roboticstoolbox-python 1.4.0__py3-none-any.whl

roboticstoolbox/robot/DHLink.py

@@ -0,0 +1,949 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""
+@author: Jesse Haviland
+"""
+
+# import numpy as np
+# from spatialmath import SE3
+import roboticstoolbox as rp
+from roboticstoolbox.robot.Link import Link, _dirties_frne, _copy_shapes
+from roboticstoolbox.ets.ETS import ETS
+from roboticstoolbox.ets.ET import ET
+from spatialmath import SE3
+from functools import wraps
+from numpy import ndarray, cos, sin, array
+from copy import deepcopy
+from roboticstoolbox.tools.types import ArrayLike
+
+
+def _check_rne(func):
+    """
+    @_check_rne decorator
+
+    Decorator applied to any method to calls to C RNE code.  Works in
+    conjunction with::
+
+        @_dirties_frne
+        def dyn_param_setter(self, value):
+
+    which marks the dynamic parameters as having changed using the robot's
+    ``.dynchanged()`` method.
+
+    If this is the case, then the parameters are re-serialized prior to
+    invoking inverse dynamics.
+
+    :seealso: :func:`Link._listen_dyn`
+    """
+
+    @wraps(func)
+    def wrapper_check_rne(*args, **kwargs):
+        if args[0]._frne is None or args[0]._frne_stale:
+            args[0]._copy_to_cpp()
+        return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper_check_rne
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------#
+
+try:  # pragma: no cover
+    # print('Using SymPy')
+    import sympy as sym
+
+    def _issymbol(x):  # type: ignore
+        return isinstance(x, sym.Expr)
+
+except ImportError:
+
+    def _issymbol(x):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        return False
+
+
+def _cos(theta) -> float:
+    if _issymbol(theta):
+        return sym.cos(theta)  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        return cos(theta)
+
+
+def _sin(theta) -> float:
+    if _issymbol(theta):
+        return sym.sin(theta)  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        return sin(theta)
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------#
+
+
+class DHLink(Link):
+    """
+    A link superclass for all robots defined using Denavit-Hartenberg notation.
+    A Link object holds all information related to a robot joint and link such
+    as kinematics parameters, rigid-body inertial parameters, motor and
+    transmission parameters.
+
+    :param theta: kinematic: joint angle
+    :param d: kinematic - link offset
+    :param alpha: kinematic - link twist
+    :param a: kinematic - link length
+    :param sigma: kinematic - 0 if revolute, 1 if prismatic
+    :param mdh: kinematic - False if standard D&H, True for modified D&H
+    :param offset: kinematic - joint variable offset
+    :param qlim: joint variable limits [min, max]
+    :type qlim: ndarray(2,)
+    :param flip: joint moves in opposite direction
+
+    :param m: dynamic - link mass
+    :type m: float
+    :param r: dynamic - position of COM with respect to link frame
+    :type r: ndarray(3,)
+    :param I: dynamic - inertia of link with respect to COM
+    :type I: ndarray
+    :param Jm: dynamic - motor inertia
+    :type Jm: float
+    :param B: dynamic - motor viscous friction: B=B⁺=B⁻, [B⁺, B⁻]
+    :type B: float, or ndarray(2,)
+    :param Tc: dynamic - motor Coulomb friction [Tc⁺, Tc⁻]
+    :type Tc: ndarray(2,)
+    :param G: dynamic - gear ratio
+    :type G: float
+
+    :references:
+        - Robotics, Vision & Control, P. Corke, Springer 2023, Chap 7.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        d: float = 0.0,
+        alpha: float = 0.0,
+        theta: float = 0.0,
+        a: float = 0.0,
+        sigma: int = 0,
+        mdh: bool = False,
+        offset: float = 0,
+        flip: bool = False,
+        qlim: ArrayLike | None = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        ets = self._to_ets(sigma, theta, d, alpha, a, offset, flip, mdh)
+        self._ets = ets
+
+        # Set the variable et
+        for et in ets:
+            if et.isjoint:
+                self._v = et
+                break
+
+        # Set the qlim if provided now we have an ETS
+        if qlim is not None and self.v:
+            self.v.qlim = qlim
+
+        # DH Kinematic parameters
+        self.sigma = sigma
+        self.theta = theta
