeros((num_layers, num_physical_experts), dtype=dtype, device=device)
+    ans[
+        :, num_local_physical_experts * rank : num_local_physical_experts * (rank + 1)
+    ] = local_physical_count
+    return ans
+
+
+# --------------------------------------- Accumulator -----------------------------------------
+
+_SINGLE_PASS_GATHERER_KEY_PRIMARY = "primary"
+
+
+class _Accumulator(ABC):
+    @staticmethod
+    def init_new(
+        server_args: ServerArgs,
+        expert_location_metadata: "ExpertLocationMetadata",
+        rank: int,
+    ) -> "_Accumulator":
+        return _Accumulator.get_class(server_args)(
+            server_args, expert_location_metadata, rank
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_class(server_args: ServerArgs) -> Type["_Accumulator"]:
+        return {
+            "stat": _StatAccumulator,
+            # TODO pr-chain: enable this later
+            # "per_pass": _DetailAccumulator,
+            # "per_token": _DetailAccumulator,
+        }[server_args.expert_distribution_recorder_mode]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        server_args: ServerArgs,
+        expert_location_metadata: "ExpertLocationMetadata",
+        rank: int,
+    ):
+        self._server_args = server_args
+        self._expert_location_metadata = expert_location_metadata
+        self._rank = rank
+
+    def get_single_pass_gatherer_keys(self):
+        return [_SINGLE_PASS_GATHERER_KEY_PRIMARY]
+
+    def get_single_pass_gatherer_key(self, debug_name: Optional[str]):
+        return _SINGLE_PASS_GATHERER_KEY_PRIMARY
+
+    def append(
+        self,
+        forward_pass_id: int,
+        gatherer_key: str,
+        single_pass_data: Dict,
+    ):
+        pass
+
+    def reset(self):
+        pass
+
+    def dump(self, output_mode: _OutputMode):
+        pass
+
+
+class _UtilizationRateAccumulatorMixin(_Accumulator):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        self._enable = self._server_args.enable_expert_distribution_metrics
+
+        if self._enable:
+            window_sizes = [10, 100, 1000]
+            self._history = _DequeCollection(maxlens=window_sizes)
+            self._rank = torch.distributed.get_rank()
+
+    def append(
+        self,
+        forward_pass_id: int,
+        gatherer_key: str,
+        single_pass_data: Dict,
+    ):
+        super().append(forward_pass_id, gatherer_key, single_pass_data)
+        if self._enable:
+            self._append_utilization_rate(
+                forward_pass_id, single_pass_data["global_physical_count"]
+            )
+
+    def reset(self):
+        super().reset()
+        if self._enable:
+            self._history.clear()
+
+    def _append_utilization_rate(
+        self, forward_pass_id: int, single_pass_global_physical_count: torch.Tensor
+    ):
+        gpu_physical_count = compute_gpu_physical_count(
+            single_pass_global_physical_count,
+            num_gpu=self._expert_location_metadata.ep_size,
+        )
+        gpu_physical_count = gpu_physical_count.to(self._server_args.device)
+        torch.distributed.reduce(
+            gpu_physical_count, dst=0, op=torch.distributed.ReduceOp.SUM
+        )
+
+        if self._rank == 0:
+            utilization_rate_tensor = compute_utilization_rate(gpu_physical_count)
+            utilization_rate = torch.mean(utilization_rate_tensor).item()
+            self._history.append(utilization_rate)
+
+            gpu_physical_count_sum = gpu_physical_count.sum().item()
+
+            logger.info(
+                f"[Expert Balancedness] "
+                f"forward_pass_id={forward_pass_id} "
+                f"current_pass_balancedness={utilization_rate:.03f} "
+                f"{''.join(f'last_{size}_average_balancedness={value:.03f} ' for size, value in self._history.mean().items())} "
+                f"gpu_physical_count_sum={gpu_physical_count_sum}"
+                # f"current_pass_per_layer={[round(x, 2) for x in utilization_rate_tensor.cpu().tolist()]}"
+            )
+
+
+class _DequeCollection:
+    def __init__(self, maxlens: List[int]):
+        self._dequeues = [deque(maxlen=maxlen) for maxlen in maxlens]
+
+    def append(self, value):
+        for d in self._dequeues:
+            d.append(value)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        for d in self._dequeues:
+            d.clear()
+
+    def mean(self) -> Dict[int, float]:
+        return {d.maxlen: sum(d) / len(d) for d in self._dequeues}
+
+
+class _StatAccumulator(_UtilizationRateAccumulatorMixin):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._global_physical_count_of_buffered_step = _Buffer.init_new(
+            item_shape=(
+                self._expert_location_metadata.num_layers,
+                # Cannot use local_physical_count to support select_experts
+                self._expert_location_metadata.num_physical_experts,
+            ),
+            buffer_size=self._server_args.expert_distribution_recorder_buffer_size,
+            dtype=torch.int32,
+            device=self._server_args.device,
+        )
+
+    def append(
+        self,
+        forward_pass_id: int,
+        gatherer_key: str,
+        single_pass_data: Dict,
+    ):
+        super().append(forward_pass_id, gatherer_key, single_pass_data)
+        # Can optimize if overhead here is large
+        self._global_physical_count_of_buffered_step.append(
