relationalai 0.13.5__py3-none-any.whl → 1.0.0a1__py3-none-any.whl

relationalai/semantics/frontend/base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1716 @@
+"""Base frontend classes for RelationalAI semantics API.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import decimal
+import math
+import re
+import datetime as dt
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generic, Iterable, Iterator, NoReturn, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Type, TypeGuard, TypeVar, cast
+import itertools
+from more_itertools import peekable
+from pandas import DataFrame
+import pandas as pd
+from enum import Enum, EnumMeta
+
+from ...util import schema as schema_util
+from ...util.structures import KeyedSet
+from ...util.naming import Namer, sanitize
+from ...util.python import pytype_to_concept_name
+from ...util.source import SourcePos
+from ...util.tracing import get_tracer
+from ...util.error import err, exc, warn, source
+from ...util.docutils import include_in_docs
+from ..metamodel.builtins import builtins
+from ..metamodel.metamodel import Model as mModel
+
+tracer = get_tracer()
+tracer.start_program()
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Global ID Generator
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+_global_id = peekable(itertools.count(0))
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Helpers
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _find_field(fields: list[Field], field: str|int|Concept) -> tuple[Field, int]|None:
+    resolved = None
+    if isinstance(field, int):
+        if not (0 <= field < len(fields)):
+            raise IndexError(f"Field index {field} out of range for relationship with {len(fields)} fields")
+        resolved = fields[field]
+    elif isinstance(field, str):
+        resolved = next((f for f in fields if f.name == field), None)
+    elif isinstance(field, Concept):
+        resolved = next((f for f in fields if f.type is field), None)
+    if not resolved:
+        return None
+    return resolved, fields.index(resolved)
+
+def _find_concept(model: Model, passed_type: Any, extra_types: Sequence[Concept] = [], default:Concept|None = None) -> Concept | None:
+    if isinstance(passed_type, Concept):
+        return passed_type
+    if isinstance(passed_type, str):
+        for ext_type in extra_types:
+            if ext_type._name == passed_type:
+                return ext_type
+        name = pytype_to_concept_name.get(passed_type, passed_type)
+        if name.startswith("Number(") or name.startswith("Decimal("):
+            return cast(Any, CoreConcepts["Number"]).parse(name)
+        return model._find_concept(name)
+    #TODO: try to find a variable in the frame that is a concept with this name
+    return default
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Primitive
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+Primitive = str|int|float|bool
+
+def is_primitive(value: Any) -> TypeGuard[str | int | float | bool]:
+    return isinstance(value, (str, int, float, bool))
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# DSLBase
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class DSLBase:
+    def __init__(self, model:Model):
+        self._model = model
+        self._id = next(_global_id)
+        self._source = SourcePos.new()
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # Hashing
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def to_dict_key(self) -> int|tuple[int, int]:
+        return self._id
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        exc("Unhashable type", f"{self.__class__.__name__} objects are unhashable. Use `to_dict_key()` instead.", [source(self)])
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# DSLDict
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+def dsl_key(obj:Any) -> Any:
+    if isinstance(obj, DSLBase):
+        return obj.to_dict_key()
+    elif isinstance(obj, tuple):
+        return tuple(dsl_key(o) for o in obj)
+    return obj
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Variable
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Variable(DSLBase):
+    #--------------------------------------------------
+    # Infix operator overloads
+    #--------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _bin_op(self, op, left, right) -> Expression:
+        res = CoreConcepts["Numeric"].ref()
+        return Expression(CoreRelationships[op], [left, right, res])
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("+", self, other)
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("+", other, self)
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("*", self, other)
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("*", other, self)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("-", self, other)
+    def __rsub__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("-", other, self)
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("/", self, other)
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("/", other, self)
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("//", self, other)
+    def __rfloordiv__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("//", other, self)
+
+    def __pow__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("^", self, other)
+    def __rpow__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("^", other, self)
+
+    def __mod__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("%", self, other)
+    def __rmod__(self, other):
+        return self._bin_op("%", other, self)
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return self._bin_op("*", self, -1)
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------
+    # Filter overloads
+    #--------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _filter(self, op, left, right) -> Expression:
+        return Expression(CoreRelationships[op], [left, right])
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self._filter(">", self, other)
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self._filter(">=", self, other)
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self._filter("<", self, other)
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self._filter("<=", self, other)
+    def __eq__(self, other) -> Any:
+        return self._filter("=", self, other)
+    def __ne__(self, other) -> Any:
+        return self._filter("!=", self, other)
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------
+    # And/Or
+    #--------------------------------------------------
+
+    def __or__(self, other) -> Match:
+        return Match(self._model, self, other)
+
+    def __and__(self, other) -> Fragment:
+        if isinstance(other, Fragment):
+            new = other.where()
+            new._where.insert(0, self)
+            return new
+        return self._model.where(self, other)
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # AsBool
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def as_bool(self) -> AsBool:
+        return AsBool(self)
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # Alias
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def alias(self, alias: str) -> Alias:
+        return Alias(self, alias)
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------
+    # in_
+    #--------------------------------------------------
+
+    def in_(self, values:Sequence[Value]|Variable):
+        if isinstance(values, Variable):
+            return self == values
+        if all(isinstance(v, (str, int, float, bool)) for v in values):
+            data_table = self._model.data([(v,) for v in values])
+            return self == data_table[0]
+        else:
+            return self == self._model.union(*values)
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------
+    # Check value
+    #--------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _check_value(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def _to_concept(self) -> Concept|None:
+        return None
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # Error handling
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        cur_source = self._source.block.source or ""
+        invalid = next((bool_check for bool_check in ["if ", "while ", " and ", " or "] if bool_check in cur_source), "bool check").strip()
+        mapped = {"and": "`&` or `,`", "or": "`|`", "if": "`where`"}
+        if m := mapped.get(invalid):
+            exc(f"Invalid operator", f"Cannot use python's `{invalid}` in model expressions. Use {m} instead.", [source(self)])
+        else:
+            exc(f"Invalid operator", f"Cannot use python's `{invalid}` in model expressions.", [source(self)])
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        def __iter__(self):
+            common_incorrect = ["sum", "min", "max"]
+            for agg in common_incorrect:
+                if agg in self._source.block.source:
+                    exc(f"Invalid built-in", f"The Python built-in `{agg}()` was used instead of the RAI equivalent.", [
+                        source(self),
+                        f"Use [cyan]`relationalai.semantics.std.aggregates.{agg}`[/cyan] instead.",
+                    ])
+            exc("Invalid iteration", f"Cannot iterate over {self.__class__.__name__} objects.", [
+                source(self)
+            ])
+
+        def __len__(self) -> NoReturn:
