qiskit 1.0.2__cp38-abi3-win32.whl → 1.1.0__cp38-abi3-win32.whl

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/scalar_op.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ ScalarOp class
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
-import copy
+import copy as _copy
 from numbers import Number
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -52,10 +52,11 @@ class ScalarOp(LinearOp):
         self._coeff = coeff
         super().__init__(input_dims=dims, output_dims=dims)
 
-    def __array__(self, dtype=None):
-        if dtype:
-            return np.asarray(self.to_matrix(), dtype=dtype)
-        return self.to_matrix()
+    def __array__(self, dtype=None, copy=None):
+        if copy is False:
+            raise ValueError("could not produce matrix without calculation")
+        arr = self.to_matrix()
+        return arr if dtype is None else arr.astype(dtype, copy=False)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return f"ScalarOp({self.input_dims()}, coeff={self.coeff})"
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ class ScalarOp(LinearOp):
         # If other is also an ScalarOp we only need to
         # update the coefficient and dimensions
         if isinstance(other, ScalarOp):
-            ret = copy.copy(self)
+            ret = _copy.copy(self)
             ret._coeff = self.coeff * other.coeff
             ret._op_shape = new_shape
             return ret
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ class ScalarOp(LinearOp):
         # If we are composing on the full system we return the
         # other operator with reshaped dimensions
         if qargs is None:
-            ret = copy.copy(other)
+            ret = _copy.copy(other)
             ret._op_shape = new_shape
             # Other operator might not support scalar multiplication
             # so we treat the identity as a special case to avoid a
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ class ScalarOp(LinearOp):
             other = Operator(other)
 
         if isinstance(other, ScalarOp):
-            ret = copy.copy(self)
+            ret = _copy.copy(self)
             ret._coeff = self.coeff * other.coeff
             ret._op_shape = self._op_shape.tensor(other._op_shape)
             return ret
@@ -160,7 +161,7 @@ class ScalarOp(LinearOp):
             other = Operator(other)
 
         if isinstance(other, ScalarOp):
-            ret = copy.copy(self)
+            ret = _copy.copy(self)
             ret._coeff = self.coeff * other.coeff
             ret._op_shape = self._op_shape.expand(other._op_shape)
             return ret

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/symplectic/base_pauli.py

@@ -541,75 +541,50 @@ class BasePauli(BaseOperator, AdjointMixin, MultiplyMixin):
         if qargs is None:
             qargs = list(range(self.num_qubits))
 
-        if isinstance(circuit, QuantumCircuit):
-            gate = circuit.to_instruction()
-        else:
+        if not isinstance(circuit, QuantumCircuit):
             gate = circuit
 
