py2docfx 0.1.11.dev1869610__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.11.dev1872322__py3-none-any.whl

py2docfx/venv/template/Lib/site-packages/docutils/utils/math/math2html.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3171 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
+#   math2html: convert LaTeX equations to HTML output.
+#
+#   Copyright (C) 2009-2011 Alex Fernández, 2021 Günter Milde
+#
+#   Released under the terms of the `2-Clause BSD license'_, in short:
+#   Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
+#   are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
+#   notice and this notice are preserved.
+#   This file is offered as-is, without any warranty.
+#
+# .. _2-Clause BSD license: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause
+
+#   Based on eLyXer: convert LyX source files to HTML output.
+#   http://alexfernandez.github.io/elyxer/
+
+# Versions:
+# 1.2.5  2015-02-26  eLyXer standalone formula conversion to HTML.
+# 1.3    2021-06-02  Removed code for conversion of LyX files not
+#                    required for LaTeX math.
+#                    Support for more math commands from the AMS "math-guide".
+# 2.0    2021-12-31  Drop 2.7 compatibility code.
+
+import os.path
+import sys
+import unicodedata
+
+from docutils.utils.math import tex2unichar
+
+
+__version__ = '1.3 (2021-06-02)'
+
+
+class Trace:
+  "A tracing class"
+
+  debugmode = False
+  quietmode = False
+  showlinesmode = False
+
+  prefix = None
+
+  def debug(cls, message):
+    "Show a debug message"
+    if not Trace.debugmode or Trace.quietmode:
+      return
+    Trace.show(message, sys.stdout)
+
+  def message(cls, message):
+    "Show a trace message"
+    if Trace.quietmode:
+      return
+    if Trace.prefix and Trace.showlinesmode:
+      message = Trace.prefix + message
+    Trace.show(message, sys.stdout)
+
+  def error(cls, message):
+    "Show an error message"
+    message = '* ' + message
+    if Trace.prefix and Trace.showlinesmode:
+      message = Trace.prefix + message
+    Trace.show(message, sys.stderr)
+
+  def fatal(cls, message):
+    "Show an error message and terminate"
+    Trace.error('FATAL: ' + message)
+    exit(-1)
+
+  def show(cls, message, channel):
+    "Show a message out of a channel"
+    channel.write(message + '\n')
+
+  debug = classmethod(debug)
+  message = classmethod(message)
+  error = classmethod(error)
+  fatal = classmethod(fatal)
+  show = classmethod(show)
+
+
+class ContainerConfig:
+  "Configuration class from elyxer.config file"
+
+  extracttext = {
+      'allowed': ['FormulaConstant'],
+      'extracted': ['AlphaCommand',
+                    'Bracket',
+                    'BracketCommand',
+                    'CombiningFunction',
+                    'EmptyCommand',
+                    'FontFunction',
+                    'Formula',
+                    'FormulaNumber',
+                    'FormulaSymbol',
+                    'OneParamFunction',
+                    'OversetFunction',
+                    'RawText',
+                    'SpacedCommand',
+                    'SymbolFunction',
+                    'TextFunction',
+                    'UndersetFunction',
+                    ],
+      }
+
+
+class EscapeConfig:
+  "Configuration class from elyxer.config file"
+
+  chars = {
+      '\n': '',
+      "'": '’',
+      '`': '‘',
+      }
+
+  entities = {
+      '&': '&',
+      '<': '&lt;',
+      '>': '&gt;',
+      }
+
+
+class FormulaConfig:
+  "Configuration class from elyxer.config file"
+
+  alphacommands = {
+      '\\AmS': '<span class="textsc">AmS</span>',
+      '\\AA':        'Å',
+      '\\AE':        'Æ',
+      '\\DH':        'Ð',
+      '\\L':         'Ł',
+      '\\O':         'Ø',
+      '\\OE':        'Œ',
+      '\\TH':        'Þ',
+      '\\aa':        'å',
+      '\\ae':        'æ',
+      '\\dh':        'ð',
+      '\\i':         'ı',
+      '\\j':         'ȷ',
+      '\\l':         'ł',
+      '\\o':         'ø',
+      '\\oe':        'œ',
+      '\\ss':        'ß',
+      '\\th':        'þ',
+      }
+  for key, value in tex2unichar.mathalpha.items():
+      alphacommands['\\'+key] = value
+
+  array = {
+      'begin': r'\begin',
+      'cellseparator': '&',
+      'end': r'\end',
+      'rowseparator': r'\\',
+      }
+
+  bigbrackets = {'(': ['⎛', '⎜', '⎝'],
+                 ')': ['⎞', '⎟', '⎠'],
+                 '[': ['⎡', '⎢', '⎣'],
+                 ']': ['⎤', '⎥', '⎦'],
+                 '{': ['⎧', '⎪', '⎨', '⎩'],
+                 '}': ['⎫', '⎪', '⎬', '⎭'],
+                 # TODO: 2-row brackets with ⎰⎱ (\lmoustache \rmoustache)
+                 '|': ['|'], # 007C VERTICAL LINE
+                 # '|': ['⎮'], # 23AE INTEGRAL EXTENSION
+                 # '|': ['⎪'], # 23AA CURLY BRACKET EXTENSION
+                 '‖': ['‖'], # 2016 DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE
+                 # '∥': ['∥'], # 2225 PARALLEL TO
+                 }
+
+  bracketcommands = {
+      '\\left': 'span class="stretchy"',
+      '\\left.': '<span class="leftdot"></span>',
+      '\\middle': 'span class="stretchy"',
+      '\\right': 'span class="stretchy"',
+      '\\right.': '<span class="rightdot"></span>',
+      }
+
+  combiningfunctions = {
+      "\\'":           '\u0301', # x́
+      '\\"':           '\u0308', # ẍ
+      '\\^':           '\u0302', # x̂
+      '\\`':           '\u0300', # x̀
+      '\\~':           '\u0303', # x̃
+      '\\c':           '\u0327', # x̧
+      '\\r':           '\u030a', # x̊
+      '\\s':           '\u0329', # x̩
+      '\\textcircled': '\u20dd', # x⃝
+      '\\textsubring': '\u0325', # x̥
+      '\\v':           '\u030c', # x̌
+      }
+  for key, value in tex2unichar.mathaccent.items():
+      combiningfunctions['\\'+key] = value
+
+  commands = {
+      '\\\\': '<br/>',
+      '\\\n': ' ', # escaped whitespace
+      '\\\t': ' ', # escaped whitespace
+      '\\centerdot': '\u2B1D', # BLACK VERY SMALL SQUARE, mathbin
+      '\\colon': ': ',
+      '\\copyright': '©',
+      '\\dotminus': '∸',
+      '\\dots': '…',
+      '\\dotsb': '⋯',
+      '\\dotsc': '…',
+      '\\dotsi': '⋯',
+      '\\dotsm': '⋯',
+      '\\dotso': '…',
+      '\\euro': '€',
+      '\\guillemotleft': '«',
+      '\\guillemotright': '»',
+      '\\hbar': '<i>\u0127</i>', # ħ LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE
+      '\\lVert': '‖',
+      '\\Arrowvert':  '\u2016', # ‖
+      '\\lvert': '|',
+      '\\newline': '<br/>',
+      '\\nobreakspace': ' ',
+      '\\nolimits': '',
+      '\\nonumber': '',
+      '\\qquad': '  ',
+      '\\rVert': '‖',
+      '\\rvert': '|',
+      '\\textasciicircum': '^',
+      '\\textasciitilde': '~',
+      '\\textbackslash': '\\',
+      '\\textcopyright': '©',
+      '\\textdegree': '°',
+      '\\textellipsis': '…',
+      '\\textemdash': '—',
+      '\\textendash': '—',
+      '\\texteuro': '€',
+      '\\textgreater': '>',
+      '\\textless': '<',
+      '\\textordfeminine': 'ª',
+      '\\textordmasculine': 'º',
+      '\\textquotedblleft': '“',
+      '\\textquotedblright': '”',
+      '\\textquoteright': '’',
+      '\\textregistered': '®',
+      '\\textrightarrow': '→',
+      '\\textsection': '§',
+      '\\texttrademark': '™',
+      '\\texttwosuperior': '²',
+      '\\textvisiblespace': ' ',
+      '\\thickspace': '<span class="thickspace"> </span>', # 5/13 em
+      '\\;': '<span class="thickspace"> </span>', # 5/13 em
+      '\\triangle': '\u25B3', # WHITE UP-POINTING TRIANGLE, mathord
+      '\\triangledown': '\u25BD', # WHITE DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE, mathord
+      '\\varnothing': '\u2300', # ⌀ DIAMETER SIGN
+      # functions
+      '\\Pr': 'Pr',
+      '\\arccos': 'arccos',
+      '\\arcsin': 'arcsin',
+      '\\arctan': 'arctan',
+      '\\arg': 'arg',
+      '\\cos': 'cos',
+      '\\cosh': 'cosh',
+      '\\cot': 'cot',
+      '\\coth': 'coth',
+      '\\csc': 'csc',
+      '\\deg': 'deg',
+      '\\det': 'det',
+      '\\dim': 'dim',
+      '\\exp': 'exp',
+      '\\gcd': 'gcd',
+      '\\hom': 'hom',
+      '\\injlim': 'inj lim',
+      '\\ker': 'ker',
+      '\\lg': 'lg',
+      '\\liminf': 'lim inf',
+      '\\limsup': 'lim sup',
+      '\\ln': 'ln',
+      '\\log': 'log',
+      '\\projlim': 'proj lim',
+      '\\sec': 'sec',
+      '\\sin': 'sin',
+      '\\sinh': 'sinh',
+      '\\tan': 'tan',
+      '\\tanh': 'tanh',
+  }
+  cmddict = {}
+  cmddict.update(tex2unichar.mathbin) # TODO: spacing around binary operators
+  cmddict.update(tex2unichar.mathopen)
+  cmddict.update(tex2unichar.mathclose)
+  cmddict.update(tex2unichar.mathfence)
