roboticstoolbox-python 1.3.0__cp312-cp312-win_amd64.whl

roboticstoolbox/blocks/arm.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1587 @@
+import numpy as np
+from math import sin, cos, pi
+
+# import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import time
+from spatialmath import SE3
+import spatialmath.base as smb
+
+from bdsim.block_types import GraphicsBlock, ContinuousBlock, FunctionBlock, SourceBlock
+
+
+from roboticstoolbox import quintic_func, trapezoidal_func
+
+"""
+Robot blocks:
+- have inputs and outputs
+- are a subclass of ``FunctionBlock`` |rarr| ``Block`` for kinematics and have no states
+- are a subclass of ``ContinuousBlock`` |rarr| ``Block`` for dynamics and have states
+
+"""
+# The constructor of each class ``MyClass`` with a ``@block`` decorator becomes a method ``MYCLASS()`` of the BlockDiagram instance.
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+class FKine(FunctionBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`FKINE`
+
+    Robot arm forward kinematics.
+
+    :inputs: 1
+    :outputs: 1
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Input
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\mathit{q}`
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - SE3
+            - :math:`\mathbf{T}`
+
+    Compute the end-effector pose as an SE(3) object as a function of the input joint
+    configuration.
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.fkine`
+    """
+
+    nin = 1
+    nout = 1
+    inlabels = ("q",)
+    outlabels = ("T",)
+
+    def __init__(self, robot=None, args={}, **blockargs):
+        """
+        :param ``*inputs``: Optional incoming connections
+        :type ``*inputs``: Block or Plug
+        :param robot: Robot model, defaults to None
+        :type robot: Robot subclass, optional
+        :param args: Options for fkine, defaults to {}
+        :type args: dict, optional
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+        if robot is None:
+            raise ValueError("robot is not defined")
+
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+        # self.type = "forward-kinematics"
+
+        self.robot = robot
+        self.args = args
+
+        self.inport_names(("q",))
+        self.outport_names(("T",))
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        q = inports[0]
+        return [self.robot.fkine(q, **self.args)]
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+
+class IKine(FunctionBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`IKINE`
+
+    Robot arm inverse kinematics.
+
+    :inputs: 1
+    :outputs: 1
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Input
+            - 0
+            - SE3
+            - :math:`\mathbf{T}`
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\mathit{q}`
+
+    Compute joint configuration required to achieve end-effector pose input as
+    an SE(3) object.
+
+    :note: The solution may not exist and is not unique.  The solution will depend
+        on the initial joint configuration ``q0``.
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.ik_LM`
+    """
+
+    nin = 1
+    nout = 1
+    inlabels = ("T",)
+    outlabels = ("q",)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        robot=None,
+        q0=None,
+        useprevious=True,
+        ik=None,
+        args={},
+        seed=None,
+        **blockargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        :param robot: Robot model, defaults to None
+        :type robot: Robot subclass, optional
+        :param q0: Initial joint angles, defaults to None
+        :type q0: array_like(n), optional
+        :param useprevious: Use previous IK solution as q0, defaults to True
+        :type useprevious: bool, optional
+        :param ik: Specify an IK function, defaults to "LM"
+        :type ik: str
+        :param args: Options passed to IK function
+        :type args: dict
+        :param seed: random seed for solution
+        :type seed: int
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+        if robot is None:
+            raise ValueError("robot is not defined")
+
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+        # self.type = "inverse-kinematics"
+
+        self.robot = robot
+        self.q0 = q0
+        self.qprev = q0
+        self.useprevious = useprevious
+        if ik is None:
+            ik = robot.ikine_LM
+        self.ik = ik
+        self.args = args
+        self.seed = 0
+
+        self.inport_names(("T",))
+        self.outport_names(("q",))
+
+    def start(self):
+        super().start()
+        if self.useprevious:
+            self.qprev = self.q0
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        if self.useprevious:
+            q0 = self.qprev
+        else:
+            q0 = self.q0
+
+        sol = self.ik(inports[0], q0=q0, seed=self.seed, **self.args)
+
+        if not sol.success:
+            raise RuntimeError("inverse kinematic failure for pose", inports[0])
+
+        if self.useprevious:
+            self.qprev = sol.q
+
+        return [sol.q]
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+
+class Jacobian(FunctionBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`JACOBIAN`
+
+    Robot arm Jacobian matrix.
