pvlib 0.11.2__py3-none-any.whl → 0.12.1a1__py3-none-any.whl

pvlib/ivtools/sdm/pvsyst.py

@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+import numpy as np
+
+from scipy import constants
+
+from pvlib.pvsystem import calcparams_pvsyst
+from pvlib.singlediode import bishop88_mpp
+
+from pvlib.ivtools.utils import rectify_iv_curve
+from pvlib.ivtools.sde import _fit_sandia_cocontent
+
+from pvlib.tools import _first_order_centered_difference
+
+from pvlib.ivtools.sdm._fit_desoto_pvsyst_sandia import (
+    _extract_sdm_params, _initial_iv_params, _update_iv_params
+)
+
+from pvlib.pvsystem import (
+    _pvsyst_Rsh, _pvsyst_IL, _pvsyst_Io, _pvsyst_nNsVth, _pvsyst_gamma
+)
+
+CONSTANTS = {'E0': 1000.0, 'T0': 25.0, 'k': constants.k, 'q': constants.e}
+
+
+def fit_pvsyst_sandia(ivcurves, specs, const=None, maxiter=5, eps1=1.e-3):
+    """
+    Estimate parameters for the PVsyst module performance model.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ivcurves : dict
+        i : array
+            One array element for each IV curve. The jth element is itself an
+            array of current for jth IV curve (same length as v[j]) [A]
+        v : array
+            One array element for each IV curve. The jth element is itself an
+            array of voltage for jth IV curve  (same length as i[j]) [V]
+        ee : array
+            effective irradiance for each IV curve, i.e., POA broadband
+            irradiance adjusted by solar spectrum modifier [W / m^2]
+        tc : array
+            cell temperature for each IV curve [C]
+        i_sc : array
+            short circuit current for each IV curve [A]
+        v_oc : array
+            open circuit voltage for each IV curve [V]
+        i_mp : array
+            current at max power point for each IV curve [A]
+        v_mp : array
+            voltage at max power point for each IV curve [V]
+
+    specs : dict
+        cells_in_series : int
+            number of cells in series
+        alpha_sc : float
+            temperature coefficient of isc [A/C]
+
+    const : dict
+        E0 : float
+            effective irradiance at STC, default 1000 [W/m^2]
+        T0 : float
+            cell temperature at STC, default 25 [C]
+        k : float
+            Boltzmann's constant [J/K]
+        q : float
+            elementary charge [Coulomb]
+
+    maxiter : int, default 5
+        input that sets the maximum number of iterations for the parameter
+        updating part of the algorithm.
+
+    eps1: float, default 1e-3
+        Tolerance for the IV curve fitting. The parameter updating stops when
+        absolute values of the percent change in mean, max and standard
+        deviation of Imp, Vmp and Pmp between iterations are all less than
+        eps1, or when the number of iterations exceeds maxiter.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict
+        I_L_ref : float
+            light current at STC [A]
+        I_o_ref : float
+            dark current at STC [A]
+        EgRef : float
+            effective band gap at STC [eV]
+        R_s : float
+            series resistance at STC [ohm]
+        R_sh_ref : float
+            shunt resistance at STC [ohm]
+        R_sh_0 : float
+            shunt resistance at zero irradiance [ohm]
+        R_sh_exp : float
+            exponential factor defining decrease in shunt resistance with
+            increasing effective irradiance
+        gamma_ref : float
+            diode (ideality) factor at STC [unitless]
+        mu_gamma : float
+            temperature coefficient for diode (ideality) factor [1/K]
+        cells_in_series : int
+            number of cells in series
+        iph : array
+            light current for each IV curve [A]
+        io : array
+            dark current for each IV curve [A]
+        rs : array
+            series resistance for each IV curve [ohm]
+        rsh : array
+            shunt resistance for each IV curve [ohm]
+        u : array
+            boolean for each IV curve indicating that the parameter values
+            are deemed reasonable by the private function ``_filter_params``
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The PVsyst module performance model is described in [1]_, [2]_, and [3]_.
