scipy 1.15.3__cp312-cp312-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl → 1.16.0rc2__cp312-cp312-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

scipy/_lib/_array_api.py

@@ -6,8 +6,15 @@ https://data-apis.org/array-api/latest/purpose_and_scope.html
 The SciPy use case of the Array API is described on the following page:
 https://data-apis.org/array-api/latest/use_cases.html#use-case-scipy
 """
+import contextlib
+import dataclasses
+import functools
 import os
+import textwrap
 
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Iterator
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from contextvars import ContextVar
 from types import ModuleType
 from typing import Any, Literal, TypeAlias
 
@@ -17,6 +24,7 @@ import numpy.typing as npt
 from scipy._lib import array_api_compat
 from scipy._lib.array_api_compat import (
     is_array_api_obj,
+    is_lazy_array,
     size as xp_size,
     numpy as np_compat,
     device as xp_device,
@@ -24,18 +32,21 @@ from scipy._lib.array_api_compat import (
     is_cupy_namespace as is_cupy,
     is_torch_namespace as is_torch,
     is_jax_namespace as is_jax,
+    is_dask_namespace as is_dask,
     is_array_api_strict_namespace as is_array_api_strict
 )
+from scipy._lib._sparse import issparse
+from scipy._lib._docscrape import FunctionDoc
 
 __all__ = [
     '_asarray', 'array_namespace', 'assert_almost_equal', 'assert_array_almost_equal',
-    'get_xp_devices',
-    'is_array_api_strict', 'is_complex', 'is_cupy', 'is_jax', 'is_numpy', 'is_torch', 
+    'default_xp', 'eager_warns', 'is_lazy_array', 'is_marray',
+    'is_array_api_strict', 'is_complex', 'is_cupy', 'is_jax', 'is_numpy', 'is_torch',
     'SCIPY_ARRAY_API', 'SCIPY_DEVICE', 'scipy_namespace_for',
     'xp_assert_close', 'xp_assert_equal', 'xp_assert_less',
-    'xp_copy', 'xp_copysign', 'xp_device',
-    'xp_moveaxis_to_end', 'xp_ravel', 'xp_real', 'xp_sign', 'xp_size',
-    'xp_take_along_axis', 'xp_unsupported_param_msg', 'xp_vector_norm',
+    'xp_copy', 'xp_device', 'xp_ravel', 'xp_size',
+    'xp_unsupported_param_msg', 'xp_vector_norm', 'xp_capabilities',
+    'xp_result_type', 'xp_promote'
 ]
 
 
@@ -54,8 +65,9 @@ Array: TypeAlias = Any  # To be changed to a Protocol later (see array-api#589)
 ArrayLike: TypeAlias = Array | npt.ArrayLike
 
 
-def _compliance_scipy(arrays):
-    """Raise exceptions on known-bad subclasses.
+def _compliance_scipy(arrays: Iterable[ArrayLike]) -> Iterator[Array]:
+    """Raise exceptions on known-bad subclasses. Discard 0-dimensional ArrayLikes
+    and convert 1+-dimensional ArrayLikes to numpy.
 
     The following subclasses are not supported and raise and error:
     - `numpy.ma.MaskedArray`
@@ -64,10 +76,10 @@ def _compliance_scipy(arrays):
     - Any array-like which is neither array API compatible nor coercible by NumPy
     - Any array-like which is coerced by NumPy to an unsupported dtype
     """
-    for i in range(len(arrays)):
-        array = arrays[i]
+    for array in arrays:
+        if array is None:
+            continue
 
-        from scipy.sparse import issparse
         # this comes from `_util._asarray_validated`
         if issparse(array):
             msg = ('Sparse arrays/matrices are not supported by this function. '
@@ -77,14 +89,19 @@ def _compliance_scipy(arrays):
 