+  cmddict.update(tex2unichar.mathord)
+  cmddict.update(tex2unichar.mathpunct)
+  cmddict.update(tex2unichar.space)
+  commands.update(('\\' + key, value) for key, value in cmddict.items())
+
+  oversetfunctions = {
+      # math accents (cf. combiningfunctions)
+      # '\\acute':    '´',
+      '\\bar':      '‒',  # FIGURE DASH
+      # '\\breve':    '˘',
+      # '\\check':    'ˇ',
+      '\\dddot':    '<span class="smallsymbol">⋯</span>',
+      # '\\ddot':     '··', # ¨ too high
+      # '\\dot':      '·',
+      # '\\grave':    '`',
+      # '\\hat':      '^',
+      # '\\mathring': '˚',
+      # '\\tilde':    '~',
+      '\\vec':      '<span class="smallsymbol">→</span>',
+      # embellishments
+      '\\overleftarrow': '⟵',
+      '\\overleftrightarrow': '⟷',
+      '\\overrightarrow': '⟶',
+      '\\widehat': '^',
+      '\\widetilde': '～',
+  }
+
+  undersetfunctions = {
+      '\\underleftarrow': '⟵',
+      '\\underleftrightarrow': '⟷',
+      '\\underrightarrow': '⟶',
+  }
+
+  endings = {
+      'bracket': '}',
+      'complex': '\\]',
+      'endafter': '}',
+      'endbefore': '\\end{',
+      'squarebracket': ']',
+      }
+
+  environments = {
+      'align': ['r', 'l'],
+      'eqnarray': ['r', 'c', 'l'],
+      'gathered': ['l', 'l'],
+      'smallmatrix': ['c', 'c'],
+      }
+
+  fontfunctions = {
+      '\\boldsymbol': 'b', '\\mathbb': 'span class="blackboard"',
+      '\\mathbb{A}': '𝔸', '\\mathbb{B}': '𝔹', '\\mathbb{C}': 'ℂ',
+      '\\mathbb{D}': '𝔻', '\\mathbb{E}': '𝔼', '\\mathbb{F}': '𝔽',
+      '\\mathbb{G}': '𝔾', '\\mathbb{H}': 'ℍ', '\\mathbb{J}': '𝕁',
+      '\\mathbb{K}': '𝕂', '\\mathbb{L}': '𝕃', '\\mathbb{N}': 'ℕ',
+      '\\mathbb{O}': '𝕆', '\\mathbb{P}': 'ℙ', '\\mathbb{Q}': 'ℚ',
+      '\\mathbb{R}': 'ℝ', '\\mathbb{S}': '𝕊', '\\mathbb{T}': '𝕋',
+      '\\mathbb{W}': '𝕎', '\\mathbb{Z}': 'ℤ', '\\mathbf': 'b',
+      '\\mathcal': 'span class="scriptfont"',
+      '\\mathcal{B}': 'ℬ', '\\mathcal{E}': 'ℰ', '\\mathcal{F}':
+      'ℱ', '\\mathcal{H}': 'ℋ', '\\mathcal{I}': 'ℐ',
+      '\\mathcal{L}': 'ℒ', '\\mathcal{M}': 'ℳ', '\\mathcal{R}': 'ℛ',
+      '\\mathfrak': 'span class="fraktur"',
+      '\\mathfrak{C}': 'ℭ', '\\mathfrak{F}': '𝔉', '\\mathfrak{H}': 'ℌ',
+      '\\mathfrak{I}': 'ℑ', '\\mathfrak{R}': 'ℜ', '\\mathfrak{Z}': 'ℨ',
+      '\\mathit': 'i',
+      '\\mathring{A}': 'Å', '\\mathring{U}': 'Ů',
+      '\\mathring{a}': 'å', '\\mathring{u}': 'ů', '\\mathring{w}': 'ẘ',
+      '\\mathring{y}': 'ẙ',
+      '\\mathrm': 'span class="mathrm"',
+      '\\mathscr': 'span class="mathscr"',
+      '\\mathscr{B}': 'ℬ', '\\mathscr{E}': 'ℰ', '\\mathscr{F}': 'ℱ',
+      '\\mathscr{H}': 'ℋ', '\\mathscr{I}': 'ℐ', '\\mathscr{L}': 'ℒ',
+      '\\mathscr{M}': 'ℳ', '\\mathscr{R}': 'ℛ',
+      '\\mathsf': 'span class="mathsf"',
+      '\\mathtt': 'span class="mathtt"',
+      '\\operatorname': 'span class="mathrm"',
+      }
+
+  hybridfunctions = {
+      '\\addcontentsline': ['{$p!}{$q!}{$r!}', 'f0{}', 'ignored'],
+      '\\addtocontents': ['{$p!}{$q!}', 'f0{}', 'ignored'],
+      '\\backmatter': ['', 'f0{}', 'ignored'],
+      '\\binom': ['{$1}{$2}', 'f2{(}f0{f1{$1}f1{$2}}f2{)}', 'span class="binom"', 'span class="binomstack"', 'span class="bigdelimiter size2"'],
+      '\\boxed': ['{$1}', 'f0{$1}', 'span class="boxed"'],
+      '\\cfrac': ['[$p!]{$1}{$2}', 'f0{f3{(}f1{$1}f3{)/(}f2{$2}f3{)}}', 'span class="fullfraction"', 'span class="numerator align-$p"', 'span class="denominator"', 'span class="ignored"'],
+      '\\color': ['{$p!}{$1}', 'f0{$1}', 'span style="color: $p;"'],
+      '\\colorbox': ['{$p!}{$1}', 'f0{$1}', 'span class="colorbox" style="background: $p;"'],
+      '\\dbinom': ['{$1}{$2}', '(f0{f1{f2{$1}}f1{f2{ }}f1{f2{$2}}})', 'span class="binomial"', 'span class="binomrow"', 'span class="binomcell"'],
+      '\\dfrac': ['{$1}{$2}', 'f0{f3{(}f1{$1}f3{)/(}f2{$2}f3{)}}', 'span class="fullfraction"', 'span class="numerator"', 'span class="denominator"', 'span class="ignored"'],
+      '\\displaystyle': ['{$1}', 'f0{$1}', 'span class="displaystyle"'],
+      '\\fancyfoot': ['[$p!]{$q!}', 'f0{}', 'ignored'],
+      '\\fancyhead': ['[$p!]{$q!}', 'f0{}', 'ignored'],
+      '\\fbox': ['{$1}', 'f0{$1}', 'span class="fbox"'],
+      '\\fboxrule': ['{$p!}', 'f0{}', 'ignored'],
+      '\\fboxsep': ['{$p!}', 'f0{}', 'ignored'],
+      '\\fcolorbox': ['{$p!}{$q!}{$1}', 'f0{$1}', 'span class="boxed" style="border-color: $p; background: $q;"'],
+      '\\frac': ['{$1}{$2}', 'f0{f3{(}f1{$1}f3{)/(}f2{$2}f3{)}}', 'span class="fraction"', 'span class="numerator"', 'span class="denominator"', 'span class="ignored"'],
+      '\\framebox': ['[$p!][$q!]{$1}', 'f0{$1}', 'span class="framebox align-$q" style="width: $p;"'],
+      '\\frontmatter': ['', 'f0{}', 'ignored'],
+      '\\href': ['[$o]{$u!}{$t!}', 'f0{$t}', 'a href="$u"'],
+      '\\hspace': ['{$p!}', 'f0{ }', 'span class="hspace" style="width: $p;"'],
+      '\\leftroot': ['{$p!}', 'f0{ }', 'span class="leftroot" style="width: $p;px"'],
+      # TODO: convert 1 mu to 1/18 em
+      # '\\mspace': ['{$p!}', 'f0{ }', 'span class="hspace" style="width: $p;"'],
+      '\\nicefrac': ['{$1}{$2}', 'f0{f1{$1}⁄f2{$2}}', 'span class="fraction"', 'sup class="numerator"', 'sub class="denominator"', 'span class="ignored"'],
+      '\\parbox': ['[$p!]{$w!}{$1}', 'f0{1}', 'div class="Boxed" style="width: $w;"'],
+      '\\raisebox': ['{$p!}{$1}', 'f0{$1.font}', 'span class="raisebox" style="vertical-align: $p;"'],
+      '\\renewenvironment': ['{$1!}{$2!}{$3!}', ''],
+      '\\rule': ['[$v!]{$w!}{$h!}', 'f0/', 'hr class="line" style="width: $w; height: $h;"'],
+      '\\scriptscriptstyle': ['{$1}', 'f0{$1}', 'span class="scriptscriptstyle"'],
+      '\\scriptstyle': ['{$1}', 'f0{$1}', 'span class="scriptstyle"'],
+      # TODO: increase √-size with argument (\frac in display mode, ...)
+      '\\sqrt': ['[$0]{$1}', 'f0{f1{$0}f2{√}f4{(}f3{$1}f4{)}}', 'span class="sqrt"', 'sup class="root"', 'span class="radical"', 'span class="root"', 'span class="ignored"'],
+      '\\stackrel': ['{$1}{$2}', 'f0{f1{$1}f2{$2}}', 'span class="stackrel"', 'span class="upstackrel"', 'span class="downstackrel"'],
+      '\\tbinom': ['{$1}{$2}', '(f0{f1{f2{$1}}f1{f2{ }}f1{f2{$2}}})', 'span class="binomial"', 'span class="binomrow"', 'span class="binomcell"'],
+      '\\tfrac':  ['{$1}{$2}', 'f0{f3{(}f1{$1}f3{)/(}f2{$2}f3{)}}', 'span class="textfraction"', 'span class="numerator"', 'span class="denominator"', 'span class="ignored"'],
+      '\\textcolor': ['{$p!}{$1}', 'f0{$1}', 'span style="color: $p;"'],
+      '\\textstyle': ['{$1}', 'f0{$1}', 'span class="textstyle"'],
+      '\\thispagestyle': ['{$p!}', 'f0{}', 'ignored'],
+      '\\unit': ['[$0]{$1}', '$0f0{$1.font}', 'span class="unit"'],
+      '\\unitfrac': ['[$0]{$1}{$2}', '$0f0{f1{$1.font}⁄f2{$2.font}}', 'span class="fraction"', 'sup class="unit"', 'sub class="unit"'],
+      '\\uproot': ['{$p!}', 'f0{ }', 'span class="uproot" style="width: $p;px"'],
+      '\\url': ['{$u!}', 'f0{$u}', 'a href="$u"'],
+      '\\vspace': ['{$p!}', 'f0{ }', 'span class="vspace" style="height: $p;"'],
+      }
+
+  hybridsizes = {
+      '\\binom': '$1+$2', '\\cfrac': '$1+$2', '\\dbinom': '$1+$2+1',
+      '\\dfrac': '$1+$2', '\\frac': '$1+$2', '\\tbinom': '$1+$2+1',
+      }
+
+  labelfunctions = {
+      '\\label': 'a name="#"',
+      }
+
+  limitcommands = {
+      '\\biginterleave': '⫼',
+      '\\inf': 'inf',
+      '\\lim': 'lim',
+      '\\max': 'max',
+      '\\min': 'min',
+      '\\sup': 'sup',
+      '\\ointop':    '<span class="bigoperator integral">∮</span>',
+      '\\bigcap':    '<span class="bigoperator">⋂</span>',
+      '\\bigcup':    '<span class="bigoperator">⋃</span>',
+      '\\bigodot':   '<span class="bigoperator">⨀</span>',
+      '\\bigoplus':  '<span class="bigoperator">⨁</span>',
+      '\\bigotimes': '<span class="bigoperator">⨂</span>',
+      '\\bigsqcap':  '<span class="bigoperator">⨅</span>',
+      '\\bigsqcup':  '<span class="bigoperator">⨆</span>',
+      '\\biguplus':  '<span class="bigoperator">⨄</span>',
+      '\\bigvee':    '<span class="bigoperator">⋁</span>',
+      '\\bigwedge':  '<span class="bigoperator">⋀</span>',
+      '\\coprod':    '<span class="bigoperator">∐</span>',
+      '\\intop':     '<span class="bigoperator integral">∫</span>',
+      '\\prod':      '<span class="bigoperator">∏</span>',
+      '\\sum':       '<span class="bigoperator">∑</span>',
+      '\\varprod':   '<span class="bigoperator">⨉</span>',
+      '\\zcmp': '⨟', '\\zhide': '⧹', '\\zpipe': '⨠', '\\zproject': '⨡',
+      # integrals have limits in index position with LaTeX default settings
+      # TODO: move to commands?