+    The fitting method is documented in [4]_, [5]_, and [6]_.
+    Ported from PVLib Matlab [7]_.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] K. Sauer, T. Roessler, C. W. Hansen, Modeling the Irradiance and
+       Temperature Dependence of Photovoltaic Modules in PVsyst, IEEE Journal
+       of Photovoltaics v5(1), January 2015.
+       :doi:`10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2364133`
+    .. [2] A. Mermoud, PV Modules modeling, Presentation at the 2nd PV
+       Performance Modeling Workshop, Santa Clara, CA, May 2013
+    .. [3] A. Mermoud, T. Lejeuene, Performance Assessment of a Simulation
+       Model for PV modules of any available technology, 25th European
+       Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, Sept. 2010
+    .. [4] C. Hansen, Estimating Parameters for the PVsyst Version 6
+       Photovoltaic Module Performance Model, Sandia National Laboratories
+       Report SAND2015-8598. :doi:`10.2172/1223058`
+    .. [5] C. Hansen, Parameter Estimation for Single Diode Models of
+       Photovoltaic Modules, Sandia National Laboratories Report SAND2015-2065.
+       :doi:`10.2172/1177157`
+    .. [6] C. Hansen, Estimation of Parameters for Single Diode Models using
+        Measured IV Curves, Proc. of the 39th IEEE PVSC, June 2013.
+        :doi:`10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744135`
+    .. [7] PVLib MATLAB https://github.com/sandialabs/MATLAB_PV_LIB
+    """
+
+    if const is None:
+        const = CONSTANTS
+
+    ee = ivcurves['ee']
+    tc = ivcurves['tc']
+    tck = tc + 273.15
+    isc = ivcurves['i_sc']
+    voc = ivcurves['v_oc']
+    imp = ivcurves['i_mp']
+    vmp = ivcurves['v_mp']
+
+    # Cell Thermal Voltage
+    vth = const['k'] / const['q'] * tck
+
+    n = len(ivcurves['v_oc'])
+
+    # Initial estimate of Rsh used to obtain the diode factor gamma0 and diode
+    # temperature coefficient mu_gamma. Rsh is estimated using the co-content
+    # integral method.
+
+    rsh = np.ones(n)
+    for j in range(n):
+        voltage, current = rectify_iv_curve(ivcurves['v'][j], ivcurves['i'][j])
+        # initial estimate of Rsh, from integral over voltage regression
+        # [5] Step 3a; [6] Step 3a
+        _, _, _, rsh[j], _ = _fit_sandia_cocontent(
+            voltage, current, vth[j] * specs['cells_in_series'])
+
+    gamma_ref, mu_gamma = _fit_pvsyst_sandia_gamma(voc, isc, rsh, vth, tck,
+                                                   specs, const)
+
+    badgamma = np.isnan(gamma_ref) or np.isnan(mu_gamma) \
+        or not np.isreal(gamma_ref) or not np.isreal(mu_gamma)
+
+    if badgamma:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Failed to estimate the diode (ideality) factor parameter;"
+            " aborting parameter estimation.")