         if isinstance(array, np.ma.MaskedArray):
             raise TypeError("Inputs of type `numpy.ma.MaskedArray` are not supported.")
-        elif isinstance(array, np.matrix):
+
+        if isinstance(array, np.matrix):
             raise TypeError("Inputs of type `numpy.matrix` are not supported.")
+
         if isinstance(array, np.ndarray | np.generic):
             dtype = array.dtype
             if not (np.issubdtype(dtype, np.number) or np.issubdtype(dtype, np.bool_)):
                 raise TypeError(f"An argument has dtype `{dtype!r}`; "
                                 f"only boolean and numerical dtypes are supported.")
-        elif not is_array_api_obj(array):
+
+        if is_array_api_obj(array):
+            yield array
+        else:
             try:
                 array = np.asanyarray(array)
             except TypeError:
@@ -97,17 +114,17 @@ def _compliance_scipy(arrays):
                     f"only boolean and numerical dtypes are supported."
                 )
                 raise TypeError(message)
-            arrays[i] = array
-    return arrays
+            # Ignore 0-dimensional arrays, coherently with array-api-compat.
+            # Raise if there are 1+-dimensional array-likes mixed with non-numpy
+            # Array API objects.
+            if array.ndim:
+                yield array
 
 
 def _check_finite(array: Array, xp: ModuleType) -> None:
     """Check for NaNs or Infs."""
-    msg = "array must not contain infs or NaNs"
-    try:
-        if not xp.all(xp.isfinite(array)):
-            raise ValueError(msg)
-    except TypeError:
+    if not xp.all(xp.isfinite(array)):
+        msg = "array must not contain infs or NaNs"
         raise ValueError(msg)
 
 
@@ -141,11 +158,13 @@ def array_namespace(*arrays: Array) -> ModuleType:
         # here we could wrap the namespace if needed
         return np_compat
 
-    _arrays = [array for array in arrays if array is not None]
-
-    _arrays = _compliance_scipy(_arrays)
-
-    return array_api_compat.array_namespace(*_arrays)
+    api_arrays = list(_compliance_scipy(arrays))
+    # In case of a mix of array API compliant arrays and scalars, return
+    # the array API namespace. If there are only ArrayLikes (e.g. lists),
+    # return NumPy (wrapped by array-api-compat).
+    if api_arrays:
+        return array_api_compat.array_namespace(*api_arrays)
+    return np_compat
 
 
 def _asarray(
@@ -223,12 +242,49 @@ def xp_copy(x: Array, *, xp: ModuleType | None = None) -> Array:
     return _asarray(x, copy=True, xp=xp)
 
 
+_default_xp_ctxvar: ContextVar[ModuleType] = ContextVar("_default_xp")
+
+@contextmanager
+def default_xp(xp: ModuleType) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    """In all ``xp_assert_*`` and ``assert_*`` function calls executed within this
+    context manager, test by default that the array namespace is
+    the provided across all arrays, unless one explicitly passes the ``xp=``
+    parameter or ``check_namespace=False``.
+
+    Without this context manager, the default value for `xp` is the namespace
+    for the desired array (the second parameter of the tests).
+    """
+    token = _default_xp_ctxvar.set(xp)
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        _default_xp_ctxvar.reset(token)
+
+
+def eager_warns(x, warning_type, match=None):
+    """pytest.warns context manager, but only if x is not a lazy array."""
+    import pytest
+    # This attribute is interpreted by pytest-run-parallel, ensuring that tests that use
+    # `eager_warns` aren't run in parallel (since pytest.warns isn't thread-safe).
+    __thread_safe__ = False  # noqa: F841
+    if is_lazy_array(x):
+        return contextlib.nullcontext()
+    return pytest.warns(warning_type, match=match)
+
+
 def _strict_check(actual, desired, xp, *,
                   check_namespace=True, check_dtype=True, check_shape=True,
                   check_0d=True):
     __tracebackhide__ = True  # Hide traceback for py.test
+
+    if xp is None:
+        try:
+            xp = _default_xp_ctxvar.get()
+        except LookupError:
+            xp = array_namespace(desired)
+
     if check_namespace:
-        _assert_matching_namespace(actual, desired)
+        _assert_matching_namespace(actual, desired, xp)
 