+
+    :inputs: 1
+    :outputs: 1
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Input
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\mathit{q}`
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(N,N)
+            - :math:`\mathbf{J}`
+
+    Compute the Jacobian matrix as a function of the input joint configuration.  The
+    Jacobian can be computed in the world or end-effector frame, for spatial or
+    analytical velocity, and its inverse, damped inverse or transpose can be returned.
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.jacob0`
+        :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.jacobe`
+        :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.jacob0_analytical`
+    """
+
+    nin = 1
+    nout = 1
+    inlabels = ("q",)
+    outlabels = ("J",)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        robot,
+        frame="0",
+        representation=None,
+        inverse=False,
+        pinv=False,
+        damping=None,
+        transpose=False,
+        **blockargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        :param robot: Robot model
+        :type robot: Robot subclass
+        :param frame: Frame to compute Jacobian for, one of: "0" [default], "e"
+        :type frame: str, optional
+        :param representation: representation for analytical Jacobian
+        :type representation: str, optional
+        :param inverse: output inverse of Jacobian, defaults to False
+        :type inverse: bool, optional
+        :param pinv: output pseudo-inverse of Jacobian, defaults to False
+        :type pinv: bool, optional
+        :param damping: damping term for inverse, defaults to None
+        :type damping: float or array_like(N)
+        :param transpose: output transpose of Jacobian, defaults to False
+        :type transpose: bool, optional
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+
+        If an inverse is requested and ``damping`` is not None it is added to the
+        diagonal of the Jacobian prior to the inversion.  If a scalar is provided it is
+        added to each element of the diagonal, otherwise an N-vector is assumed.
+
+        .. note::
+            - Only one of ``inverse`` or ``pinv`` can be True
+            - ``inverse`` or ``pinv`` can be used in conjunction with ``transpose``
+            - ``inverse`` requires that the Jacobian is square
+            - If ``inverse`` is True and the Jacobian is singular a runtime
+              error will occur.
+        """
+        if robot is None:
+            raise ValueError("robot is not defined")
+
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+
+        self.robot = robot
+
+        if frame in (0, "0"):
+            if representation is None:
+                self.jfunc = robot.jacob0
+            else:
+                self.jfunc = lambda q: robot.jacob0_analytical(
+                    q, representation=representation
+                )
+        elif frame == "e":
+            if representation is None:
+                self.jfunc = robot.jacobe
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("cannot compute analytical Jacobian in EE frame")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("unknown frame")
+
+        if inverse and robot.n != 6:
+            raise ValueError("cannot invert a non square Jacobian")
+        if inverse and pinv:
+            raise ValueError("can only set one of inverse and pinv")
+        self.inverse = inverse
+        self.pinv = pinv
+        self.damping = damping
+        self.transpose = transpose
+        self.representation = representation
+
+        self.inport_names(("q",))
+        self.outport_names(("J",))
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        q = inports[0]
+
+        J = self.jfunc(q)
+
+        # add damping term if given
+        if (self.inverse or self.pinv) and self.damping is not None:
+            D = np.zeros(J.shape)
+            np.fill_diagonal(D, self.damping)
+            J = J + D
+
+        # optionally invert the Jacobian
+        if self.inverse:
+            J = np.linalg.inv(J)
+        if self.pinv:
+            J = np.linalg.pinv(J)
+
+        # optionally transpose the Jacobian
+        if self.transpose:
+            J = J.T
+        return [J]
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+
+class ArmPlot(GraphicsBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`ARMPLOT`
+
+    Plot robot arm.
+
+    :inputs: 1 [ndarray(N)]
+    :outputs: 0
+    :states: 0
+
+    :inputs: 1
+    :outputs: 0
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Input
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\mathit{q}`, joint configuration
+        *   - Output
+
+    Create a robot animation using the robot's ``plot`` method.