+      '\\int': '<span class="bigoperator integral">∫</span>',
+      '\\iint': '<span class="bigoperator integral">∬</span>',
+      '\\iiint': '<span class="bigoperator integral">∭</span>',
+      '\\iiiint': '<span class="bigoperator integral">⨌</span>',
+      '\\fint': '<span class="bigoperator integral">⨏</span>',
+      '\\idotsint': '<span class="bigoperator integral">∫⋯∫</span>',
+      '\\oint': '<span class="bigoperator integral">∮</span>',
+      '\\oiint': '<span class="bigoperator integral">∯</span>',
+      '\\oiiint': '<span class="bigoperator integral">∰</span>',
+      '\\ointclockwise': '<span class="bigoperator integral">∲</span>',
+      '\\ointctrclockwise': '<span class="bigoperator integral">∳</span>',
+      '\\smallint': '<span class="smallsymbol integral">∫</span>',
+      '\\sqint': '<span class="bigoperator integral">⨖</span>',
+      '\\varointclockwise': '<span class="bigoperator integral">∲</span>',
+      }
+
+  modified = {
+      '\n': '', ' ': '', '$': '', '&': '	', '\'': '’', '+': '\u2009+\u2009',
+      ',': ',\u2009', '-': '\u2009−\u2009', '/': '\u2009⁄\u2009', ':': ' : ', '<': '\u2009&lt;\u2009',
+      '=': '\u2009=\u2009', '>': '\u2009&gt;\u2009', '@': '', '~': '\u00a0',
+      }
+
+  onefunctions = {
+      '\\big': 'span class="bigdelimiter size1"',
+      '\\bigl': 'span class="bigdelimiter size1"',
+      '\\bigr': 'span class="bigdelimiter size1"',
+      '\\Big': 'span class="bigdelimiter size2"',
+      '\\Bigl': 'span class="bigdelimiter size2"',
+      '\\Bigr': 'span class="bigdelimiter size2"',
+      '\\bigg': 'span class="bigdelimiter size3"',
+      '\\biggl': 'span class="bigdelimiter size3"',
+      '\\biggr': 'span class="bigdelimiter size3"',
+      '\\Bigg': 'span class="bigdelimiter size4"',
+      '\\Biggl': 'span class="bigdelimiter size4"',
+      '\\Biggr': 'span class="bigdelimiter size4"',
+      # '\\bar': 'span class="bar"',
+      '\\begin{array}': 'span class="arraydef"',
+      '\\centering': 'span class="align-center"',
+      '\\ensuremath': 'span class="ensuremath"',
+      '\\hphantom': 'span class="phantom"',
+      '\\noindent': 'span class="noindent"',
+      '\\overbrace': 'span class="overbrace"',
+      '\\overline': 'span class="overline"',
+      '\\phantom': 'span class="phantom"',
+      '\\underbrace': 'span class="underbrace"',
+      '\\underline': '',
+      '\\vphantom': 'span class="phantom"',
+      }
+
+  # relations (put additional space before and after the symbol)
+  spacedcommands = {
+      # negated symbols without pre-composed Unicode character
+      '\\nleqq':      '\u2266\u0338', # ≦̸
+      '\\ngeqq':      '\u2267\u0338', # ≧̸
+      '\\nleqslant':  '\u2a7d\u0338', # ⩽̸
+      '\\ngeqslant':  '\u2a7e\u0338', # ⩾̸
+      '\\nsubseteqq': '\u2AC5\u0338', # ⫅̸
+      '\\nsupseteqq': '\u2AC6\u0338', # ⫆̸
+      '\\nsqsubset':  '\u2276\u228F', # ⊏̸
+      # modified glyphs
+      '\\shortmid': '<span class="smallsymbol">∣</span>',
+      '\\shortparallel': '<span class="smallsymbol">∥</span>',
+      '\\nshortmid': '<span class="smallsymbol">∤</span>',
+      '\\nshortparallel': '<span class="smallsymbol">∦</span>',
+      '\\smallfrown': '<span class="smallsymbol">⌢</span>',
+      '\\smallsmile': '<span class="smallsymbol">⌣</span>',
+      '\\thickapprox': '<span class="boldsymbol">≈</span>',
+      '\\thicksim': '<span class="boldsymbol">∼</span>',
+      '\\varpropto': '<span class="mathsf">\u221d</span>', # ∝ PROPORTIONAL TO
+      }
+  for key, value in tex2unichar.mathrel.items():
+      spacedcommands['\\'+key] = value
+  starts = {
+      'beginafter': '}', 'beginbefore': '\\begin{', 'bracket': '{',
+      'command': '\\', 'comment': '%', 'complex': '\\[', 'simple': '$',
+      'squarebracket': '[', 'unnumbered': '*',
+      }
+
+  symbolfunctions = {
+      '^': 'sup', '_': 'sub',
+      }
+
+  textfunctions = {
+      '\\mbox': 'span class="mbox"',
+      '\\text': 'span class="text"',
+      '\\textbf': 'span class="textbf"',
+      '\\textit': 'span class="textit"',
+      '\\textnormal': 'span class="textnormal"',
+      '\\textrm': 'span class="textrm"',
+      '\\textsc': 'span class="textsc"',
+      '\\textsf': 'span class="textsf"',
+      '\\textsl': 'span class="textsl"',
+      '\\texttt': 'span class="texttt"',
+      '\\textup': 'span class="normal"',
+      }
+
+  unmodified = {
+      'characters': ['.', '*', '€', '(', ')', '[', ']',
+                     '·', '!', ';', '|', '§', '"', '?'],
+      }
+
+
+class CommandLineParser:
+  "A parser for runtime options"
+
+  def __init__(self, options):
+    self.options = options
+
+  def parseoptions(self, args):
+    "Parse command line options"
+    if len(args) == 0:
+      return None
+    while len(args) > 0 and args[0].startswith('--'):
+      key, value = self.readoption(args)
+      if not key:
+        return 'Option ' + value + ' not recognized'
+      if not value:
+        return 'Option ' + key + ' needs a value'
+      setattr(self.options, key, value)
+    return None
+
+  def readoption(self, args):
+    "Read the key and value for an option"
+    arg = args[0][2:]
+    del args[0]
+    if '=' in arg:
+      key = self.readequalskey(arg, args)
+    else:
+      key = arg.replace('-', '')
+    if not hasattr(self.options, key):
+      return None, key
+    current = getattr(self.options, key)
+    if isinstance(current, bool):
+      return key, True
+    # read value
+    if len(args) == 0:
+      return key, None
+    if args[0].startswith('"'):
+      initial = args[0]
+      del args[0]
+      return key, self.readquoted(args, initial)
+    value = args[0].decode('utf-8')
+    del args[0]
+    if isinstance(current, list):
+      current.append(value)
+      return key, current
+    return key, value
+
+  def readquoted(self, args, initial):
+    "Read a value between quotes"
+    Trace.error('Oops')
+    value = initial[1:]
+    while len(args) > 0 and not args[0].endswith('"') and not args[0].startswith('--'):
+      Trace.error('Appending ' + args[0])
+      value += ' ' + args[0]
+      del args[0]
+    if len(args) == 0 or args[0].startswith('--'):
+      return None
+    value += ' ' + args[0:-1]
+    return value
+
+  def readequalskey(self, arg, args):
+    "Read a key using equals"
+    split = arg.split('=', 1)
+    key = split[0]
+    value = split[1]
+    args.insert(0, value)
+    return key
+
+
+class Options:
+  "A set of runtime options"
+
+  location = None
+
+  debug = False
+  quiet = False
+  version = False
+  help = False
+  simplemath = False
+  showlines = True
+
+  branches = {}
+
+  def parseoptions(self, args):
+    "Parse command line options"
+    Options.location = args[0]
+    del args[0]
+    parser = CommandLineParser(Options)
+    result = parser.parseoptions(args)
+    if result:
+      Trace.error(result)
+      self.usage()
+    self.processoptions()
+
+  def processoptions(self):
+    "Process all options parsed."
+    if Options.help:
+      self.usage()
+    if Options.version:
+      self.showversion()
+    # set in Trace if necessary
+    for param in dir(Trace):
+      if param.endswith('mode'):
+        setattr(Trace, param, getattr(self, param[:-4]))
+
+  def usage(self):
+    "Show correct usage"
+    Trace.error('Usage: ' + os.path.basename(Options.location)
+                + ' [options] "input string"')
+    Trace.error('Convert input string with LaTeX math to MathML')
+    self.showoptions()
+
+  def showoptions(self):
+    "Show all possible options"
+    Trace.error('    --help:                 show this online help')
+    Trace.error('    --quiet:                disables all runtime messages')
+    Trace.error('    --debug:                enable debugging messages (for developers)')
+    Trace.error('    --version:              show version number and release date')
+    Trace.error('    --simplemath:           do not generate fancy math constructions')
+    sys.exit()
+
+  def showversion(self):
+    "Return the current eLyXer version string"
+    Trace.error('math2html '+__version__)
+    sys.exit()
+
+
+class Cloner:
+  "An object used to clone other objects."
+
+  def clone(cls, original):
+    "Return an exact copy of an object."
+    "The original object must have an empty constructor."
+    return cls.create(original.__class__)
+
+  def create(cls, type):
+    "Create an object of a given class."
+    clone = type.__new__(type)
+    clone.__init__()
+    return clone
+
+  clone = classmethod(clone)
+  create = classmethod(create)
+
+
+class ContainerExtractor:
+  """A class to extract certain containers.
+
+  The config parameter is a map containing three lists:
+  allowed, copied and extracted.
+  Each of the three is a list of class names for containers.
+  Allowed containers are included as is into the result.
+  Cloned containers are cloned and placed into the result.
+  Extracted containers are looked into.
+  All other containers are silently ignored.
+  """
+
+  def __init__(self, config):
+    self.allowed = config['allowed']
+    self.extracted = config['extracted']
+
+  def extract(self, container):
+    "Extract a group of selected containers from a container."
+    list = []
+    locate = lambda c: c.__class__.__name__ in self.allowed
+    recursive = lambda c: c.__class__.__name__ in self.extracted
+    process = lambda c: self.process(c, list)
+    container.recursivesearch(locate, recursive, process)
+    return list
+
+  def process(self, container, list):
+    "Add allowed containers."
+    name = container.__class__.__name__
+    if name in self.allowed:
+      list.append(container)
+    else:
+      Trace.error('Unknown container class ' + name)
+
+  def safeclone(self, container):
+    "Return a new container with contents only in a safe list, recursively."
+    clone = Cloner.clone(container)
+    clone.output = container.output
+    clone.contents = self.extract(container)
+    return clone
+
+
+class Parser:
+  "A generic parser"
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    self.begin = 0
+    self.parameters = {}
+
+  def parseheader(self, reader):
+    "Parse the header"
+    header = reader.currentline().split()
+    reader.nextline()
+    self.begin = reader.linenumber
+    return header
+
+  def parseparameter(self, reader):
+    "Parse a parameter"
+    split = reader.currentline().strip().split(' ', 1)
+    reader.nextline()
+    if len(split) == 0:
+      return
+    key = split[0]
+    if len(split) == 1:
+      self.parameters[key] = True
+      return
+    if '"' not in split[1]:
+      self.parameters[key] = split[1].strip()
+      return
+    doublesplit = split[1].split('"')
+    self.parameters[key] = doublesplit[1]
+
+  def parseending(self, reader, process):
+    "Parse until the current ending is found"
+    if not self.ending:
+      Trace.error('No ending for ' + str(self))
+      return
+    while not reader.currentline().startswith(self.ending):
+      process()
+
+  def parsecontainer(self, reader, contents):
+    container = self.factory.createcontainer(reader)
+    if container:
+      container.parent = self.parent
+      contents.append(container)
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    "Return a description"
+    return self.__class__.__name__ + ' (' + str(self.begin) + ')'
+
+
+class LoneCommand(Parser):
+  "A parser for just one command line"
+
+  def parse(self, reader):
+    "Read nothing"
+    return []
+
+
+class TextParser(Parser):
+  "A parser for a command and a bit of text"
+
+  stack = []
+
+  def __init__(self, container):
+    Parser.__init__(self)
+    self.ending = None
+    if container.__class__.__name__ in ContainerConfig.endings:
+      self.ending = ContainerConfig.endings[container.__class__.__name__]
+    self.endings = []
+
+  def parse(self, reader):
+    "Parse lines as long as they are text"
+    TextParser.stack.append(self.ending)
+    self.endings = TextParser.stack + [ContainerConfig.endings['Layout'],
+                                       ContainerConfig.endings['Inset'],
+                                       self.ending]
+    contents = []
+    while not self.isending(reader):
+      self.parsecontainer(reader, contents)
+    return contents
+
+  def isending(self, reader):
+    "Check if text is ending"
+    current = reader.currentline().split()
+    if len(current) == 0:
+      return False
+    if current[0] in self.endings:
+      if current[0] in TextParser.stack:
+        TextParser.stack.remove(current[0])
+      else:
+        TextParser.stack = []
+      return True
+    return False
+
+
+class ExcludingParser(Parser):
+  "A parser that excludes the final line"
+
+  def parse(self, reader):
+    "Parse everything up to (and excluding) the final line"
+    contents = []
+    self.parseending(reader, lambda: self.parsecontainer(reader, contents))
+    return contents
+
+
+class BoundedParser(ExcludingParser):
+  "A parser bound by a final line"
+
+  def parse(self, reader):
+    "Parse everything, including the final line"
+    contents = ExcludingParser.parse(self, reader)
+    # skip last line
+    reader.nextline()
+    return contents
+
+
+class BoundedDummy(Parser):
+  "A bound parser that ignores everything"
+
+  def parse(self, reader):
+    "Parse the contents of the container"
+    self.parseending(reader, lambda: reader.nextline())
+    # skip last line
+    reader.nextline()
+    return []
+
+
+class StringParser(Parser):
+  "Parses just a string"
+
+  def parseheader(self, reader):
+    "Do nothing, just take note"
+    self.begin = reader.linenumber + 1
+    return []
+
+  def parse(self, reader):
+    "Parse a single line"
+    contents = reader.currentline()
+    reader.nextline()
+    return contents
+
+
+class ContainerOutput:
+  "The generic HTML output for a container."
+
+  def gethtml(self, container):
+    "Show an error."
+    Trace.error('gethtml() not implemented for ' + str(self))
+
+  def isempty(self):
+    "Decide if the output is empty: by default, not empty."
+    return False
+
+
+class EmptyOutput(ContainerOutput):
+
+  def gethtml(self, container):
+    "Return empty HTML code."
+    return []
+
+  def isempty(self):
+    "This output is particularly empty."
+    return True
+
+
+class FixedOutput(ContainerOutput):
+  "Fixed output"
+
+  def gethtml(self, container):
+    "Return constant HTML code"
+    return container.html
+
+
+class ContentsOutput(ContainerOutput):
+  "Outputs the contents converted to HTML"
+
+  def gethtml(self, container):
+    "Return the HTML code"
+    html = []
+    if container.contents is None:
+      return html
+    for element in container.contents:
+      if not hasattr(element, 'gethtml'):
+        Trace.error('No html in ' + element.__class__.__name__ + ': ' + str(element))
+        return html
+      html += element.gethtml()
+    return html
+
+
+class TaggedOutput(ContentsOutput):
+  "Outputs an HTML tag surrounding the contents."
+
+  tag = None
+  breaklines = False
+  empty = False
+
+  def settag(self, tag, breaklines=False, empty=False):
+    "Set the value for the tag and other attributes."
+    self.tag = tag
+    if breaklines:
+      self.breaklines = breaklines
+    if empty:
+      self.empty = empty
+    return self
+
+  def setbreaklines(self, breaklines):
+    "Set the value for breaklines."
+    self.breaklines = breaklines
+    return self
+
+  def gethtml(self, container):
+    "Return the HTML code."
+    if self.empty:
+      return [self.selfclosing(container)]
+    html = [self.open(container)]
+    html += ContentsOutput.gethtml(self, container)
+    html.append(self.close(container))
+    return html
+
+  def open(self, container):
+    "Get opening line."
+    if not self.checktag(container):
+      return ''
+    open = '<' + self.tag + '>'
+    if self.breaklines:
+      return open + '\n'
+    return open
+
+  def close(self, container):
+    "Get closing line."
+    if not self.checktag(container):
+      return ''
+    close = '</' + self.tag.split()[0] + '>'
+    if self.breaklines:
+      return '\n' + close + '\n'
+    return close
+
+  def selfclosing(self, container):
+    "Get self-closing line."