     # only NumPy distinguishes between scalars and arrays; we do if check_0d=True.
     # do this first so we can then cast to array (and thus use the array API) below.
@@ -246,32 +302,39 @@ def _strict_check(actual, desired, xp, *,
         assert actual.dtype == desired.dtype, _msg
 
     if check_shape:
+        if is_dask(xp):
+            actual.compute_chunk_sizes()
+            desired.compute_chunk_sizes()
         _msg = f"Shapes do not match.\nActual: {actual.shape}\nDesired: {desired.shape}"
         assert actual.shape == desired.shape, _msg
 
     desired = xp.broadcast_to(desired, actual.shape)
-    return actual, desired
+    return actual, desired, xp
 
 
-def _assert_matching_namespace(actual, desired):
+def _assert_matching_namespace(actual, desired, xp):
     __tracebackhide__ = True  # Hide traceback for py.test
-    actual = actual if isinstance(actual, tuple) else (actual,)
-    desired_space = array_namespace(desired)
-    for arr in actual:
-        arr_space = array_namespace(arr)
-        _msg = (f"Namespaces do not match.\n"
-                f"Actual: {arr_space.__name__}\n"
-                f"Desired: {desired_space.__name__}")
-        assert arr_space == desired_space, _msg
+
+    desired_arr_space = array_namespace(desired)
+    _msg = ("Namespace of desired array does not match expectations "
+            "set by the `default_xp` context manager or by the `xp`"
+            "pytest fixture.\n"
+            f"Desired array's space: {desired_arr_space.__name__}\n"
+            f"Expected namespace: {xp.__name__}")
+    assert desired_arr_space == xp, _msg
+
+    actual_arr_space = array_namespace(actual)
+    _msg = ("Namespace of actual and desired arrays do not match.\n"
+            f"Actual: {actual_arr_space.__name__}\n"
+            f"Desired: {xp.__name__}")
+    assert actual_arr_space == xp, _msg
 
 
 def xp_assert_equal(actual, desired, *, check_namespace=True, check_dtype=True,
                     check_shape=True, check_0d=True, err_msg='', xp=None):
     __tracebackhide__ = True  # Hide traceback for py.test
-    if xp is None:
-        xp = array_namespace(actual)
 
-    actual, desired = _strict_check(
+    actual, desired, xp = _strict_check(
         actual, desired, xp, check_namespace=check_namespace,
         check_dtype=check_dtype, check_shape=check_shape,
         check_0d=check_0d
@@ -293,10 +356,8 @@ def xp_assert_close(actual, desired, *, rtol=None, atol=0, check_namespace=True,
                     check_dtype=True, check_shape=True, check_0d=True,
                     err_msg='', xp=None):
     __tracebackhide__ = True  # Hide traceback for py.test
-    if xp is None:
-        xp = array_namespace(actual)
 
-    actual, desired = _strict_check(
+    actual, desired, xp = _strict_check(
         actual, desired, xp,
         check_namespace=check_namespace, check_dtype=check_dtype,
         check_shape=check_shape, check_0d=check_0d
@@ -326,10 +387,8 @@ def xp_assert_close(actual, desired, *, rtol=None, atol=0, check_namespace=True,
 def xp_assert_less(actual, desired, *, check_namespace=True, check_dtype=True,
                    check_shape=True, check_0d=True, err_msg='', verbose=True, xp=None):
     __tracebackhide__ = True  # Hide traceback for py.test
-    if xp is None:
-        xp = array_namespace(actual)
 
-    actual, desired = _strict_check(
+    actual, desired, xp = _strict_check(
         actual, desired, xp, check_namespace=check_namespace,
         check_dtype=check_dtype, check_shape=check_shape,
         check_0d=check_0d
@@ -374,42 +433,6 @@ def is_complex(x: Array, xp: ModuleType) -> bool:
     return xp.isdtype(x.dtype, 'complex floating')
 