+            exc("Invalid operator", "Cannot use len() on model variables.", [source(self)])
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Concept
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Concept(Variable):
+    lookup_by_id: dict[int, Concept] = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, extends: list[Concept], identify_by: dict[str, Concept], model:Model):
+        super().__init__(model)
+        Concept.lookup_by_id[self._id] = self
+        self._name = name
+        clean_extends = []
+        for extend in extends:
+            if not isinstance(extend, Concept):
+                exc("Invalid extend", f"Cannot extend from non-Concept type: {extend}", [source(self)])
+            if "Number" in CoreConcepts and extend is CoreConcepts["Number"]:
+                clean_extends.append(extend.size(38, 14))
+            else:
+                clean_extends.append(extend)
+        self._extends = clean_extends
+        self._annotations: list[Expression|Relationship] = []
+        self._relationships = {}
+        self._identify_by:list[Relationship] = []
+        for id_name, id_val in identify_by.items():
+            if not isinstance(id_val, (Concept, Property)):
+                exc("Invalid identify_by", f"identify_by values must be Concepts, got: {type(id_val)}", [source(self)])
+            id_val = self._dot(id_name, with_type=id_val)
+            self._identify_by.append(id_val)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        if isinstance(value, Relationship):
+            key = name.lower()
+            if self._relationships.get(key) is not None:
+                exc("Duplicate relationship", f"Relationship '{name}' is already defined on concept '{self._name}'", [
+                    source(self._relationships[key])
+                ])
+            if not value._short_name:
+                value._short_name = name
+            self._relationships[key] = value
+        else:
+            super().__setattr__(name, value)
+
+    def _dot_recur(self, name: str, with_type: Any = None) -> Relationship|None:
+        if name.lower() in self._relationships:
+            return self._relationships[name.lower()]
+        for ext in self._extends:
+            rel = ext._dot_recur(name, with_type)
+            if rel is not None:
+                return rel
+        # We should create the relationship on the root type if it's not
+        # found anywhere
+        if self._model is not CoreLibrary:
+            field_type = _find_concept(self._model, with_type, default=CoreConcepts["Any"])
+            assert field_type is not None
+            rel = self._relationships[name.lower()] = Property(fields=[
+                Field(self._name.lower(), self),
+                Field(name, field_type)
+            ], short_name=name, model=self._model)
+            return rel
+        return None
+
+    def _dot(self, name: str, with_type: Any = None) -> Relationship:
+        if self._model is CoreLibrary:
+            exc("Invalid relationship", f"Cannot access relationships on core concept '{self._name}'.", [source(self)])
+        if with_type is None:
+            with_type = CoreConcepts["Any"]
+        rel = self._dot_recur(name, with_type)
+        assert rel is not None
+        return rel
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item) -> Chain:
+        if item.startswith("_"):
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, item)
+        return Chain(self, self._dot(item))
+
+    def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Expression:
+        return Expression(self, list(args), kwargs)
+
+    def new(self, *args: StatementAndSchema, **kwargs: Any) -> New:
+        return New(self, args, kwargs)
+
+    def to_identity(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> New:
+        return New(self, args, kwargs, identity_only=True)
+
+    def identify_by(self, *properties: Property|Chain) -> Concept:
+        for prop in properties:
+            if isinstance(prop, Chain):
+                prop = prop._next
+            if not isinstance(prop, Property) and not (isinstance(prop, Reading) and isinstance(prop._relationship, Property)):
+                exc("Invalid identify_by", f"identify_by expects Properties, got: {type(prop).__name__}", [source(self)])
+            if prop._fields[0].type is not self:
+                exc("Invalid identify_by", f"Property {prop} have the first field be {self._name}", [source(self)])
+            self._identify_by.append(prop)
+        return self
+
+    def filter_by(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Expression:
+        return FilterBy(self, kwargs)
+
+    def require(self, *items: Variable|Fragment) -> Fragment:
+        return self._model.where(self).require(*items)
+
+    def ref(self, name="") -> Ref:
+        return Ref(self, name)
+
+    def annotate(self, *annos:Expression|Relationship) -> Concept:
+        self._annotations.extend(annos)
+        return self
+
+    def _to_concept(self) -> Concept:
+        return self
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        default = set(super().__dir__())
+        return sorted(default.union(self._relationships.keys()))
+
+    def __format__(self, format_spec: str) -> str:
+        if not format_spec:
+            return f"{{{self._name}#{self._id}}}"
+        return f"{{{self._name}#{self._id}:{format_spec.strip()}}}"
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# NumberConcept
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class NumberConcept(Concept):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, precision: int, scale: int, model: Model):
+        super().__init__(name, extends=[CoreConcepts["Numeric"]], identify_by={}, model=model)
+        self._precision = precision
+        self._scale = scale
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Ref
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Ref(Variable):
+    def __init__(self, concept: Concept, name: str|None = None):
+        super().__init__(concept._model)
+        self._concept = concept
+        self._name = name or ("number" if (isinstance(concept, NumberConcept) or concept is CoreConcepts["Numeric"])
+                              else concept._name)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item):
+        if item.startswith("_"):
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, item)
+        return Chain(self, self._concept._dot(item))
+
+    def _to_concept(self) -> Concept:
+        return self._concept
+
+    def FilterBy(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Expression:
+        return FilterBy(self, kwargs)
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Table
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Table(Concept):
+    def __init__(self, name:str, schema: dict[str, Concept], model: Model):
+        super().__init__(name, [], {}, model)
+        self._known_columns = []
+        for col_name, col_type in schema.items():
+            if isinstance(col_type, Property):
+                col_rel = col_type
+                setattr(self, col_name, col_rel)
+            else:
+                col_rel = self._dot(col_name, with_type=col_type)
+            self._known_columns.append(col_rel)
+
+    @property
+    def _columns(self) -> list[Relationship]:
+        if self._known_columns:
+            return self._known_columns
+        schema = schema_util.fetch(self._name)
+        for col_name, col_type_name in schema.items():
+            col_type = _find_concept(self._model, col_type_name, default=CoreConcepts["Any"])
+            col_rel = self._dot(col_name, with_type=col_type)
+            self._known_columns.append(col_rel)
+        return self._known_columns
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int|str) -> Chain:
+        if isinstance(index, int):
+            if not (0 <= index < len(self._columns)):
+                raise IndexError(f"Column index {index} out of range, there are {len(self._columns)} columns")
+            return Chain(self, self._columns[index])
+        col = next((c for c in self._columns if c._short_name == index), None)
+        if col is None:
+            raise KeyError(f"Column name '{index}' not found, columns have names {[c._short_name for c in self._columns]}")
+        return Chain(self, col)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Relationship]:
+        return iter(self._columns)
+
+    def new(self, *args:StatementAndSchema, **kwargs: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        exc("Invalid new call", "Cannot create new instances of Tables.", [source(self)])
+
+    def to_identity(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        exc("Invalid identity call", "Cannot create identity instances of Tables.", [source(self)])
+
+    def to_schema(self, *, exclude: list[str] = []) -> TableSchema:
+        return TableSchema(self, exclude=exclude)
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# TableSchema
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TableSchema(DSLBase):
+    def __init__(self, table: Table, exclude: list[str] = []):
+        super().__init__(table._model)
+        self._table = table
+        self.exclude = set([e.lower() for e in exclude])
+
+    def get_columns(self) -> list[Relationship]:
+        return [col for col in self._table._columns if col._short_name.lower() not in self.exclude]