+    if not self.checktag(container):
+      return ''
+    selfclosing = '<' + self.tag + '/>'
+    if self.breaklines:
+      return selfclosing + '\n'
+    return selfclosing
+
+  def checktag(self, container):
+    "Check that the tag is valid."
+    if not self.tag:
+      Trace.error('No tag in ' + str(container))
+      return False
+    if self.tag == '':
+      return False
+    return True
+
+
+class FilteredOutput(ContentsOutput):
+  "Returns the output in the contents, but filtered:"
+  "some strings are replaced by others."
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    "Initialize the filters."
+    self.filters = []
+
+  def addfilter(self, original, replacement):
+    "Add a new filter: replace the original by the replacement."
+    self.filters.append((original, replacement))
+
+  def gethtml(self, container):
+    "Return the HTML code"
+    result = []
+    html = ContentsOutput.gethtml(self, container)
+    for line in html:
+      result.append(self.filter(line))
+    return result
+
+  def filter(self, line):
+    "Filter a single line with all available filters."
+    for original, replacement in self.filters:
+      if original in line:
+        line = line.replace(original, replacement)
+    return line
+
+
+class StringOutput(ContainerOutput):
+  "Returns a bare string as output"
+
+  def gethtml(self, container):
+    "Return a bare string"
+    return [container.string]
+
+
+class Globable:
+  """A bit of text which can be globbed (lumped together in bits).
+  Methods current(), skipcurrent(), checkfor() and isout() have to be
+  implemented by subclasses."""
+
+  leavepending = False
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    self.endinglist = EndingList()
+
+  def checkbytemark(self):
+    "Check for a Unicode byte mark and skip it."
+    if self.finished():
+      return
+    if ord(self.current()) == 0xfeff:
+      self.skipcurrent()
+
+  def isout(self):
+    "Find out if we are out of the position yet."
+    Trace.error('Unimplemented isout()')
+    return True
+
+  def current(self):
+    "Return the current character."
+    Trace.error('Unimplemented current()')
+    return ''
+
+  def checkfor(self, string):
+    "Check for the given string in the current position."
+    Trace.error('Unimplemented checkfor()')
+    return False
+
+  def finished(self):
+    "Find out if the current text has finished."
+    if self.isout():
+      if not self.leavepending:
+        self.endinglist.checkpending()
+      return True
+    return self.endinglist.checkin(self)
+
+  def skipcurrent(self):
+    "Return the current character and skip it."
+    Trace.error('Unimplemented skipcurrent()')
+    return ''
+
+  def glob(self, currentcheck):
+    "Glob a bit of text that satisfies a check on the current char."
+    glob = ''
+    while not self.finished() and currentcheck():
+      glob += self.skipcurrent()
+    return glob
+
+  def globalpha(self):
+    "Glob a bit of alpha text"
+    return self.glob(lambda: self.current().isalpha())
+
+  def globnumber(self):
+    "Glob a row of digits."
+    return self.glob(lambda: self.current().isdigit())
+
+  def isidentifier(self):
+    "Return if the current character is alphanumeric or _."
+    if self.current().isalnum() or self.current() == '_':
+      return True
+    return False
+
+  def globidentifier(self):
+    "Glob alphanumeric and _ symbols."
+    return self.glob(self.isidentifier)
+
+  def isvalue(self):
+    "Return if the current character is a value character:"
+    "not a bracket or a space."
+    if self.current().isspace():
+      return False
+    if self.current() in '{}()':
+      return False
+    return True
+
+  def globvalue(self):
+    "Glob a value: any symbols but brackets."
+    return self.glob(self.isvalue)
+
+  def skipspace(self):
+    "Skip all whitespace at current position."
+    return self.glob(lambda: self.current().isspace())
+
+  def globincluding(self, magicchar):
+    "Glob a bit of text up to (including) the magic char."
+    glob = self.glob(lambda: self.current() != magicchar) + magicchar
+    self.skip(magicchar)
+    return glob
+
+  def globexcluding(self, excluded):
+    "Glob a bit of text up until (excluding) any excluded character."
+    return self.glob(lambda: self.current() not in excluded)
+
+  def pushending(self, ending, optional=False):
+    "Push a new ending to the bottom"
+    self.endinglist.add(ending, optional)
+
+  def popending(self, expected=None):
+    "Pop the ending found at the current position"
+    if self.isout() and self.leavepending:
+      return expected
+    ending = self.endinglist.pop(self)
+    if expected and expected != ending:
+      Trace.error('Expected ending ' + expected + ', got ' + ending)
+    self.skip(ending)
+    return ending
+
+  def nextending(self):
+    "Return the next ending in the queue."
+    nextending = self.endinglist.findending(self)
+    if not nextending:
+      return None
+    return nextending.ending
+
+
+class EndingList:
+  "A list of position endings"
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    self.endings = []
+
+  def add(self, ending, optional=False):
+    "Add a new ending to the list"
+    self.endings.append(PositionEnding(ending, optional))
+
+  def pickpending(self, pos):
+    "Pick any pending endings from a parse position."
+    self.endings += pos.endinglist.endings
+
+  def checkin(self, pos):
+    "Search for an ending"
+    if self.findending(pos):
+      return True
+    return False
+
+  def pop(self, pos):
+    "Remove the ending at the current position"
+    if pos.isout():
+      Trace.error('No ending out of bounds')
+      return ''
+    ending = self.findending(pos)
+    if not ending:
+      Trace.error('No ending at ' + pos.current())
+      return ''
+    for each in reversed(self.endings):
+      self.endings.remove(each)
+      if each == ending:
+        return each.ending
+      elif not each.optional:
+        Trace.error('Removed non-optional ending ' + each)
+    Trace.error('No endings left')
+    return ''
+
+  def findending(self, pos):
+    "Find the ending at the current position"
+    if len(self.endings) == 0:
+      return None
+    for index, ending in enumerate(reversed(self.endings)):
+      if ending.checkin(pos):
+        return ending
+      if not ending.optional:
+        return None
+    return None
+
+  def checkpending(self):
+    "Check if there are any pending endings"
+    if len(self.endings) != 0:
+      Trace.error('Pending ' + str(self) + ' left open')
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    "Printable representation"
+    string = 'endings ['
+    for ending in self.endings:
+      string += str(ending) + ','
+    if len(self.endings) > 0:
+      string = string[:-1]
+    return string + ']'
+
+
+class PositionEnding:
+  "An ending for a parsing position"
+
+  def __init__(self, ending, optional):
+    self.ending = ending
+    self.optional = optional
+
+  def checkin(self, pos):
+    "Check for the ending"
+    return pos.checkfor(self.ending)
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    "Printable representation"
+    string = 'Ending ' + self.ending
+    if self.optional:
+      string += ' (optional)'
+    return string
+
+
+class Position(Globable):
+  """A position in a text to parse.
+  Including those in Globable, functions to implement by subclasses are:
+  skip(), identifier(), extract(), isout() and current()."""
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    Globable.__init__(self)
+
+  def skip(self, string):
+    "Skip a string"
+    Trace.error('Unimplemented skip()')
+
+  def identifier(self):
+    "Return an identifier for the current position."
+    Trace.error('Unimplemented identifier()')
+    return 'Error'
+
+  def extract(self, length):
+    "Extract the next string of the given length, or None if not enough text,"
+    "without advancing the parse position."
+    Trace.error('Unimplemented extract()')
+    return None
+
+  def checkfor(self, string):
+    "Check for a string at the given position."
+    return string == self.extract(len(string))
+
+  def checkforlower(self, string):
+    "Check for a string in lower case."
+    extracted = self.extract(len(string))
+    if not extracted:
+      return False
+    return string.lower() == self.extract(len(string)).lower()
+
+  def skipcurrent(self):
+    "Return the current character and skip it."
+    current = self.current()
+    self.skip(current)
+    return current
+
+  def __next__(self):
+    "Advance the position and return the next character."
+    self.skipcurrent()
+    return self.current()
+
+  def checkskip(self, string):
+    "Check for a string at the given position; if there, skip it"
+    if not self.checkfor(string):
+      return False
+    self.skip(string)
+    return True
+
+  def error(self, message):
+    "Show an error message and the position identifier."
+    Trace.error(message + ': ' + self.identifier())
+
+
+class TextPosition(Position):
+  "A parse position based on a raw text."
+
+  def __init__(self, text):
+    "Create the position from some text."
+    Position.__init__(self)
+    self.pos = 0
+    self.text = text
+    self.checkbytemark()
+
+  def skip(self, string):
+    "Skip a string of characters."
+    self.pos += len(string)
+
+  def identifier(self):
+    "Return a sample of the remaining text."
+    length = 30
+    if self.pos + length > len(self.text):
+      length = len(self.text) - self.pos
+    return '*' + self.text[self.pos:self.pos + length] + '*'
+
+  def isout(self):
+    "Find out if we are out of the text yet."
+    return self.pos >= len(self.text)
+
+  def current(self):
+    "Return the current character, assuming we are not out."
+    return self.text[self.pos]
+
+  def extract(self, length):
+    "Extract the next string of the given length, or None if not enough text."
+    if self.pos + length > len(self.text):
+      return None
+    return self.text[self.pos : self.pos + length]                 # noqa: E203
+
+
+class Container:
+  "A container for text and objects in a lyx file"
+
+  partkey = None
+  parent = None
+  begin = None
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    self.contents = list()
+
+  def process(self):
+    "Process contents"
+    pass
+
+  def gethtml(self):
+    "Get the resulting HTML"
+    html = self.output.gethtml(self)
+    if isinstance(html, str):
+      Trace.error('Raw string ' + html)
+      html = [html]
+    return html
+
+  def escape(self, line, replacements=EscapeConfig.entities):
+    "Escape a line with replacements from a map"
+    pieces = sorted(replacements.keys())
+    # do them in order
+    for piece in pieces:
+      if piece in line:
+        line = line.replace(piece, replacements[piece])
+    return line
+
+  def escapeentities(self, line):
+    "Escape all Unicode characters to HTML entities."
+    result = ''
+    pos = TextPosition(line)
+    while not pos.finished():
+      if ord(pos.current()) > 128:
+        codepoint = hex(ord(pos.current()))
+        if codepoint == '0xd835':
+          codepoint = hex(ord(next(pos)) + 0xf800)
+        result += '&#' + codepoint[1:] + ';'
+      else:
+        result += pos.current()
+      pos.skipcurrent()
+    return result
+
+  def searchall(self, type):
+    "Search for all embedded containers of a given type"
+    list = []
+    self.searchprocess(type, lambda container: list.append(container))
+    return list
+
+  def searchremove(self, type):
+    "Search for all containers of a type and remove them"
+    list = self.searchall(type)
+    for container in list:
+      container.parent.contents.remove(container)
+    return list
+
+  def searchprocess(self, type, process):
+    "Search for elements of a given type and process them"
+    self.locateprocess(lambda container: isinstance(container, type), process)
+
+  def locateprocess(self, locate, process):
+    "Search for all embedded containers and process them"
+    for container in self.contents:
+      container.locateprocess(locate, process)
+      if locate(container):
+        process(container)
+
+  def recursivesearch(self, locate, recursive, process):
+    "Perform a recursive search in the container."
+    for container in self.contents:
+      if recursive(container):
+        container.recursivesearch(locate, recursive, process)
+      if locate(container):
+        process(container)
+
+  def extracttext(self):
+    "Extract all text from allowed containers."
+    constants = ContainerExtractor(ContainerConfig.extracttext).extract(self)
+    return ''.join(constant.string for constant in constants)
+
+  def group(self, index, group, isingroup):
+    "Group some adjoining elements into a group"
+    if index >= len(self.contents):
+      return
+    if hasattr(self.contents[index], 'grouped'):
+      return
+    while index < len(self.contents) and isingroup(self.contents[index]):
+      self.contents[index].grouped = True
+      group.contents.append(self.contents[index])
+      self.contents.pop(index)
+    self.contents.insert(index, group)
+
+  def remove(self, index):
+    "Remove a container but leave its contents"
+    container = self.contents[index]
+    self.contents.pop(index)
+    while len(container.contents) > 0:
+      self.contents.insert(index, container.contents.pop())
+
+  def tree(self, level=0):
+    "Show in a tree"
+    Trace.debug("  " * level + str(self))
+    for container in self.contents:
+      container.tree(level + 1)
+
+  def getparameter(self, name):
+    "Get the value of a parameter, if present."
+    if name not in self.parameters:
+      return None
+    return self.parameters[name]
+
+  def getparameterlist(self, name):
+    "Get the value of a comma-separated parameter as a list."
+    paramtext = self.getparameter(name)
+    if not paramtext:
+      return []
+    return paramtext.split(',')
+
+  def hasemptyoutput(self):
+    "Check if the parent's output is empty."
+    current = self.parent
+    while current:
+      if current.output.isempty():
+        return True
+      current = current.parent
+    return False
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    "Get a description"
+    if not self.begin:
+      return self.__class__.__name__
+    return self.__class__.__name__ + '@' + str(self.begin)
+
+
+class BlackBox(Container):
+  "A container that does not output anything"
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    self.parser = LoneCommand()
+    self.output = EmptyOutput()
+    self.contents = []
+
+
+class StringContainer(Container):
+  "A container for a single string"
+
+  parsed = None
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    self.parser = StringParser()
+    self.output = StringOutput()
+    self.string = ''
+
+  def process(self):
+    "Replace special chars from the contents."