-        # Basis Clifford Gates
-        basis_1q = {
-            "i": _evolve_i,
-            "id": _evolve_i,
-            "iden": _evolve_i,
-            "x": _evolve_x,
-            "y": _evolve_y,
-            "z": _evolve_z,
-            "h": _evolve_h,
-            "s": _evolve_s,
-            "sdg": _evolve_sdg,
-            "sinv": _evolve_sdg,
-        }
-        basis_2q = {"cx": _evolve_cx, "cz": _evolve_cz, "cy": _evolve_cy, "swap": _evolve_swap}
-
-        # Non-Clifford gates
-        non_clifford = ["t", "tdg", "ccx", "ccz"]
-
-        if isinstance(gate, str):
-            # Check if gate is a valid Clifford basis gate string
-            if gate not in basis_1q and gate not in basis_2q:
-                raise QiskitError(f"Invalid Clifford gate name string {gate}")
-            name = gate
-        else:
-            # Assume gate is an Instruction
-            name = gate.name
-
-        # Apply gate if it is a Clifford basis gate
-        if name in non_clifford:
-            raise QiskitError(f"Cannot update Pauli with non-Clifford gate {name}")
-        if name in basis_1q:
-            if len(qargs) != 1:
-                raise QiskitError("Invalid qubits for 1-qubit gate.")
-            return basis_1q[name](self, qargs[0])
-        if name in basis_2q:
-            if len(qargs) != 2:
-                raise QiskitError("Invalid qubits for 2-qubit gate.")
-            return basis_2q[name](self, qargs[0], qargs[1])
-
-        # If not a Clifford basis gate we try to unroll the gate and
-        # raise an exception if unrolling reaches a non-Clifford gate.
-        if gate.definition is None:
-            raise QiskitError(f"Cannot apply Instruction: {gate.name}")
-        if not isinstance(gate.definition, QuantumCircuit):
-            raise QiskitError(
-                "{} instruction definition is {}; expected QuantumCircuit".format(
-                    gate.name, type(gate.definition)
+            if isinstance(gate, str):
+                # Check if gate is a valid Clifford basis gate string
+                if gate not in _basis_1q and gate not in _basis_2q:
+                    raise QiskitError(f"Invalid Clifford gate name string {gate}")
+                name = gate
+            else:
+                # Assume gate is an Instruction
+                name = gate.name
+
+            # Apply gate if it is a Clifford basis gate
+            if name in _non_clifford:
+                raise QiskitError(f"Cannot update Pauli with non-Clifford gate {name}")
+            if name in _basis_1q:
+                if len(qargs) != 1:
+                    raise QiskitError("Invalid qubits for 1-qubit gate.")
+                return _basis_1q[name](self, qargs[0])
+            if name in _basis_2q:
+                if len(qargs) != 2:
+                    raise QiskitError("Invalid qubits for 2-qubit gate.")
+                return _basis_2q[name](self, qargs[0], qargs[1])
+
+            # If not a Clifford basis gate we try to unroll the gate and
+            # raise an exception if unrolling reaches a non-Clifford gate.
+            if gate.definition is None:
+                raise QiskitError(f"Cannot apply Instruction: {gate.name}")
+            if not isinstance(gate.definition, QuantumCircuit):
+                raise QiskitError(
+                    "{} instruction definition is {}; expected QuantumCircuit".format(
+                        gate.name, type(gate.definition)
+                    )
                 )
-            )
 
-        flat_instr = gate.definition
-        bit_indices = {
-            bit: index
-            for bits in [flat_instr.qubits, flat_instr.clbits]
-            for index, bit in enumerate(bits)
-        }
+            circuit = gate.definition
 
-        for instruction in flat_instr:
+        for instruction in circuit:
             if instruction.clbits:
                 raise QiskitError(
                     f"Cannot apply Instruction with classical bits: {instruction.operation.name}"
                 )
             # Get the integer position of the flat register
-            new_qubits = [qargs[bit_indices[tup]] for tup in instruction.qubits]
+            new_qubits = [qargs[circuit.find_bit(qb)[0]] for qb in instruction.qubits]
             self._append_circuit(instruction.operation, new_qubits)
 
         # Since the individual gate evolution functions don't take mod
@@ -715,6 +690,42 @@ def _evolve_swap(base_pauli, q1, q2):
     return base_pauli
 
 
+def _evolve_ecr(base_pauli, q1, q2):
+    """Update P -> ECR.P.ECR"""
+    base_pauli = _evolve_s(base_pauli, q1)
+    base_pauli = _evolve_h(base_pauli, q2)
+    base_pauli = _evolve_s(base_pauli, q2)
+    base_pauli = _evolve_h(base_pauli, q2)
+    base_pauli = _evolve_cx(base_pauli, q1, q2)
+    base_pauli = _evolve_x(base_pauli, q1)
+    return base_pauli
+
+
 def _count_y(x, z, dtype=None):
     """Count the number of I Paulis"""
     return (x & z).sum(axis=1, dtype=dtype)
+
+
+# Basis Clifford Gates
+_basis_1q = {
+    "i": _evolve_i,
+    "id": _evolve_i,
+    "iden": _evolve_i,
+    "x": _evolve_x,
+    "y": _evolve_y,
+    "z": _evolve_z,
+    "h": _evolve_h,
+    "s": _evolve_s,
+    "sdg": _evolve_sdg,
+    "sinv": _evolve_sdg,
+}
+_basis_2q = {
+    "cx": _evolve_cx,
+    "cz": _evolve_cz,
+    "cy": _evolve_cy,
+    "swap": _evolve_swap,
+    "ecr": _evolve_ecr,
+}
+
+# Non-Clifford gates
+_non_clifford = ["t", "tdg", "ccx", "ccz"]