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.plot`
+    """
+
+    nin = 1
+    nout = 0
+    inlabels = ("q",)
+    PLOT3D = True
+
+    def __init__(self, robot=None, q0=None, backend=None, **blockargs):
+        """
+        :param robot: Robot model
+        :type robot: Robot subclass
+        :param q0: initial joint angles, defaults to None
+        :type q0: ndarray(N)
+        :param backend: RTB backend name, defaults to 'pyplot'
+        :type backend: str, optional
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+        if robot is None:
+            raise ValueError("robot is not defined")
+
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+        self.inport_names(("q",))
+
+        if q0 is None:
+            q0 = np.zeros((robot.n,))
+        self.robot = robot
+        self.backend = backend
+        self.q0 = q0
+        self.env = None
+
+    def start(self, simstate):
+        # create the plot
+        # super().reset()
+        # if state.options.graphics:
+        super().start(simstate)
+
+        if not self._enabled:
+            return
+
+        assert self.fig is not None
+        assert self.ax is not None
+        self.env = self.robot.plot(
+            self.q0,
+            backend=self.backend,
+            fig=self.fig,
+            ax=self.ax,
+            block=False,
+        )
+
+    def step(self, t, inports):
+        if not self._enabled:
+            return
+
+        # update the robot plot
+        self.robot.q = inports[0]
+        self.env.step()
+
+        super().step(t, inports)
+
+
+# ======================================================================== #
+
+
+class JTraj(SourceBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`JTRAJ`
+
+    Joint-space trajectory
+
+    :inputs: 0
+    :outputs: 3
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - ndarray
+            - :math:`q(s)`
+        *   - Output
+            - 1
+            - ndarray
+            - :math:`\dot{q}(s)`
+        *   - Output
+            - 2
+            - ndarray
+            - :math:`\ddot{q}(s)`
+
+    Outputs a joint space trajectory where the joint coordinates vary from ``q0`` to
+    ``qf`` over the course of the simulation. A quintic (5th order) polynomial is used
+    with default zero boundary conditions for velocity and acceleration.
+
+    :seealso: :func:`~roboticstoolbox.tools.trajectory.ctraj`
+        :func:`~roboticstoolbox.tools.trajectory.xplot`
+        :func:`~roboticstoolbox.tools.trajectory.jtraj`
+    """
+
+    nin = 0
+    nout = 3
+    outlabels = ("q", "qd", "qdd")
+
+    def __init__(self, q0, qf, qd0=None, qdf=None, T=None, **blockargs):
+        """
+
+        :param q0: initial joint coordinate
+        :type q0: array_like(n)
+        :param qf: final joint coordinate
+        :type qf: array_like(n)
+        :param T: time vector or number of steps, defaults to None
+        :type T: array_like or int, optional
+        :param qd0: initial velocity, defaults to None
+        :type qd0: array_like(n), optional
+        :param qdf: final velocity, defaults to None
+        :type qdf: array_like(n), optional
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+        self.outport_names(
+            (
+                "q",
+                "qd",
+                "qdd",
+            )
+        )
+
+        q0 = smb.getvector(q0)
+        qf = smb.getvector(qf)
+
+        if not len(q0) == len(qf):
+            raise ValueError("q0 and q1 must be same size")
+
+        if qd0 is None:
+            qd0 = np.zeros(q0.shape)
+        else:
+            qd0 = getvector(qd0)
+            if not len(qd0) == len(q0):
+                raise ValueError("qd0 has wrong size")
+        if qdf is None:
+            qdf = np.zeros(q0.shape)
+        else:
+            qd1 = getvector(qdf)
+            if not len(qd1) == len(q0):
+                raise ValueError("qd1 has wrong size")
+
+        self.q0 = q0
+        self.qf = qf
+        self.qd0 = qd0
+        self.qdf = qf
+
+        self.coeffs = None  # indicate that coefficients have not been computed yet
+
+        self.T = T
+
+    def start(self, simstate):
+        if self.T is None:
+            # use simulation tmax
+            self.T = simstate.tf
+
+        tscal = self.T
+        self.tscal = tscal
+
+        q0 = self.q0
+        qf = self.qf
+        qd0 = self.qd0
+        qdf = self.qdf
+
+        # compute the polynomial coefficients
+        A = 6 * (qf - q0) - 3 * (qdf + qd0) * tscal
+        B = -15 * (qf - q0) + (8 * qd0 + 7 * qdf) * tscal
+        C = 10 * (qf - q0) - (6 * qd0 + 4 * qdf) * tscal
+        E = qd0 * tscal
+        F = q0
+
+        self.coeffs = np.array([A, B, C, np.zeros(A.shape), E, F])
+        self.dcoeffs = np.array(
+            [np.zeros(A.shape), 5 * A, 4 * B, 3 * C, np.zeros(A.shape), E]
+        )
+        self.ddcoeffs = np.array(
+            [
+                np.zeros(A.shape),
+                np.zeros(A.shape),
+                20 * A,
+                12 * B,
+                6 * C,
+                np.zeros(A.shape),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        if self.coeffs is None:
+            # called from compile before start() is called
+            n = len(self.q0)
+            return [np.zeros(n), np.zeros(n), np.zeros(n)]
+
+        tscal = self.tscal
+        ts = t / tscal
+        tt = np.array([ts**5, ts**4, ts**3, ts**2, ts, 1]).T
+
+        qt = tt @ self.coeffs
+
+        # compute  velocity
+        qdt = tt @ self.dcoeffs / tscal
+
+        # compute  acceleration
+        qddt = tt @ self.ddcoeffs / tscal**2
+
+        return [qt, qdt, qddt]
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+
+class CTraj(SourceBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`CTRAJ`
+
+    Task space trajectory
+
+    :inputs: 0
+    :outputs: 1
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - SE3
+            - :math:`\mathbf{T}(t)`
+
+    The block outputs a pose that varies smoothly from ``T1`` to ``T2`` over
+    the course of ``T`` seconds.