+    if self.parsed:
+      self.string = self.replacespecial(self.parsed)
+      self.parsed = None
+
+  def replacespecial(self, line):
+    "Replace all special chars from a line"
+    replaced = self.escape(line, EscapeConfig.entities)
+    replaced = self.changeline(replaced)
+    if ContainerConfig.string['startcommand'] in replaced and len(replaced) > 1:
+      # unprocessed commands
+      if self.begin:
+        message = 'Unknown command at ' + str(self.begin) + ': '
+      else:
+        message = 'Unknown command: '
+      Trace.error(message + replaced.strip())
+    return replaced
+
+  def changeline(self, line):
+    return self.escape(line, EscapeConfig.chars)
+
+  def extracttext(self):
+    "Return all text."
+    return self.string
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    "Return a printable representation."
+    result = 'StringContainer'
+    if self.begin:
+      result += '@' + str(self.begin)
+    ellipsis = '...'
+    if len(self.string.strip()) <= 15:
+      ellipsis = ''
+    return result + ' (' + self.string.strip()[:15] + ellipsis + ')'
+
+
+class Constant(StringContainer):
+  "A constant string"
+
+  def __init__(self, text):
+    self.contents = []
+    self.string = text
+    self.output = StringOutput()
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    return 'Constant: ' + self.string
+
+
+class DocumentParameters:
+  "Global parameters for the document."
+
+  displaymode = False
+
+
+class FormulaParser(Parser):
+  "Parses a formula"
+
+  def parseheader(self, reader):
+    "See if the formula is inlined"
+    self.begin = reader.linenumber + 1
+    type = self.parsetype(reader)
+    if not type:
+      reader.nextline()
+      type = self.parsetype(reader)
+      if not type:
+        Trace.error('Unknown formula type in ' + reader.currentline().strip())
+        return ['unknown']
+    return [type]
+
+  def parsetype(self, reader):
+    "Get the formula type from the first line."
+    if reader.currentline().find(FormulaConfig.starts['simple']) >= 0:
+      return 'inline'
+    if reader.currentline().find(FormulaConfig.starts['complex']) >= 0:
+      return 'block'
+    if reader.currentline().find(FormulaConfig.starts['unnumbered']) >= 0:
+      return 'block'
+    if reader.currentline().find(FormulaConfig.starts['beginbefore']) >= 0:
+      return 'numbered'
+    return None
+
+  def parse(self, reader):
+    "Parse the formula until the end"
+    formula = self.parseformula(reader)
+    while not reader.currentline().startswith(self.ending):
+      stripped = reader.currentline().strip()
+      if len(stripped) > 0:
+        Trace.error('Unparsed formula line ' + stripped)
+      reader.nextline()
+    reader.nextline()
+    return formula
+
+  def parseformula(self, reader):
+    "Parse the formula contents"
+    simple = FormulaConfig.starts['simple']
+    if simple in reader.currentline():
+      rest = reader.currentline().split(simple, 1)[1]
+      if simple in rest:
+        # formula is $...$
+        return self.parsesingleliner(reader, simple, simple)
+      # formula is multiline $...$
+      return self.parsemultiliner(reader, simple, simple)
+    if FormulaConfig.starts['complex'] in reader.currentline():
+      # formula of the form \[...\]
+      return self.parsemultiliner(reader, FormulaConfig.starts['complex'],
+                                  FormulaConfig.endings['complex'])
+    beginbefore = FormulaConfig.starts['beginbefore']
+    beginafter = FormulaConfig.starts['beginafter']
+    if beginbefore in reader.currentline():
+      if reader.currentline().strip().endswith(beginafter):
+        current = reader.currentline().strip()
+        endsplit = current.split(beginbefore)[1].split(beginafter)
+        startpiece = beginbefore + endsplit[0] + beginafter
+        endbefore = FormulaConfig.endings['endbefore']
+        endafter = FormulaConfig.endings['endafter']
+        endpiece = endbefore + endsplit[0] + endafter
+        return startpiece + self.parsemultiliner(reader, startpiece, endpiece) + endpiece
+      Trace.error('Missing ' + beginafter + ' in ' + reader.currentline())
+      return ''
+    begincommand = FormulaConfig.starts['command']
+    beginbracket = FormulaConfig.starts['bracket']
+    if begincommand in reader.currentline() and beginbracket in reader.currentline():
+      endbracket = FormulaConfig.endings['bracket']
+      return self.parsemultiliner(reader, beginbracket, endbracket)
+    Trace.error('Formula beginning ' + reader.currentline() + ' is unknown')
+    return ''
+
+  def parsesingleliner(self, reader, start, ending):
+    "Parse a formula in one line"
+    line = reader.currentline().strip()
+    if start not in line:
+      Trace.error('Line ' + line + ' does not contain formula start ' + start)
+      return ''
+    if not line.endswith(ending):
+      Trace.error('Formula ' + line + ' does not end with ' + ending)
+      return ''
+    index = line.index(start)
+    rest = line[index + len(start):-len(ending)]
+    reader.nextline()
+    return rest
+
+  def parsemultiliner(self, reader, start, ending):
+    "Parse a formula in multiple lines"
+    formula = ''
+    line = reader.currentline()
+    if start not in line:
+      Trace.error('Line ' + line.strip() + ' does not contain formula start ' + start)
+      return ''
+    index = line.index(start)
+    line = line[index + len(start):].strip()
+    while not line.endswith(ending):
+      formula += line + '\n'
+      reader.nextline()
+      line = reader.currentline()
+    formula += line[:-len(ending)]
+    reader.nextline()
+    return formula
+
+
+class FormulaBit(Container):
+  "A bit of a formula"
+
+  type = None
+  size = 1
+  original = ''
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    "The formula bit type can be 'alpha', 'number', 'font'."
+    self.contents = []
+    self.output = ContentsOutput()
+
+  def setfactory(self, factory):
+    "Set the internal formula factory."
+    self.factory = factory
+    return self
+
+  def add(self, bit):
+    "Add any kind of formula bit already processed"
+    self.contents.append(bit)
+    self.original += bit.original
+    bit.parent = self
+
+  def skiporiginal(self, string, pos):
+    "Skip a string and add it to the original formula"
+    self.original += string
+    if not pos.checkskip(string):
+      Trace.error('String ' + string + ' not at ' + pos.identifier())
+
+  def computesize(self):
+    "Compute the size of the bit as the max of the sizes of all contents."
+    if len(self.contents) == 0:
+      return 1
+    self.size = max(element.size for element in self.contents)
+    return self.size
+
+  def clone(self):
+    "Return a copy of itself."
+    return self.factory.parseformula(self.original)
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    "Get a string representation"
+    return self.__class__.__name__ + ' read in ' + self.original
+
+
+class TaggedBit(FormulaBit):
+  "A tagged string in a formula"
+
+  def constant(self, constant, tag):
+    "Set the constant and the tag"
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag(tag)
+    self.add(FormulaConstant(constant))
+    return self
+
+  def complete(self, contents, tag, breaklines=False):
+    "Set the constant and the tag"
+    self.contents = contents
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag(tag, breaklines)
+    return self
+
+  def selfcomplete(self, tag):
+    "Set the self-closing tag, no contents (as in <hr/>)."
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag(tag, empty=True)
+    return self
+
+
+class FormulaConstant(Constant):
+  "A constant string in a formula"
+
+  def __init__(self, string):
+    "Set the constant string"
+    Constant.__init__(self, string)
+    self.original = string
+    self.size = 1
+    self.type = None
+
+  def computesize(self):
+    "Compute the size of the constant: always 1."
+    return self.size
+
+  def clone(self):
+    "Return a copy of itself."
+    return FormulaConstant(self.original)
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    "Return a printable representation."
+    return 'Formula constant: ' + self.string
+
+
+class RawText(FormulaBit):
+  "A bit of text inside a formula"
+
+  def detect(self, pos):
+    "Detect a bit of raw text"
+    return pos.current().isalpha()
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse alphabetic text"
+    alpha = pos.globalpha()
+    self.add(FormulaConstant(alpha))
+    self.type = 'alpha'
+
+
+class FormulaSymbol(FormulaBit):
+  "A symbol inside a formula"
+
+  modified = FormulaConfig.modified
+  unmodified = FormulaConfig.unmodified['characters']
+
+  def detect(self, pos):
+    "Detect a symbol"
+    if pos.current() in FormulaSymbol.unmodified:
+      return True
+    if pos.current() in FormulaSymbol.modified:
+      return True
+    return False
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse the symbol"
+    if pos.current() in FormulaSymbol.unmodified:
+      self.addsymbol(pos.current(), pos)
+      return
+    if pos.current() in FormulaSymbol.modified:
+      self.addsymbol(FormulaSymbol.modified[pos.current()], pos)
+      return
+    Trace.error('Symbol ' + pos.current() + ' not found')
+
+  def addsymbol(self, symbol, pos):
+    "Add a symbol"
+    self.skiporiginal(pos.current(), pos)
+    self.contents.append(FormulaConstant(symbol))
+
+
+class FormulaNumber(FormulaBit):
+  "A string of digits in a formula"
+
+  def detect(self, pos):
+    "Detect a digit"
+    return pos.current().isdigit()
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse a bunch of digits"
+    digits = pos.glob(lambda: pos.current().isdigit())
+    self.add(FormulaConstant(digits))
+    self.type = 'number'
+
+
+class Comment(FormulaBit):
+  "A LaTeX comment: % to the end of the line."
+
+  start = FormulaConfig.starts['comment']
+
+  def detect(self, pos):
+    "Detect the %."
+    return pos.current() == self.start
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse to the end of the line."
+    self.original += pos.globincluding('\n')
+
+
+class WhiteSpace(FormulaBit):
+  "Some white space inside a formula."
+
+  def detect(self, pos):
+    "Detect the white space."
+    return pos.current().isspace()
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse all whitespace."
+    self.original += pos.skipspace()
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    "Return a printable representation."
+    return 'Whitespace: *' + self.original + '*'
+
+
+class Bracket(FormulaBit):
+  "A {} bracket inside a formula"
+
+  start = FormulaConfig.starts['bracket']
+  ending = FormulaConfig.endings['bracket']
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    "Create a (possibly literal) new bracket"
+    FormulaBit.__init__(self)
+    self.inner = None
+
+  def detect(self, pos):
+    "Detect the start of a bracket"
+    return pos.checkfor(self.start)
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse the bracket"
+    self.parsecomplete(pos, self.innerformula)
+    return self
+
+  def parsetext(self, pos):
+    "Parse a text bracket"
+    self.parsecomplete(pos, self.innertext)
+    return self
+
+  def parseliteral(self, pos):
+    "Parse a literal bracket"
+    self.parsecomplete(pos, self.innerliteral)
+    return self
+
+  def parsecomplete(self, pos, innerparser):
+    "Parse the start and end marks"
+    if not pos.checkfor(self.start):
+      Trace.error('Bracket should start with ' + self.start + ' at ' + pos.identifier())
+      return None
+    self.skiporiginal(self.start, pos)
+    pos.pushending(self.ending)
+    innerparser(pos)
+    self.original += pos.popending(self.ending)
+    self.computesize()
+
+  def innerformula(self, pos):
+    "Parse a whole formula inside the bracket"
+    while not pos.finished():
+      self.add(self.factory.parseany(pos))
+
+  def innertext(self, pos):
+    "Parse some text inside the bracket, following textual rules."
+    specialchars = list(FormulaConfig.symbolfunctions.keys())
+    specialchars.append(FormulaConfig.starts['command'])
+    specialchars.append(FormulaConfig.starts['bracket'])
+    specialchars.append(Comment.start)
+    while not pos.finished():
+      if pos.current() in specialchars:
+        self.add(self.factory.parseany(pos))
+        if pos.checkskip(' '):
+          self.original += ' '
+      else:
+        self.add(FormulaConstant(pos.skipcurrent()))
+
+  def innerliteral(self, pos):
+    "Parse a literal inside the bracket, which does not generate HTML."
+    self.literal = ''
+    while not pos.finished() and not pos.current() == self.ending:
+      if pos.current() == self.start:
+        self.parseliteral(pos)
+      else:
+        self.literal += pos.skipcurrent()
+    self.original += self.literal
+
+
+class SquareBracket(Bracket):
+  "A [] bracket inside a formula"
+
+  start = FormulaConfig.starts['squarebracket']
+  ending = FormulaConfig.endings['squarebracket']
+
+  def clone(self):
+    "Return a new square bracket with the same contents."
+    bracket = SquareBracket()
+    bracket.contents = self.contents
+    return bracket
+
+
+class MathsProcessor:
+  "A processor for a maths construction inside the FormulaProcessor."
+
+  def process(self, contents, index):
+    "Process an element inside a formula."
+    Trace.error('Unimplemented process() in ' + str(self))
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    "Return a printable description."