 
-def get_xp_devices(xp: ModuleType) -> list[str] | list[None]:
-    """Returns a list of available devices for the given namespace."""
-    devices: list[str] = []
-    if is_torch(xp):
-        devices += ['cpu']
-        import torch # type: ignore[import]
-        num_cuda = torch.cuda.device_count()
-        for i in range(0, num_cuda):
-            devices += [f'cuda:{i}']
-        if torch.backends.mps.is_available():
-            devices += ['mps']
-        return devices
-    elif is_cupy(xp):
-        import cupy # type: ignore[import]
-        num_cuda = cupy.cuda.runtime.getDeviceCount()
-        for i in range(0, num_cuda):
-            devices += [f'cuda:{i}']
-        return devices
-    elif is_jax(xp):
-        import jax # type: ignore[import]
-        num_cpu = jax.device_count(backend='cpu')
-        for i in range(0, num_cpu):
-            devices += [f'cpu:{i}']
-        num_gpu = jax.device_count(backend='gpu')
-        for i in range(0, num_gpu):
-            devices += [f'gpu:{i}']
-        num_tpu = jax.device_count(backend='tpu')
-        for i in range(0, num_tpu):
-            devices += [f'tpu:{i}']
-        return devices
-
-    # given namespace is not known to have a list of available devices;
-    # return `[None]` so that one can use this in tests for `device=None`.
-    return [None]
-
-
 def scipy_namespace_for(xp: ModuleType) -> ModuleType | None:
     """Return the `scipy`-like namespace of a non-NumPy backend
 
@@ -432,42 +455,6 @@ def scipy_namespace_for(xp: ModuleType) -> ModuleType | None:
     return None
 
 
-# temporary substitute for xp.moveaxis, which is not yet in all backends
-# or covered by array_api_compat.
-def xp_moveaxis_to_end(
-        x: Array,
-        source: int,
-        /, *,
-        xp: ModuleType | None = None) -> Array:
-    xp = array_namespace(xp) if xp is None else xp
-    axes = list(range(x.ndim))
-    temp = axes.pop(source)
-    axes = axes + [temp]
-    return xp.permute_dims(x, axes)
-
-
-# temporary substitute for xp.copysign, which is not yet in all backends
-# or covered by array_api_compat.
-def xp_copysign(x1: Array, x2: Array, /, *, xp: ModuleType | None = None) -> Array:
-    # no attempt to account for special cases
-    xp = array_namespace(x1, x2) if xp is None else xp
-    abs_x1 = xp.abs(x1)
-    return xp.where(x2 >= 0, abs_x1, -abs_x1)
-
-
-# partial substitute for xp.sign, which does not cover the NaN special case
-# that I need. (https://github.com/data-apis/array-api-compat/issues/136)
-def xp_sign(x: Array, /, *, xp: ModuleType | None = None) -> Array:
-    xp = array_namespace(x) if xp is None else xp
-    if is_numpy(xp):  # only NumPy implements the special cases correctly
-        return xp.sign(x)
-    sign = xp.zeros_like(x)
-    one = xp.asarray(1, dtype=x.dtype)
-    sign = xp.where(x > 0, one, sign)
-    sign = xp.where(x < 0, -one, sign)
-    sign = xp.where(xp.isnan(x), xp.nan*one, sign)
-    return sign
-
 # maybe use `scipy.linalg` if/when array API support is added
 def xp_vector_norm(x: Array, /, *,
                    axis: int | tuple[int] | None = None,
@@ -503,53 +490,96 @@ def xp_ravel(x: Array, /, *, xp: ModuleType | None = None) -> Array:
     return xp.reshape(x, (-1,))
 
 
-def xp_real(x: Array, /, *, xp: ModuleType | None = None) -> Array:
-    # Convenience wrapper of xp.real that allows non-complex input;
-    # see data-apis/array-api#824
-    xp = array_namespace(x) if xp is None else xp
-    return xp.real(x) if xp.isdtype(x.dtype, 'complex floating') else x
+def xp_swapaxes(a, axis1, axis2, xp=None):
+    # Equivalent of np.swapaxes written in terms of array API
+    xp = array_namespace(a) if xp is None else xp
+    axes = list(range(a.ndim))
+    axes[axis1], axes[axis2] = axes[axis2], axes[axis1]
+    a = xp.permute_dims(a, axes)
+    return a
 
