py2ls 0.2.4.23__py3-none-any.whl → 0.2.4.25__py3-none-any.whl

py2ls/ml2ls.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from sklearn.ensemble import (
     BaggingClassifier,
 )
 from sklearn.svm import SVC, SVR
-from sklearn.calibration import CalibratedClassifierCV
 from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV, StratifiedKFold
 from sklearn.linear_model import (
     LassoCV,
@@ -16,12 +15,7 @@ from sklearn.linear_model import (
     RidgeClassifierCV,
     ElasticNet,
 )
-from sklearn.feature_selection import RFE
-from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB
-from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
-import xgboost as xgb  # Make sure you have xgboost installed
-
-from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split, cross_val_score
+ 
 from sklearn.metrics import (
     accuracy_score,
     precision_score,
@@ -36,18 +30,12 @@ from sklearn.metrics import (
     precision_recall_curve,
     average_precision_score,
 )
-from imblearn.over_sampling import SMOTE
-from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
-from collections import defaultdict
-from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler, OneHotEncoder
 from typing import Dict, Any, Optional, List, Union
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
 from . import ips
 from . import plot
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-import seaborn as sns
-
 plt.style.use(str(ips.get_cwd()) + "/data/styles/stylelib/paper.mplstyle")
 import logging
 import warnings
@@ -314,6 +302,8 @@ def features_svm(
                 - Use case: It’s not as widely used as the RBF or linear kernel but can be explored when there is some evidence of non-linear
                     S-shaped relationships.
     """
+    from sklearn.feature_selection import RFE
+    from sklearn.svm import SVC
     # SVM (Support Vector Machines)
     svc = SVC(kernel=rfe_params["kernel"])  # ["linear", "rbf", "poly", "sigmoid"]
     # RFE(Recursive Feature Elimination)
@@ -450,6 +440,7 @@ def validate_classifier(
     Returns:
     - results: Dictionary containing average cv_train_scores and cv_test_scores.
     """
+    from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
     cv_train_scores = {metric: [] for metric in metrics}
     skf = StratifiedKFold(n_splits=cv_folds)
     # Perform cross-validation
@@ -982,6 +973,8 @@ def validate_features(
 
     """
     from tqdm import tqdm
+    from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
+    from sklearn.calibration import CalibratedClassifierCV
 
     # Ensure common features are selected
     common_features = ips.shared(
@@ -1001,6 +994,7 @@ def validate_features(
 
     # Handle class imbalance using SMOTE
     if smote:
+        from imblearn.over_sampling import SMOTE
         if (
             y_train.value_counts(normalize=True).max() < 0.8
         ):  # Threshold to decide if data is imbalanced
@@ -2096,19 +2090,136 @@ def rank_models(
 # )
 
 # figsave("classifier_performance.pdf")
+def rank_models_reg(df, ascending=False):
+    """
+    Sorts models based on MSE, RMSE, MAE, and R² with custom priority logic.
 
+    Parameters:
+        df (pd.DataFrame): DataFrame containing the regression metrics.
+        ascending (bool): Whether to sort in ascending order of ranking score.
+
+    Returns:
+        pd.DataFrame: Sorted DataFrame with an added "Ranking_Score" column.
+    """
+    # Define weights for the 4 metrics
+    weights = {
+        "mse": -1,  # Lower is better
+        "rmse": -1,  # Lower is better
+        "mae": -1,  # Lower is better
+        "r2": 1,    # Higher is better
+    }
+
+    # Normalize the selected metrics
+    df = df.copy()  # Work on a copy of the DataFrame
+    for metric, weight in weights.items():
+        if metric in df.columns:
+            if weight > 0:  # Higher is better; normalize 0-1
+                df[metric + "_normalized"] = (df[metric] - df[metric].min()) / (
+                    df[metric].max() - df[metric].min()
+                )
+            else:  # Lower is better; reverse normalize 0-1
+                df[metric + "_normalized"] = (df[metric].max() - df[metric]) / (
+                    df[metric].max() - df[metric].min()
+                )
+
+    # Calculate ranking score as a weighted sum
+    df["Ranking_Score"] = sum(
+        df[metric + "_normalized"] * abs(weights[metric])
+        for metric in weights.keys()
+        if metric + "_normalized" in df.columns
+    )
+
+    # Sort models based on the ranking score
+    sorted_df = df.sort_values(by="Ranking_Score", ascending=ascending)
+    return sorted_df
+
+models_support = {
+    "classification": {
+        "Random Forest": "Tree-Based",
+        "SVM": "Kernel-Based",
+        "Logistic Regression": "Linear",
+        "Lasso Logistic Regression": "Linear",
+        "Gradient Boosting": "Tree-Based",
+        "XGBoost": "Tree-Based",
+        "KNN": "Instance-Based",
+        "Naive Bayes": "Probabilistic",
+        "Linear Discriminant Analysis": "Linear",
+        "AdaBoost": "Tree-Based",
+        "CatBoost": "Tree-Based",
+        "Extra Trees": "Tree-Based",
+        "Bagging": "Tree-Based",
+        "Neural Network": "Neural Network",
+        "DecisionTree": "Tree-Based",
+        "Quadratic Discriminant Analysis": "Probabilistic",
+        "Ridge": "Linear",
+        "Perceptron": "Linear",
+        "Bernoulli Naive Bayes": "Probabilistic",
+        "SGDClassifier": "Linear",
+    },
+    "regression": {
+        "Linear Regression": "Linear",
+        "Ridge": "Linear",
+        "RidgeCV": "Linear",
+        "TheilSenRegressor": "Linear",
+        "HuberRegressor": "Linear",
+        "PoissonRegressor": "Linear",
+        "LassoCV": "Linear",
+        "Bagging": "Tree-Based",
+        "ElasticNet": "Linear",
+        "Random Forest": "Tree-Based",
+        "Gradient Boosting": "Tree-Based",
+        "XGBoost": "Tree-Based",
+        "CatBoost": "Tree-Based",
+        "Extra Trees": "Tree-Based",
+        "SVM": "Kernel-Based",
+        "KNN": "Instance-Based",
+        "Neural Network": "Neural Network",
+        "AdaBoost": "Linear",
+    },
+}
+def select_top_models(models, categories, n_top_models, n_models_per_category=1):
+    """
+    models = list_sort
+    purpose = "regression"
+    categories = models_support[purpose]
+    n_top_models = 3
+    select_top_models(models, categories, n_top_models)
+    """
+    selected = {}
+    result = []
+    for model in models:
+        category = categories.get(model, "Unknown")
+        if category not in selected:
+            selected[category] = 0  # Initialize counter for the category
+        
+        if selected[category] < n_models_per_category:  # Allow additional models up to the limit
+            selected[category] += 1
+            result.append(model)
+        
+        if len(result) == n_top_models:  # Stop when the desired number of models is reached
+            break
+    
+    return result
 