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/symplectic/clifford.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import functools
 import itertools
+import math
 import re
 from typing import Literal
 
@@ -36,7 +37,23 @@ from .clifford_circuits import _append_circuit, _append_operation
 
 
 class Clifford(BaseOperator, AdjointMixin, Operation):
-    """An N-qubit unitary operator from the Clifford group.
+    r"""
+    An N-qubit unitary operator from the Clifford group.
+
+    An N-qubit Clifford operator takes Paulis to Paulis via conjugation
+    (up to a global phase). More precisely, the Clifford group :math:`\mathcal{C}_N`
+    is defined as
+
+     .. math::
+
+        \mathcal{C}_N = \{ U \in U(2^N) | U \mathcal{P}_N U^{\dagger} = \mathcal{P}_N \} / U(1)
+
+     where :math:`\mathcal{P}_N` is the Pauli group on :math:`N` qubits
+     that is generated by single-qubit Pauli operators,
+     and :math:`U` is a unitary operator in the unitary group
+     :math:`U(2^N)` representing operations on :math:`N` qubits.
+     :math:`\mathcal{C}_N` is the quotient group by the subgroup of
+     scalar unitary matrices :math:`U(1)`.
 
     **Representation**
 
@@ -90,7 +107,7 @@ class Clifford(BaseOperator, AdjointMixin, Operation):
     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.SGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.SdgGate`,
     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.SXGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.SXdgGate`,
     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.CXGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.CZGate`,
-    :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.CYGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.DXGate`,
+    :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.CYGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.DCXGate`,
     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.SwapGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.iSwapGate`,
     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.ECRGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.LinearFunction`,
     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.PermutationGate`.
@@ -121,10 +138,11 @@ class Clifford(BaseOperator, AdjointMixin, Operation):
     _COMPOSE_PHASE_LOOKUP = None
     _COMPOSE_1Q_LOOKUP = None
 
-    def __array__(self, dtype=None):
-        if dtype:
-            return np.asarray(self.to_matrix(), dtype=dtype)
-        return self.to_matrix()
+    def __array__(self, dtype=None, copy=None):
+        if copy is False:
+            raise ValueError("unable to avoid copy while creating an array as requested")
+        arr = self.to_matrix()
+        return arr if dtype is None else arr.astype(dtype, copy=False)
 
     def __init__(self, data, validate=True, copy=True):
         """Initialize an operator object."""
@@ -163,8 +181,17 @@ class Clifford(BaseOperator, AdjointMixin, Operation):
 
         # Initialize StabilizerTable directly from the data
         else:
-            if isinstance(data, (list, np.ndarray)) and np.asarray(data, dtype=bool).ndim == 2:
-                data = np.array(data, dtype=bool, copy=copy)
+            if (
+                isinstance(data, (list, np.ndarray))
+                and (data_asarray := np.asarray(data, dtype=bool)).ndim == 2
+            ):
+                # This little dance is to avoid Numpy 1/2 incompatiblities between the availability
+                # and meaning of the 'copy' argument in 'array' and 'asarray', when the input needs
+                # its dtype converting.  'asarray' prefers to return 'self' if possible in both.
+                if copy and np.may_share_memory(data, data_asarray):
+                    data = data_asarray.copy()
+                else:
+                    data = data_asarray
                 if data.shape[0] == data.shape[1]:
                     self.tableau = self._stack_table_phase(
                         data, np.zeros(data.shape[0], dtype=bool)
@@ -973,7 +1000,7 @@ class Clifford(BaseOperator, AdjointMixin, Operation):
     @staticmethod
     def _unitary_matrix_to_tableau(matrix):
         # pylint: disable=invalid-name
-        num_qubits = int(np.log2(len(matrix)))
+        num_qubits = int(math.log2(len(matrix)))
 
         stab = np.empty((num_qubits, 2 * num_qubits + 1), dtype=bool)
         for i in range(num_qubits):