+
+    If ``T`` is not given it defaults to the simulation time.
+
+    If ``trapezoidal`` is True then a trapezoidal motion profile is used along the path
+    to provide initial acceleration and final deceleration.  Otherwise,
+    motion is at constant velocity.
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`~spatialmath.pose3d.SE3.interp`
+        :func:`~roboticstoolbox.tools.trajectory.ctraj`
+        :func:`~roboticstoolbox.tools.trajectory.xplot`
+        :func:`~roboticstoolbox.tools.trajectory.jtraj`
+    """
+
+    nin = 0
+    nout = 1
+    outlabels = ("T",)
+
+    def __init__(self, T1, T2, T, trapezoidal=True, **blockargs):
+        """
+        :param T1: initial pose
+        :type T1: SE3
+        :param T2: final pose
+        :type T2: SE3
+        :param T: motion time
+        :type T: float
+        :param trapezoidal: Use LSPB motion profile along the path
+        :type trapezoidal: bool
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+
+        # TODO
+        # flag to rotate the frame rather than just translate it
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+
+        self.T1 = T1
+        self.T2 = T2
+        self.T = T
+        self.trapezoidal = trapezoidal
+
+    def start(self, simstate):
+        if self.T is None:
+            self.T = simstate.T
+        if self.trapezoidal:
+            self.trapezoidalfunc = trapezoidal_func(0.0, 1.0, self.T)
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        if self.trapezoidal:
+            s = self.trapezoidalfunc(t)
+        else:
+            s = np.min(t / self.T, 1.0)
+
+        return [self.T1.interp(self.T2, s)]
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+
+class CirclePath(SourceBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`CIRCLEPATH`
+
+    Circular motion.
+
+    :inputs: 0 or 1
+    :outputs: 1
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(3) or SE3
+            - :math:`\mathit{p}(t)` or :math:`\mathbf{T}(t)`
+
+    The block outputs the coordinates of a point moving in a circle of
+    radius ``r`` centred at ``centre`` and parallel to the xy-plane.
+
+    By default the output is a 3-vector :math:`(x, y, z)` but if
+    ``pose`` is an ``SE3`` instance the output is a copy of that pose with
+    its translation set to the coordinate of the moving point.  This is the
+    motion of a frame with fixed orientation following a circular path.
+    """
+
+    nin = 0
+    nout = 1
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        radius: float = 1,
+        centre=(0, 0, 0),
+        pose=None,
+        frequency: float = 1,
+        unit: str = "rps",
+        phase: float | None = None,
+        **blockargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        :param radius: radius of circle, defaults to 1
+        :type radius: float
+        :param centre: center of circle, defaults to [0,0,0]
+        :type centre: array_like(3)
+        :param pose: SE3 pose of output, defaults to None
+        :type pose: SE3
+        :param frequency: rotational frequency, defaults to 1
+        :type frequency: float
+        :param unit: unit for frequency, one of: 'rps' [default], 'rad'
+        :type unit: str
+        :param phase: phase
+        :type phase: float
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+        if phase is None:
+            phase = 0
+
+        # TODO
+        # flag to rotate the frame rather than just translate it
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+
+        if unit == "rps":
+            omega = frequency * 2 * pi
+            phase = phase * 2 * pi
+        elif unit == "rad":
+            omega = frequency
+
+            # Redundant assignment, commented for LGTM
+            # phase = phase
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("bad units: rps or rad")
+
+        self.radius = radius
+        assert len(centre) == 3, "centre must be a 3 vector"
+        self.centre = centre
+        self.pose = pose
+        self.omega = omega
+        self.phase = phase
+
+        self.outport_names(("y",))
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        theta = t * self.omega + self.phase
+        x = self.radius * cos(theta) + self.centre[0]
+        y = self.radius * sin(theta) + self.centre[1]
+        p = (x, y, self.centre[2])
+
+        if self.pose is not None:
+            pp = SE3.Rt(self.pose.R, p)
+            p = pp
+
+        return [p]
+
+
+class Trapezoidal(SourceBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`Trapezoidal`
+
+    Trapezoidal scalar trajectory
+
+    :inputs: 0
+    :outputs: 3
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - float
+            - :math:`q(t)`
+        *   - Output
+            - 1
+            - float
+            - :math:`\dot{q}(t)`
+        *   - Output
+            - 2
+            - float
+            - :math:`\ddot{q}(t)`
+
+
+    Scalar trapezoidal trajectory that varies from ``q0`` to ``qf`` over the
+    simulation period.