 def predict(
     x_train: pd.DataFrame,
     y_train: pd.Series,
     x_true: pd.DataFrame = None,
     y_true: Optional[pd.Series] = None,
+    fill_missing:bool = True, 
+    scaler:str='standard',# ["standard", "minmax", "robust","maxabs"]
     backward: bool = False,  # backward_regression
+    backward_thr:float = 0.05,# pval thr,only works when backward is True
     common_features: set = None,
     purpose: str = "classification",  # 'classification' or 'regression'
     cls: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
     metrics: Optional[List[str]] = None,
-    random_state: int = 1,
+    stack:bool=True,# run stacking
+    stacking_cv:bool=False,# stacking cross_validate, default(False),keep it simple
+    vote:bool=True,# run voting
+    voting:str="hard", # only for classification purporse of voting
+    n_top_models:int=5, #for stacking models
+    n_models_per_category:int=1, #for stacking models,可以允许同一个类别2种模型
     smote: bool = False,
     n_jobs: int = -1,
     plot_: bool = True,
@@ -2117,6 +2228,7 @@ def predict(
     cv_folds: int = 5,  # more cv_folds 得更加稳定,auc可能更低
     cv_level: str = "l",  # "s":'low',"m":'medium',"l":"high"
     class_weight: str = "balanced",
+    random_state: int = 1,
     verbose: bool = False,
 ) -> pd.DataFrame:
     """
@@ -2184,10 +2296,17 @@ def predict(
         RidgeClassifierCV,
         Perceptron,
         SGDClassifier,
+        RidgeCV,
+        Ridge,
+        TheilSenRegressor,
+        HuberRegressor,
+        PoissonRegressor,
+        
     )
+    from sklearn.compose import TransformedTargetRegressor
     from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier, KNeighborsRegressor
     from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB, BernoulliNB
-    from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingClassifier, GradientBoostingRegressor
+    from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingClassifier, GradientBoostingRegressor,StackingClassifier,StackingRegressor
     import xgboost as xgb
     import lightgbm as lgb
     import catboost as cb
@@ -2198,6 +2317,7 @@ def predict(
         QuadraticDiscriminantAnalysis,
     )
     from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
+    from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
 
     # 拼写检查
     purpose = ips.strcmp(purpose, ["classification", "regression"])[0]
@@ -2206,7 +2326,7 @@ def predict(
     if purpose == "classification":
         model_ = {
             "Random Forest": RandomForestClassifier(
-                random_state=random_state, class_weight=class_weight
+                random_state=random_state, class_weight=class_weight,n_jobs=n_jobs
             ),
             # SVC (Support Vector Classification)
             "SVM": SVC(
@@ -2217,7 +2337,7 @@ def predict(
             ),
             # fit the best model without enforcing sparsity, which means it does not directly perform feature selection.
             "Logistic Regression": LogisticRegression(
-                class_weight=class_weight, random_state=random_state
+                class_weight=class_weight, random_state=random_state,n_jobs=n_jobs
             ),
             # Logistic Regression with L1 Regularization (Lasso)
             "Lasso Logistic Regression": LogisticRegression(
@@ -2228,53 +2348,54 @@ def predict(
                 eval_metric="logloss",
                 random_state=random_state,
             ),
-            "KNN": KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5),
+            "KNN": KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5,n_jobs=n_jobs),
             "Naive Bayes": GaussianNB(),
             "Linear Discriminant Analysis": LinearDiscriminantAnalysis(),
             "AdaBoost": AdaBoostClassifier(
                 algorithm="SAMME", random_state=random_state
             ),
-            # "LightGBM": lgb.LGBMClassifier(random_state=random_state, class_weight=class_weight),
+            "LightGBM": lgb.LGBMClassifier(random_state=random_state, class_weight=class_weight,n_jobs=n_jobs),
             "CatBoost": cb.CatBoostClassifier(verbose=0, random_state=random_state),
             "Extra Trees": ExtraTreesClassifier(
-                random_state=random_state, class_weight=class_weight
+                random_state=random_state, class_weight=class_weight,n_jobs=n_jobs
             ),
-            "Bagging": BaggingClassifier(random_state=random_state),
+            "Bagging": BaggingClassifier(random_state=random_state,n_jobs=n_jobs),
             "Neural Network": MLPClassifier(max_iter=500, random_state=random_state),
             "DecisionTree": DecisionTreeClassifier(),
             "Quadratic Discriminant Analysis": QuadraticDiscriminantAnalysis(),
             "Ridge": RidgeClassifierCV(
                 class_weight=class_weight, store_cv_results=True
             ),
-            "Perceptron": Perceptron(random_state=random_state),
+            "Perceptron": Perceptron(random_state=random_state,n_jobs=n_jobs),
             "Bernoulli Naive Bayes": BernoulliNB(),
-            "SGDClassifier": SGDClassifier(random_state=random_state),
+            "SGDClassifier": SGDClassifier(random_state=random_state,n_jobs=n_jobs),
         }
     elif purpose == "regression":
         model_ = {
-            "Random Forest": RandomForestRegressor(random_state=random_state),
+            "Random Forest": RandomForestRegressor(random_state=random_state,n_jobs=n_jobs),
             "SVM": SVR(),  # SVR (Support Vector Regression)
             # "Lasso": Lasso(random_state=random_state), # 它和LassoCV相同(必须要提供alpha参数),
             "LassoCV": LassoCV(
-                cv=cv_folds, random_state=random_state
+                cv=cv_folds, random_state=random_state,n_jobs=n_jobs
             ),  # LassoCV自动找出最适alpha,优于Lasso
             "Gradient Boosting": GradientBoostingRegressor(random_state=random_state),
-            "XGBoost": xgb.XGBRegressor(eval_metric="rmse", random_state=random_state),
-            "Linear Regression": LinearRegression(),
-            "Lasso": Lasso(random_state=random_state),
+            "XGBoost": xgb.XGBRegressor(eval_metric="rmse", random_state=random_state,n_jobs=n_jobs),
+            "Linear Regression": LinearRegression(n_jobs=n_jobs),
             "AdaBoost": AdaBoostRegressor(random_state=random_state),
-            # "LightGBM": lgb.LGBMRegressor(random_state=random_state),
+            "LightGBM": lgb.LGBMRegressor(random_state=random_state,n_jobs=n_jobs,                                                    
+                                          force_row_wise=True  # Or use force_col_wise=True if memory is a concern
+                                            ),
             "CatBoost": cb.CatBoostRegressor(verbose=0, random_state=random_state),
-            "Extra Trees": ExtraTreesRegressor(random_state=random_state),
-            "Bagging": BaggingRegressor(random_state=random_state),
+            "Extra Trees": ExtraTreesRegressor(random_state=random_state,n_jobs=n_jobs),
+            "Bagging": BaggingRegressor(random_state=random_state,n_jobs=n_jobs),
             "Neural Network": MLPRegressor(max_iter=500, random_state=random_state),
             "ElasticNet": ElasticNet(random_state=random_state),
             "Ridge": Ridge(),
-            "KNN": KNeighborsRegressor(),
+            "KNN": KNeighborsRegressor(n_jobs=n_jobs),
+            "TheilSen":TheilSenRegressor(n_jobs=n_jobs),
+            "Huber":HuberRegressor(),
+            "Poisson":PoissonRegressor()
         }
-    # indicate cls:
-    if ips.run_once_within(30):  # 10 min
-        print(f"supported models: {list(model_.keys())}")
     if cls is None:
         models = model_
     else:
@@ -2290,6 +2411,10 @@ def predict(
             ips.df_special_characters_cleaner(x_true) if x_true is not None else None
         )
 
+    # indicate cls:
+    if ips.run_once_within(30):  # 10 min
+        print(f"processing: {list(models.keys())}")
+    print(isinstance(y_train, str) and y_train in x_train.columns)
     if isinstance(y_train, str) and y_train in x_train.columns:
         y_train_col_name = y_train
         y_train = x_train[y_train]
@@ -2297,6 +2422,7 @@ def predict(
         x_train = x_train.drop(y_train_col_name, axis=1)
     # else:
     #     y_train = ips.df_encoder(pd.DataFrame(y_train), method="dummy").values.ravel()
+
     y_train = pd.DataFrame(y_train)
     if y_train.select_dtypes(include=np.number).empty:
         y_train_ = ips.df_encoder(y_train, method="dummy", drop=None)
@@ -2309,9 +2435,12 @@ def predict(
         y_train = ips.df_encoder(pd.DataFrame(y_train), method="label")
     print("is_binary:", is_binary)
 