 
-def xp_take_along_axis(arr: Array,
-                       indices: Array, /, *,
-                       axis: int = -1,
-                       xp: ModuleType | None = None) -> Array:
-    # Dispatcher for np.take_along_axis for backends that support it;
-    # see data-apis/array-api/pull#816
-    xp = array_namespace(arr) if xp is None else xp
-    if is_torch(xp):
-        return xp.take_along_dim(arr, indices, dim=axis)
-    elif is_array_api_strict(xp):
-        raise NotImplementedError("Array API standard does not define take_along_axis")
-    else:
-        return xp.take_along_axis(arr, indices, axis)
+# utility to find common dtype with option to force floating
+def xp_result_type(*args, force_floating=False, xp):
+    """
+    Returns the dtype that results from applying type promotion rules
+    (see Array API Standard Type Promotion Rules) to the arguments. Augments
+    standard `result_type` in a few ways:
+
+    - There is a `force_floating` argument that ensures that the result type
+      is floating point, even when all args are integer.
+    - When a TypeError is raised (e.g. due to an unsupported promotion)
+      and `force_floating=True`, we define a custom rule: use the result type
+      of the default float and any other floats passed. See
+      https://github.com/scipy/scipy/pull/22695/files#r1997905891
+      for rationale.
+    - This function accepts array-like iterables, which are immediately converted
+      to the namespace's arrays before result type calculation. Consequently, the
+      result dtype may be different when an argument is `1.` vs `[1.]`.
+
+    Typically, this function will be called shortly after `array_namespace`
+    on a subset of the arguments passed to `array_namespace`.
+    """
+    args = [(_asarray(arg, subok=True, xp=xp) if np.iterable(arg) else arg)
+            for arg in args]
+    args_not_none = [arg for arg in args if arg is not None]
+    if force_floating:
+        args_not_none.append(1.0)
 
+    if is_numpy(xp) and xp.__version__ < '2.0':
+        # Follow NEP 50 promotion rules anyway
+        args_not_none = [arg.dtype if getattr(arg, 'size', 0) == 1 else arg
+                         for arg in args_not_none]
+        return xp.result_type(*args_not_none)
 
-# utility to broadcast arrays and promote to common dtype
-def xp_broadcast_promote(*args, ensure_writeable=False, force_floating=False, xp=None):
-    xp = array_namespace(*args) if xp is None else xp
+    try:  # follow library's preferred promotion rules
+        return xp.result_type(*args_not_none)
+    except TypeError:  # mixed type promotion isn't defined
+        if not force_floating:
+            raise
+        # use `result_type` of default floating point type and any floats present
+        # This can be revisited, but right now, the only backends that get here
+        # are array-api-strict (which is not for production use) and PyTorch
+        # (due to data-apis/array-api-compat#279).
+        float_args = []
+        for arg in args_not_none:
+            arg_array = xp.asarray(arg) if np.isscalar(arg) else arg
+            dtype = getattr(arg_array, 'dtype', arg)
+            if xp.isdtype(dtype, ('real floating', 'complex floating')):
+                float_args.append(arg)
+        return xp.result_type(*float_args, xp_default_dtype(xp))
+
+
+def xp_promote(*args, broadcast=False, force_floating=False, xp):
+    """
+    Promotes elements of *args to result dtype, ignoring `None`s.
+    Includes options for forcing promotion to floating point and
+    broadcasting the arrays, again ignoring `None`s.
+    Type promotion rules follow `xp_result_type` instead of `xp.result_type`.
 
-    args = [(_asarray(arg, subok=True) if arg is not None else arg) for arg in args]
-    args_not_none = [arg for arg in args if arg is not None]
+    Typically, this function will be called shortly after `array_namespace`
+    on a subset of the arguments passed to `array_namespace`.
 