+
+    :seealso: :func:`ctraj`, :func:`qplot`, :func:`~SerialLink.jtraj`
+    """
+
+    nin = 0
+    nout = 3
+    outlabels = ("q", "qd", "qdd")
+
+    # TODO: change name to Trapezoidal, check if used anywhere
+
+    def __init__(self, q0, qf, V=None, T=None, **blockargs):
+        """
+        Compute a joint-space trajectory
+
+        :param q0: initial joint coordinate
+        :type q0: float
+        :param qf: final joint coordinate
+        :type qf: float
+        :param T: maximum time, defaults to None
+        :type T: float, optional
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+
+        If ``T`` is given the value ``qf`` is reached at this time.  This can be
+        less or greater than the simulation time.
+        """
+        super().__init__(nout=3, **blockargs)
+        self.T = T
+        self.q0 = q0
+        self.qf = qf
+
+    def start(self, simstate):
+        if self.T is None:
+            self.T = simstate.T
+        self.trapezoidalfunc = trapezoidal_func(self.q0, self.qf, self.T)
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        return list(self.trapezoidalfunc(t))
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+
+class Traj(FunctionBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`TRAJ`
+
+    Vector trajectory
+
+    :inputs: 0 or 1
+    :outputs: 3
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Input
+            - 0
+            - float
+            - :math:`s \in [0, 1]` distance along trajectory.
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - ndarray
+            - :math:`y(s)`
+        *   - Output
+            - 1
+            - ndarray
+            - :math:`\dot{y}(s)`
+        *   - Output
+            - 2
+            - ndarray
+            - :math:`\ddot{y}(s)`
+
+    Generates a vector trajectory using a trapezoidal or quintic
+    polynomial profile that varies from ``y0`` to ``yf``
+
+    The distance along the trajectory is either:
+
+    - a linear function from 0 to ``T`` or maximum simulation time
+    - the value [0, 1] given on inport port.
+
+    :seealso: :func:`spatialmath.base.mtraj`
+    """
+
+    nin = -1
+    nout = 3
+    outlabels = ("q",)
+
+    # TODO: this needs work, need better description of what this does for
+    # time-based case
+
+    def __init__(self, y0=0, yf=1, T=None, time=False, traj="trapezoidal", **blockargs):
+        """
+        :param y0: initial value, defaults to 0
+        :type y0: array_like(m), optional
+        :param yf: final value, defaults to 1
+        :type yf: array_like(m), optional
+        :param T: maximum time, defaults to None
+        :type T: float, optional
+        :param time: x is simulation time, defaults to False
+        :type time: bool, optional
+        :param traj: trajectory type, one of: 'trapezoidal' [default], 'quintic'
+        :type traj: str, optional
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+        self.time = time
+        if time:
+            # function of time in simulation
+            nin = 0
+            blockclass = "source"
+        else:
+            # function of input port
+            nin = 1
+            blockclass = "function"
+
+        super().__init__(nin=nin, blockclass=blockclass, **blockargs)
+
+        y0 = smb.getvector(y0)
+        yf = smb.getvector(yf)
+        assert len(y0) == len(yf), "y0 and yf must have same length"
+
+        self.y0 = y0
+        self.yf = yf
+        self.time = time
+        self.T = T
+        self.traj = traj
+
+        self.outport_names(("y", "yd", "ydd"))
+
+    def start(self, simstate):
+        # if self.time:
+        #     assert self.x[0] <= 0, "interpolation not defined for t=0"
+        #     assert self.x[-1] >= simstate.T, "interpolation not defined for t=T"
+
+        if self.traj == "trapezoidal":
+            trajfunc = trapezoidal_func
+        elif self.traj == "quintic":
+            trajfunc = quintic_func
+
+        self.trajfuncs = []
+
+        if self.time:
+            # time based
+            if self.T is not None:
+                xmax = self.T
+            else:
+                xmax = simstate.T
+        else:
+            # input based
+            xmax = 1
+        self.xmax = xmax
+
+        for i in range(len(self.y0)):
+            self.trajfuncs.append(trajfunc(self.y0[i], self.yf[i], xmax))
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        if not self.time:
+            t = inports[0]
+
+        assert t >= 0, "interpolation not defined for x<0"
+        assert t <= self.xmax, "interpolation not defined for x>" + str(self.xmax)
+
+        out = []
+        for i in range(len(self.y0)):
+            out.append(self.trajfuncs[i](t))
+
+        # we have a list of tuples out[i][j]
+        # i is the timestep, j is y/yd/ydd
+        y = [o[0] for o in out]
+        yd = [o[1] for o in out]
+        ydd = [o[2] for o in out]
+
+        return [np.hstack(y), np.hstack(yd), np.hstack(ydd)]
+
+
+# ======================================================================== #
+
+
+class IDyn(FunctionBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`IDYN`
+
+    Robot arm forward dynamics model.