+    if fill_missing:
+        ips.df_fillna(data=x_train, method="knn", inplace=True, axis=0)
+        ips.df_fillna(data=y_train, method="knn", inplace=True, axis=0)
     # Perform backward feature selection
     if backward:
-        selected_features = backward_regression(x_train, y_train, threshold_out=0.05)
+        selected_features = backward_regression(x_train, y_train, thr=backward_thr)
         x_train = x_train[selected_features]
 
     if x_true is None:
@@ -2337,6 +2466,8 @@ def predict(
                 pd.DataFrame(y_train), method="label"
             ).values.ravel()
 
+    if fill_missing:
+        ips.df_fillna(data=x_true, method="knn", inplace=True, axis=0)
     if y_true is not None:
         if isinstance(y_true, str) and y_true in x_true.columns:
             y_true_col_name = y_true
@@ -2369,11 +2500,16 @@ def predict(
     # Ensure common features are selected
     if common_features is not None:
         x_train, x_true = x_train[common_features], x_true[common_features]
+        share_col_names=common_features
     else:
         share_col_names = ips.shared(x_train.columns, x_true.columns, verbose=verbose)
         x_train, x_true = x_train[share_col_names], x_true[share_col_names]
 
-    x_train, x_true = ips.df_scaler(x_train), ips.df_scaler(x_true)
+    #! scaler 
+    # scaler and fit x_train and export scaler to fit the x_true
+    x_train,scaler_=ips.df_scaler(x_train,method=scaler,return_scaler=True)
+    # 
+    x_true=ips.df_scaler(x_true,scaler=scaler_)# make sure 用于同一个scaler
     x_train, x_true = ips.df_encoder(x_train, method="dummy"), ips.df_encoder(
         x_true, method="dummy"
     )
@@ -2395,7 +2531,19 @@ def predict(
             if isinstance(y_train, np.ndarray):
                 y_true = ips.df_encoder(data=pd.DataFrame(y_true), method="label")
                 y_true = np.asarray(y_true)
+
     # Hyperparameter grids for tuning
+    param_grid_common_xgb = {
+                'learning_rate': [0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3],
+                'max_depth': [3, 5, 7, 10],
+                'n_estimators': [50, 100, 200, 300],
+                'subsample': [0.6, 0.8, 1.0],
+                'colsample_bytree': [0.6, 0.8, 1.0],
+                'gamma': [0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5],
+                'min_child_weight': [1, 5, 10],
+                'reg_alpha': [0, 0.1, 0.5, 1],  # L1 regularization term
+                'reg_lambda': [1, 1.5, 2],  # L2 regularization term
+                }
     if cv_level in ["low", "simple", "s", "l"]:
         param_grids = {
             "Random Forest": (
@@ -2440,12 +2588,17 @@ def predict(
                 "min_samples_split": [2],
                 "subsample": [0.8],
             },
-            "XGBoost": {
-                "n_estimators": [100],
-                "max_depth": [3],
-                "learning_rate": [0.1],
-                "subsample": [0.8],
-                "colsample_bytree": [0.8],
+            "XGBoost":{
+                'learning_rate': [0.01],
+                'max_depth': [3],
+                'n_estimators': [50],
+                'subsample': [0.6],
+                'colsample_bytree': [0.6],
+                'gamma': [0, 0.1],
+                'min_child_weight': [1],
+                'reg_alpha': [0, 0.1], 
+                'reg_lambda': [1], 
+                'objective': ['binary:logistic'] if purpose == "classification" else ['reg:squarederror']
             },
             "KNN": (
                 {
@@ -2552,6 +2705,14 @@ def predict(
                 "random_state": [random_state],
                 "learning_rate": ["constant"],
             },
+            "TheilSen":{'max_iter': [100],
+                        'tol': [1e-4],
+                        'n_subsamples': [100+x_train.shape[1]]},
+            "Huber":{'epsilon': [1.35],
+                        'alpha': [0.1],
+                        'max_iter': [100],},
+            "Poisson":{'alpha': [0.1],
+                        'max_iter': [100],}
         }
     elif cv_level in ["high", "advanced", "h"]:
         param_grids = {
@@ -2613,12 +2774,30 @@ def predict(
                 "subsample": [0.8, 1.0],
             },
             "XGBoost": {
-                "n_estimators": [100, 200, 500, 700],
-                "max_depth": [3, 5, 7, 10],
-                "learning_rate": [0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3],
-                "subsample": [0.8, 1.0],
-                "colsample_bytree": [0.8, 0.9, 1.0],
-            },
+                'learning_rate': [0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3],
+                'max_depth': [3, 5, 7, 10],
+                'n_estimators': [50, 100, 200, 300],
+                'subsample': [0.6, 0.8, 1.0],
+                'gamma': [0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5],
+                'min_child_weight': [1, 5, 10],
+                'reg_alpha': [0, 0.1, 0.5, 1], 
+                'reg_lambda': [1, 1.5, 2], 
+                **{
+                'objective': ['binary:logistic', 'multi:softmax', 'multi:softprob'],
+                }} if purpose== "classification" 
+            else{
+                'learning_rate': [0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3],
+                'max_depth': [3, 5, 7, 10],
+                'n_estimators': [50, 100, 200, 300],
+                'subsample': [0.6, 0.8, 1.0],
+                'colsample_bytree': [0.6, 0.8, 1.0],
+                'gamma': [0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5],
+                'min_child_weight': [1, 5, 10],
+                'reg_alpha': [0, 0.1, 0.5, 1], 
+                'reg_lambda': [1, 1.5, 2], 
+                 **{
+                    'objective': ['reg:squarederror', 'reg:squaredlogerror', 'reg:gamma'],
+                }},
             "KNN": (
                 {
                     "n_neighbors": [1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20],
@@ -2731,6 +2910,14 @@ def predict(
                     ],  # If True, the regressors X will be normalized
                 }
             ),
+            "TheilSen":{'max_iter': [100, 200, 300],
+                        'tol': [1e-4, 1e-3, 1e-2],
+                        'n_subsamples': [100+x_train.shape[1], 200+x_train.shape[1], 300+x_train.shape[1]]},
+            "Huber":{'epsilon': [1.35, 1.5, 2.0],
+                        'alpha': [0.1, 1.0, 10.0],
+                        'max_iter': [100, 200, 300],},
+            "Poisson":{'alpha': [0.1, 1.0, 10.0],
+                        'max_iter': [100, 200, 300],}
         }
     else:  # median level
         param_grids = {
@@ -2790,12 +2977,30 @@ def predict(
                 "subsample": [0.8, 1.0],
             },
             "XGBoost": {
-                "n_estimators": [100, 200, 500],
-                "max_depth": [3, 5, 7],
-                "learning_rate": [0.01, 0.1, 0.2],
-                "subsample": [0.8, 1.0],
-                "colsample_bytree": [0.8, 1.0],
-            },
+                'learning_rate': [0.01, 0.1],
+                'max_depth': [3, 5],
+                'n_estimators': [50, 100],
+                'subsample': [0.6, 0.8],
+                'gamma': [0, 0.1],
+                'min_child_weight': [1, 5],
+                'reg_alpha': [0, 0.1], 
+                'reg_lambda': [1,], 
+                **{
+                'objective': ['binary:logistic', 'multi:softmax'],
+                }} if purpose== "classification" 
+                else{
+                    'learning_rate': [0.01, 0.1],
+                    'max_depth': [3, 5,],
+                    'n_estimators': [50, 100],
+                    'subsample': [0.6, 0.8],
+                    'colsample_bytree': [0.6, 0.8],
+                    'gamma': [0, 0.1],
+                    'min_child_weight': [1, 5],
+                    'reg_alpha': [0, 0.1], 
+                    'reg_lambda': [1, 1.5], 
+                    **{
+                        'objective': ['reg:squarederror', 'reg:squaredlogerror'],
+                    }},
             "KNN": (
                 {
                     "n_neighbors": [3, 5, 7, 10],
@@ -2952,6 +3157,14 @@ def predict(
                     ],  # Solver for optimization
                 }
             ),
+            "TheilSen":{'max_iter': [100, 200],
+                        'tol': [1e-4, 1e-3],
+                        'n_subsamples': [100+x_train.shape[1], 200+x_train.shape[1]]},
+            "Huber":{'epsilon': [1.35, 1.5],
+                        'alpha': [0.1, 1.0],
+                        'max_iter': [100, 200],},
+            "Poisson":{'alpha': [0.1, 1.0],
+                        'max_iter': [100, 200],}
         }
 