+    return 'Maths processor ' + self.__class__.__name__
+
+
+class FormulaProcessor:
+  "A processor specifically for formulas."
+
+  processors = []
+
+  def process(self, bit):
+    "Process the contents of every formula bit, recursively."
+    self.processcontents(bit)
+    self.processinsides(bit)
+    self.traversewhole(bit)
+
+  def processcontents(self, bit):
+    "Process the contents of a formula bit."
+    if not isinstance(bit, FormulaBit):
+      return
+    bit.process()
+    for element in bit.contents:
+      self.processcontents(element)
+
+  def processinsides(self, bit):
+    "Process the insides (limits, brackets) in a formula bit."
+    if not isinstance(bit, FormulaBit):
+      return
+    for index, element in enumerate(bit.contents):
+      for processor in self.processors:
+        processor.process(bit.contents, index)
+      # continue with recursive processing
+      self.processinsides(element)
+
+  def traversewhole(self, formula):
+    "Traverse over the contents to alter variables and space units."
+    last = None
+    for bit, contents in self.traverse(formula):
+      if bit.type == 'alpha':
+        self.italicize(bit, contents)
+      elif bit.type == 'font' and last and last.type == 'number':
+        bit.contents.insert(0, FormulaConstant('\u2009'))
+      last = bit
+
+  def traverse(self, bit):
+    "Traverse a formula and yield a flattened structure of (bit, list) pairs."
+    for element in bit.contents:
+      if hasattr(element, 'type') and element.type:
+        yield element, bit.contents
+      elif isinstance(element, FormulaBit):
+        yield from self.traverse(element)
+
+  def italicize(self, bit, contents):
+    "Italicize the given bit of text."
+    index = contents.index(bit)
+    contents[index] = TaggedBit().complete([bit], 'i')
+
+
+class Formula(Container):
+  "A LaTeX formula"
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    self.parser = FormulaParser()
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag('span class="formula"')
+
+  def process(self):
+    "Convert the formula to tags"
+    if self.header[0] == 'inline':
+      DocumentParameters.displaymode = False
+    else:
+      DocumentParameters.displaymode = True
+      self.output.settag('div class="formula"', True)
+    self.classic()
+
+  def classic(self):
+    "Make the contents using classic output generation with XHTML and CSS."
+    whole = FormulaFactory().parseformula(self.parsed)
+    FormulaProcessor().process(whole)
+    whole.parent = self
+    self.contents = [whole]
+
+  def parse(self, pos):
+    "Parse using a parse position instead of self.parser."
+    if pos.checkskip('$$'):
+      self.parsedollarblock(pos)
+    elif pos.checkskip('$'):
+      self.parsedollarinline(pos)
+    elif pos.checkskip('\\('):
+      self.parseinlineto(pos, '\\)')
+    elif pos.checkskip('\\['):
+      self.parseblockto(pos, '\\]')
+    else:
+      pos.error('Unparseable formula')
+    self.process()
+    return self
+
+  def parsedollarinline(self, pos):
+    "Parse a $...$ formula."
+    self.header = ['inline']
+    self.parsedollar(pos)
+
+  def parsedollarblock(self, pos):
+    "Parse a $$...$$ formula."
+    self.header = ['block']
+    self.parsedollar(pos)
+    if not pos.checkskip('$'):
+      pos.error('Formula should be $$...$$, but last $ is missing.')
+
+  def parsedollar(self, pos):
+    "Parse to the next $."
+    pos.pushending('$')
+    self.parsed = pos.globexcluding('$')
+    pos.popending('$')
+
+  def parseinlineto(self, pos, limit):
+    "Parse a \\(...\\) formula."
+    self.header = ['inline']
+    self.parseupto(pos, limit)
+
+  def parseblockto(self, pos, limit):
+    "Parse a \\[...\\] formula."
+    self.header = ['block']
+    self.parseupto(pos, limit)
+
+  def parseupto(self, pos, limit):
+    "Parse a formula that ends with the given command."
+    pos.pushending(limit)
+    self.parsed = pos.glob(lambda: True)
+    pos.popending(limit)
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    "Return a printable representation."
+    if self.partkey and self.partkey.number:
+      return 'Formula (' + self.partkey.number + ')'
+    return 'Unnumbered formula'
+
+
+class WholeFormula(FormulaBit):
+  "Parse a whole formula"
+
+  def detect(self, pos):
+    "Not outside the formula is enough."
+    return not pos.finished()
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse with any formula bit"
+    while not pos.finished():
+      self.add(self.factory.parseany(pos))
+
+
+class FormulaFactory:
+  "Construct bits of formula"
+
+  # bit types will be appended later
+  types = [FormulaSymbol, RawText, FormulaNumber, Bracket, Comment, WhiteSpace]
+  skippedtypes = [Comment, WhiteSpace]
+  defining = False
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    "Initialize the map of instances."
+    self.instances = {}
+
+  def detecttype(self, type, pos):
+    "Detect a bit of a given type."
+    if pos.finished():
+      return False
+    return self.instance(type).detect(pos)
+
+  def instance(self, type):
+    "Get an instance of the given type."
+    if type not in self.instances or not self.instances[type]:
+      self.instances[type] = self.create(type)
+    return self.instances[type]
+
+  def create(self, type):
+    "Create a new formula bit of the given type."
+    return Cloner.create(type).setfactory(self)
+
+  def clearskipped(self, pos):
+    "Clear any skipped types."
+    while not pos.finished():
+      if not self.skipany(pos):
+        return
+    return
+
+  def skipany(self, pos):
+    "Skip any skipped types."
+    for type in self.skippedtypes:
+      if self.instance(type).detect(pos):
+        return self.parsetype(type, pos)
+    return None
+
+  def parseany(self, pos):
+    "Parse any formula bit at the current location."
+    for type in self.types + self.skippedtypes:
+      if self.detecttype(type, pos):
+        return self.parsetype(type, pos)
+    Trace.error('Unrecognized formula at ' + pos.identifier())
+    return FormulaConstant(pos.skipcurrent())
+
+  def parsetype(self, type, pos):
+    "Parse the given type and return it."
+    bit = self.instance(type)
+    self.instances[type] = None
+    returnedbit = bit.parsebit(pos)
+    if returnedbit:
+      return returnedbit.setfactory(self)
+    return bit
+
+  def parseformula(self, formula):
+    "Parse a string of text that contains a whole formula."
+    pos = TextPosition(formula)
+    whole = self.create(WholeFormula)
+    if whole.detect(pos):
+      whole.parsebit(pos)
+      return whole
+    # no formula found
+    if not pos.finished():
+      Trace.error('Unknown formula at: ' + pos.identifier())
+      whole.add(TaggedBit().constant(formula, 'span class="unknown"'))
+    return whole
+
+
+class FormulaCommand(FormulaBit):
+  "A LaTeX command inside a formula"
+
+  types = []
+  start = FormulaConfig.starts['command']
+  commandmap = None
+
+  def detect(self, pos):
+    "Find the current command."
+    return pos.checkfor(FormulaCommand.start)
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse the command."
+    command = self.extractcommand(pos)
+    bit = self.parsewithcommand(command, pos)
+    if bit:
+      return bit
+    if command.startswith('\\up') or command.startswith('\\Up'):
+      upgreek = self.parseupgreek(command, pos)
+      if upgreek:
+        return upgreek
+    if not self.factory.defining:
+      Trace.error('Unknown command ' + command)
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag('span class="unknown"')
+    self.add(FormulaConstant(command))
+    return None
+
+  def parsewithcommand(self, command, pos):
+    "Parse the command type once we have the command."
+    for type in FormulaCommand.types:
+      if command in type.commandmap:
+        return self.parsecommandtype(command, type, pos)
+    return None
+
+  def parsecommandtype(self, command, type, pos):
+    "Parse a given command type."
+    bit = self.factory.create(type)
+    bit.setcommand(command)
+    returned = bit.parsebit(pos)
+    if returned:
+      return returned
+    return bit
+
+  def extractcommand(self, pos):
+    "Extract the command from the current position."
+    if not pos.checkskip(FormulaCommand.start):
+      pos.error('Missing command start ' + FormulaCommand.start)
+      return
+    if pos.finished():
+      return self.emptycommand(pos)
+    if pos.current().isalpha():
+      # alpha command
+      command = FormulaCommand.start + pos.globalpha()
+      # skip mark of short command
+      pos.checkskip('*')
+      return command
+    # symbol command
+    return FormulaCommand.start + pos.skipcurrent()
+
+  def emptycommand(self, pos):
+    """Check for an empty command: look for command disguised as ending.
+    Special case against '{ \\{ \\} }' situation."""
+    command = ''
+    if not pos.isout():
+      ending = pos.nextending()
+      if ending and pos.checkskip(ending):
+        command = ending
+    return FormulaCommand.start + command
+
+  def parseupgreek(self, command, pos):
+    "Parse the Greek \\up command.."
+    if len(command) < 4:
+      return None
+    if command.startswith('\\up'):
+      upcommand = '\\' + command[3:]
+    elif pos.checkskip('\\Up'):
+      upcommand = '\\' + command[3:4].upper() + command[4:]
+    else:
+      Trace.error('Impossible upgreek command: ' + command)
+      return
+    upgreek = self.parsewithcommand(upcommand, pos)
+    if upgreek:
+      upgreek.type = 'font'
+    return upgreek
+
+
+class CommandBit(FormulaCommand):
+  "A formula bit that includes a command"
+
+  def setcommand(self, command):
+    "Set the command in the bit"
+    self.command = command
+    if self.commandmap:
+      self.original += command
+      self.translated = self.commandmap[self.command]
+
+  def parseparameter(self, pos):
+    "Parse a parameter at the current position"
+    self.factory.clearskipped(pos)
+    if pos.finished():
+      return None
+    parameter = self.factory.parseany(pos)
+    self.add(parameter)
+    return parameter
+
+  def parsesquare(self, pos):
+    "Parse a square bracket"
+    self.factory.clearskipped(pos)
+    if not self.factory.detecttype(SquareBracket, pos):
+      return None
+    bracket = self.factory.parsetype(SquareBracket, pos)
+    self.add(bracket)
+    return bracket
+
+  def parseliteral(self, pos):
+    "Parse a literal bracket."
+    self.factory.clearskipped(pos)
+    if not self.factory.detecttype(Bracket, pos):
+      if not pos.isvalue():
+        Trace.error('No literal parameter found at: ' + pos.identifier())
+        return None
+      return pos.globvalue()
+    bracket = Bracket().setfactory(self.factory)
+    self.add(bracket.parseliteral(pos))
+    return bracket.literal
+
+  def parsesquareliteral(self, pos):
+    "Parse a square bracket literally."
+    self.factory.clearskipped(pos)
+    if not self.factory.detecttype(SquareBracket, pos):
+      return None
+    bracket = SquareBracket().setfactory(self.factory)
+    self.add(bracket.parseliteral(pos))
+    return bracket.literal
+
+  def parsetext(self, pos):
+    "Parse a text parameter."
+    self.factory.clearskipped(pos)
+    if not self.factory.detecttype(Bracket, pos):
+      Trace.error('No text parameter for ' + self.command)
+      return None
+    bracket = Bracket().setfactory(self.factory).parsetext(pos)
+    self.add(bracket)
+    return bracket
+
+
+class EmptyCommand(CommandBit):
+  "An empty command (without parameters)"
+
+  commandmap = FormulaConfig.commands
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse a command without parameters"
+    self.contents = [FormulaConstant(self.translated)]
+
+
+class SpacedCommand(CommandBit):
+  """An empty command which should have math spacing in formulas."""
+
+  commandmap = FormulaConfig.spacedcommands
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Place as contents the command translated and spaced."
+    # pad with MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE (4/18 em): too wide in STIX fonts :(
+    # self.contents = [FormulaConstant('\u205f' + self.translated + '\u205f')]
+    # pad with THIN SPACE (1/5 em)
+    self.contents = [FormulaConstant('\u2009' + self.translated + '\u2009')]
+
+
+class AlphaCommand(EmptyCommand):
+  """A command without parameters whose result is alphabetical."""
+
+  commandmap = FormulaConfig.alphacommands
+  greek_capitals = ('\\Xi', '\\Theta', '\\Pi', '\\Sigma', '\\Gamma',
+                    '\\Lambda', '\\Phi', '\\Psi', '\\Delta',
+                    '\\Upsilon', '\\Omega')
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse the command and set type to alpha"
+    EmptyCommand.parsebit(self, pos)
+    if self.command not in self.greek_capitals:
+        # Greek Capital letters are upright in LaTeX default math-style.
+        # TODO: use italic, like in MathML and "iso" math-style?
+        self.type = 'alpha'
+
+
+class OneParamFunction(CommandBit):
+  "A function of one parameter"
+
+  commandmap = FormulaConfig.onefunctions
+  simplified = False
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse a function with one parameter"
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag(self.translated)
+    self.parseparameter(pos)
+    self.simplifyifpossible()
+
+  def simplifyifpossible(self):
+    "Try to simplify to a single character."