+
+    :inputs: 3
+    :outputs: 1
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Input
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\mathit{q}`, joint configuration
+        *   - Input
+            - 1
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\dot{\mathit{q}}`, joint velocity
+        *   - Input
+            - 2
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\ddot{\mathit{q}}`, joint acceleration
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\mathit{Q}`, generalized joint force
+
+    Compute the generalized joint torques required to achieve the input joint
+    configuration, velocity and acceleration.  This uses the recursive Newton-Euler
+    (RNE) algorithm.
+
+    .. todo:: end-effector wrench input, base wrench output, payload input
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.rne`
+    """
+
+    nin = 3
+    nout = 1
+    inlabels = ("q", "qd", "qdd")
+    outlabels = "τ"
+
+    def __init__(self, robot, gravity=None, **blockargs):
+        """
+        :param robot: Robot model
+        :type robot: Robot subclass
+        :param gravity: gravitational acceleration
+        :type gravity: float
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+        if robot is None:
+            raise ValueError("robot is not defined")
+
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+        # self.type = "inverse-dynamics"
+
+        self.robot = robot
+        self.gravity = gravity
+
+        # state vector is [q qd]
+
+        self.inport_names(("q", "qd", "qdd"))
+        self.outport_names(("$\tau$",))
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        tau = self.robot.rne(inports[0], inports[1], inports[2], gravity=self.gravity)
+        return [tau]
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+
+class Gravload(FunctionBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`GRAVLOAD`
+
+    Robot arm gravity load.
+
+    :inputs: 1
+    :outputs: 1
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Input
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\mathit{q}`, joint configuration
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\mathit{g}`, generalized joint force
+
+    Compute generalized joint forces due to gravity for the input joint
+    configuration.
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.gravload`
+    """
+
+    nin = 1
+    nout = 1
+    inlabels = ("q",)
+    outlabels = "τ"
+
+    def __init__(self, robot, gravity=None, **blockargs):
+        """
+        :param robot: Robot model
+        :type robot: Robot subclass
+        :param gravity: gravitational acceleration
+        :type gravity: float
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+        if robot is None:
+            raise ValueError("robot is not defined")
+
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+        # self.type = "gravload"
+
+        self.robot = robot
+        self.gravity = gravity
+        self.inport_names(("q",))
+        self.outport_names(("$\tau$",))
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        tau = self.robot.gravload(inports[0], gravity=self.gravity)
+        return [tau]
+
+
+class Gravload_X(FunctionBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`GRAVLOAD_X`
+
+    Task-space robot arm gravity wrench.
+
+    :inputs: 1
+    :outputs: 1
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Input
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(6)
+            - :math:`\mathit{x}`, end-effector pose
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(6)
+            - :math:`\mathit{g}_x`, generalized joint force
+
+    Compute end-effector wrench due to gravity for the input end-effector pose.
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.gravload_x`
+        :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.gravload`
+    """
+
+    nin = 1
+    nout = 1
+    inlabels = ("q",)
+    outlabels = "w"
+
+    def __init__(self, robot, representation="rpy/xyz", gravity=None, **blockargs):
+        """
+        :param robot: Robot model
+        :type robot: Robot subclass
+        :param representation: task-space representation, defaults to "rpy/xyz"
+        :type representation: str
+        :param gravity: gravitational acceleration
+        :type gravity: float
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+        if robot is None:
+            raise ValueError("robot is not defined")
+
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+        # self.type = "gravload-x"
+
+        self.robot = robot
+        self.gravity = gravity
+        self.inport_names(("q",))
+        self.outport_names(("$\tau$",))
+        self.representation = representation
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        q = inports[0]
+        w = self.robot.gravload_x(
+            q, representation=self.representation, gravity=self.gravity
+        )
+        return [w]
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+
+class Inertia(FunctionBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`INERTIA`
+
+    Robot arm inertia matrix.