+
+#--------------------------------------------------
+# DerivedTable
+#--------------------------------------------------
+
+class DerivedTable(Variable):
+    def __init__(self, model: Model):
+        super().__init__(model)
+        self.__cols = []
+
+    @property
+    def _columns(self):
+        if not self.__cols:
+            self.__cols = self._get_cols()
+        if not self.__cols:
+            raise ValueError(f"Cannot use {self.__class__.__name__} as it has no columns")
+        return self.__cols
+
+    def _check_value(self):
+        return bool(self._columns)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[DerivedColumn]:
+        return iter(self._columns)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int|str) -> DerivedColumn:
+        if isinstance(index, int):
+            if not (0 <= index < len(self._columns)):
+                raise IndexError(f"Column index {index} out of range, there are {len(self._columns)} columns")
+            return self._columns[index]
+        col = next((c for c in self._columns if c._name == index), None)
+        if not col:
+            raise KeyError(f"Column name '{index}' not found, columns have names {[c._name for c in self._columns]}")
+        return col
+
+    def _get_cols(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+#--------------------------------------------------
+# DerivedColumn
+#--------------------------------------------------
+
+class DerivedColumn(Variable):
+    def __init__(self, table: DerivedTable, index: int, name: str|None = None, type_: Concept|None = None):
+        super().__init__(table._model)
+        self._table = table
+        self._index = index
+        self._name = name
+        self._type = type_
+        self._relationships = {}
+
+    def _dot(self, name: str) -> Relationship:
+        if self._type is not None:
+            return self._type._dot(name)
+        if name.lower() not in self._relationships:
+            self._relationships[name.lower()] = Property(fields=[
+                Field("entity", CoreConcepts["Any"]),
+                Field(name, CoreConcepts["Any"])
+            ], short_name=name, model=self._model)
+        return self._relationships[name.lower()]
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item):
+        if item.startswith("_"):
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, item)
+        return Chain(self, self._dot(item))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_value(table: DerivedTable, index: int, var: Value) -> DerivedColumn:
+        name = None
+        if isinstance(var, Alias):
+            name = var._alias
+        if not isinstance(var, Variable):
+            var = Literal(var, table._model)
+        return DerivedColumn(table=table, index=index, name=name, type_=var._to_concept())
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Field
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Field:
+    def __init__(self, name: str, type_: Concept, is_input: bool = False, is_list: bool = False, source: SourcePos | None = None):
+        self._id = next(_global_id)
+        self.name = name
+        self.type = type_
+        self.is_input = is_input
+        self.is_list = is_list
+        self._source = source
+
+    @classmethod
+    def input(cls, name: str, concept: Concept, is_list: bool = False) -> Field:
+        return Field(name, concept, is_input=True, is_list=is_list)
+
+    def _match(self, other: Field) -> bool:
+        return self.name == other.name and self.type is other.type
+
+#--------------------------------------------------
+# Relationship
+#--------------------------------------------------
+
+class Relationship(Variable):
+    def __init__(self, model: Model, reading_str:str = "", fields: list[Field] = [], short_name: str = "", allow_no_fields: bool = False, overloads:list[list[Concept]]|None = None, is_unresolved: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(model)
+        if not reading_str and not fields and not allow_no_fields:
+            raise ValueError("Either reading_str or fields must be provided")
+        if not reading_str and fields:
+            reading_str = " and ".join([f"{{{f.type._name}#{f.type._id}:{f.name}}}" for f in fields[:-1]])
+            reading_str = f"{reading_str} has {{{fields[-1].type._name}#{fields[-1].type._id}:{fields[-1].name}}}"
+        parts = []
+        if not fields:
+            (fields, parts) = Reading.parse(model, reading_str, fields, _source=self)
+        self._fields = fields
+        if not fields and not allow_no_fields:
+            exc("Invalid Relationship", "A Relationship must have at least one field.", [source(self)])
+        self._readings = [Reading(model, self, reading_str, fields, parts)]
+        self._short_name = short_name
+        self._relationships = {}
+        self._annotations: list[Expression|Relationship] = []
+        self._overloads = overloads
+        self._is_unresolved = is_unresolved
+        for f in self._fields:
+            if f._source is None:
+                f._source = self._source
+
+    def _dot(self, name: str) -> Relationship:
+        field_type = self._fields[-1].type
+        if name.lower() in self._relationships:
+            return self._relationships[name.lower()]
+        if field_type is CoreConcepts["Any"]:
+            rel = Property(fields=[
+                Field(self._fields[-1].name, field_type),
+                Field(name, CoreConcepts["Any"])
+            ], short_name=name, model=self._model, is_unresolved=True)
+            self._relationships[name.lower()] = rel
+            return rel
+        return field_type._dot(name)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item):
+        if item.startswith("_"):
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, item)
+        op = self._fields[-1].type._dot(item)
+        return Chain(self, op)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Expression:
+        return Expression(self, list(args), kwargs, root=self)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, field: str|int|Concept) -> FieldRef:
+        resolved = _find_field(self._fields, field)
+        if not resolved:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field {field} not found in relationship with fields {[f.name for f in self._fields]}")
+        return FieldRef(self, field, *resolved)
+
+    def alt(self, reading_str: str) -> Reading:
+        reading = Reading(self._model, self, reading_str)
+        self._readings.append(reading)
+        return reading
+
+    def annotate(self, *annos:Expression|Relationship) -> Relationship:
+        self._annotations.extend(annos)
+        return self
+
+    def _to_concept(self) -> Concept|None:
+        return self._fields[-1].type
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        default = set(super().__dir__())
+        return sorted(default.union(self._fields[-1].type.__dir__()))
+
+    def to_df(self) -> DataFrame:
+        refs = [self[ix] for ix in range(len(self._fields))]
+        return self._model.select(*refs).where(self(*refs)).to_df()
+
+    def inspect(self):
+        print(self.to_df())
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Reading
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Reading(Relationship):
+    def __init__(self, model: Model, relationship: Relationship, reading_str: str, reading_fields: list[Field] = [], reading_parts: list[str|int] = []):
+        Variable.__init__(self, model)
+        self._relationship = relationship
+        if not reading_fields or not reading_parts:
+            parsed_fields, parsed_parts = Reading.parse(model, reading_str, reading_fields, _source=self)
+            reading_fields = reading_fields or parsed_fields
+            reading_parts = reading_parts or parsed_parts
+        # make sure we can find all these fields in the base relationship
+        index_map = {}
+        matched = []
+        for field_i, field in enumerate(reading_fields):
+            found = next(((i, f) for i, f in enumerate(relationship._fields) if f._match(field)), None)
+            if not found:
+                raise ValueError(f"Field {field.name}:{field.type._name} not found in relationship with fields {[f'{f.name}:{f.type._name}' for f in relationship._fields]}")
+            matched.append(found[1])
+            index_map[field_i] = found[0]
+        self._fields = matched
+        self._reading = reading_str
+        self._short_name = ""
+        self._parts:list[str|int] = [index_map.get(p, p) for p in reading_parts]
+        self._relationships = {}
+        self._annotations: list[Expression|Relationship] = []
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # Parse
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(cls, model: Model, reading: str, known_fields: list[Field], _source=None) -> Tuple[list[Field], list[str|int]]:
+        # match <class 'foo'> which is the serialized form of a python type mistakenly passed instead of a concept
+        class_pattern = re.compile(r'<class \'(.*?)\'>')
+        match = class_pattern.search(reading)
+        if match:
+            extra: list = [source(_source)]
+            if match.group(1) in pytype_to_concept_name:
+                concept = pytype_to_concept_name[match.group(1)]
+                extra.append(f" Did you mean to use [cyan]relationalai.semantics.{concept}[/cyan]?")