     results = {}
@@ -2971,83 +3184,124 @@ def predict(
     ):
         if verbose:
             print(f"\nTraining and validating {name}:")
-
-        # Grid search with KFold or StratifiedKFold
-        if is_binary:
-            gs = GridSearchCV(
-                clf,
-                param_grid=param_grids.get(name, {}),
-                scoring=(
-                    "roc_auc"
-                    if purpose == "classification"
-                    else "neg_mean_squared_error"
-                ),
-                cv=cv,
-                n_jobs=n_jobs,
-                verbose=verbose,
-            )
-
-            gs.fit(x_train, y_train)
-            best_clf = gs.best_estimator_
-            # make sure x_train and x_test has the same name
-            x_true = x_true.reindex(columns=x_train.columns, fill_value=0)
-            y_pred = best_clf.predict(x_true)
-            if hasattr(best_clf, "predict_proba"):
-                y_pred_proba = best_clf.predict_proba(x_true)
-                print("Shape of predicted probabilities:", y_pred_proba.shape)
-                if y_pred_proba.shape[1] == 1:
-                    y_pred_proba = np.hstack(
-                        [1 - y_pred_proba, y_pred_proba]
-                    )  # Add missing class probabilities
-                y_pred_proba = y_pred_proba[:, 1]
-            elif hasattr(best_clf, "decision_function"):
-                # If predict_proba is not available, use decision_function (e.g., for SVM)
-                y_pred_proba = best_clf.decision_function(x_true)
-                # Ensure y_pred_proba is within 0 and 1 bounds
-                y_pred_proba = (y_pred_proba - y_pred_proba.min()) / (
-                    y_pred_proba.max() - y_pred_proba.min()
+        try:
+            # Grid search with KFold or StratifiedKFold
+            if is_binary:
+                gs = GridSearchCV(
+                    clf,
+                    param_grid=param_grids.get(name, {}),
+                    scoring=(
+                        "roc_auc"
+                        if purpose == "classification"
+                        else "neg_mean_squared_error"
+                    ),
+                    cv=cv,
+                    n_jobs=n_jobs,
+                    verbose=verbose,
                 )
-            else:
-                y_pred_proba = None  # No probability output for certain models
-        else:
-            gs = GridSearchCV(
-                clf,
-                param_grid=param_grids.get(name, {}),
-                scoring=(
-                    "roc_auc_ovr"
-                    if purpose == "classification"
-                    else "neg_mean_squared_error"
-                ),
-                cv=cv,
-                n_jobs=n_jobs,
-                verbose=verbose,
-            )
-
-            # Fit GridSearchCV
-            gs.fit(x_train, y_train)
-            best_clf = gs.best_estimator_
-
-            # Ensure x_true aligns with x_train columns
-            x_true = x_true.reindex(columns=x_train.columns, fill_value=0)
-            y_pred = best_clf.predict(x_true)
-
-            # Handle prediction probabilities for multiclass
-            if hasattr(best_clf, "predict_proba"):
-                y_pred_proba = best_clf.predict_proba(x_true)
-            elif hasattr(best_clf, "decision_function"):
-                y_pred_proba = best_clf.decision_function(x_true)
 
-                # Normalize for multiclass if necessary
-                if y_pred_proba.ndim == 2:
-                    y_pred_proba = (
-                        y_pred_proba - y_pred_proba.min(axis=1, keepdims=True)
-                    ) / (
-                        y_pred_proba.max(axis=1, keepdims=True)
-                        - y_pred_proba.min(axis=1, keepdims=True)
+                gs.fit(x_train, y_train)
+                best_clf = gs.best_estimator_
+                # make sure x_train and x_test has the same name
+                x_true = x_true.reindex(columns=x_train.columns, fill_value=0)
+                y_pred = best_clf.predict(x_true)
+                if hasattr(best_clf, "predict_proba"):
+                    y_pred_proba = best_clf.predict_proba(x_true)
+                    print("Shape of predicted probabilities:", y_pred_proba.shape)
+                    if y_pred_proba.shape[1] == 1:
+                        y_pred_proba = np.hstack(
+                            [1 - y_pred_proba, y_pred_proba]
+                        )  # Add missing class probabilities
+                    y_pred_proba = y_pred_proba[:, 1]
+                elif hasattr(best_clf, "decision_function"):
+                    # If predict_proba is not available, use decision_function (e.g., for SVM)
+                    y_pred_proba = best_clf.decision_function(x_true)
+                    # Ensure y_pred_proba is within 0 and 1 bounds
+                    y_pred_proba = (y_pred_proba - y_pred_proba.min()) / (
+                        y_pred_proba.max() - y_pred_proba.min()
                     )
+                else:
+                    y_pred_proba = None  # No probability output for certain models
+                # Access alphas if applicable (e.g., ElasticNetCV, LassoCV)
+                if hasattr(best_clf, "alphas_") or hasattr(best_clf, "Cs_"):
+                    if hasattr(best_clf, "alphas_"):
+                        alphas_ = best_clf.alphas_
+                    elif hasattr(best_clf, "alpha_"):
+                        alphas_ = best_clf.alpha_
+                    elif hasattr(best_clf, "Cs_"):
+                        alphas_ = best_clf.Cs_
+                else: 
+                    alphas_= None
+                coef_ = best_clf.coef_ if hasattr(best_clf, "coef_") else None 
             else:
-                y_pred_proba = None  # No probability output for certain models
+                gs = GridSearchCV(
+                    clf,
+                    param_grid=param_grids.get(name, {}),
+                    scoring=(
+                        "roc_auc_ovr"
+                        if purpose == "classification"
+                        else "neg_mean_squared_error"
+                    ),
+                    cv=cv,
+                    n_jobs=n_jobs,
+                    verbose=verbose,
+                )
 
+                # Fit GridSearchCV
+                gs.fit(x_train, y_train)
+                best_clf = gs.best_estimator_
+
+                # Ensure x_true aligns with x_train columns
+                x_true = x_true.reindex(columns=x_train.columns, fill_value=0)
+
+                # do i need to fit the x_train, y_train again? 
+                best_clf=best_clf.fit(x_train, y_train)
+                y_pred = best_clf.predict(x_true)
+
+                # Handle prediction probabilities for multiclass
+                if hasattr(best_clf, "predict_proba"):
+                    y_pred_proba = best_clf.predict_proba(x_true)
+                elif hasattr(best_clf, "decision_function"):
+                    y_pred_proba = best_clf.decision_function(x_true)
+
+                    # Normalize for multiclass if necessary
+                    if y_pred_proba.ndim == 2:
+                        y_pred_proba = (
+                            y_pred_proba - y_pred_proba.min(axis=1, keepdims=True)
+                        ) / (
+                            y_pred_proba.max(axis=1, keepdims=True)
+                            - y_pred_proba.min(axis=1, keepdims=True)
+                        )
+                else:
+                    y_pred_proba = None  # No probability output for certain models
+                # Access alphas if applicable (e.g., ElasticNetCV, LassoCV)
+                if hasattr(best_clf, "alphas_") or hasattr(best_clf, "Cs_"):
+                    if hasattr(best_clf, "alphas_"):
+                        alphas_ = best_clf.alphas_
+                    elif hasattr(best_clf, "alpha_"):
+                        alphas_ = best_clf.alpha_
+                    elif hasattr(best_clf, "Cs_"):
+                        alphas_ = best_clf.Cs_
+                else: 
+                    alphas_= None
+                coef_ = best_clf.coef_ if hasattr(best_clf, "coef_") else None 
+        except Exception as e:
+            alphas_,coef_ = None,None
+            print(f"skiped {clf}: {e}")
+            continue
+        # try to make predict format consistant
+        try:
+           y_pred= [i[0] for i in y_pred]
+        except:
+            pass
+        try:
+           y_true= [i[0] for i in y_true]
+        except:
+            pass
+        try:
+           y_train= [i[0] for i in y_train]
+        except:
+            pass
         validation_scores = {}
 