+        self.d = d
+        self.alpha = alpha
+        self.a = a
+        self.mdh = mdh
+        self.offset = offset
+        self.id = None
+        self.mesh = None
+        self.number = None
+
+    def _to_ets(self, sigma: int, theta: float, d: float, alpha: float, a: float, offset: float, flip: bool, mdh: bool) -> ETS:
+        ets = ETS()
+
+        isrevolute = False if sigma else True
+
+        # MDH format: a alpha theta d
+        if mdh:
+            if a != 0:
+                ets *= ET.tx(a)
+            if alpha != 0:
+                ets *= ET.Rx(alpha)
+
+            if isrevolute:
+                if offset != 0:
+                    ets *= ET.Rz(offset)
+
+                # Swapped d and theta: will make no difference to the transform
+                # But makes ets end with variable which is needed
+                if d != 0:
+                    ets *= ET.tz(d)
+
+                ets *= ET.Rz(flip=flip)  # joint
+            else:
+                if theta != 0:
+                    ets *= ET.Rz(theta)
+
+                if offset != 0:
+                    ets *= ET.tz(offset)
+
+                ets *= ET.tz(flip=flip)  # joint
+        else:
+            # DH format: theta d a alpha
+            if isrevolute:
+                if offset != 0:
+                    ets *= ET.Rz(offset)
+                ets *= ET.Rz(flip=flip)
+
+                if d != 0:
+                    ets *= ET.tz(d)
+            else:
+                if theta != 0:
+                    ets *= ET.Rz(theta)
+
+                if offset != 0:
+                    ets *= ET.tz(offset)
+                ets *= ET.tz(flip=flip)
+
+            if a != 0:
+                ets *= ET.tx(a)
+            if alpha != 0:
+                ets *= ET.Rx(alpha)
+
+        return ets
+
+    @property
+    def isjoint(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Test if link has joint
+        :return: test if link has a joint
+        :rtype: bool
+        The ETS for each ELink comprises a constant part (possible the
+        identity) followed by an optional joint variable transform.
+        This property returns the whether the
+        .. runblock:: pycon
+            >>> from roboticstoolbox import models
+            >>> robot = models.URDF.Panda()
+            >>> robot[1].isjoint  # link with joint
+            >>> robot[8].isjoint  # static link
+        """
+        return True
+
+    # @classmethod
+    # def StandardDH(cls, links: List["StandardDH"]) -> List["DHLink"]:
+    #     """
+    #     Takes a list of standard DH links and converts to a list
+    #     of modified DH parameters
+
+    #     """
+
+    #     new_links = []
+    #     ets = ETS()
+
+    #     # Make an ets of the whole Robot
+    #     for link in links:
+    #         ets += link.ets
+
+    #     # Split ETS with variables at the end
+    #     segs = ets.split()
+
+    #     # Construct MDH Links
+    #     for (seg, link) in zip(segs, links):
+    #         flip = True if seg[-1].isflip else False
+    #         isrevolute = True if seg[-1].axis[0] == "R" else False
+
+    #         a = 0.0
+    #         alpha = 0.0
+    #         theta = 0.0
+    #         d = 0.0
+    #         offset = 0.0
+
+    #         # Find MDH Parameters
+    #         for et in seg:
+    #             if et.axis == "tx":
+    #                 a = et.eta
+    #             elif et.axis == "Rx":
+    #                 alpha = et.eta
+    #             elif et.axis == "Rz" and not et.isjoint:
+    #                 offset = et.eta
+    #             elif et.axis == "Rz" and not isrevolute:
+    #                 theta = et.eta
+    #             elif et.axis == "tz" and isrevolute:
+    #                 d = et.eta
+
+    #         # Make the link
+    #         if isrevolute:
+    #             new_link = RevoluteMDH(
+    #                 d=d,
+    #                 a=a,
+    #                 alpha=alpha,
+    #                 offset=offset,
+    #                 qlim=link.qlim,
+    #                 flip=flip,
+    #                 name=link.name,
+    #                 m=link.m,
+    #                 r=link.r,
+    #                 I=link.I,
+    #                 Jm=link.Jm,
+    #                 B=link.B,
+    #                 Tc=link.Tc,