+            exc("Invalid field type", f"The type '{match.group(1)}' is not a valid Concept.", extra)
+
+        # {Type} or {name:Type}, where Type can include Number(38,14)
+        pattern = re.compile(r'\{([a-zA-Z0-9_.#]+(?:(?:\([0-9]+,[0-9]+\))(?:[#0-9]+)?)?)(?::\s*([a-zA-Z0-9_.]+(?:\([0-9]+,[0-9]+\))?))?\}')
+
+        namer = Namer()
+        fields: list[Field] = []
+        parts: list[str|int] = []
+
+        last_end = 0
+        is_old_style = True
+        for m in pattern.finditer(reading):
+            # literal chunk before this match
+            parts.append(reading[last_end:m.start()])
+            field_name, field_type_name = m.group(1), m.group(2)
+            field_type_id = None
+            if "#" in field_name:
+                temp_name = field_type_name
+                field_type_name, field_type_id = field_name.split("#")
+                field_name = temp_name or sanitize(field_type_name.lower())
+                is_old_style = False
+
+            # if we don't have a type_name, then only a type was provided
+            if not field_type_name:
+                field_type_name = field_name
+                field_name = sanitize(field_name.lower())
+
+            field_name = namer.get_name(field_name)
+            field_type = Concept.lookup_by_id.get(int(field_type_id)) \
+                            if field_type_id \
+                            else _find_concept(model, field_type_name, extra_types=[f.type for f in known_fields])
+            if field_type is None:
+                exc("Unknown Concept", f"The Concept '{field_type_name}' couldn't be found in the model", [
+                    source(_source),
+                ])
+
+            fields.append(Field(field_name, field_type))
+            parts.append(len(fields) - 1)
+            last_end = m.end()
+
+        # trailing literal after the final match
+        if(last_end < len(reading)):
+            parts.append(reading[last_end:])
+
+        if is_old_style and fields:
+            correct = []
+            for part in parts:
+                if isinstance(part, int):
+                    type_name = fields[part].type._name
+                    correct_type_name = type_name
+                    if isinstance(fields[part].type, NumberConcept):
+                        precision = fields[part].type._precision
+                        scale = fields[part].type._scale
+                        if scale == 0:
+                            correct_type_name = f"Integer"
+                        else:
+                            correct_type_name = f"Number.size({precision},{scale})"
+                    if type_name.lower() != fields[part].name and correct_type_name.lower() != fields[part].name:
+                        correct.append(f"{{{correct_type_name}:{fields[part].name}}}")
+                    else:
+                        correct.append(f"{{{correct_type_name}}}")
+                else:
+                    correct.append(part)
+            warn("Deprecated format", "Plain strings for Relationships/Properties is deprecated. Use an f-string instead.", [
+                source(_source),
+                f'For example: [cyan]f"{"".join(correct)}"',
+            ])
+
+        return fields, parts
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Property
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Property(Relationship):
+    pass
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Literal
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Literal(Variable):
+    def __init__(self, value: Any, model:Model, type: Concept|None = None):
+        super().__init__(model)
+        self._value = value
+        self._type = type if type is not None else self._get_type(value)
+
+    def _to_concept(self) -> Concept:
+        return self._type
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_type(value: Any) -> Concept:
+        if type(value) is float and (math.isnan(value) or math.isinf(value)):
+            return CoreConcepts["Float"]
+        if type(value) is float:
+            fractional_digits = 0 if math.isnan(value) else min(len(str(value).split(".")[1]), 14)
+            return CoreConcepts["Decimal"].size(38, fractional_digits) # type: ignore
+        if type(value) is decimal.Decimal:
+            str_value = format(value, 'f')
+            if '.' in str_value:
+                _, fractional_part = str_value.split('.')