+
+    :inputs: 1 [ndarray(N)]
+    :outputs: 3 [ndarray(N,N)]
+    :states: 0
+
+    :inputs: 1
+    :outputs: 1
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Input
+            - 0
+            - ndarray
+            - :math:`\mathit{q}`, joint configuration
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(N,N)
+            - :math:`\mathbf{M}`, mass matrix
+
+    Joint-space inertia matrix (mass matrix) as a function of joint configuration.
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.inertia`
+    """
+
+    nin = 1
+    nout = 1
+    inlabels = ("q",)
+    outlabels = "M"
+
+    def __init__(self, robot, **blockargs):
+        """
+        :param robot: Robot model
+        :type robot: Robot subclass
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+        if robot is None:
+            raise ValueError("robot is not defined")
+
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+        # self.type = "inertia"
+
+        self.robot = robot
+        self.inport_names(("q",))
+        self.outport_names(("M",))
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        q = inports[0]
+        M = self.robot.inertia(q)
+        return [M]
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+
+class Inertia_X(FunctionBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`INERTIA_X`
+
+    Task-space robot arm inertia matrix.
+
+    :inputs: 1
+    :outputs: 1
+    :states: 0
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Input
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(6)
+            - :math:`\mathit{x}`, end-effector pose
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(6,6)
+            - :math:`\mathbf{M_x}`, task-space mass matrix
+
+    Task-space inertia matrix as a function of end-effector pose.
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.inertia_x`
+    """
+
+    nin = 1
+    nout = 1
+    inlabels = ("q",)
+    outlabels = "M"
+
+    def __init__(self, robot, representation="rpy/xyz", pinv=False, **blockargs):
+        """
+        :param robot: Robot model
+        :type robot: Robot subclass
+        :param representation: task-space representation, defaults to "rpy/xyz"
+        :type representation: str
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+        if robot is None:
+            raise ValueError("robot is not defined")
+
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+        # self.type = "inertia-x"
+
+        self.robot = robot
+        self.representation = representation
+        self.pinv = pinv
+        self.inport_names(("q",))
+        self.outport_names(("M",))
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        q = inports[0]
+        Mx = self.robot.inertia_x(q, pinv=self.pinv, representation=self.representation)
+        return [Mx]
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+
+class FDyn(ContinuousBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`FDYN`
+
+    Robot arm forward dynamics.
+
+    :inputs: 1
+    :outputs: 3
+    :states: 2N
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Input
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\mathit{Q}`, generalized joint force
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\mathit{q}`, joint configuration
+        *   - Output
+            - 1
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\dot{\mathit{q}}`, joint velocity
+        *   - Output
+            - 2
+            - ndarray(N)
+            - :math:`\ddot{\mathit{q}}`, joint acceleration
+
+    Compute the manipulator arm forward dynamics in joint space, the joint acceleration
+    for the input configuration and applied joint forces.  The acceleration is
+    integrated to obtain joint velocity and joint configuration.
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.fdyn`
+    """
+
+    nin = 1
+    nout = 3
+    outlabels = ("q", "qd", "qdd")
+    inlabels = "τ"
+
+    def __init__(self, robot, q0=None, **blockargs):
+        """
+        :param robot: Robot model
+        :type robot: Robot subclass
+        :param q0: Initial joint configuration
+        :type q0: array_like(n)
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+        if robot is None:
+            raise ValueError("robot is not defined")
+
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+        # self.type = "forward-dynamics"
+
+        self.robot = robot
+        self.nstates = robot.n * 2
+
+        # state vector is [q qd]
+
+        self.inport_names(("$\tau$",))
+        self.outport_names(("q", "qd", "qdd"))
+
+        if q0 is None:
+            q0 = np.zeros((robot.n,))
+        else:
+            q0 = smb.getvector(q0, robot.n)
+        self._x0 = np.r_[q0, np.zeros((robot.n,))]
+        self._qdd = None
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        n = self.robot.n
+        q = x[:n]
+        qd = x[n:]
+        qdd = self._qdd  # from last deriv
+        return [q, qd, qdd]
+
+    def deriv(self, t, inports, x):
+        # return [qd qdd]
+        Q = inports[0]
+        n = self.robot.n
+        assert len(Q) == n, "torque vector wrong size"
+
+        q = x[:n]
+        qd = x[n:]
+        qdd = self.robot.accel(q, qd, Q)
+        self._qdd = qdd
+        return np.r_[qd, qdd]
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ #
+
+
+class FDyn_X(ContinuousBlock):
+    r"""
+    :blockname:`FDYN_X`
+
+    Task-space robot arm forward dynamics.