         if y_true is not None and y_pred_proba is not None:
@@ -3097,20 +3351,26 @@ def predict(
                         "roc_curve": roc_info,
                         "pr_curve": pr_info,
                         "confusion_matrix": confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred),
-                        "predictions": y_pred.tolist(),
+                        "predictions": y_pred,#.tolist(),
                         "predictions_proba": (
                             y_pred_proba.tolist() if y_pred_proba is not None else None
                         ),
+                        "features":share_col_names,
+                        "coef":coef_,
+                        "alphas":alphas_
                     }
                 else:  # "regression"
                     results[name] = {
                         "best_clf": gs.best_estimator_,
                         "best_params": gs.best_params_,
                         "scores": validation_scores,  # e.g., neg_MSE, R², etc.
-                        "predictions": y_pred.tolist(),
+                        "predictions": y_pred,#.tolist(),
                         "predictions_proba": (
                             y_pred_proba.tolist() if y_pred_proba is not None else None
                         ),
+                        "features":share_col_names,
+                        "coef":coef_,
+                        "alphas":alphas_
                     }
             else:  # multi-classes
                 if y_pred_proba is not None:
@@ -3149,20 +3409,26 @@ def predict(
                         "roc_curve": roc_info,
                         "pr_curve": pr_info,
                         "confusion_matrix": confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred),
-                        "predictions": y_pred.tolist(),
+                        "predictions": y_pred,#.tolist(),
                         "predictions_proba": (
                             y_pred_proba.tolist() if y_pred_proba is not None else None
                         ),
+                        "features":share_col_names,
+                        "coef":coef_,
+                        "alphas":alphas_
                     }
                 else:  # "regression"
                     results[name] = {
                         "best_clf": gs.best_estimator_,
                         "best_params": gs.best_params_,
                         "scores": validation_scores,  # e.g., neg_MSE, R², etc.
-                        "predictions": y_pred.tolist(),
+                        "predictions": y_pred,#.tolist(),
                         "predictions_proba": (
                             y_pred_proba.tolist() if y_pred_proba is not None else None
                         ),
+                        "features":share_col_names,
+                        "coef":coef_,
+                        "alphas":alphas_
                     }
 
         else:
@@ -3181,23 +3447,32 @@ def predict(
                 "best_clf": gs.best_estimator_,
                 "best_params": gs.best_params_,
                 "scores": validation_scores,
-                "predictions": y_pred.tolist(),
+                "predictions": y_pred,#.tolist(),
                 "predictions_proba": (
                     y_pred_proba.tolist() if y_pred_proba is not None else None
                 ),
+                "features":share_col_names,
                 "y_train": y_train if y_train is not None else [],
                 "y_true": y_true if y_true is not None else [],
+                "coef":coef_,
+                "alphas":alphas_
             }
 
     # Convert results to DataFrame
     df_results = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(results, orient="index")
     # sort
-    if y_true is not None and purpose == "classification":
-        df_scores = pd.DataFrame(
-            df_results["scores"].tolist(), index=df_results["scores"].index
-        ).sort_values(by="roc_auc", ascending=False)
+    if y_true is not None:
+        if purpose == "classification":
+            df_scores = pd.DataFrame(
+                df_results["scores"].tolist(), index=df_results["scores"].index
+            ).sort_values(by="roc_auc", ascending=False)
+        elif purpose=='regression':
+            df_scores = rank_models_reg(
+            pd.DataFrame(df_results["scores"].tolist(), index=df_results["scores"].index),
+            ascending=False)
         df_results = df_results.loc[df_scores.index]
 
+    if y_true is not None and purpose == "classification":
         if plot_:
             from datetime import datetime
 