+                scale = min(len(fractional_part), 14)
+            else:
+                scale = 14
+            return CoreConcepts["Decimal"].size(38, scale) # type: ignore
+        if type(value) in pytype_to_concept_name:
+            return CoreConcepts[pytype_to_concept_name[type(value)]]
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Literal type not implemented for value type: {type(value)}")
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Chain
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Chain(Variable):
+    def __init__(self, start: Chain|Concept|Relationship|DerivedColumn|Table|Ref|FieldRef|Expression, next: Relationship, is_ref = False):
+        super().__init__(start._model)
+        self._start = start
+        self._next = next
+        self._is_ref = is_ref
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item):
+        if item.startswith("_"):
+            return object.__getattribute__(self._next, item)
+        next_rel = self._next._dot(item)
+        return Chain(self, next_rel)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Expression:
+        last = self._next
+        assert not isinstance(last, Chain)
+        if len(last._fields) > len(args):
+            return Expression(last, [self._start, *args], kwargs, root=self)
+        return Expression(last, [*args], kwargs, root=self)
+
+    def to_dict_key(self) -> int|tuple:
+        if self._is_ref:
+            return self._id
+        return (self._start.to_dict_key(), self._next.to_dict_key())
+
+    def __getitem__(self, field: str|int|Concept) -> FieldRef:
+        resolved = _find_field(self._next._fields, field)
+        if not resolved:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field {field} not found in relationship with fields {[f.name for f in self._next._fields]}")
+        return FieldRef(self, field, *resolved)
+
+    def ref(self) -> Chain:
+        return Chain(self._start, self._next, is_ref=True)
+
+    def alt(self, reading_str: str) -> Reading:
+        return self._next.alt(reading_str)
+
+    def annotate(self, *annos:Expression|Relationship) -> Relationship:
+        return self._next.annotate(*annos)
+
+    def _to_concept(self) -> Concept | None:
+        return self._next._to_concept()
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Expression
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Expression(Variable):
+    def __init__(self, op: Relationship|Concept, args: Sequence[Value], kwargs: dict|None = None, root: Chain|Relationship|Concept|None = None):
+        super().__init__(op._model)
+        self._op = op
+        self._has_output = isinstance(op, Concept) or (any(not f.is_input for f in op._fields))
+        self._auto_filled = False
+        self._root = root
+
+        # clean args
+        clean_args = []
+        for arg in args:
+            if isinstance(arg, (ModelEnum, Field, TupleVariable)):
+                pass
+            elif isinstance(arg, TableSchema):
+                exc("Invalid argument", "Cannot use a schema as an argument to an Expression.", [source(self)])
+            elif not isinstance(arg, Variable):
+                arg = Literal(arg, self._model)
+            elif isinstance(arg, (Match, Fragment)):
+                arg._columns
+            clean_args.append(arg)
+        self._args = clean_args
+
+        self._kwargs = kwargs or {}
+        # clean kwargs
+        for k, v in self._kwargs.items():
+            if not isinstance(v, Variable):
+                self._kwargs[k] = Literal(v, self._model)
+
+        if isinstance(op, Relationship):
+            op_len = len(op._fields)
+            arg_len = len(self._args)
+            if op_len - arg_len == 1:
+                self._args.append(op._fields[-1].type.ref(name=op._fields[-1].name))
+                self._auto_filled = True
+            elif op_len != arg_len:
+                dir = "Too few" if arg_len < op_len - 1 else "Too many"
+                exc(f"{dir} args", f"{op._short_name or 'Relationship'} requires {op_len - 1}-{op_len} arguments but got {arg_len}", [
+                    source(self),
+                ])
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item):
+        if item.startswith("_"):
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, item)
+        rel = self._op._dot(item)
+        return Chain(self, rel)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, field: str|int|Concept) -> FieldRef:
+        if not isinstance(self._op, Relationship):
+            raise TypeError(f"Cannot index into Expression with non-Relationship: {self._op}")
+        resolved = _find_field(self._op._fields, field)
+        if not resolved:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field {field} not found in relationship with fields {[f.name for f in self._op._fields]}")
+        return FieldRef(self, field, *resolved)
+
+    def _to_concept(self) -> Concept | None:
+        return self._args[-1]._to_concept() if self._args else self._op._to_concept()
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# New
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class New(Expression):
+    def __init__(self, concept: Concept, args: Sequence[Any], kwargs: dict[str, Any], identity_only: bool = False):
+        clean_args = []
+        row_ids = []
+        for arg in args:
+            if isinstance(arg, TableSchema):
+                row_ids.append(arg._table)
+                lower_case_kwargs = {k.lower() for k, v in kwargs.items()}
+                # add any keyword args that aren't already in kwargs
+                for col in arg.get_columns():
+                    if col._short_name and col._short_name.lower() not in lower_case_kwargs:
+                        kwargs[col._short_name] = col(arg._table)
+            else:
+                clean_args.append(arg)
+        for k in list(kwargs.keys()):
+            concept._dot(k)
+        super().__init__(concept, clean_args, kwargs)
+        self._identity_only = identity_only
+        self._row_ids = row_ids
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# FilterBy
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class FilterBy(Expression):
+    def __init__(self, item: Concept|Ref, kwargs: dict[str, Any]):
+        concept = item._concept if isinstance(item, Ref) else item
+        super().__init__(concept, [item], kwargs)
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# FieldRef
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class FieldRef(Variable):
+    def __init__(self, root: Chain|Relationship|Expression, field: str|int|Concept, resolved: Field, resolved_ix:int):
+        super().__init__(root._model)
+        self._root = root
+        self._field = field
+        self._resolved = resolved
+        self._resolved_ix = resolved_ix
+
+    def _to_concept(self) -> Concept:
+        return self._resolved.type
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item):
+        if item.startswith("_"):
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, item)
+        return Chain(self, self._resolved.type._dot(item))
+
+    def to_dict_key(self) -> tuple:
+        return (self._root.to_dict_key(), self._resolved._id)
+
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# MetaRef
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class MetaRef(Variable):
+    def __init__(self, target: Concept|Relationship|Field):
+        model = target._model if isinstance(target, DSLBase) else target.type._model
+        super().__init__(model)
+        self._target = target
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# TupleVariable
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TupleVariable:
+    def __init__(self, items: Sequence[Value|Distinct]):
+        self._items = list(items)
+        self._source = SourcePos.new()
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# AsBool
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class AsBool(Variable):
+    def __init__(self, item: Variable):
+        super().__init__(item._model)
+        self._item = item
+
+    def _to_concept(self) -> Concept:
+        return CoreConcepts["Boolean"]
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Alias
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Alias(Variable):
+    def __init__(self, source: Variable, alias: str):
+        super().__init__(source._model)
+        self._source = source
+        self._alias = alias
+
+    def _to_concept(self) -> Concept|None:
+        return self._source._to_concept()
+
+    def __format__(self, format_spec: str) -> str:
+        if isinstance(self._source, Concept):
+            if format_spec:
+                exc("Invalid alias", f"Alias already specifies an alias for this concept, you can remove `:{format_spec}`")
+            return self._source.__format__(self._alias)
+        return super().__format__(format_spec)
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Match