+    #                 G=link.G,
+    #                 geometry=link.geometry,
+    #                 collision=link.collision,
+    #             )
+    #         else:
+    #             new_link = PrismaticMDH(
+    #                 theta=theta,
+    #                 a=a,
+    #                 alpha=alpha,
+    #                 offset=offset,
+    #                 qlim=link.qlim,
+    #                 flip=flip,
+    #                 name=link.name,
+    #                 m=link.m,
+    #                 r=link.r,
+    #                 I=link.I,
+    #                 Jm=link.Jm,
+    #                 B=link.B,
+    #                 Tc=link.Tc,
+    #                 G=link.G,
+    #                 geometry=link.geometry,
+    #                 collision=link.collision,
+    #             )
+
+    #         new_links.append(new_link)
+
+    #     return new_links
+
+    def __add__(self, L):
+        if isinstance(L, DHLink):
+            return rp.DHRobot([self, L])
+
+        elif isinstance(L, rp.DHRobot):
+            nlinks: list[DHLink] = [self]
+
+            # TODO - Should I do a deep copy here a physically copy the Links
+            # and not just the references?
+            # Copy Link references to new list
+            for i in range(L.n):
+                nlinks.append(L.links[i])
+
+            return rp.DHRobot(
+                nlinks,
+                name=L.name,
+                manufacturer=L.manufacturer,
+                base=L.base,
+                tool=L.tool,
+                gravity=L.gravity,
+            )
+
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Cannot add a Link with a non Link object")
+
+    def __str__(self):
+
+        s = ""
+
+        if self.offset == 0:
+            offset = ""
+        else:
+            offset = f" + {self.offset}"
+        if self.id is None:
+            qvar = "q"
+        else:
+            qvar = f"q{self.id}"
+        cls = self.__class__.__name__
+        if self.isrevolute:
+            s = f"{cls}:   θ={qvar}{offset},  d={self.d},  a={self.a},  ⍺={self.alpha}"
+        elif self.isprismatic:
+            s = (
+                f"{cls}:  θ={self.theta},  d={qvar}{offset}, "
+                f" a={self.a},  "
+                f"⍺={self.alpha}"
+            )
+        return s
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        name = self.__class__.__name__
+        args = []
+        if self.isrevolute:
+            self._format_param(args, "d")
+        else:
+            self._format_param(args, "theta", "θ")
+        self._format_param(args, "a")
+        self._format_param(args, "alpha", "⍺")
+        args.extend(super()._params())
+        return name + "(" + ", ".join(args) + ")"
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
+        kwargs = {
+            "name": deepcopy(self.name),
+            "joint_name": deepcopy(self._joint_name),
+            "m": deepcopy(self.m),
+            "r": deepcopy(self.r),
+            "I": deepcopy(self.I),
+            "Jm": deepcopy(self.Jm),
+            "B": deepcopy(self.B),
+            "Tc": deepcopy(self.Tc),
+            "G": deepcopy(self.G),
+            "qlim": deepcopy(self.qlim),
+            "geometry": _copy_shapes(self._geometry, self.name),
+            "collision": _copy_shapes(self._collision, self.name),
+            "d": deepcopy(self.d),
+            "alpha": deepcopy(self.alpha),
+            "theta": deepcopy(self.theta),
+            "a": deepcopy(self.a),
+            "sigma": deepcopy(self.sigma),
+            "mdh": deepcopy(self.mdh),
+            "offset": deepcopy(self.offset),
+            "flip": deepcopy(self.isflip),
+        }
+
+        cls = self.__class__
+
+        if "Revolute" in str(cls):
+            del kwargs["theta"]
+            del kwargs["sigma"]
+            del kwargs["mdh"]
+        elif "Prismatic" in str(cls):
+            del kwargs["d"]
+            del kwargs["sigma"]
+            del kwargs["mdh"]
+
+        result = cls(**kwargs)
+        result._robot = self.robot
+        result.sigma = self.sigma
+        result.number = self.number
+
+        memo[id(self)] = result
+        return result
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+    @property
+    def theta(self):
+        """
+        Get/set joint angle.