+
+    gamma = gamma_ref + mu_gamma * (tc - const['T0'])
+    nnsvth = gamma * (vth * specs['cells_in_series'])
+
+    # For each IV curve, sequentially determine initial values for Io, Rs,
+    # and Iph [5] Step 3a; [6] Step 3
+    iph, io, rs, u = _initial_iv_params(ivcurves, ee, voc, isc, rsh,
+                                        nnsvth)
+
+    # Update values for each IV curve to converge at vmp, imp, voc and isc
+    iph, io, rs, rsh, u = _update_iv_params(voc, isc, vmp, imp, ee,
+                                            iph, io, rs, rsh, nnsvth, u,
+                                            maxiter, eps1)
+
+    # get single diode models from converged values for each IV curve
+    pvsyst = _extract_sdm_params(ee, tc, iph, io, rs, rsh, gamma, u,
+                                 specs, const, model='pvsyst')
+    # Add parameters estimated in this function
+    pvsyst['gamma_ref'] = gamma_ref
+    pvsyst['mu_gamma'] = mu_gamma
+    pvsyst['cells_in_series'] = specs['cells_in_series']
+
+    return pvsyst
+
+
+def _fit_pvsyst_sandia_gamma(voc, isc, rsh, vth, tck, specs, const):
+    # Estimate the diode factor gamma from Isc-Voc data. Method incorporates
+    # temperature dependence by means of the equation for Io
+
+    y = np.log(isc - voc / rsh) - 3. * np.log(tck / (const['T0'] + 273.15))
+    x1 = const['q'] / const['k'] * (1. / (const['T0'] + 273.15) - 1. / tck)
+    x2 = voc / (vth * specs['cells_in_series'])
+    uu = np.logical_or(np.isnan(y), np.isnan(x1), np.isnan(x2))
+
+    x = np.vstack((np.ones(len(x1[~uu])), x1[~uu], -x1[~uu] *
+                   (tck[~uu] - (const['T0'] + 273.15)), x2[~uu],
+                   -x2[~uu] * (tck[~uu] - (const['T0'] + 273.15)))).T
+    alpha = np.linalg.lstsq(x, y[~uu], rcond=None)[0]
+
+    gamma_ref = 1. / alpha[3]
+    mu_gamma = alpha[4] / alpha[3] ** 2
+    return gamma_ref, mu_gamma
+
+
+def pvsyst_temperature_coeff(alpha_sc, gamma_ref, mu_gamma, I_L_ref, I_o_ref,
+                             R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_s, cells_in_series,
+                             R_sh_exp=5.5, EgRef=1.121, irrad_ref=1000,
+                             temp_ref=25):
+    r"""
+    Calculates the temperature coefficient of power for a pvsyst single
+    diode model.
+
+    The temperature coefficient is determined as the numerical derivative
+    :math:`\frac{dP}{dT}` at the maximum power point at reference conditions
+    [1]_.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    alpha_sc : float
+        The short-circuit current temperature coefficient of the module. [A/C]
+
+    gamma_ref : float
+        The diode ideality factor. [unitless]
+
+    mu_gamma : float
+        The temperature coefficient for the diode ideality factor. [1/K]
+
+    I_L_ref : float
+        The light-generated current (or photocurrent) at reference conditions.
+        [A]
+
+    I_o_ref : float
+        The dark or diode reverse saturation current at reference conditions.
+        [A]
+
+    R_sh_ref : float
+        The shunt resistance at reference conditions. [ohm]
+
+    R_sh_0 : float
+        The shunt resistance at zero irradiance conditions. [ohm]
+
+    R_s : float
+        The series resistance at reference conditions. [ohm]
+
+    cells_in_series : int
+        The number of cells connected in series.
+
+    R_sh_exp : float, default 5.5
+        The exponent in the equation for shunt resistance. [unitless]
+
+    EgRef : float, default 1.121
+        The energy bandgap of the module's cells at reference temperature.
+        Default of 1.121 eV is for crystalline silicon. Must be positive. [eV]
+
+    irrad_ref : float, default 1000
+        Reference irradiance. [W/m^2].
+
+    temp_ref : float, default 25
+        Reference cell temperature. [C]
+
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    gamma_pdc : float
+        Temperature coefficient of power at maximum power point at reference
+        conditions. [1/C]
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] K. Sauer, T. Roessler, C. W. Hansen, Modeling the Irradiance and
+       Temperature Dependence of Photovoltaic Modules in PVsyst, IEEE Journal
+       of Photovoltaics v5(1), January 2015.