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Match(DerivedTable):
+    def __init__(self, model:Model, *items: Statement):
+        super().__init__(model)
+        t = type(self)
+        self._items = [
+            x
+            for item in items
+            for x in (item._items if (type(item) is t and isinstance(item, Match)) else (item,))
+        ] # flatten nested Matches/Unions
+
+    def _get_cols(self) -> list[DerivedColumn]:
+        return [DerivedColumn(self, i) for i in range(self._arg_count())]
+
+    def _arg_count(self) -> int:
+        counts = []
+        for item in self._items:
+            if isinstance(item, DerivedTable):
+                try:
+                    counts.append(len(item._columns))
+                except ValueError:
+                    counts.append(0)
+            else:
+                # Expressions with no output and Not are filters, do not count as returning values
+                is_filter = isinstance(item, Not) or (isinstance(item, Expression) and not item._has_output)
+                counts.append(0 if is_filter else 1)
+        if not counts:
+            return 0
+        first = counts[0]
+        if any(c != first for c in counts[1:]):
+            exc("Inconsistent branches",
+                f"All branches in a {self.__class__.__name__} must have the same number of returned values",
+                [source(self)])
+        return first
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item) -> Chain:
+        if item.startswith("_"):
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, item)
+        return getattr(self._columns[-1], item)
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Union
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Union(Match):
+    def __init__(self, model:Model, *items: Value):
+        super().__init__(model, *items)
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Not
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Not(DSLBase):
+    def __init__(self, *items: Value, model:Model):
+        super().__init__(model)
+        self._items = items
+
+    def __or__(self, other) -> Match:
+        return Match(self._model, self, other)
+
+    def __and__(self, other) -> Fragment:
+        if isinstance(other, Fragment):
+            new = other.where()
+            new._where.insert(0, self)
+            return new
+        return self._model.where(self, other)
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Distinct
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Distinct(DSLBase):
+    def __init__(self, *items: Value, model:Model):
+        super().__init__(model)
+        self._items = items
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Aggregate
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Group(DSLBase):
+    def __init__(self, *args: Value):
+        model = [arg._model for arg in args if isinstance(arg, Variable)][0] if args else None
+        super().__init__(model) # type: ignore
+        self._args = list(args)
+
+    def _extend(self, args: Sequence[Value]) -> Group:
+        new = Group(*self._args)
+        new._args.extend(args)
+        return new
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        return Group(*self._args)
+
+class Aggregate(Variable):
+    def __init__(self, op: Relationship, *args: Value|Distinct, check_args: bool = True, distinct: bool = False):
+        model = self._find_model(args) or op._model
+        super().__init__(model)
+        self._op = op
+        self._where = Fragment(model)
+        self._group = Group()
+        self._args: list[Value] = []
+        self._projection_args: list[Value] = []
+        self._distinct = distinct
+        if check_args:
+            # unwrap distinct if present
+            if any(isinstance(arg, Distinct) for arg in args):
+                if len(args) != 1:
+                    exc("Invalid distinct", "Distinct must be applied to all arguments", [source(self)])
+                assert isinstance(args[0], Distinct)
+                args = args[0]._items
+                self._distinct = True
+
+            args = cast(tuple[Value], args)
+
+            num_inputs = sum(f.is_input for f in op._fields)
+            if len(args) < num_inputs:
+                need = [f.name for f in op._fields if f.is_input][len(args):]
+                exc("Missing argument",
+                    f"`{op._short_name or 'Relationship'}(..)` is missing: {', '.join(need)}",
+                    [source(self)])
+
+            self._projection_args = list(args[:-num_inputs] if num_inputs else args)
+            supplied = iter(args[-num_inputs:] if num_inputs else [])
+
+            self._args = [
+                (next(supplied) if f.is_input else f.type.ref(f.name))
+                for f in op._fields
+            ]
+
+    def _find_model(self, args: Sequence[Value|Distinct|TupleVariable]) -> Model|None:
+        for arg in args:
+            if isinstance(arg, (Variable, Distinct)):
+                return arg._model
+            elif isinstance(arg, TupleVariable):
+                for item in arg._items:
+                    if isinstance(item, (Variable, Distinct)):
+                        return item._model
+        return None
+
+
+    def where(self, *args: Value) -> Aggregate:
+        new = self._clone()
+        new._where = new._where.where(*args)
+        return new
+
+    def per(self, *args: Value) -> Aggregate:
+        new = self._clone()
+        new._group = new._group._extend(args)
+        return new
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        agg = Aggregate(self._op, check_args=False)
+        agg._args = self._args
+        agg._projection_args = self._projection_args
+        agg._where = self._where
+        agg._group = self._group
+        agg._distinct = self._distinct
+        return agg
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Data
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Data(Table):
+    def __init__(self, df:DataFrame, model:Model):
+        schema = {}
+        for col in df.columns:
+            _type = df[col].dtype
+            if pd.api.types.is_datetime64_any_dtype(_type):
+                col_type = "DateTime"
+            elif pd.api.types.is_object_dtype(_type) and self._is_date_column(df[col]):
+                col_type = "Date"
+            else:
+                col_type = pytype_to_concept_name.get(_type, "Any")
+            if isinstance(col, int):
+                col = f"col{col}"
+            schema[col] = CoreConcepts[col_type]
+        super().__init__("Data", schema, model)
+        self._data = df
+
+    def _is_date_column(self, col) -> bool:
+        sample = col.dropna()
+        if sample.empty:
+            return False
+        sample_value = sample.iloc[0]
+        return isinstance(sample_value, dt.date) and not isinstance(sample_value, dt.datetime)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def raw_to_df(data: DataFrame | list[tuple] | list[dict], columns:list[str]|None) -> DataFrame:
+        if isinstance(data, DataFrame):
+            return data
+        if not data:
+            return DataFrame()
+        if isinstance(data, list):
+            if isinstance(data[0], tuple):
+                # Named tuple check
+                if hasattr(data[0], '_fields'):
+                    return DataFrame([t._asdict() for t in data]) #type: ignore
+                return DataFrame(data, columns=columns)
+            elif isinstance(data[0], dict):
+                return DataFrame(data)
+        raise TypeError(f"Cannot convert {type(data)} to DataFrame. Use DataFrame, list of tuples, or list of dicts.")
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Enum
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class ModelEnumMeta(EnumMeta):
+    _concept: Concept
+    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        if name.startswith("_") or isinstance(value, self):
+            super().__setattr__(name, value)
+        elif isinstance(value, (Relationship, Reading)):
+            setattr(self._concept, name, value)
+        else:
+            raise AttributeError(f"Cannot set attribute {name} on {type(self).__name__}")
+
+    def __format__(self, format_spec: str) -> str:
+        return format(self._concept, format_spec)
+
+class ModelEnum(Enum, metaclass=ModelEnumMeta):
+    _model:Model
+
+    def __init__(self, *args) -> None:
+        super().__init__(*args)
+        self._source = SourcePos.new()
+
+    def _compile_lookup(self):
+        concept = getattr(self.__class__, "_concept")
+        return concept.to_identity(name=self.name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def lookup(cls, value:Variable|str):
+        concept = cls._concept
+        return concept.to_identity(name=value)
+
+    # Python 3.10 doesn't correctly populate __members__ by the time it calls
+    # __init_subclass__, so we need to initialize the members lazily when we
+    # encounter the enum for the first time.