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/symplectic/pauli.py

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.base_pauli import BasePauli, _coun
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.clifford import Clifford
     from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.pauli_list import PauliList
+    from qiskit.transpiler.layout import TranspileLayout
 
 
 class Pauli(BasePauli):
@@ -143,13 +144,13 @@ class Pauli(BasePauli):
 
     .. code-block:: python
 
-        p = Pauli('-iXYZ')
+        P = Pauli('-iXYZ')
 
         print('P[0] =', repr(P[0]))
         print('P[1] =', repr(P[1]))
         print('P[2] =', repr(P[2]))
         print('P[:] =', repr(P[:]))
-        print('P[::-1] =, repr(P[::-1]))
+        print('P[::-1] =', repr(P[::-1]))
     """
 
     # Set the max Pauli string size before truncation
@@ -221,10 +222,11 @@ class Pauli(BasePauli):
             return front + "..."
         return self.to_label()
 
-    def __array__(self, dtype=None):
-        if dtype:
-            return np.asarray(self.to_matrix(), dtype=dtype)
-        return self.to_matrix()
+    def __array__(self, dtype=None, copy=None):
+        if copy is False:
+            raise ValueError("unable to avoid copy while creating an array as requested")
+        arr = self.to_matrix()
+        return arr if dtype is None else arr.astype(dtype, copy=False)
 
     @classmethod
     def set_truncation(cls, val: int):
@@ -697,6 +699,51 @@ class Pauli(BasePauli):
                     ret = ret.compose(next_instr, qargs=qargs)
         return ret._z, ret._x, ret._phase
 
+    def apply_layout(
+        self, layout: TranspileLayout | list[int] | None, num_qubits: int | None = None
+    ) -> Pauli:
+        """Apply a transpiler layout to this :class:`~.Pauli`
+
+        Args:
+            layout: Either a :class:`~.TranspileLayout`, a list of integers or None.
+                    If both layout and num_qubits are none, a copy of the operator is
+                    returned.
+            num_qubits: The number of qubits to expand the operator to. If not
+                provided then if ``layout`` is a :class:`~.TranspileLayout` the
+                number of the transpiler output circuit qubits will be used by
+                default. If ``layout`` is a list of integers the permutation
+                specified will be applied without any expansion. If layout is
+                None, the operator will be expanded to the given number of qubits.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new :class:`.Pauli` with the provided layout applied
+        """
+        from qiskit.transpiler.layout import TranspileLayout
+
+        if layout is None and num_qubits is None:
+            return self.copy()
+
+        n_qubits = self.num_qubits
+        if isinstance(layout, TranspileLayout):
+            n_qubits = len(layout._output_qubit_list)
+            layout = layout.final_index_layout()
+        if num_qubits is not None:
+            if num_qubits < n_qubits:
+                raise QiskitError(
+                    f"The input num_qubits is too small, a {num_qubits} qubit layout cannot be "
+                    f"applied to a {n_qubits} qubit operator"
+                )
+            n_qubits = num_qubits
+        if layout is None:
+            layout = list(range(self.num_qubits))
+        else:
+            if any(x < 0 or x >= n_qubits for x in layout):
+                raise QiskitError("Provided layout contains indices outside the number of qubits.")
+            if len(set(layout)) != len(layout):
+                raise QiskitError("Provided layout contains duplicate indices.")
+        new_op = type(self)("I" * n_qubits)
+        return new_op.compose(self, qargs=layout)
+
 
 # Update docstrings for API docs
 generate_apidocs(Pauli)

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/symplectic/pauli_list.py

@@ -148,14 +148,15 @@ class PauliList(BasePauli, LinearMixin, GroupMixin):
         """Return settings."""
         return {"data": self.to_labels()}
 