+
+        :returns: joint angle
+        :rtype: float
+
+        - ``link.theta`` is the joint angle
+        - ``link.theta = ...`` checks and sets the joint angle
+        """
+        return self._theta
+
+    @theta.setter
+    @_dirties_frne
+    def theta(self, theta_new):
+        if not self.sigma and theta_new != 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("theta is not valid for revolute joints")
+        else:
+            self._theta = theta_new
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+    @property
+    def d(self):
+        """
+        Get/set link offset.
+
+        :returns: link offset
+        :rtype: float
+
+        - ``link.d`` is the link offset
+        - ``link.d = ...`` checks and sets the link offset
+        """
+        return self._d
+
+    @d.setter
+    @_dirties_frne
+    def d(self, d_new):
+        if self.sigma and d_new != 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("f is not valid for prismatic joints")
+        else:
+            self._d = d_new
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+    @property
+    def a(self):
+        """
+        Get/set link length.
+
+        :returns: link length
+        :rtype: float
+
+        - ``link.a`` is the link length
+        - ``link.a = ...`` checks and sets the link length
+        """
+        return self._a
+
+    @a.setter
+    @_dirties_frne
+    def a(self, a_new):
+        self._a = a_new
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+    @property
+    def alpha(self):
+        """
+        Get/set link twist.
+
+        :returns: link twist
+        :rtype: float
+
+        - ``link.alpha`` is the link twist
+        - ``link.alpha = ...`` checks and sets the link twist
+        """
+        return self._alpha
+
+    @alpha.setter
+    @_dirties_frne
+    def alpha(self, alpha_new):
+        self._alpha = alpha_new
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+    @property
+    def sigma(self):
+        """
+        Get/set joint type.
+
+        :returns: joint type
+        :rtype: int
+        :seealso: :func:`isrevolute`, :func:`isprismatic`
+
+        - ``link.sigma`` is the joint type
+        - ``link.sigma = ...`` checks and sets the joint type
+
+        The joint type is 0 for a revolute joint, and 1 for a prismatic joint.
+        """
+        return self._sigma
+
+    @sigma.setter
+    @_dirties_frne
+    def sigma(self, sigma_new):
+        self._sigma = sigma_new
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+    @property
+    def mdh(self):
+        """
+        Get/set kinematic convention.
+
+        :returns: kinematic convention
+        :rtype: bool
+
+        - ``link.mdh`` is the kinematic convention
+        - ``link.mdh = ...`` checks and sets the kinematic convention
+
+        True for modified Denavit-Hartenberg notation (eg. Craig's textbook),
+        False for standard Denavit-Hartenberg notation (eg. Siciliano, Spong, Paul).
+        """
+        return self._mdh
+
+    @mdh.setter
+    @_dirties_frne
+    def mdh(self, mdh_new):
+        self._mdh = int(mdh_new)
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+    @property
+    def offset(self):
+        """
+        Get/set joint variable offset
+
+        - ``link.offset`` is the joint variable offset
+
+        :return: joint variable offset
+        :rtype: float
+
+        - ``link.offset = ...`` checks and sets the joint variable offset
+
+        The offset is added to the joint angle before forward kinematics, and
+        subtracted after inverse kinematics.  It is used to define the joint
+        configuration for zero joint coordinates.
+
+        """
+        return self._offset
+
+    @offset.setter
+    def offset(self, offset_new):
+        self._offset = offset_new
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+    def A(self, q: float) -> SE3:
+        r"""
+        Link transform matrix
+
+        :param q: joint coordinate
+        :returns: SE(3) link homogeneous transformation
+        :rtype: SE3
+
+        ``A(q)`` is an ``SE3`` instance representing the SE(3) homogeneous
+        transformation matrix corresponding to the link's joint variable ``q``
+        which is either the Denavit-Hartenberg parameter :math:`\theta_j`
+        (revolute) or :math:`d_j` (prismatic).