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_members(cls):
+        if cls._has_inited_members:
+            return
+        c = cls._concept
+        # Add the name and value attributes to the hashes we create for the enum
+        members = [
+            c.new(name=name, value=value.value)
+            for name, value in cls.__members__.items()
+        ]
+        cls._model.define(*members)
+        cls._has_inited_members = True
+
+    def __format__(self, format_spec: str) -> str:
+        return format(self._concept, format_spec)
+
+def create_enum_class(model: Model):
+    class AttachedModelEnum(ModelEnum):
+        def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
+            super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
+            # this is voodoo black magic that is doing meta meta programming where
+            # we are plugging into anytime a new subtype of this class is created
+            # and then creating a concept to represent the enum. This happens both
+            # when you do `class Foo(Enum)` and when you do `Enum("Foo", [a, b, c])`
+            cls._model = model
+            c = model.Concept(
+                cls.__name__,
+                extends=[CoreConcepts["Enum"]],
+                identify_by={"name": CoreConcepts["String"]}
+            )
+            model.enums.append(cls)
+            model.enums_index[cls.__name__] = cls
+            cls._has_inited_members = False
+            cls._concept = c
+
+    return AttachedModelEnum
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Value
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+Value = Variable|Primitive|Field|TupleVariable
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Statement
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+Statement = Value | Group | Not | Distinct | Aggregate
+"""Union of statement types."""
+
+StatementAndSchema = Statement | TableSchema
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Fragment
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+@include_in_docs
+class Fragment(DerivedTable):
+    """Composable chunk of a query with select/where/define state.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    model : Model
+        The semantic model that provides type information and stores any
+        definitions produced by this fragment.
+    parent : Fragment, optional
+        An existing fragment to inherit selection and filter state from when
+        building chained queries.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, model:Model, parent:Fragment|None=None):
+        super().__init__(model)
+        self._id = next(_global_id)
+        self._select = []
+        self._where = []
+        self._require = []
+        self._define = []
+        self._order_by = []
+        self._limit = 0
+        self._model = model
+        self._into:Optional[Table] = None
+        self._is_into_update = False
+        self._has_executed = False
+        assert self._model, "Fragment must have a model"
+
+        self._parent = parent
+        # self._source = runtime_env.get_source_pos()
+        self._meta = {}
+        self._annotations = []
+        if parent is not None:
+            self._select.extend(parent._select)
+            self._where.extend(parent._where)
+            self._require.extend(parent._require)
+            self._define.extend(parent._define)
+            self._order_by.extend(parent._order_by)
+            self._limit = parent._limit
+
+
+    def _add_items(self, items:Sequence[Statement], to_attr:list[Statement]):
+        # TODO: ensure that you are _either_ a select, require, or then
+        # not a mix of them
+        model = self._model
+
+        # remove any existing rules that this consumes
+        for item in itertools.chain(items, [self._parent]):
+            if isinstance(item, Fragment) and item._is_effect():
+                model._remove_rule(item)
+
+        to_attr.extend(items)
+        if self._is_effect():
+            model._add_rule(self)
+
+        return self
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # Select arg handling
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _check_select_args(self, args:Sequence[StatementAndSchema]) -> Sequence[Statement]:
+        clean_args = []
+        for arg in args:
+            # If you select x > y, treat that as AsBool(x > y)
+            if isinstance(arg, Expression) and not arg._has_output:
+                clean_args.append(AsBool(arg))
+            elif isinstance(arg, TableSchema):
+                for col in arg.get_columns():
+                    clean_args.append(col(arg._table))
+            else:
+                clean_args.append(arg)
+        return clean_args
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # Core API
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def where(self, *args: Statement) -> Fragment:
+        f = Fragment(self._model, parent=self)
+        return f._add_items(args, f._where)
+
+    def select(self, *args: StatementAndSchema) -> Fragment:
+        f = Fragment(self._model, parent=self)
+        return f._add_items(self._check_select_args(args), f._select)
+
+    def require(self, *args: Statement) -> Fragment:
+        f = Fragment(self._model, parent=self)
+        return f._add_items(args, f._require)
+
+    def define(self, *args: Statement) -> Fragment:
+        f = Fragment(self._model, parent=self)
+        return f._add_items(args, f._define)
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        def order_by(self, *args: Any) -> Fragment:
+            exc("Feature unavailable", "The 'order_by' method is not yet available when querying RAI directly.", [
+                source(self),
+                "You can use [cyan]`relationalai.semantics.std.aggregates.rank`[/cyan] and select it as the first column as a temporary substitute.",
+            ])
+            f = Fragment(self._model, parent=self)
+            return f._add_items(args, f._order_by)
+
+        def limit(self, n:int) -> Fragment:
+            exc("Feature unavailable", "The 'order_by' method is not yet available when querying RAI directly.", [
+                source(self),
+                "You can use [cyan]`relationalai.semantics.std.aggregates.limit`[/cyan] in a where clause as a temporary substitute.",
+            ])
+            f = Fragment(self._model, parent=self)
+            f._limit = n
+            return f
+
+    # def meta(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Fragment:
+    #     self._meta.update(kwargs)
+    #     return self
+
+    def annotate(self, *annos:Expression|Relationship) -> Fragment:
+        self._annotations.extend(annos)
+        return self
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # into
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def into(self, table: Table, update=False) -> Fragment:
+        f = Fragment(self._model, parent=self)
+        f._into = table
+        f._is_into_update = update
+        self._model.exports.add(f)
+        return f
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # Execution
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def exec(self):
+        if self._has_executed:
+            return
+        if self._into is None:
+            exc("Cannot execute", "Query must have an 'into' table specified to execute.", [source(self)])
+        from relationalai.shims.executor import execute
+        self._has_executed = True
+        return execute(self, self._model, export_to=self._into._name, update=self._is_into_update)
+
+    def to_df(self):
+        from relationalai.shims.executor import execute
+        return execute(self, self._model)
+
+    def inspect(self):
+        print(self.to_df())
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # helpers
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _is_effect(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._define or self._require)
+
+    def _is_where_only(self) -> bool:
+        return not self._select and not self._define and not self._require and not self._order_by
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # And/Or
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def __or__(self, other) -> Match:
+        return Match(self._model, self, other)
+
+    def __and__(self, other) -> Fragment:
+        if not isinstance(other, Fragment):
+            other = Fragment(self._model).where(other)
+        if self._is_where_only() and other._is_where_only():
+            return self.where(*other._where)
+        elif self._is_where_only():
+            return other.where(*self._where)
+        elif other._is_where_only():
+            return self.where(*other._where)
+        else:
+            raise Exception("Cannot AND two non-where-only fragments")
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # DerivedTable cols
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _get_cols(self):
+        return [DerivedColumn.from_value(self, i, col) for i, col in enumerate(self._select)]
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # Marterialize
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def to_metamodel(self):
+        m = self._model
+        return m._compiler.compile(self)
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Model
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+@include_in_docs
+class Model:
+    """Class representing a semantic model.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    name : str, optional
+        Name of the model.