@@ -3215,18 +3490,565 @@ def predict(
                 plot.figsets(xangle=30)
                 if dir_save:
                     ips.figsave(dir_save + f"scores_clus{now_}.pdf")
+    # if all([plot_, y_true is not None, purpose == "classification"]):
+    #     # try:
+    #     if len(models) > 3:
+    #         plot_validate_features(df_results, is_binary=is_binary)
+    #     else:
+    #         plot_validate_features_single(df_results, is_binary=is_binary)
+    #     if dir_save:
+    #         ips.figsave(dir_save + f"validate_features{now_}.pdf")
+    #     # except Exception as e:
+    #     #     print(f"Error: 在画图的过程中出现了问题:{e}")
+    if stack:
+        #! stacking classifier/regressor
+        from sklearn.metrics import make_scorer, accuracy_score
+        from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
+        
+        #* n_top_models防止超过index
+        n_top_models = min(n_top_models, df_results.shape[0])
+        
+        #* 选择出排名靠前的n个, estimators
+        models_selecte = select_top_models(models=list(df_results.index), 
+                                        categories=models_support[purpose], 
+                                        n_top_models=n_top_models,
+                                        n_models_per_category=n_models_per_category)
+        top_models = df_results.loc[models_selecte]["best_clf"]
+        base_estimators = []
+        for i, j in top_models.to_dict().items():
+            base_estimators.append((i, j))
+        if stacking_cv:
+            print(f"⤵ stacking_cv is processing...")  
+            #* 定义几个象征性的final_estimator
+            # 备选的几种
+            if purpose == "classification":
+                kadt_estimators=["XGBoost","SVM","Logistic Regression","Neural Network"]
+            else:
+                kadt_estimators=["XGBoost","LassoCV"]
+            final_estimators={}
+            for name in kadt_estimators:
+                param_grid=param_grids.get(name, {})
+                print(param_grid)
+                if is_binary:
+                    gs = GridSearchCV(
+                        model_[name],
+                        param_grid=param_grid,
+                        scoring=(
+                            "roc_auc"
+                            if purpose == "classification"
+                            else "neg_mean_squared_error"
+                        ),
+                        cv=cv,
+                        n_jobs=n_jobs,
+                        verbose=verbose,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    gs = GridSearchCV(
+                        model_[name],
+                        param_grid=param_grid,
+                        scoring=(
+                            "roc_auc_ovr"
+                            if purpose == "classification"
+                            else "neg_mean_squared_error"
+                        ),
+                        cv=cv,
+                        n_jobs=n_jobs,
+                        verbose=verbose,
+                    )
+                # Fit GridSearchCV 
+                gs.fit(x_train, y_train) 
+                final_estimators[name]=gs.best_estimator_
+    
+            #* Set up cross-validation and performance evaluation
+            scorer = make_scorer(accuracy_score) 
+            cv_results = []
+
+            #*Cross-validate stacking models with different final estimators
+            for final_name, final_estimator in final_estimators.items():
+                print(f"Evaluating Stacking Classifier with {final_name} as final estimator...")
+                if purpose == "classification":
+                    stacking_model = StackingClassifier(estimators=base_estimators, final_estimator=final_estimator,cv=cv)
+                else:
+                    stacking_model = StackingRegressor(estimators=base_estimators, final_estimator=final_estimator, cv=cv)
+            
+                scores = cross_val_score(stacking_model, x_train, y_train, cv=StratifiedKFold(n_splits=cv_folds, shuffle=True, random_state=random_state), scoring=scorer)
+                
+                # Store the result
+                cv_results.append({
+                    'final_estimator':final_estimator,
+                    'Final Estimator': final_name,
+                    'Mean Accuracy': np.mean(scores),
+                    'Standard Deviation': np.std(scores)
+                })
+
+            #* Convert the results into a DataFrame for easy comparison
+            cv_results_df = pd.DataFrame(cv_results)
+
+            #* Sort and display the best model
+            cv_results_df = cv_results_df.sort_values(by='Mean Accuracy', ascending=False)
+
+
+            # Optionally: Select the final estimator that gives the best performance
+            best_final_estimator = cv_results_df.iloc[0]['final_estimator']
+            print(f"Best final estimator based on cross-validation: {best_final_estimator}")
+        else:
+            print(f"⤵ trying to find the best_final_estimator for stacking...")  
+            if purpose=="classification":
+                best_final_estimator = LogisticRegression(class_weight=class_weight, 
+                                                        random_state=random_state,
+                                                        max_iter=1000)
+            else:
+                best_final_estimator = RidgeCV(cv=5)
+        print(f"⤵ the best best_final_estimator: {best_final_estimator}")
+        #! apply stacking
+        if purpose == "classification":
+            print(f"⤵ StackingClassifier...")  
+            stacking_model = StackingClassifier(estimators=base_estimators, 
+                                                final_estimator=best_final_estimator,
+                                                cv=cv)
+        else:
+            print(f"⤵ StackingRegressor...")  
+            stacking_model = StackingRegressor(estimators=base_estimators, 
+                                            final_estimator=best_final_estimator,
+                                            cv=cv)
+
+        # Train the Stacking Classifier
+        print(f"⤵ fit & predict...")
+        stacking_model.fit(x_train, y_train)
+        y_pred_final = stacking_model.predict(x_true)
+        print(f"⤵ collecting results...")
+        # pred_proba
+        if is_binary:
+            if hasattr(stacking_model, "predict_proba"):
+                y_pred_proba_final = stacking_model.predict_proba(x_true)
+                if y_pred_proba_final.shape[1] == 1:
+                    y_pred_proba_final = np.hstack(
+                        [1 - y_pred_proba_final, y_pred_proba_final]
+                    )  # Add missing class probabilities
+                y_pred_proba_final = y_pred_proba_final[:, 1]
+            elif hasattr(stacking_model, "decision_function"):
+                # If predict_proba is not available, use decision_function (e.g., for SVM)
+                y_pred_proba_final = stacking_model.decision_function(x_true)
+                # Ensure y_pred_proba_final is within 0 and 1 bounds
+                y_pred_proba_final = (y_pred_proba_final - y_pred_proba_final.min()) / (
+                    y_pred_proba_final.max() - y_pred_proba_final.min()
+                )
+            else:
+                y_pred_proba_final = None  # No probability output for certain models
+            # Access alphas if applicable (e.g., ElasticNetCV, LassoCV)
+            if hasattr(best_clf, "alphas_") or hasattr(best_clf, "Cs_"):
+                if hasattr(best_clf, "alphas_"):
+                    alphas_ = best_clf.alphas_
+                elif hasattr(best_clf, "alpha_"):
+                    alphas_ = best_clf.alpha_
+                elif hasattr(best_clf, "Cs_"):
+                    alphas_ = best_clf.Cs_
+            else: 
+                alphas_= None
+            coef_ = best_clf.coef_ if hasattr(best_clf, "coef_") else None 
+        if not is_binary:
+            # Handle prediction probabilities for multiclass
+            if hasattr(stacking_model, "predict_proba"):
+                y_pred_proba_final = stacking_model.predict_proba(x_true)
+            elif hasattr(stacking_model, "decision_function"):
+                y_pred_proba_final = stacking_model.decision_function(x_true)
+
+                # Normalize for multiclass if necessary
+                if y_pred_proba_final.ndim == 2:
+                    y_pred_proba_final = (
+                        y_pred_proba_final - y_pred_proba_final.min(axis=1, keepdims=True)
+                    ) / (
+                        y_pred_proba_final.max(axis=1, keepdims=True)
+                        - y_pred_proba_final.min(axis=1, keepdims=True)
+                    )
+            else:
+                y_pred_proba_final = None  # No probability output for certain models
+            # Access alphas if applicable (e.g., ElasticNetCV, LassoCV)
+            if hasattr(best_clf, "alphas_") or hasattr(best_clf, "Cs_"):
+                if hasattr(best_clf, "alphas_"):
+                    alphas_ = best_clf.alphas_
+                elif hasattr(best_clf, "alpha_"):
+                    alphas_ = best_clf.alpha_
+                elif hasattr(best_clf, "Cs_"):
+                    alphas_ = best_clf.Cs_
+            else: 
+                alphas_= None
+            coef_ = best_clf.coef_ if hasattr(best_clf, "coef_") else None 
+        #! dict_pred_stack
+        dict_pred_stack={}
+        validation_scores_final = {}
+        if y_true is not None and y_pred_proba_final is not None:
+            validation_scores_final = cal_metrics(
+                y_true,
+                y_pred_final,
+                y_pred_proba=y_pred_proba_final,
+                is_binary=is_binary,
+                purpose=purpose,
+                average="weighted",
+            )
+            if is_binary:
+                # Calculate ROC curve
+                # https://scikit-learn.org/stable/auto_examples/model_selection/plot_roc.html
+                if y_pred_proba_final is not None:
+                    fpr, tpr, _ = roc_curve(y_true, y_pred_proba_final)
+                    lower_ci, upper_ci = cal_auc_ci(
+                        y_true, y_pred_proba_final, verbose=False, is_binary=is_binary
+                    )
+                    roc_auc = auc(fpr, tpr)
+                    roc_info = {
+                        "fpr": fpr.tolist(),
+                        "tpr": tpr.tolist(),
+                        "auc": roc_auc,
+                        "ci95": (lower_ci, upper_ci),
+                    }
+                    # precision-recall curve
+                    precision_, recall_, _ = cal_precision_recall(y_true, y_pred_proba_final)
+                    avg_precision_ = average_precision_score(y_true, y_pred_proba_final)
+                    pr_info = {
+                        "precision": precision_,
+                        "recall": recall_,
+                        "avg_precision": avg_precision_,
+                    }
+                else:
+                    roc_info, pr_info = None, None
+                if purpose == "classification":
+                    dict_pred_stack = {
+                        "best_clf": stacking_model,
+                        "best_params": None,
+                        "auc_indiv": None,
+                        "scores": validation_scores_final,
+                        "roc_curve": roc_info,
+                        "pr_curve": pr_info,
+                        "confusion_matrix": confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred_final),
+                        "predictions": y_pred_final.tolist(),
+                        "predictions_proba": (
+                            y_pred_proba_final.tolist() if y_pred_proba_final is not None else None
+                        ),
+                        "features":share_col_names,
+                        "coef":coef_,
+                        "alphas":alphas_
+                    }
+                else:  # "regression"
+                    dict_pred_stack = {
+                        "best_clf": stacking_model,
+                        "best_params": None,
+                        "scores": validation_scores_final,  # e.g., neg_MSE, R², etc.
+                        "predictions": y_pred_final.tolist(),
+                        "predictions_proba": (
+                            y_pred_proba_final.tolist() if y_pred_proba_final is not None else None
+                        ),
+                        "features":share_col_names,
+                        "coef":coef_,
+                        "alphas":alphas_
+                    }
+            else:  # multi-classes
+                if y_pred_proba_final is not None:
+                    # fpr, tpr, roc_auc = dict(), dict(), dict()
+                    # fpr, tpr, _ = roc_curve(y_true, y_pred_proba_final)
+                    confidence_intervals = cal_auc_ci(
+                        y_true, y_pred_proba_final, verbose=False, is_binary=is_binary
+                    )
+                    roc_info = {
+                        "fpr": validation_scores_final["fpr"],
+                        "tpr": validation_scores_final["tpr"],
+                        "auc": validation_scores_final["roc_auc_by_class"],
+                        "ci95": confidence_intervals,
+                    }
+                    # precision-recall curve