+    """
+
+    def maxp(temp_cell, irrad_ref, alpha_sc, gamma_ref, mu_gamma, I_L_ref,
+             I_o_ref, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_s, cells_in_series, R_sh_exp, EgRef,
+             temp_ref):
+        params = calcparams_pvsyst(
+            irrad_ref, temp_cell, alpha_sc, gamma_ref, mu_gamma, I_L_ref,
+            I_o_ref, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_s, cells_in_series, R_sh_exp, EgRef,
+            irrad_ref, temp_ref)
+        res = bishop88_mpp(*params)
+        return res[2]
+
+    args = (irrad_ref, alpha_sc, gamma_ref, mu_gamma, I_L_ref,
+            I_o_ref, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_s, cells_in_series, R_sh_exp, EgRef,
+            temp_ref)
+    pmp = maxp(temp_ref, *args)
+    gamma_pdc = _first_order_centered_difference(maxp, x0=temp_ref, args=args)
+
+    return gamma_pdc / pmp
+
+
+def fit_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(effective_irradiance, temp_cell,
+                                    i_sc, v_oc, i_mp, v_mp,
+                                    cells_in_series, EgRef=1.121,
+                                    alpha_sc=None, beta_mp=None,
+                                    R_s=None, r_sh_coeff=0.12,
+                                    min_Rsh_irradiance=None,
+                                    irradiance_tolerance=20,
+                                    temperature_tolerance=1):
+    """
+    Estimate parameters for the PVsyst module performance model using
+    IEC 61853-1 matrix measurements.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    effective_irradiance : array
+        Effective irradiance for each test condition [W/m²]
+    temp_cell : array
+        Cell temperature for each test condition [C]
+    i_sc : array
+        Short circuit current for each test condition [A]
+    v_oc : array
+        Open circuit voltage for each test condition [V]
+    i_mp : array
+        Current at maximum power point for each test condition [A]
+    v_mp : array
+        Voltage at maximum power point for each test condition [V]
+    cells_in_series : int
+        The number of cells connected in series.
+    EgRef : float, optional
+        The energy bandgap at reference temperature in units of eV.
+        1.121 eV for crystalline silicon. EgRef must be >0.
+    alpha_sc : float, optional
+        Temperature coefficient of short circuit current.  If not specified,
+        it will be estimated using the ``i_sc`` values at irradiance of
+        1000 W/m2. [A/K]
+    beta_mp : float, optional
+        Temperature coefficient of maximum power voltage.  If not specified,
+        it will be estimated using the ``v_mp`` values at irradiance of
+        1000 W/m2. [1/K]
+    R_s : float, optional
+        Series resistance value.  If not provided, a value will be estimated
+        from the input measurements. [ohm]
+    r_sh_coeff : float, default 0.12
+        Shunt resistance fitting coefficient.  The default value is taken
+        from [1]_.
+    min_Rsh_irradiance : float, optional
+        Irradiance threshold below which values are excluded when estimating
+        shunt resistance parameter values.  May be useful for modules
+        with problematic low-light measurements. [W/m²]
+    irradiance_tolerance : float, default 20
+        Tolerance for irradiance variation around the STC value.
+        The default value corresponds to a +/- 2% interval around the STC
+        value of 1000 W/m². [W/m²]
+    temperature_tolerance : float, default 1
+        Tolerance for temperature variation around the STC value.
+        The default value corresponds to a +/- 1 degree interval around the STC
+        value of 25 degrees. [C]
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict
+        alpha_sc : float
+            short circuit current temperature coefficient [A/K]
+        gamma_ref : float
+            diode (ideality) factor at STC [unitless]
+        mu_gamma : float
+            temperature coefficient for diode (ideality) factor [1/K]
+        I_L_ref : float
+            light current at STC [A]
+        I_o_ref : float
+            dark current at STC [A]
+        R_sh_ref : float
+            shunt resistance at STC [ohm]
+        R_sh_0 : float
+            shunt resistance at zero irradiance [ohm]
+        R_sh_exp : float
+            exponential factor defining decrease in shunt resistance with
+            increasing effective irradiance
+        R_s : float
+            series resistance at STC [ohm]
+        cells_in_series : int
+            number of cells in series
+        EgRef : float
+            effective band gap at STC [eV]
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    pvlib.pvsystem.calcparams_pvsyst
+    pvlib.ivtools.sdm.fit_pvsyst_sandia
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Input arrays of operating conditions and electrical measurements must be
+    1-D with equal lengths.