+    exclude_core : bool, optional
+        If True, the core library will not be included by default.
+    is_library : bool, optional
+        If True, this model is a library and will not be added to the global
+        list of models.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Create a model object:
+
+    >>> from relationalai.semantics import Model
+    >>> model = Model(name="MyModel")
+    """
+    all_models:list[Model] = []
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str = "", exclude_core: bool = False, is_library: bool = False):
+        self.name = name
+        self.defines:KeyedSet[Fragment] = KeyedSet(dsl_key)
+        self.requires:KeyedSet[Fragment] = KeyedSet(dsl_key)
+        self.exports:KeyedSet[Fragment] = KeyedSet(dsl_key)
+        self.libraries = []
+        self.concepts: list[Concept] = []
+        self.tables: list[Table] = []
+        self.relationships: list[Relationship] = []
+        self.enums: list[Type[ModelEnum]] = []
+        self.concept_index: dict[str, Concept] = {}
+        self.table_index: dict[str, Table] = {}
+        self.relationship_index: dict[str, Relationship] = {}
+        self.enums_index: dict[str, Type[ModelEnum]] = {}
+        self._source = SourcePos.new()
+
+        self.Enum = create_enum_class(self)
+
+        if not is_library:
+            Model.all_models.append(self)
+
+        self.__compiler = None
+        if not exclude_core:
+            self.libraries.append(CoreLibrary)
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # Internal
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    @property
+    def _compiler(self):
+        if not self.__compiler:
+            from .front_compiler import FrontCompiler
+            self.__compiler = FrontCompiler(self)
+        return self.__compiler
+
+    def _find_concept(self, name: str) -> Concept|None:
+        if name in self.concept_index:
+            return self.concept_index[name]
+        if name in self.table_index:
+            return self.table_index[name]
+        for lib in self.libraries:
+            found = lib._find_concept(name)
+            if found is not None:
+                return found
+
+    def _remove_rule(self, fragment: Fragment) -> None:
+        if fragment._define and fragment in self.defines:
+            self.defines.remove(fragment)
+        elif fragment._require and fragment in self.requires:
+            self.requires.remove(fragment)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Fragment must have either define or require clauses to be removed as a rule")
+
+    def _add_rule(self, fragment: Fragment) -> None:
+        if fragment._define and fragment not in self.defines:
+            self.defines.add(fragment)
+        elif fragment._require and fragment not in self.requires:
+            self.requires.add(fragment)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Fragment must have either define or require clauses to be added as a rule")
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # Primary API
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def Concept(self, name: str, extends: list[Concept] = [], identify_by: dict[str, Property|Concept] = {}) -> Concept:
+        c = Concept(name, extends=extends, identify_by=identify_by, model=self)
+        self.concepts.append(c)
+        self.concept_index[name] = c
+        return c
+
+    def Table(self, path: str, schema: dict[str, Concept] = {}) -> Table:
+        t = Table(path, schema=schema, model=self)
+        self.tables.append(t)
+        self.table_index[path] = t
+        return t
+
+    def Relationship(self, reading: str = "", fields: list[Field] = [], short_name: str = "") -> Relationship:
+        r = Relationship(self, reading, fields, short_name)
+        self.relationships.append(r)
+        self.relationship_index[short_name] = r
+        return r
+
+    def Property(self, reading: str = "", fields: list[Field] = [], short_name: str = "") -> Property:
+        p = Property(self, reading, fields, short_name)
+        self.relationships.append(p)
+        self.relationship_index[short_name] = p
+        return p
+
+    def select(self, *args: StatementAndSchema) -> Fragment:
+        f = Fragment(self)
+        return f.select(*args)
+
+    def where(self, *args: Statement) -> Fragment:
+        f = Fragment(self)
+        return f.where(*args)
+
+    def require(self, *args: Statement) -> Fragment:
+        f = Fragment(self)
+        return f.require(*args)
+
+    def define(self, *args: Statement) -> Fragment:
+        f = Fragment(self)
+        return f.define(*args)
+
+    def union(self, *items: Value) -> Union:
+        return Union(self, *items)
+
+    def data(self, data: DataFrame | list[tuple] | list[dict], columns: list[str]|None = None) -> Data:
+        df = Data.raw_to_df(data, columns)
+        return Data(df, self)
+
+    def not_(self, *items: Value) -> Not:
+        return Not(*items, model=self)
+
+    def distinct(self, *items: Value) -> Distinct:
+        return Distinct(*items, model=self)
+
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+    # Meta
+    #------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def to_metamodel(self) -> mModel:
+        return self._compiler.compile_model(self)
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Library
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Library(Model):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, exclude_core: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(name=name, exclude_core=exclude_core, is_library=True)
+
+    def Type(self, name: str, super_types: list[Concept] = []) -> Concept:
+        c = self.Concept(name, extends=super_types)
+        self._register_builtin(c)
+        return c
+
+    def Relation(self, name: str, fields: list[Field], overloads: list[list[Concept]]|None = None, annotations: list[Any]|None = None) -> Relationship:
+        r = Relationship(self, "", fields, name, allow_no_fields=True, overloads=overloads)
+        self.relationships.append(r)
+        self.relationship_index[name] = r
+        self._register_builtin(r)
+        # TODO - deal with annotations
+        return r
+
+    def _register_builtin(self, builtin: Concept|Relationship) -> None:
+        """ Register a builtin concept or relationship in the global builtins registry. """
+        builtins.register(self.name, self._compiler.to_relation(builtin))
+
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# Core Library
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Library is populated when relationalai.semantics.frontend.core is imported
+CoreLibrary: Library = Library("core", exclude_core=True)
+CoreRelationships = CoreLibrary.relationship_index
+CoreConcepts = CoreLibrary.concept_index
+
+
+#------------------------------------------------------
+# todo
+#------------------------------------------------------
+
+"""
+x new/to_identity/filter_by
+x capture all defines/requires
+x identify_by
+x figure out Table/DerivedTable
+x data node
+x in_
+x error on invalid iteration/sum/min/max
+x Aggregates
+x fill in std.agg functions when Thiago's lib stuff lands
+- Error?
+x rank stuff
+- validation checks for identify_by
+- unique
+- Enum?
+"""