+                    precision_, recall_, avg_precision_ = cal_precision_recall(
+                        y_true, y_pred_proba_final, is_binary=is_binary
+                    )
+                    pr_info = {
+                        "precision": precision_,
+                        "recall": recall_,
+                        "avg_precision": avg_precision_,
+                    }
+                else:
+                    roc_info, pr_info = None, None
+
+                if purpose == "classification":
+                    dict_pred_stack = {
+                        "best_clf": stacking_model,
+                        "best_params": None,
+                        "auc_indiv": None,
+                        "scores": validation_scores_final,
+                        "roc_curve": roc_info,
+                        "pr_curve": pr_info,
+                        "confusion_matrix": confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred_final),
+                        "predictions": y_pred_final.tolist(),
+                        "predictions_proba": (
+                            y_pred_proba_final.tolist() if y_pred_proba_final is not None else None
+                        ),
+                        "features":share_col_names,
+                        "coef":coef_,
+                        "alphas":alphas_
+                    }
+                else:  # "regression"
+                    dict_pred_stack = {
+                        "best_clf": stacking_model,
+                        "best_params": None,
+                        "scores": validation_scores_final,  # e.g., neg_MSE, R², etc.
+                        "predictions": y_pred_final.tolist(),
+                        "predictions_proba": (
+                            y_pred_proba_final.tolist() if y_pred_proba_final is not None else None
+                        ),
+                        "features":share_col_names,
+                        "coef":coef_,
+                        "alphas":alphas_
+                    }
+
+        else:
+            if y_true is None:
+                validation_scores_final = []
+            else:
+                validation_scores_final = cal_metrics(
+                    y_true,
+                    y_pred,
+                    y_pred_proba=y_pred_proba_final,
+                    is_binary=is_binary,
+                    purpose=purpose,
+                    average="weighted",
+                )
+            dict_pred_stack = {
+                "best_clf": stacking_model,
+                "best_params": None,
+                "scores": validation_scores_final,
+                "predictions": y_pred_final.tolist(),
+                "predictions_proba": (
+                    y_pred_proba_final.tolist() if y_pred_proba_final is not None else None
+                ),
+                "features":share_col_names,
+                "y_train": y_train if y_train is not None else [],
+                "y_true": y_true if y_true is not None else [],
+                "coef":coef_,
+                "alphas":alphas_
+            }
+        # merge together
+        df_pred = pd.DataFrame(
+        [None] * len(df_results.columns), index=df_results.columns, columns=["stack"]).T
+        for k, v in dict_pred_stack.items():
+            if k in df_pred.columns:
+                df_pred[k] = [v]
+
+        # # plot the stacking 
+        # if all([plot_, y_true is not None, purpose == "classification"]): 
+        #     plot_validate_features_single(df_pred, is_binary=is_binary)
+        #     if dir_save:
+        #         ips.figsave(dir_save + f"validate_features_stacking_{now_}.pdf") 
+    if vote:
+        print(f"⤵ voting...")
+        from sklearn.ensemble import VotingClassifier, VotingRegressor
+        #! voting
+        n_top_models = min(n_top_models, df_results.shape[0]) 
+        base_estimators=[]
+        for name, cls in zip(list(df_results.iloc[:n_top_models, :].index),df_results.iloc[:n_top_models, :]["best_clf"].tolist()):
+            base_estimators.append((name,cls))
+        # Apply Voting Classifier/Regressor
+        if purpose == "classification":
+            print(f"⤵ VotingClassifier...via{voting}")
+            if voting=='hard':
+                # Hard voting does not support `predict_proba`
+                voting_model = VotingClassifier(estimators=base_estimators) 
+            else:
+                # Soft voting supports `predict_proba`
+                voting_model = VotingClassifier(estimators=base_estimators, voting="soft")
+        else:
+            print(f"⤵ VotingRegressor...")
+            voting_model = VotingRegressor(estimators=base_estimators)
+
+        # Train the Voting Classifier/Regressor
+        try:
+            voting_model.fit(x_train, y_train)
+            y_pred_vote = voting_model.predict(x_true)
+        except Exception as e:
+            if purpose == "classification" and not voting=='hard':
+                voting_model = VotingClassifier(estimators=base_estimators)
+                voting_model.fit(x_train, y_train)
+                y_pred_vote = voting_model.predict(x_true)
+
+        # Calculate predicted probabilities if applicable
+        if purpose == "classification":
+            if hasattr(voting_model, "predict_proba"):
+                y_pred_proba_vote = voting_model.predict_proba(x_true)
+                print("Shape of predicted probabilities:", y_pred_proba_vote.shape)
+                if y_pred_proba_vote.shape[1] == 1:
+                    y_pred_proba_vote = np.hstack(
+                        [1 - y_pred_proba_vote, y_pred_proba_vote]
+                    )  # Add missing class probabilities
+                y_pred_proba_vote = y_pred_proba_vote[:, 1]
+            else:
+                y_pred_proba_vote = None
+                
+            # Access alphas if applicable (e.g., ElasticNetCV, LassoCV)
+            if hasattr(best_clf, "alphas_") or hasattr(best_clf, "Cs_"):
+                if hasattr(best_clf, "alphas_"):
+                    alphas_ = best_clf.alphas_
+                elif hasattr(best_clf, "alpha_"):
+                    alphas_ = best_clf.alpha_
+                elif hasattr(best_clf, "Cs_"):
+                    alphas_ = best_clf.Cs_
+            else: 
+                alphas_= None
+            coef_ = best_clf.coef_ if hasattr(best_clf, "coef_") else None 
+        else:  # Regression
+            y_pred_proba_vote = None
+            coef_,alphas_=None,None
+
+        print(f"⤵ collecting voting results...")
+        #! dict_pred_vote
+        dict_pred_vote = {}
+        validation_scores_vote = {}
+        if y_true is not None and y_pred_proba_vote is not None:
+            validation_scores_vote = cal_metrics(
+                y_true,
+                y_pred_vote,
+                y_pred_proba=y_pred_proba_vote,
+                is_binary=is_binary,
+                purpose=purpose,
+                average="weighted",
+            )
+
+            if is_binary:
+                if y_pred_proba_vote is not None:
+                    fpr, tpr, _ = roc_curve(y_true, y_pred_proba_vote)
+                    lower_ci, upper_ci = cal_auc_ci(
+                        y_true, y_pred_proba_vote, verbose=False, is_binary=is_binary
+                    )
+                    roc_auc = auc(fpr, tpr)
+                    roc_info = {
+                        "fpr": fpr.tolist(),
+                        "tpr": tpr.tolist(),
+                        "auc": roc_auc,
+                        "ci95": (lower_ci, upper_ci),
+                    }
+                    precision_, recall_, _ = cal_precision_recall(y_true, y_pred_proba_vote)
+                    avg_precision_ = average_precision_score(y_true, y_pred_proba_vote)
+                    pr_info = {
+                        "precision": precision_,
+                        "recall": recall_,
+                        "avg_precision": avg_precision_,
+                    }
+                else:
+                    roc_info, pr_info = None, None
+
+                dict_pred_vote = {
+                    "best_clf": voting_model,
+                    "best_params": None,
+                    "auc_indiv": None,
+                    "scores": validation_scores_vote,
+                    "roc_curve": roc_info,
+                    "pr_curve": pr_info,
+                    "confusion_matrix": confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred_vote),
+                    "predictions": y_pred_vote.tolist(),
+                    "predictions_proba": (
+                        y_pred_proba_vote.tolist() if y_pred_proba_vote is not None else None
+                    ),
+                    "features":share_col_names,
+                    "coef":coef_,
+                    "alphas":alphas_
+                }
+            else:  # Multi-class
+                if y_pred_proba_vote is not None:
+                    confidence_intervals = cal_auc_ci(
+                        y_true, y_pred_proba_vote, verbose=False, is_binary=is_binary
+                    )
+                    roc_info = {
+                        "fpr": validation_scores_vote["fpr"],
+                        "tpr": validation_scores_vote["tpr"],
+                        "auc": validation_scores_vote["roc_auc_by_class"],
+                        "ci95": confidence_intervals,
+                    }
+                    precision_, recall_, avg_precision_ = cal_precision_recall(
+                        y_true, y_pred_proba_vote, is_binary=is_binary
+                    )
+                    pr_info = {
+                        "precision": precision_,
+                        "recall": recall_,
+                        "avg_precision": avg_precision_,
+                    }
+                else:
+                    roc_info, pr_info = None, None
+
+                dict_pred_vote = {
+                    "best_clf": voting_model,
+                    "best_params": None,
+                    "scores": validation_scores_vote,
+                    "roc_curve": roc_info,
+                    "pr_curve": pr_info,
+                    "confusion_matrix": confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred_vote),
+                    "predictions": y_pred_vote.tolist(),
+                    "predictions_proba": (
+                        y_pred_proba_vote.tolist() if y_pred_proba_vote is not None else None
+                    ),
+                    "features":share_col_names,
+                    "coef":coef_,
+                    "alphas":alphas_
+                }
+        else:
+            if y_true is None:
+                validation_scores_vote = []
+            else:
+                validation_scores_vote = cal_metrics(
+                    y_true,
+                    y_pred,
+                    y_pred_proba=y_pred_proba_vote,
+                    is_binary=is_binary,
+                    purpose=purpose,
+                    average="weighted",
+                )
+            dict_pred_vote = {
+                "best_clf": voting_model,
+                "best_params": None,
+                "scores": validation_scores_vote,
+                "predictions": y_pred_vote.tolist(),
+                "predictions_proba": (
+                    y_pred_proba_vote.tolist() if y_pred_proba_vote is not None else None
+                ),
+                "features":share_col_names,
+                "y_train": y_train if y_train is not None else [],
+                "y_true": y_true if y_true is not None else [],
+            }
+        df_vote = pd.DataFrame(
+        [None] * len(df_results.columns), index=df_results.columns, columns=["vote"]).T
+        for k, v in dict_pred_vote.items():
+            if k in df_vote.columns:
+                df_vote[k] = [v]
+
+        # if all([plot_, y_true is not None, purpose == "classification"]):
+        #     try:
+        #         plot_validate_features_single(df_vote, is_binary=is_binary)
+        #         if dir_save:
+        #             ips.figsave(dir_save + f"validate_features_vote_{now_}.pdf")
+        #     except Exception as e:
+        #         print(e)
+    print("Done")
+    if vote and stack:
+        df_res=pd.concat([df_pred,df_vote, df_results],ignore_index=False,axis=0)
+    elif vote:
+        df_res=pd.concat([df_vote, df_results],ignore_index=False,axis=0)
+    elif stack:
+        df_res=pd.concat([df_pred,df_results],ignore_index=False,axis=0)
+        
     if all([plot_, y_true is not None, purpose == "classification"]):
+        from datetime import datetime
+
+        now_ = datetime.now().strftime("%y%m%d_%H%M%S")
         # try:
-        if len(models) > 3:
-            plot_validate_features(df_results, is_binary=is_binary)
+        if df_res.shape[0] > 3:
+            try:
+                plot_validate_features(df_res, is_binary=is_binary)
+            except Exception as e:
+                print(e)
         else:
-            plot_validate_features_single(df_results, is_binary=is_binary)
+            try:
+                plot_validate_features_single(df_res, is_binary=is_binary)
+            except Exception as e:
+                print(e)
         if dir_save:
             ips.figsave(dir_save + f"validate_features{now_}.pdf")
-        # except Exception as e:
-        #     print(f"Error: 在画图的过程中出现了问题:{e}")
-    return df_results
-
+    # except Exception as e:
+    #     print(f"Error: 在画图的过程中出现了问题:{e}")
+    return df_res
 