+            single_pass_data["global_physical_count"]
+        )
+
+    def reset(self):
+        super().reset()
+        self._global_physical_count_of_buffered_step.reset()
+
+    def dump(self, output_mode: _OutputMode):
+        logical_count_of_buffered_step = _convert_global_physical_count_to_logical_count(
+            self._global_physical_count_of_buffered_step.get_all(),
+            num_layers=self._expert_location_metadata.num_layers,
+            num_logical_experts=self._expert_location_metadata.num_logical_experts,
+            physical_to_logical_map=self._expert_location_metadata.physical_to_logical_map,
+        )
+        torch.distributed.all_reduce(
+            logical_count_of_buffered_step, op=torch.distributed.ReduceOp.SUM
+        )
+        output = dict(
+            rank=self._rank,
+            logical_count=logical_count_of_buffered_step,
+        )
+
+        if output_mode == "file":
+            if self._rank == 0:
+                _dump_to_file(f"expert_distribution_recorder_{time.time()}.pt", output)
+        elif output_mode == "object":
+            return output
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+def _dump_to_file(name, data):
+    save_dir = Path(os.environ.get("SGLANG_EXPERT_DISTRIBUTION_RECORDER_DIR", "/tmp"))
+    path_output = save_dir / name
+    logger.info(f"Write expert distribution to {path_output}")
+    if not save_dir.exists():
+        save_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    torch.save(data, str(path_output))
+
+
+class _Buffer:
+    @staticmethod
+    def init_new(item_shape: Tuple, buffer_size: int, dtype, device):
+        if buffer_size < 0:
+            return _InfiniteBuffer(item_shape, dtype=dtype, device=device)
+        else:
+            return _CircularBuffer(item_shape, buffer_size, dtype=dtype, device=device)
+
+    def append(self, value: torch.Tensor):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_all(self) -> torch.Tensor:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def reset(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class _CircularBuffer(_Buffer):
+    def __init__(self, item_shape: Tuple, buffer_size: int, dtype, device):
+        self._buffer = torch.zeros(
+            (buffer_size, *item_shape), dtype=dtype, device=device
+        )
+        self._curr_index = 0
+
+    def append(self, value: torch.Tensor):
+        self._buffer[self._curr_index] = value
+        self._curr_index = (self._curr_index + 1) % len(self._buffer)
+
+    def get_all(self) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return self._buffer
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._buffer[...] = 0
+
+
+class _InfiniteBuffer(_Buffer):
+    def __init__(self, item_shape: Tuple, dtype, device):
+        self._item_shape = item_shape
+        self._buffer = torch.zeros((128, *item_shape), dtype=dtype, device=device)
+        self._size = 0
+
+    def append(self, value: torch.Tensor):
+        curr_buffer_size = len(self._buffer)
+        dtype = self._buffer.dtype
+        device = self._buffer.device
+
+        if self._size == curr_buffer_size:
+            new_buffer = torch.zeros(
+                (2 * curr_buffer_size, *self._item_shape), dtype=dtype, device=device
+            )
+            new_buffer[:curr_buffer_size] = self._buffer
+            self._buffer = new_buffer
+
+        self._buffer[self._size] = value
+        self._size += 1
+
+    def get_all(self) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return self._buffer[: self._size]
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._buffer[...] = 0
+        self._size = 0
+
+
+def _convert_global_physical_count_to_logical_count(
+    # (whatever, num_layers, num_physical_experts)
+    global_physical_count: torch.Tensor,
+    num_layers: int,
+    num_logical_experts: int,
+    physical_to_logical_map: torch.Tensor,
+):
+    dim_extra, _, _ = global_physical_count.shape
+    dtype = global_physical_count.dtype
+    device = global_physical_count.device
+    logical_count = torch.zeros(
+        (dim_extra, num_layers, num_logical_experts), dtype=dtype, device=device
+    )
+    logical_count.scatter_add_(
+        dim=2,
+        index=physical_to_logical_map.unsqueeze(0)
+        .expand(dim_extra, -1, -1)
+        .to(torch.int64),
+        src=global_physical_count,
+    )
+    return logical_count
+
+
+def compute_gpu_physical_count(
+    physical_count_of_whatever: torch.Tensor,  # (..., num_layer, num_physical_expert)
+    num_gpu: int,
+):
+    """output: gpu_physical_count_of_batch (..., num_layer, num_gpu)"""
+    return einops.reduce(
+        physical_count_of_whatever,
+        "... num_layer (num_gpu num_expert_per_gpu) -> ... num_layer num_gpu",
+        "sum",
+        num_gpu=num_gpu,
+    )
+
+
+def compute_utilization_rate(
+    gpu_physical_count_of_batch: torch.Tensor,  # (..., num_layer, num_gpu)
+):
+    """output: utilization_rate (..., num_layer)"""
+    gpu_physical_count_of_batch = gpu_physical_count_of_batch.float()
+    max_gpu_physical_count = einops.reduce(
+        gpu_physical_count_of_batch,
+        "... num_layer num_gpu -> ... num_layer",
+        "max",
+    )
+    avg_gpu_physical_count = einops.reduce(
+        gpu_physical_count_of_batch,
+        "... num_layer num_gpu -> ... num_layer",
+        "mean",
+    )
+    return (avg_gpu_physical_count + 1e-5) / (max_gpu_physical_count + 1e-5)