-    # determine minimum dtype
-    default_float = xp.asarray(1.).dtype
-    dtypes = [arg.dtype for arg in args_not_none]
-    try:  # follow library's prefered mixed promotion rules
-        dtype = xp.result_type(*dtypes)
-        if force_floating and xp.isdtype(dtype, 'integral'):
-            # If we were to add `default_float` before checking whether the result
-            # type is otherwise integral, we risk promotion from lower float.
-            dtype = xp.result_type(dtype, default_float)
-    except TypeError:  # mixed type promotion isn't defined
-        float_dtypes = [dtype for dtype in dtypes
-                        if not xp.isdtype(dtype, 'integral')]
-        if float_dtypes:
-            dtype = xp.result_type(*float_dtypes, default_float)
-        elif force_floating:
-            dtype = default_float
-        else:
-            dtype = xp.result_type(*dtypes)
+    This function accepts array-like iterables, which are immediately converted
+    to the namespace's arrays before result type calculation. Consequently, the
+    result dtype may be different when an argument is `1.` vs `[1.]`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    xp_result_type
+    """
+    args = [(_asarray(arg, subok=True, xp=xp) if np.iterable(arg) else arg)
+            for arg in args]  # solely to prevent double conversion of iterable to array
+
+    dtype = xp_result_type(*args, force_floating=force_floating, xp=xp)
+
+    args = [(_asarray(arg, dtype=dtype, subok=True, xp=xp) if arg is not None else arg)
+            for arg in args]
+
+    if not broadcast:
+        return args[0] if len(args)==1 else tuple(args)
+
+    args_not_none = [arg for arg in args if arg is not None]
 
     # determine result shape
     shapes = {arg.shape for arg in args_not_none}
@@ -573,12 +603,13 @@ def xp_broadcast_promote(*args, ensure_writeable=False, force_floating=False, xp
             kwargs = {'subok': True} if is_numpy(xp) else {}
             arg = xp.broadcast_to(arg, shape, **kwargs)
 
-        # convert dtype/copy only if needed
-        if (arg.dtype != dtype) or ensure_writeable:
-            arg = xp.astype(arg, dtype, copy=True)
+        # This is much faster than xp.astype(arg, dtype, copy=False)
+        if arg.dtype != dtype:
+            arg = xp.astype(arg, dtype)
+
         out.append(arg)
 
-    return out
+    return out[0] if len(out)==1 else tuple(out)
 