 def cal_metrics(
     y_true,
@@ -3368,7 +4190,7 @@ def cal_metrics(
 
 
 def plot_trees(
-    X, y, cls, max_trees=500, test_size=0.2, random_state=42, early_stopping_rounds=None
+    X, y, cls:str='random', max_trees=500, test_size=0.2, random_state=42, early_stopping_rounds=None
 ):
     """
     # # Example usage:
@@ -3414,10 +4236,14 @@ def plot_trees(
     train_error_rate = []
     test_error_rate = []
     validation_error = None
-
+    if isinstance(cls, str):
+        cls=ips.strcmp(cls, ["RandomForestClassifier","ExtraTreesClassifier","AdaBoostClassifier","GradientBoostingClassifier"])
     # Configure classifier based on type
     oob_enabled = False  # Default to no OOB error unless explicitly set
-
+    clf_support = {"RandomForestClassifier":RandomForestClassifier(),
+                    "ExtraTreesClassifier":ExtraTreesClassifier(),
+                    "AdaBoostClassifier":AdaBoostClassifier(),
+                    "GradientBoostingClassifier":GradientBoostingClassifier()}
     if isinstance(cls, (RandomForestClassifier, ExtraTreesClassifier)):
         # Enable OOB if cls supports it and is using bootstrapping
         cls.set_params(warm_start=True, n_estimators=1)
@@ -3679,7 +4505,7 @@ def img_datasets_preprocessing(
 
 
 def backward_regression(
-    X: pd.DataFrame, y: pd.Series, initial_list=[], threshold_out=0.05, verbose=True
+    X: pd.DataFrame, y: pd.Series, initial_list=[], thr=0.05, verbose=True
 ):
     """
     # awesome bit of code from https://www.kaggle.com/code/adibouayjan/house-price-step-by-step-modeling
@@ -3691,31 +4517,46 @@ def backward_regression(
         X -- features values
         y -- target variable
         initial_list -- features header
-        threshold_out -- pvalue threshold of features to drop
+        thr -- pvalue threshold of features to drop
         verbose -- true to produce lots of logging output
 
     Returns:
         list of selected features for modeling
     """
     import statsmodels.api as sm
-
-    if isinstance(y, str) and y in X.columns:
-        y_col_name = y
-        y = X[y]
-        X = X.drop(y_col_name, axis=1)
+    if isinstance(y, str):
+        if y in X.columns:
+            y_col_name = y
+            y = X[y]
+            X = X.drop(y_col_name, axis=1)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"找不到{y},y设置有误")
+    X = X.select_dtypes(include=[np.number])
+    
     included = list(X.columns)
+    try:
+        X=X.astype(float)
+        y=y.astype(float)
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise ValueError(f"无法把数据类型转换成float类型,因而无法进一步进行统计分析: {e}")
+        
+
     while True:
         changed = False
+        if not included:
+            print("No features remain in the model.")
+            break
+
         model = sm.OLS(y, sm.add_constant(pd.DataFrame(X[included]))).fit()
         # exclude the intercept for p-value checking
         pvalues = model.pvalues.iloc[1:]
         worst_pval = pvalues.max()
-        if worst_pval > threshold_out:
+        if worst_pval > thr:
             changed = True
             worst_feature = pvalues.idxmax()
             included.remove(worst_feature)
             if verbose:
-                print(f"Removing feature '{worst_feature}' with p-value {worst_pval}")
+                print(f"Removing '{worst_feature}' with p-value={round(worst_pval,2)}")
         if not changed:
             break
     print(f"\nSelected Features:\n{included}")