+
+        This is the relative pose of the current link frame with respect to the
+        previous link frame.
+
+        For details of the computation see the documentation for the
+        subclasses, click on the right side of the class boxes below.
+
+        .. inheritance-diagram:: roboticstoolbox.RevoluteDH
+            roboticstoolbox.PrismaticDH roboticstoolbox.RevoluteMDH
+            roboticstoolbox.PrismaticMDH
+            :top-classes: roboticstoolbox.robot.DHLink.DHLink
+            :parts: 2
+
+        .. note::
+
+            - For a revolute joint the ``theta`` parameter of the link is
+              ignored, and ``q`` used instead.
+            - For a prismatic joint the ``d`` parameter of the link is ignored,
+              and ``q`` used instead.
+            - The joint ``offset`` parameter is added to ``q`` before
+              computation of the transformation matrix.
+            - The computation is different for standard and modified
+              Denavit-Hartenberg parameters.
+
+        :seealso: :class:`RevoluteDH`, :class:`PrismaticDH`,
+            :class:`RevoluteMDH`, :class:`PrismaticMDH`
+        """
+
+        sa = _sin(self.alpha)
+        ca = _cos(self.alpha)
+
+        if self.ets[-1].isflip:
+            q = -q + self.offset
+        else:
+            q = q + self.offset
+
+        if self.sigma == 0:
+            # revolute
+            st = _sin(q)
+            ct = _cos(q)
+            d = self.d
+        else:
+            # prismatic
+            st = _sin(self.theta)
+            ct = _cos(self.theta)
+            d = q
+
+        if self.mdh == 0:
+            # standard DH
+            T = array(
+                [
+                    [ct, -st * ca, st * sa, self.a * ct],
+                    [st, ct * ca, -ct * sa, self.a * st],
+                    [0, sa, ca, d],
+                    [0, 0, 0, 1],
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            # modified DH
+            T = array(
+                [
+                    [ct, -st, 0, self.a],
+                    [st * ca, ct * ca, -sa, -sa * d],
+                    [st * sa, ct * sa, ca, ca * d],
+                    [0, 0, 0, 1],
+                ]
+            )
+
+        return SE3(T, check=False)
+
+    @property
+    def isrevolute(self):
+        """
+        Checks if the joint is of revolute type
+
+        :return: True if revolute
+        :rtype: bool
+
+        :seealso: :func:`sigma`
+        """
+
+        if not self.sigma:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    @property
+    def isprismatic(self):
+        """
+        Checks if the joint is of prismatic type
+
+        :return: True if prismatic
+        :rtype: bool
+
+        :seealso: :func:`sigma`
+        """
+
+        if self.sigma:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+class RevoluteDH(DHLink):
+    r"""
+    Class for revolute links using standard DH convention.
+
+    :param d: kinematic - link offset
+    :param alpha: kinematic - link twist
+    :param a: kinematic - link length
+    :param offset: kinematic - joint variable offset
+    :param qlim: joint variable limits [min, max]
+    :type qlim: ndarray(2,)
+    :param flip: joint moves in opposite direction
+
+    :param m: dynamic - link mass
+    :type m: float
+    :param r: dynamic - position of COM with respect to link frame
+    :type r: ndarray(3,)
+    :param I: dynamic - inertia of link with respect to COM
+    :type I: ndarray
+    :param Jm: dynamic - motor inertia
+    :type Jm: float
+    :param B: dynamic - motor viscous friction: B=B⁺=B⁻, [B⁺, B⁻]
+    :type B: float, or ndarray(2,)
+    :param Tc: dynamic - motor Coulomb friction [Tc⁺, Tc⁻]
+    :type Tc: ndarray(2,)
+    :param G: dynamic - gear ratio
+    :type G: float
+
+    A subclass of the :class:`DHLink` class for a revolute joint that holds all
+    information related to a robot link such as kinematics parameters,
+    rigid-body inertial parameters, motor and transmission parameters.