+
+    :inputs: 1
+    :outputs: 3
+    :states: 12
+
+    .. list-table::
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        *   - Port type
+            - Port number
+            - Types
+            - Description
+        *   - Input
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(6)
+            - :math:`\mathit{\tau}`, end-effector wrench
+        *   - Output
+            - 0
+            - ndarray(6)
+            - :math:`\mathit{x}`, end-effector pose
+        *   - Output
+            - 1
+            - ndarray(6)
+            - :math:`\dot{\mathit{x}}`, end-effector velocity
+        *   - Output
+            - 2
+            - ndarray(6)
+            - :math:`\dot{\mathit{x}}``, end-effector acceleration
+
+    Compute the manipulator arm forward dynamics in task space, the end-effector
+    acceleration for the input end-effector pose and applied end-effector wrench.  The
+    acceleration is integrated to obtain task-space velocity and task-space pose.
+
+    :seealso: :meth:`~roboticstoolbox.robot.Robot.Robot.fdyn_x`
+    """
+
+    nin = 1
+    nout = 5
+    outlabels = ("q", "qd", "x", "xd", "xdd")
+    inlabels = "w"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        robot,
+        q0=None,
+        gravcomp=False,
+        velcomp=False,
+        representation="rpy/xyz",
+        **blockargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        :param robot: Robot model
+        :type robot: Robot subclass
+        :param q0: Initial joint configuration
+        :type q0: array_like(n)
+        :param gravcomp: perform gravity compensation
+        :type gravcomp: bool
+        :param velcomp: perform velocity term compensation
+        :type velcomp: bool
+        :param representation: task-space representation, defaults to "rpy/xyz"
+        :type representation: str
+
+        :param blockargs: |BlockOptions|
+        :type blockargs: dict
+        """
+        if robot is None:
+            raise ValueError("robot is not defined")
+
+        super().__init__(**blockargs)
+        # self.type = "forward-dynamics-x"
+
+        self.robot = robot
+        self.nstates = robot.n * 2
+        self.gravcomp = gravcomp
+        self.velcomp = velcomp
+        self.representation = representation
+
+        # state vector is [q qd]
+
+        self.inport_names(("w",))
+        self.outport_names(("q", "qd", "x", "xd", "xdd"))
+
+        if q0 is None:
+            q0 = np.zeros((robot.n,))
+        else:
+            q0 = smb.getvector(q0, robot.n)
+        # append qd0, assumed to be zero
+        self._x0 = np.r_[q0, np.zeros((robot.n,))]
+        self._qdd = None
+
+    def output(self, t, inports, x):
+        n = self.robot.n
+        q = x[:n]
+        qd = x[n:]
+        qdd = self._qdd  # from last deriv
+
+        T = self.robot.fkine(q)
+        x = smb.tr2x(T.A)
+
+        Ja = self.robot.jacob0_analytical(q, self.representation)
+        xd = Ja @ qd
+        # print(q)
+        # print(qd)
+        # print(xd)
+        # print(Ja)
+        # print()
+
+        if qdd is None:
+            xdd = None
+        else:
+            Ja_dot = self.robot.jacob0_dot(q, qd, J0=Ja)
+            xdd = Ja @ qdd + Ja_dot @ qd
+
+        return [q, qd, x, xd, xdd]
+
+    def deriv(self, t, inports, x):
+        # return [qd qdd]
+
+        # get current joint space state
+        n = self.robot.n
+        q = x[:n]
+        qd = x[n:]
+
+        # compute joint forces
+        w = inports[0]
+        assert len(w) == 6, "wrench vector wrong size"
+        Q = self.robot.jacob0_analytical(q, representation=self.representation).T @ w
+
+        if self.gravcomp or self.velcomp:
+            if self.velcomp:
+                qd_rne = qd
+            else:
+                qd_rne = np.zeros((n,))
+            Q_rne = self.robot.rne(q, qd_rne, np.zeros((n,)))
+            Q += Q_rne
+        qdd = self.robot.accel(q, qd, Q)
+
+        self._qdd = qdd
+        return np.r_[qd, qdd]
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+    exec(
+        open(
+            Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.absolute() / "tests" / "test_blocks.py"
+        ).read()
+    )