 
 def xp_float_to_complex(arr: Array, xp: ModuleType | None = None) -> Array:
@@ -604,3 +635,297 @@ def xp_default_dtype(xp):
     else:
         # we default to float64
         return xp.float64
+
+
+def xp_result_device(*args):
+    """Return the device of an array in `args`, for the purpose of
+    input-output device propagation.
+    If there are multiple devices, return an arbitrary one.
+    If there are no arrays, return None (this typically happens only on NumPy).
+    """
+    for arg in args:
+        # Do not do a duck-type test for the .device attribute, as many backends today
+        # don't have it yet. See workarouunds in array_api_compat.device().
+        if is_array_api_obj(arg):
+            return xp_device(arg)
+    return None
+
+
+def is_marray(xp):
+    """Returns True if `xp` is an MArray namespace; False otherwise."""
+    return "marray" in xp.__name__
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(repr=False)
+class _XPSphinxCapability:
+    cpu: bool | None  # None if not applicable
+    gpu: bool | None
+    warnings: list[str] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=list)
+
+    def _render(self, value):
+        if value is None:
+            return "n/a"
+        if not value:
+            return "⛔"
+        if self.warnings:
+            res = "⚠️ " + '; '.join(self.warnings)
+            assert len(res) <= 20, "Warnings too long"
+            return res
+        return "✅"
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        cpu = self._render(self.cpu)
+        gpu = self._render(self.gpu)
+        return f"{cpu:20}  {gpu:20}"
+
+
+def _make_sphinx_capabilities(
+    # lists of tuples [(module name, reason), ...]
+    skip_backends=(), xfail_backends=(),
+    # @pytest.mark.skip/xfail_xp_backends kwargs
+    cpu_only=False, np_only=False, exceptions=(),
+    # xpx.lazy_xp_backends kwargs
+    allow_dask_compute=False, jax_jit=True,
+    # list of tuples [(module name, reason), ...]
+    warnings = (),
+    # unused in documentation
+    reason=None,
+):
+    exceptions = set(exceptions)
+
+    # Default capabilities
+    capabilities = {
+        "numpy": _XPSphinxCapability(cpu=True, gpu=None),
+        "array_api_strict": _XPSphinxCapability(cpu=True, gpu=None),
+        "cupy": _XPSphinxCapability(cpu=None, gpu=True),
+        "torch": _XPSphinxCapability(cpu=True, gpu=True),
+        "jax.numpy": _XPSphinxCapability(cpu=True, gpu=True,
+            warnings=[] if jax_jit else ["no JIT"]),
+        # Note: Dask+CuPy is currently untested and unsupported
+        "dask.array": _XPSphinxCapability(cpu=True, gpu=None,
+            warnings=["computes graph"] if allow_dask_compute else []),
+    }
+
+    # documentation doesn't display the reason
+    for module, _ in list(skip_backends) + list(xfail_backends):
+        backend = capabilities[module]
+        if backend.cpu is not None:
+            backend.cpu = False
+        if backend.gpu is not None:
+            backend.gpu = False
+
+    for module, backend in capabilities.items():
+        if np_only and module not in exceptions | {"numpy"}:
+            if backend.cpu is not None:
+                backend.cpu = False
+            if backend.gpu is not None:
+                backend.gpu = False
+        elif cpu_only and module not in exceptions and backend.gpu is not None:
+            backend.gpu = False
+
+    for module, warning in warnings:
+        backend = capabilities[module]
+        backend.warnings.append(warning)
+
+    return capabilities
+
+
+def _make_capabilities_note(fun_name, capabilities):
+    # Note: deliberately not documenting array-api-strict
+    note = f"""
+    `{fun_name}` has experimental support for Python Array API Standard compatible
+    backends in addition to NumPy. Please consider testing these features
+    by setting an environment variable ``SCIPY_ARRAY_API=1`` and providing
+    CuPy, PyTorch, JAX, or Dask arrays as array arguments. The following
+    combinations of backend and device (or other capability) are supported.
+
+    ====================  ====================  ====================
+    Library               CPU                   GPU
+    ====================  ====================  ====================
+    NumPy                 {capabilities['numpy']                   }
+    CuPy                  {capabilities['cupy']                    }
+    PyTorch               {capabilities['torch']                   }
+    JAX                   {capabilities['jax.numpy']               }
+    Dask                  {capabilities['dask.array']              }
+    ====================  ====================  ====================
+
+    See :ref:`dev-arrayapi` for more information.
+    """
+    return textwrap.dedent(note)
+
+
+def xp_capabilities(
+    *,
+    # Alternative capabilities table.
+    # Used only for testing this decorator.
+    capabilities_table=None,
+    # Generate pytest.mark.skip/xfail_xp_backends.
+    # See documentation in conftest.py.
+    # lists of tuples [(module name, reason), ...]
+    skip_backends=(), xfail_backends=(),
+    cpu_only=False, np_only=False, reason=None, exceptions=(),
+    # lists of tuples [(module name, reason), ...]
+    warnings=(),
+    # xpx.testing.lazy_xp_function kwargs.
+    # Refer to array-api-extra documentation.
+    allow_dask_compute=False, jax_jit=True,
+):
+    """Decorator for a function that states its support among various
+    Array API compatible backends.
+
+    This decorator has two effects:
+    1. It allows tagging tests with ``@make_xp_test_case`` or
+       ``make_xp_pytest_param`` (see below) to automatically generate
+       SKIP/XFAIL markers and perform additional backend-specific