+
+    Values supplied for ``alpha_sc``, ``beta_mp``, and ``R_s`` must be
+    consistent with the matrix data, as these values are used when estimating
+    other model parameters.
+
+    This method is non-iterative.  In some cases, it may be desirable to
+    refine the estimated parameter values using a numerical optimizer such as
+    the default method in ``scipy.optimize.minimize``.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] K. S. Anderson, C. W. Hansen, and M. Theristis, "A Noniterative
+       Method of Estimating Parameter Values for the PVsyst Version 6
+       Single-Diode Model From IEC 61853-1 Matrix Measurements," IEEE Journal
+       of Photovoltaics, vol. 15, 3, 2025. :doi:`10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3554338`
+    """
+
+    is_g_stc = np.isclose(effective_irradiance, 1000, rtol=0,
+                          atol=irradiance_tolerance)
+    is_t_stc = np.isclose(temp_cell, 25, rtol=0,
+                          atol=temperature_tolerance)
+
+    if alpha_sc is None:
+        mu_i_sc = _fit_tempco_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(i_sc[is_g_stc],
+                                                          temp_cell[is_g_stc])
+        i_sc_ref = float(i_sc[is_g_stc & is_t_stc].item())
+        alpha_sc = mu_i_sc * i_sc_ref
+
+    if beta_mp is None:
+        beta_mp = _fit_tempco_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(v_mp[is_g_stc],
+                                                          temp_cell[is_g_stc])
+
+    R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_sh_exp = \
+        _fit_shunt_resistances_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(
+            i_sc, i_mp, v_mp, effective_irradiance, temp_cell, beta_mp,
+            coeff=r_sh_coeff, min_irradiance=min_Rsh_irradiance)
+
+    if R_s is None:
+        R_s = _fit_series_resistance_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(v_oc, i_mp,
+                                                                 v_mp)
+
+    gamma_ref, mu_gamma = \
+        _fit_diode_ideality_factor_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(
+            i_sc[is_t_stc], v_oc[is_t_stc], i_mp[is_t_stc], v_mp[is_t_stc],
+            effective_irradiance[is_t_stc], temp_cell[is_t_stc],
+            R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_sh_exp, R_s, cells_in_series)
+
+    I_o_ref = _fit_saturation_current_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(
+        i_sc, v_oc, effective_irradiance, temp_cell, gamma_ref, mu_gamma,
+        R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_sh_exp, R_s, cells_in_series, EgRef
+    )
+
+    I_L_ref = _fit_photocurrent_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(
+        i_sc, effective_irradiance, temp_cell, alpha_sc,
+        gamma_ref, mu_gamma,
+        I_o_ref, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_sh_exp, R_s, cells_in_series, EgRef
+    )
+
+    gamma_ref, mu_gamma = \
+        _fit_diode_ideality_factor_post_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(
+            i_mp, v_mp, effective_irradiance, temp_cell, alpha_sc, I_L_ref,
+            I_o_ref, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_sh_exp, R_s, cells_in_series, EgRef)
+
+    fitted_params = dict(
+        alpha_sc=alpha_sc,
+        gamma_ref=gamma_ref,
+        mu_gamma=mu_gamma,
+        I_L_ref=I_L_ref,
+        I_o_ref=I_o_ref,
+        R_sh_ref=R_sh_ref,
+        R_sh_0=R_sh_0,
+        R_sh_exp=R_sh_exp,
+        R_s=R_s,
+        cells_in_series=cells_in_series,
+        EgRef=EgRef,
+    )
+    return fitted_params
+
+