+    if self.original in self.commandmap:
+      self.output = FixedOutput()
+      self.html = [self.commandmap[self.original]]
+      self.simplified = True
+
+
+class SymbolFunction(CommandBit):
+  "Find a function which is represented by a symbol (like _ or ^)"
+
+  commandmap = FormulaConfig.symbolfunctions
+
+  def detect(self, pos):
+    "Find the symbol"
+    return pos.current() in SymbolFunction.commandmap
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse the symbol"
+    self.setcommand(pos.current())
+    pos.skip(self.command)
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag(self.translated)
+    self.parseparameter(pos)
+
+
+class TextFunction(CommandBit):
+  "A function where parameters are read as text."
+
+  commandmap = FormulaConfig.textfunctions
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse a text parameter"
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag(self.translated)
+    self.parsetext(pos)
+
+  def process(self):
+    "Set the type to font"
+    self.type = 'font'
+
+
+class FontFunction(OneParamFunction):
+  """A function of one parameter that changes the font."""
+  # TODO: keep letters italic with \boldsymbol.
+
+  commandmap = FormulaConfig.fontfunctions
+
+  def process(self):
+    "Simplify if possible using a single character."
+    self.type = 'font'
+    self.simplifyifpossible()
+
+
+FormulaFactory.types += [FormulaCommand, SymbolFunction]
+FormulaCommand.types = [
+    AlphaCommand, EmptyCommand, OneParamFunction, FontFunction,
+    TextFunction, SpacedCommand]
+
+
+class BigBracket:
+  "A big bracket generator."
+
+  def __init__(self, size, bracket, alignment='l'):
+    "Set the size and symbol for the bracket."
+    self.size = size
+    self.original = bracket
+    self.alignment = alignment
+    self.pieces = None
+    if bracket in FormulaConfig.bigbrackets:
+      self.pieces = FormulaConfig.bigbrackets[bracket]
+
+  def getpiece(self, index):
+    "Return the nth piece for the bracket."
+    function = getattr(self, 'getpiece' + str(len(self.pieces)))
+    return function(index)
+
+  def getpiece1(self, index):
+    "Return the only piece for a single-piece bracket."
+    return self.pieces[0]
+
+  def getpiece3(self, index):
+    "Get the nth piece for a 3-piece bracket: parenthesis or square bracket."
+    if index == 0:
+      return self.pieces[0]
+    if index == self.size - 1:
+      return self.pieces[-1]
+    return self.pieces[1]
+
+  def getpiece4(self, index):
+    "Get the nth piece for a 4-piece bracket: curly bracket."
+    if index == 0:
+      return self.pieces[0]
+    if index == self.size - 1:
+      return self.pieces[3]
+    if index == (self.size - 1)/2:
+      return self.pieces[2]
+    return self.pieces[1]
+
+  def getcell(self, index):
+    "Get the bracket piece as an array cell."
+    piece = self.getpiece(index)
+    span = 'span class="bracket align-' + self.alignment + '"'
+    return TaggedBit().constant(piece, span)
+
+  def getcontents(self):
+    "Get the bracket as an array or as a single bracket."
+    if self.size == 1 or not self.pieces:
+      return self.getsinglebracket()
+    rows = []
+    for index in range(self.size):
+      cell = self.getcell(index)
+      rows.append(TaggedBit().complete([cell], 'span class="arrayrow"'))
+    return [TaggedBit().complete(rows, 'span class="array"')]
+
+  def getsinglebracket(self):
+    "Return the bracket as a single sign."
+    if self.original == '.':
+      return [TaggedBit().constant('', 'span class="emptydot"')]
+    return [TaggedBit().constant(self.original, 'span class="stretchy"')]
+
+
+class FormulaEquation(CommandBit):
+  "A simple numbered equation."
+
+  piece = 'equation'
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse the array"
+    self.output = ContentsOutput()
+    self.add(self.factory.parsetype(WholeFormula, pos))
+
+
+class FormulaCell(FormulaCommand):
+  "An array cell inside a row"
+
+  def setalignment(self, alignment):
+    self.alignment = alignment
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag('span class="arraycell align-'
+                                        + alignment + '"', True)
+    return self
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    self.factory.clearskipped(pos)
+    if pos.finished():
+      return
+    self.add(self.factory.parsetype(WholeFormula, pos))
+
+
+class FormulaRow(FormulaCommand):
+  "An array row inside an array"
+
+  cellseparator = FormulaConfig.array['cellseparator']
+
+  def setalignments(self, alignments):
+    self.alignments = alignments
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag('span class="arrayrow"', True)
+    return self
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse a whole row"
+    index = 0
+    pos.pushending(self.cellseparator, optional=True)
+    while not pos.finished():
+      cell = self.createcell(index)
+      cell.parsebit(pos)
+      self.add(cell)
+      index += 1
+      pos.checkskip(self.cellseparator)
+    if len(self.contents) == 0:
+      self.output = EmptyOutput()
+
+  def createcell(self, index):
+    "Create the cell that corresponds to the given index."
+    alignment = self.alignments[index % len(self.alignments)]
+    return self.factory.create(FormulaCell).setalignment(alignment)
+
+
+class MultiRowFormula(CommandBit):
+  "A formula with multiple rows."
+
+  def parserows(self, pos):
+    "Parse all rows, finish when no more row ends"
+    self.rows = []
+    first = True
+    for row in self.iteraterows(pos):
+      if first:
+        first = False
+      else:
+        # intersparse empty rows
+        self.addempty()
+      row.parsebit(pos)
+      self.addrow(row)
+    self.size = len(self.rows)
+
+  def iteraterows(self, pos):
+    "Iterate over all rows, end when no more row ends"
+    rowseparator = FormulaConfig.array['rowseparator']
+    while True:
+      pos.pushending(rowseparator, True)
+      row = self.factory.create(FormulaRow)
+      yield row.setalignments(self.alignments)
+      if pos.checkfor(rowseparator):
+        self.original += pos.popending(rowseparator)
+      else:
+        return
+
+  def addempty(self):
+    "Add an empty row."
+    row = self.factory.create(FormulaRow).setalignments(self.alignments)
+    for index, originalcell in enumerate(self.rows[-1].contents):
+      cell = row.createcell(index)
+      cell.add(FormulaConstant(' '))
+      row.add(cell)
+    self.addrow(row)
+
+  def addrow(self, row):
+    "Add a row to the contents and to the list of rows."
+    self.rows.append(row)
+    self.add(row)
+
+
+class FormulaArray(MultiRowFormula):
+  "An array within a formula"
+
+  piece = 'array'
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse the array"
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag('span class="array"', False)
+    self.parsealignments(pos)
+    self.parserows(pos)
+
+  def parsealignments(self, pos):
+    "Parse the different alignments"
+    # vertical
+    self.valign = 'c'
+    literal = self.parsesquareliteral(pos)
+    if literal:
+      self.valign = literal
+    # horizontal
+    literal = self.parseliteral(pos)
+    self.alignments = []
+    for s in literal:
+      self.alignments.append(s)
+
+
+class FormulaMatrix(MultiRowFormula):
+  "A matrix (array with center alignment)."
+
+  piece = 'matrix'
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse the matrix, set alignments to 'c'."
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag('span class="array"', False)
+    self.valign = 'c'
+    self.alignments = ['c']
+    self.parserows(pos)
+
+
+class FormulaCases(MultiRowFormula):
+  "A cases statement"
+
+  piece = 'cases'
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse the cases"
+    self.output = ContentsOutput()
+    self.alignments = ['l', 'l']
+    self.parserows(pos)
+    for row in self.contents:
+      for cell in row.contents:
+        cell.output.settag('span class="case align-l"', True)
+        cell.contents.append(FormulaConstant(' '))
+    array = TaggedBit().complete(self.contents, 'span class="bracketcases"', True)
+    brace = BigBracket(len(self.contents), '{', 'l')
+    self.contents = brace.getcontents() + [array]
+
+
+class EquationEnvironment(MultiRowFormula):
+  "A \\begin{}...\\end equation environment with rows and cells."
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse the whole environment."
+    environment = self.piece.replace('*', '')
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag(
+                    'span class="environment %s"'%environment, False)
+    if environment in FormulaConfig.environments:
+      self.alignments = FormulaConfig.environments[environment]
+    else:
+      Trace.error('Unknown equation environment ' + self.piece)
+      # print in red
+      self.output = TaggedOutput().settag('span class="unknown"')
+      self.add(FormulaConstant('\\begin{%s} '%environment))
+
+      self.alignments = ['l']
+    self.parserows(pos)
+
+
+class BeginCommand(CommandBit):
+  "A \\begin{}...\\end command and what it entails (array, cases, aligned)"
+
+  commandmap = {FormulaConfig.array['begin']: ''}
+
+  types = [FormulaEquation, FormulaArray, FormulaCases, FormulaMatrix]
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse the begin command"
+    command = self.parseliteral(pos)
+    bit = self.findbit(command)
+    ending = FormulaConfig.array['end'] + '{' + command + '}'
+    pos.pushending(ending)
+    bit.parsebit(pos)
+    self.add(bit)
+    self.original += pos.popending(ending)
+    self.size = bit.size
+
+  def findbit(self, piece):
+    "Find the command bit corresponding to the \\begin{piece}"
+    for type in BeginCommand.types:
+      if piece.replace('*', '') == type.piece:
+        return self.factory.create(type)
+    bit = self.factory.create(EquationEnvironment)
+    bit.piece = piece
+    return bit
+
+
+FormulaCommand.types += [BeginCommand]
+
+
+class CombiningFunction(OneParamFunction):
+
+  commandmap = FormulaConfig.combiningfunctions
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse a combining function."
+    combining = self.translated
+    parameter = self.parsesingleparameter(pos)
+    if not parameter:
+      Trace.error('Missing parameter for combining function ' + self.command)
+      return
+    # Trace.message('apply %s to %r'%(self.command, parameter.extracttext()))
+    # parameter.tree()
+    if not isinstance(parameter, FormulaConstant):
+      try:
+        extractor = ContainerExtractor(ContainerConfig.extracttext)
+        parameter = extractor.extract(parameter)[0]
+      except IndexError:
+        Trace.error('No base character found for "%s".' % self.command)
+        return
+    # Trace.message('  basechar: %r' % parameter.string)
+    # Insert combining character after the first character:
+    if parameter.string.startswith('\u2009'):
+        i = 2 # skip padding by SpacedCommand and FormulaConfig.modified
+    else:
+        i = 1
+    parameter.string = parameter.string[:i] + combining + parameter.string[i:]
+    # Use pre-composed characters if possible: \not{=} -> ≠, say.
+    parameter.string = unicodedata.normalize('NFC', parameter.string)
+
+  def parsesingleparameter(self, pos):
+    "Parse a parameter, or a single letter."
+    self.factory.clearskipped(pos)
+    if pos.finished():
+      return None
+    return self.parseparameter(pos)
+
+
+class OversetFunction(OneParamFunction):
+  "A function that decorates some bit of text with an overset."
+
+  commandmap = FormulaConfig.oversetfunctions
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse an overset-function"
+    symbol = self.translated
+    self.symbol = TaggedBit().constant(symbol, 'sup')
+    self.parameter = self.parseparameter(pos)
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag('span class="embellished"')
+    self.contents.insert(0, self.symbol)
+    self.parameter.output = TaggedOutput().settag('span class="base"')
+    self.simplifyifpossible()
+
+
+class UndersetFunction(OneParamFunction):
+  "A function that decorates some bit of text with an underset."
+
+  commandmap = FormulaConfig.undersetfunctions
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse an underset-function"
+    symbol = self.translated
+    self.symbol = TaggedBit().constant(symbol, 'sub')
+    self.parameter = self.parseparameter(pos)
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag('span class="embellished"')
+    self.contents.insert(0, self.symbol)
+    self.parameter.output = TaggedOutput().settag('span class="base"')
+    self.simplifyifpossible()
+
+
+class LimitCommand(EmptyCommand):
+  "A command which accepts limits above and below, in display mode."
+
+  commandmap = FormulaConfig.limitcommands
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse a limit command."
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag('span class="limits"')
+    symbol = self.translated
+    self.contents.append(TaggedBit().constant(symbol, 'span class="limit"'))
+
+
+class LimitPreviousCommand(LimitCommand):
+  "A command to limit the previous command."
+
+  commandmap = None
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Do nothing."
+    self.output = TaggedOutput().settag('span class="limits"')
+    self.factory.clearskipped(pos)
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    "Return a printable representation."
+    return 'Limit previous command'
+
+
+class LimitsProcessor(MathsProcessor):
+  "A processor for limits inside an element."
+
+  def process(self, contents, index):
+    "Process the limits for an element."
+    if Options.simplemath:
+      return
+    if self.checklimits(contents, index):
+      self.modifylimits(contents, index)
+    if self.checkscript(contents, index) and self.checkscript(contents, index + 1):
+      self.modifyscripts(contents, index)
+
+  def checklimits(self, contents, index):
+    "Check if the current position has a limits command."