+    The link transform is
+    :math:`\underbrace{\mathbf{T}_{rz}(q_i)}_{\mbox{variable}} \cdot \mathbf{T}_{tz}(d_i) \cdot \mathbf{T}_{tx}(a_i) \cdot \mathbf{T}_{rx}(\alpha_i)`
+    where :math:`q_i` is the joint variable.
+
+    :references:
+        - Robotics, Vision & Control in Python, 3e, P. Corke, Springer 2023, Chap 7.
+
+    :seealso: :func:`PrismaticDH`, :func:`DHLink`, :func:`RevoluteMDH`
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, d: float = 0.0, a: float = 0.0, alpha: float = 0.0, offset: float = 0.0,
+        qlim: ArrayLike | None = None, flip: bool = False, **kwargs
+    ):
+
+        theta = 0.0
+        sigma = 0
+        mdh = False
+
+        super().__init__(
+            d=d,
+            alpha=alpha,
+            theta=theta,
+            a=a,
+            sigma=sigma,
+            mdh=mdh,
+            offset=offset,
+            qlim=qlim,
+            flip=flip,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class PrismaticDH(DHLink):
+    r"""
+    Class for prismatic link using standard DH convention.
+
+    :param theta: kinematic: joint angle
+    :param alpha: kinematic - link twist
+    :param a: kinematic - link length
+    :param offset: kinematic - joint variable offset
+    :param qlim: joint variable limits [min, max]
+    :type qlim: ndarray(2,)
+    :param flip: joint moves in opposite direction
+
+    :param m: dynamic - link mass
+    :type m: float
+    :param r: dynamic - position of COM with respect to link frame
+    :type r: ndarray(3,)
+    :param I: dynamic - inertia of link with respect to COM
+    :type I: ndarray
+    :param Jm: dynamic - motor inertia
+    :type Jm: float
+    :param B: dynamic - motor viscous friction: B=B⁺=B⁻, [B⁺, B⁻]
+    :type B: float, or ndarray(2,)
+    :param Tc: dynamic - motor Coulomb friction [Tc⁺, Tc⁻]
+    :type Tc: ndarray(2,)
+    :param G: dynamic - gear ratio
+    :type G: float
+
+    A subclass of the DHLink class for a prismatic joint that holds all
+    information related to a robot link such as kinematics parameters,
+    rigid-body inertial parameters, motor and transmission parameters.
+    The link transform is
+    :math:`\mathbf{T}_{rz}(\theta_i) \cdot \underbrace{\mathbf{T}_{tz}(q_i)}_{\mbox{variable}} \cdot \mathbf{T}_{tx}(a_i) \cdot \mathbf{T}_{rx}(\alpha_i)`
+    where :math:`q_i` is the joint variable.
+
+    :references:
+        - Robotics, Vision & Control in Python, 3e, P. Corke, Springer 2023, Chap 7.
+
+    :seealso: :func:`RevoluteDH`, :func:`DHLink`, :func:`PrismaticMDH`
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, theta: float = 0.0, a: float = 0.0, alpha: float = 0.0,
+        offset: float = 0.0, qlim: ArrayLike | None = None, flip: bool = False, **kwargs
+    ):
+
+        d = 0.0
+        sigma = 1
+        mdh = False
+
+        super().__init__(
+            theta=theta,
+            d=d,
+            a=a,
+            alpha=alpha,
+            sigma=sigma,
+            mdh=mdh,
+            offset=offset,
+            qlim=qlim,
+            flip=flip,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class RevoluteMDH(DHLink):
+    r"""
+    Class for revolute links using modified DH convention.
+
+    :param d: kinematic - link offset
+    :param alpha: kinematic - link twist
+    :param a: kinematic - link length
+    :param offset: kinematic - joint variable offset
+    :param qlim: joint variable limits [min, max]
+    :type qlim: ndarray(2,)
+    :param flip: joint moves in opposite direction
+
+    :param m: dynamic - link mass
+    :type m: float
+    :param r: dynamic - position of COM with respect to link frame
+    :type r: ndarray(3,)
+    :param I: dynamic - inertia of link with respect to COM
+    :type I: ndarray
+    :param Jm: dynamic - motor inertia
+    :type Jm: float
+    :param B: dynamic - motor viscous friction: B=B⁺=B⁻, [B⁺, B⁻]
+    :type B: float, or ndarray(2,)
+    :param Tc: dynamic - motor Coulomb friction [Tc⁺, Tc⁻]
+    :type Tc: ndarray(2,)
+    :param G: dynamic - gear ratio
+    :type G: float
+
+    A subclass of the DHLink class for a revolute joint that holds all
+    information related to a robot link such as kinematics parameters,
+    rigid-body inertial parameters, motor and transmission parameters.