+       testing, such as extra validation for Dask and JAX;
+    2. It automatically adds a note to the function's docstring, containing
+       a table matching what has been tested.    
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    make_xp_test_case
+    make_xp_pytest_param
+    array_api_extra.testing.lazy_xp_function
+    """
+    capabilities_table = (xp_capabilities_table if capabilities_table is None
+                          else capabilities_table)
+
+    capabilities = dict(
+        skip_backends=skip_backends,
+        xfail_backends=xfail_backends,
+        cpu_only=cpu_only,
+        np_only=np_only,
+        reason=reason,
+        exceptions=exceptions,
+        allow_dask_compute=allow_dask_compute,
+        jax_jit=jax_jit,
+        warnings=warnings,
+    )
+    sphinx_capabilities = _make_sphinx_capabilities(**capabilities)
+
+    def decorator(f):
+        # Don't use a wrapper, as in some cases @xp_capabilities is
+        # applied to a ufunc
+        capabilities_table[f] = capabilities
+        note = _make_capabilities_note(f.__name__, sphinx_capabilities)
+        doc = FunctionDoc(f)
+        doc['Notes'].append(note)
+        doc = str(doc).split("\n", 1)[1]  # remove signature
+        try:
+            f.__doc__ = doc
+        except AttributeError:
+            # Can't update __doc__ on ufuncs if SciPy
+            # was compiled against NumPy < 2.2.
+            pass
+
+        return f
+    return decorator
+
+
+def _make_xp_pytest_marks(*funcs, capabilities_table=None):
+    capabilities_table = (xp_capabilities_table if capabilities_table is None
+                          else capabilities_table)
+    import pytest
+    from scipy._lib.array_api_extra.testing import lazy_xp_function
+
+    marks = []
+    for func in funcs:
+        capabilities = capabilities_table[func]
+        exceptions = capabilities['exceptions']
+        reason = capabilities['reason']
+
+        if capabilities['cpu_only']:
+            marks.append(pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(
+                cpu_only=True, exceptions=exceptions, reason=reason))
+        if capabilities['np_only']:
+            marks.append(pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(
+                np_only=True, exceptions=exceptions, reason=reason))
+
+        for mod_name, reason in capabilities['skip_backends']:
+            marks.append(pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(mod_name, reason=reason))
+        for mod_name, reason in capabilities['xfail_backends']:
+            marks.append(pytest.mark.xfail_xp_backends(mod_name, reason=reason))
+
+        lazy_kwargs = {k: capabilities[k]
+                       for k in ('allow_dask_compute', 'jax_jit')}
+        lazy_xp_function(func, **lazy_kwargs)
+
+    return marks
+
+
+def make_xp_test_case(*funcs, capabilities_table=None):
+    capabilities_table = (xp_capabilities_table if capabilities_table is None
+                          else capabilities_table)
+    """Generate pytest decorator for a test function that tests functionality
+    of one or more Array API compatible functions.
+
+    Read the parameters of the ``@xp_capabilities`` decorator applied to the
+    listed functions and:
+
+    - Generate the ``@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends`` and
+      ``@pytest.mark.xfail_xp_backends`` decorators
+      for the decorated test function
+    - Tag the function with `xpx.testing.lazy_xp_function`
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    xp_capabilities
+    make_xp_pytest_param
+    array_api_extra.testing.lazy_xp_function
+    """
+    marks = _make_xp_pytest_marks(*funcs, capabilities_table=capabilities_table)
+    return lambda func: functools.reduce(lambda f, g: g(f), marks, func)
+
+
+def make_xp_pytest_param(func, *args, capabilities_table=None):
+    """Variant of ``make_xp_test_case`` that returns a pytest.param for a function,
+    with all necessary skip_xp_backends and xfail_xp_backends marks applied::
+    
+        @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+            "func", [make_xp_pytest_param(f1), make_xp_pytest_param(f2)]
+        )
+        def test(func, xp):
+            ...
+
+    The above is equivalent to::
+
+        @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+            "func", [
+                pytest.param(f1, marks=[
+                    pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(...),
+                    pytest.mark.xfail_xp_backends(...), ...]),
+                pytest.param(f2, marks=[
+                    pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(...),
+                    pytest.mark.xfail_xp_backends(...), ...]),
+        )
+        def test(func, xp):
+            ...
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    func : Callable
+        Function to be tested. It must be decorated with ``@xp_capabilities``.
+    *args : Any, optional
+        Extra pytest parameters for the use case, e.g.::
+
+        @pytest.mark.parametrize("func,verb", [
+            make_xp_pytest_param(f1, "hello"),
+            make_xp_pytest_param(f2, "world")])
+        def test(func, verb, xp):
+            # iterates on (func=f1, verb="hello")
+            # and (func=f2, verb="world")
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    xp_capabilities
+    make_xp_test_case
+    array_api_extra.testing.lazy_xp_function
+    """
+    import pytest
+
+    marks = _make_xp_pytest_marks(func, capabilities_table=capabilities_table)
+    return pytest.param(func, *args, marks=marks, id=func.__name__)
+
+
+# Is it OK to have a dictionary that is mutated (once upon import) in many places?
+xp_capabilities_table = {}  # type: ignore[var-annotated]