+    # TODO: check for \limits macro
+    if not DocumentParameters.displaymode:
+      return False
+    if self.checkcommand(contents, index + 1, LimitPreviousCommand):
+      self.limitsahead(contents, index)
+      return False
+    if not isinstance(contents[index], LimitCommand):
+      return False
+    return self.checkscript(contents, index + 1)
+
+  def limitsahead(self, contents, index):
+    "Limit the current element based on the next."
+    contents[index + 1].add(contents[index].clone())
+    contents[index].output = EmptyOutput()
+
+  def modifylimits(self, contents, index):
+    "Modify a limits commands so that the limits appear above and below."
+    limited = contents[index]
+    subscript = self.getlimit(contents, index + 1)
+    if self.checkscript(contents, index + 1):
+      superscript = self.getlimit(contents, index + 1)
+    else:
+      superscript = TaggedBit().constant('\u2009', 'sup class="limit"')
+    # fix order if source is x^i
+    if subscript.command == '^':
+        superscript, subscript = subscript, superscript
+    limited.contents.append(subscript)
+    limited.contents.insert(0, superscript)
+
+  def getlimit(self, contents, index):
+    "Get the limit for a limits command."
+    limit = self.getscript(contents, index)
+    limit.output.tag = limit.output.tag.replace('script', 'limit')
+    return limit
+
+  def modifyscripts(self, contents, index):
+    "Modify the super- and subscript to appear vertically aligned."
+    subscript = self.getscript(contents, index)
+    # subscript removed so instead of index + 1 we get index again
+    superscript = self.getscript(contents, index)
+    # super-/subscript are reversed if source is x^i_j
+    if subscript.command == '^':
+        superscript, subscript = subscript, superscript
+    scripts = TaggedBit().complete([superscript, subscript], 'span class="scripts"')
+    contents.insert(index, scripts)
+
+  def checkscript(self, contents, index):
+    "Check if the current element is a sub- or superscript."
+    return self.checkcommand(contents, index, SymbolFunction)
+
+  def checkcommand(self, contents, index, type):
+    "Check for the given type as the current element."
+    if len(contents) <= index:
+      return False
+    return isinstance(contents[index], type)
+
+  def getscript(self, contents, index):
+    "Get the sub- or superscript."
+    bit = contents[index]
+    bit.output.tag += ' class="script"'
+    del contents[index]
+    return bit
+
+
+class BracketCommand(OneParamFunction):
+  "A command which defines a bracket."
+
+  commandmap = FormulaConfig.bracketcommands
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse the bracket."
+    OneParamFunction.parsebit(self, pos)
+
+  def create(self, direction, character):
+    "Create the bracket for the given character."
+    self.original = character
+    self.command = '\\' + direction
+    self.contents = [FormulaConstant(character)]
+    return self
+
+
+class BracketProcessor(MathsProcessor):
+  "A processor for bracket commands."
+
+  def process(self, contents, index):
+    "Convert the bracket using Unicode pieces, if possible."
+    if Options.simplemath:
+      return
+    if self.checkleft(contents, index):
+      return self.processleft(contents, index)
+
+  def processleft(self, contents, index):
+    "Process a left bracket."
+    rightindex = self.findright(contents, index + 1)
+    if not rightindex:
+      return
+    size = self.findmax(contents, index, rightindex)
+    self.resize(contents[index], size)
+    self.resize(contents[rightindex], size)
+
+  def checkleft(self, contents, index):
+    "Check if the command at the given index is left."
+    return self.checkdirection(contents[index], '\\left')
+
+  def checkright(self, contents, index):
+    "Check if the command at the given index is right."
+    return self.checkdirection(contents[index], '\\right')
+
+  def checkdirection(self, bit, command):
+    "Check if the given bit is the desired bracket command."
+    if not isinstance(bit, BracketCommand):
+      return False
+    return bit.command == command
+
+  def findright(self, contents, index):
+    "Find the right bracket starting at the given index, or 0."
+    depth = 1
+    while index < len(contents):
+      if self.checkleft(contents, index):
+        depth += 1
+      if self.checkright(contents, index):
+        depth -= 1
+      if depth == 0:
+        return index
+      index += 1
+    return None
+
+  def findmax(self, contents, leftindex, rightindex):
+    "Find the max size of the contents between the two given indices."
+    sliced = contents[leftindex:rightindex]
+    return max(element.size for element in sliced)
+
+  def resize(self, command, size):
+    "Resize a bracket command to the given size."
+    character = command.extracttext()
+    alignment = command.command.replace('\\', '')
+    bracket = BigBracket(size, character, alignment)
+    command.output = ContentsOutput()
+    command.contents = bracket.getcontents()
+
+
+FormulaCommand.types += [OversetFunction, UndersetFunction,
+                         CombiningFunction, LimitCommand, BracketCommand]
+
+FormulaProcessor.processors += [
+    LimitsProcessor(), BracketProcessor(),
+    ]
+
+
+class ParameterDefinition:
+  "The definition of a parameter in a hybrid function."
+  "[] parameters are optional, {} parameters are mandatory."
+  "Each parameter has a one-character name, like {$1} or {$p}."
+  "A parameter that ends in ! like {$p!} is a literal."
+  "Example: [$1]{$p!} reads an optional parameter $1 and a literal mandatory parameter p."
+
+  parambrackets = [('[', ']'), ('{', '}')]
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    self.name = None
+    self.literal = False
+    self.optional = False
+    self.value = None
+    self.literalvalue = None
+
+  def parse(self, pos):
+    "Parse a parameter definition: [$0], {$x}, {$1!}..."
+    for (opening, closing) in ParameterDefinition.parambrackets:
+      if pos.checkskip(opening):
+        if opening == '[':
+          self.optional = True
+        if not pos.checkskip('$'):
+          Trace.error('Wrong parameter name, did you mean $' + pos.current() + '?')
+          return None
+        self.name = pos.skipcurrent()
+        if pos.checkskip('!'):
+          self.literal = True
+        if not pos.checkskip(closing):
+          Trace.error('Wrong parameter closing ' + pos.skipcurrent())
+          return None
+        return self
+    Trace.error('Wrong character in parameter template: ' + pos.skipcurrent())
+    return None
+
+  def read(self, pos, function):
+    "Read the parameter itself using the definition."
+    if self.literal:
+      if self.optional:
+        self.literalvalue = function.parsesquareliteral(pos)
+      else:
+        self.literalvalue = function.parseliteral(pos)
+      if self.literalvalue:
+        self.value = FormulaConstant(self.literalvalue)
+    elif self.optional:
+      self.value = function.parsesquare(pos)
+    else:
+      self.value = function.parseparameter(pos)
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    "Return a printable representation."
+    result = 'param ' + self.name
+    if self.value:
+      result += ': ' + str(self.value)
+    else:
+      result += ' (empty)'
+    return result
+
+
+class ParameterFunction(CommandBit):
+  "A function with a variable number of parameters defined in a template."
+  "The parameters are defined as a parameter definition."
+
+  def readparams(self, readtemplate, pos):
+    "Read the params according to the template."
+    self.params = {}
+    for paramdef in self.paramdefs(readtemplate):
+      paramdef.read(pos, self)
+      self.params['$' + paramdef.name] = paramdef
+
+  def paramdefs(self, readtemplate):
+    "Read each param definition in the template"
+    pos = TextPosition(readtemplate)
+    while not pos.finished():
+      paramdef = ParameterDefinition().parse(pos)
+      if paramdef:
+        yield paramdef
+
+  def getparam(self, name):
+    "Get a parameter as parsed."
+    if name not in self.params:
+      return None
+    return self.params[name]
+
+  def getvalue(self, name):
+    "Get the value of a parameter."
+    return self.getparam(name).value
+
+  def getliteralvalue(self, name):
+    "Get the literal value of a parameter."
+    param = self.getparam(name)
+    if not param or not param.literalvalue:
+      return None
+    return param.literalvalue
+
+
+class HybridFunction(ParameterFunction):
+  """
+  A parameter function where the output is also defined using a template.
+  The template can use a number of functions; each function has an associated
+  tag.
+  Example: [f0{$1},span class="fbox"] defines a function f0 which corresponds
+  to a span of class fbox, yielding <span class="fbox">$1</span>.
+  Literal parameters can be used in tags definitions:
+    [f0{$1},span style="color: $p;"]
+  yields <span style="color: $p;">$1</span>, where $p is a literal parameter.
+  Sizes can be specified in hybridsizes, e.g. adding parameter sizes. By
+  default the resulting size is the max of all arguments. Sizes are used
+  to generate the right parameters.
+  A function followed by a single / is output as a self-closing XHTML tag:
+    [f0/,hr]
+  will generate <hr/>.
+  """
+
+  commandmap = FormulaConfig.hybridfunctions
+
+  def parsebit(self, pos):
+    "Parse a function with [] and {} parameters"
+    readtemplate = self.translated[0]
+    writetemplate = self.translated[1]
+    self.readparams(readtemplate, pos)
+    self.contents = self.writeparams(writetemplate)
+    self.computehybridsize()
+
+  def writeparams(self, writetemplate):
+    "Write all params according to the template"
+    return self.writepos(TextPosition(writetemplate))
+
+  def writepos(self, pos):
+    "Write all params as read in the parse position."
+    result = []
+    while not pos.finished():
+      if pos.checkskip('$'):
+        param = self.writeparam(pos)
+        if param:
+          result.append(param)
+      elif pos.checkskip('f'):
+        function = self.writefunction(pos)
+        if function:
+          function.type = None
+          result.append(function)
+      elif pos.checkskip('('):
+        result.append(self.writebracket('left', '('))
+      elif pos.checkskip(')'):
+        result.append(self.writebracket('right', ')'))
+      else:
+        result.append(FormulaConstant(pos.skipcurrent()))
+    return result
+
+  def writeparam(self, pos):
+    "Write a single param of the form $0, $x..."
+    name = '$' + pos.skipcurrent()
+    if name not in self.params:
+      Trace.error('Unknown parameter ' + name)
+      return None
+    if not self.params[name]:
+      return None
+    if pos.checkskip('.'):
+      self.params[name].value.type = pos.globalpha()
+    return self.params[name].value
+
+  def writefunction(self, pos):
+    "Write a single function f0,...,fn."
+    tag = self.readtag(pos)
+    if not tag:
+      return None
+    if pos.checkskip('/'):
+      # self-closing XHTML tag, such as <hr/>
+      return TaggedBit().selfcomplete(tag)
+    if not pos.checkskip('{'):
+      Trace.error('Function should be defined in {}')
+      return None
+    pos.pushending('}')
+    contents = self.writepos(pos)
+    pos.popending()
+    if len(contents) == 0:
+      return None
+    return TaggedBit().complete(contents, tag)
+
+  def readtag(self, pos):
+    "Get the tag corresponding to the given index. Does parameter substitution."
+    if not pos.current().isdigit():
+      Trace.error('Function should be f0,...,f9: f' + pos.current())
+      return None
+    index = int(pos.skipcurrent())
+    if 2 + index > len(self.translated):
+      Trace.error('Function f' + str(index) + ' is not defined')
+      return None
+    tag = self.translated[2 + index]
+    if '$' not in tag:
+      return tag
+    for variable in self.params:
+      if variable in tag:
+        param = self.params[variable]
+        if not param.literal:
+          Trace.error('Parameters in tag ' + tag + ' should be literal: {' + variable + '!}')
+          continue
+        if param.literalvalue:
+          value = param.literalvalue
+        else:
+          value = ''
+        tag = tag.replace(variable, value)
+    return tag
+
+  def writebracket(self, direction, character):
+    "Return a new bracket looking at the given direction."
+    return self.factory.create(BracketCommand).create(direction, character)
+
+  def computehybridsize(self):
+    "Compute the size of the hybrid function."
+    if self.command not in HybridSize.configsizes:
+      self.computesize()
+      return
+    self.size = HybridSize().getsize(self)
+    # set the size in all elements at first level
+    for element in self.contents:
+      element.size = self.size
+
+
+class HybridSize:
+  "The size associated with a hybrid function."
+
+  configsizes = FormulaConfig.hybridsizes
+
+  def getsize(self, function):
+    "Read the size for a function and parse it."
+    sizestring = self.configsizes[function.command]
+    for name in function.params:
+      if name in sizestring:
+        size = function.params[name].value.computesize()
+        sizestring = sizestring.replace(name, str(size))
+    if '$' in sizestring:
+      Trace.error('Unconverted variable in hybrid size: ' + sizestring)
+      return 1
+    return eval(sizestring)
+
+
+FormulaCommand.types += [HybridFunction]
+
+
+def math2html(formula):
+  "Convert some TeX math to HTML."
+  factory = FormulaFactory()
+  whole = factory.parseformula(formula)
+  FormulaProcessor().process(whole)
+  whole.process()
+  return ''.join(whole.gethtml())
+
+
+def main():
+  "Main function, called if invoked from the command line"
+  args = sys.argv
+  Options().parseoptions(args)
+  if len(args) != 1:
+    Trace.error('Usage: math2html.py escaped_string')
+    exit()
+  result = math2html(args[0])
+  Trace.message(result)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  main()