-    def __array__(self, dtype=None):
+    def __array__(self, dtype=None, copy=None):
         """Convert to numpy array"""
-        # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        if copy is False:
+            raise ValueError("cannot provide a matrix without calculation")
         shape = (len(self),) + 2 * (2**self.num_qubits,)
         ret = np.zeros(shape, dtype=complex)
         for i, mat in enumerate(self.matrix_iter()):
             ret[i] = mat
-        return ret
+        return ret if dtype is None else ret.astype(dtype, copy=False)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _from_paulis(data):
@@ -1155,23 +1156,50 @@ class PauliList(BasePauli, LinearMixin, GroupMixin):
         # results from one triangle to avoid symmetric duplications.
         return list(zip(*np.where(np.triu(adjacency_mat, k=1))))
 
-    def _create_graph(self, qubit_wise):
-        """Transform measurement operator grouping problem into graph coloring problem
+    def noncommutation_graph(self, qubit_wise: bool) -> rx.PyGraph:
+        """Create the non-commutation graph of this PauliList.
+
+        This transforms the measurement operator grouping problem into graph coloring problem. The
+        constructed graph contains one node for each Pauli. The nodes will be connecting for any two
+        Pauli terms that do _not_ commute.
 
         Args:
             qubit_wise (bool): whether the commutation rule is applied to the whole operator,
                 or on a per-qubit basis.
 
         Returns:
-            rustworkx.PyGraph: A class of undirected graphs
+            rustworkx.PyGraph: the non-commutation graph with nodes for each Pauli and edges
+                indicating a non-commutation relation. Each node will hold the index of the Pauli
+                term it corresponds to in its data. The edges of the graph hold no data.
         """
-
         edges = self._noncommutation_graph(qubit_wise)
         graph = rx.PyGraph()
         graph.add_nodes_from(range(self.size))
         graph.add_edges_from_no_data(edges)
         return graph
 
+    def _commuting_groups(self, qubit_wise: bool) -> dict[int, list[int]]:
+        """Partition a PauliList into sets of commuting Pauli strings.
+
+        This is the internal logic of the public ``PauliList.group_commuting`` method which returns
+        a mapping of colors to Pauli indices. The same logic is re-used by
+        ``SparsePauliOp.group_commuting``.
+
+        Args:
+            qubit_wise (bool): whether the commutation rule is applied to the whole operator,
+                or on a per-qubit basis.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict[int, list[int]]: Dictionary of color indices mapping to a list of Pauli indices.
+        """
+        graph = self.noncommutation_graph(qubit_wise)
+        # Keys in coloring_dict are nodes, values are colors
+        coloring_dict = rx.graph_greedy_color(graph)
+        groups = defaultdict(list)
+        for idx, color in coloring_dict.items():
+            groups[color].append(idx)
+        return groups
+
     def group_qubit_wise_commuting(self) -> list[PauliList]:
         """Partition a PauliList into sets of mutually qubit-wise commuting Pauli strings.
 
@@ -1199,11 +1227,5 @@ class PauliList(BasePauli, LinearMixin, GroupMixin):
         Returns:
             list[PauliList]: List of PauliLists where each PauliList contains commuting Pauli operators.
         """
-
-        graph = self._create_graph(qubit_wise)
-        # Keys in coloring_dict are nodes, values are colors
-        coloring_dict = rx.graph_greedy_color(graph)
-        groups = defaultdict(list)
-        for idx, color in coloring_dict.items():
-            groups[color].append(idx)
+        groups = self._commuting_groups(qubit_wise)
         return [self[group] for group in groups.values()]

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/symplectic/random.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ Random symplectic operator functions
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
+import math
 
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.random import default_rng
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ def random_pauli_list(
     z = rng.integers(2, size=(size, num_qubits)).astype(bool)
     x = rng.integers(2, size=(size, num_qubits)).astype(bool)
     if phase:
-        _phase = rng.integers(4, size=(size))
+        _phase = rng.integers(4, size=size)
         return PauliList.from_symplectic(z, x, _phase)
     return PauliList.from_symplectic(z, x)
 
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ def _sample_qmallows(n, rng=None):
         m = n - i
         eps = 4 ** (-m)
         r = rng.uniform(0, 1)
-        index = -int(np.ceil(np.log2(r + (1 - r) * eps)))
+        index = -math.ceil(math.log2(r + (1 - r) * eps))
         had[i] = index < m
         if index < m:
             k = index