+
+    The link transform is
+
+    :math:`\mathbf{T}_{tx}(a_{i-1}) \cdot \mathbf{T}_{rx}(\alpha_{i-1}) \cdot \underbrace{\mathbf{T}_{rz}(q_i)}_{\mbox{variable}} \cdot \mathbf{T}_{tz}(d_i)`
+
+    where :math:`q_i` is the joint variable.
+
+    :references:
+        - Robotics, Vision & Control in Python, 3e, P. Corke, Springer 2023, Chap 7.
+
+    :seealso: :func:`PrismaticMDH`, :func:`DHLink`, :func:`RevoluteDH`
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, d: float = 0.0, a: float = 0.0, alpha: float = 0.0, offset: float = 0.0,
+        qlim: ArrayLike | None = None, flip: bool = False, **kwargs
+    ):
+
+        theta = 0.0
+        sigma = 0
+        mdh = True
+
+        super().__init__(
+            d=d,
+            alpha=alpha,
+            theta=theta,
+            a=a,
+            sigma=sigma,
+            mdh=mdh,
+            offset=offset,
+            qlim=qlim,
+            flip=flip,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class PrismaticMDH(DHLink):
+    r"""
+    Class for prismatic link using modified DH convention.
+
+    :param theta: kinematic: joint angle
+    :param alpha: kinematic - link twist
+    :param a: kinematic - link length
+    :param offset: kinematic - joint variable offset
+    :param qlim: joint variable limits [min, max]
+    :type qlim: ndarray(2,)
+    :param flip: joint moves in opposite direction
+
+    :param m: dynamic - link mass
+    :type m: float
+    :param r: dynamic - position of COM with respect to link frame
+    :type r: ndarray(3,)
+    :param I: dynamic - inertia of link with respect to COM
+    :type I: ndarray
+    :param Jm: dynamic - motor inertia
+    :type Jm: float
+    :param B: dynamic - motor viscous friction: B=B⁺=B⁻, [B⁺, B⁻]
+    :type B: float, or ndarray(2,)
+    :param Tc: dynamic - motor Coulomb friction [Tc⁺, Tc⁻]
+    :type Tc: ndarray(2,)
+    :param G: dynamic - gear ratio
+    :type G: float
+
+    A subclass of the DHLink class for a prismatic joint that holds all
+    information related to a robot link such as kinematics parameters,
+    rigid-body inertial parameters, motor and transmission parameters.
+
+    The link transform is
+
+    :math:`\mathbf{T}_{tx}(a_{i-1}) \cdot \mathbf{T}_{rx}(\alpha_{i-1}) \cdot \mathbf{T}_{rz}(\theta_i) \cdot \underbrace{\mathbf{T}_{tz}(q_i)}_{\mbox{variable}}`
+
+    where :math:`q_i` is the joint variable.
+
+    :references:
+        - Robotics, Vision & Control in Python, 3e, P. Corke, Springer 2023, Chap 7.
+
+    :seealso: :func:`RevoluteMDH`, :func:`DHLink`, :func:`PrismaticDH`
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, theta: float = 0.0, a: float = 0.0, alpha: float = 0.0,
+        offset: float = 0.0, qlim: ArrayLike | None = None, flip: bool = False, **kwargs
+    ):
+
+        d = 0.0
+        sigma = 1
+        mdh = True
+
+        super().__init__(
+            theta=theta,
+            d=d,
+            a=a,
+            alpha=alpha,
+            sigma=sigma,
+            mdh=mdh,
+            offset=offset,
+            qlim=qlim,
+            flip=flip,
+            **kwargs,
+        )