+def _fit_tempco_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(values, temp_cell,
+                                            temp_cell_ref=25):
+    fit = np.polynomial.polynomial.Polynomial.fit(temp_cell, values, deg=1)
+    intercept, slope = fit.convert().coef
+    value_ref = intercept + slope*temp_cell_ref
+    return slope / value_ref
+
+
+def _fit_shunt_resistances_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(
+        i_sc, i_mp, v_mp, effective_irradiance, temp_cell,
+        beta_v_mp, coeff=0.2, min_irradiance=None):
+    if min_irradiance is None:
+        min_irradiance = 0
+
+    mask = effective_irradiance >= min_irradiance
+    i_sc = i_sc[mask]
+    i_mp = i_mp[mask]
+    v_mp = v_mp[mask]
+    effective_irradiance = effective_irradiance[mask]
+    temp_cell = temp_cell[mask]
+
+    # Equation 10
+    Rsh_est = (
+        (v_mp / (1 + beta_v_mp * (temp_cell - 25)))
+        / (coeff * (i_sc - i_mp))
+    )
+    Rshexp = 5.5
+
+    # Eq 11
+    y = Rsh_est
+    x = np.exp(-Rshexp * effective_irradiance / 1000)
+
+    fit = np.polynomial.polynomial.Polynomial.fit(x, y, deg=1)
+    intercept, slope = fit.convert().coef
+    Rshbase = intercept
+    Rsh0 = slope + Rshbase
+
+    # Eq 12
+    expRshexp = np.exp(-Rshexp)
+    Rshref = Rshbase * (1 - expRshexp) + Rsh0 * expRshexp
+
+    return Rshref, Rsh0, Rshexp
+
+
+def _fit_series_resistance_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(v_oc, i_mp, v_mp):
+    # Stein et al 2014, https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925326
+
+    # Eq 13
+    x = np.array([np.ones(len(i_mp)), i_mp, np.log(i_mp), v_mp]).T
+    y = v_oc
+
+    coeff, _, _, _ = np.linalg.lstsq(x, y, rcond=None)
+    R_s = coeff[1]
+    return R_s
+
+
+def _fit_diode_ideality_factor_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(
+        i_sc, v_oc, i_mp, v_mp, effective_irradiance, temp_cell,
+        R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_sh_exp, R_s, cells_in_series):
+
+    NsVth = _pvsyst_nNsVth(temp_cell, gamma=1, cells_in_series=cells_in_series)
+    Rsh = _pvsyst_Rsh(effective_irradiance, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_sh_exp)
+    term1 = (i_sc * (1 + R_s/Rsh) - v_oc / Rsh)  # Eq 15
+    term2 = (i_sc - i_mp) * (1 + R_s/Rsh) - v_mp / Rsh  # Eq 16
+
+    # Eq 14
+    x1 = NsVth * np.log(term2 / term1)
+
+    x = np.array([x1]).T
+    y = v_mp + i_mp*R_s - v_oc
+
+    coeff, _, _, _ = np.linalg.lstsq(x, y, rcond=None)
+    gamma_ref = coeff[0]
+    return gamma_ref, 0
+
+
+def _fit_saturation_current_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(
+        i_sc, v_oc, effective_irradiance, temp_cell, gamma_ref, mu_gamma,
+        R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_sh_exp, R_s, cells_in_series, EgRef):
+    R_sh = _pvsyst_Rsh(effective_irradiance, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_sh_exp)
+    gamma = _pvsyst_gamma(temp_cell, gamma_ref, mu_gamma)
+    nNsVth = _pvsyst_nNsVth(temp_cell, gamma, cells_in_series)
+
+    # Eq 17
+    I_o_est = (i_sc * (1 + R_s/R_sh) - v_oc/R_sh) / (np.expm1(v_oc / nNsVth))
+    x = _pvsyst_Io(temp_cell, gamma, I_o_ref=1, EgRef=EgRef)
+
+    # Eq 18
+    log_I_o_ref = np.mean(np.log(I_o_est) - np.log(x))
+    I_o_ref = np.exp(log_I_o_ref)
+
+    return I_o_ref
+
+
+def _fit_photocurrent_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(
+        i_sc, effective_irradiance, temp_cell, alpha_sc, gamma_ref,
+        mu_gamma, I_o_ref, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_sh_exp, R_s, cells_in_series,
+        EgRef):
+    R_sh = _pvsyst_Rsh(effective_irradiance, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_sh_exp)
+    gamma = _pvsyst_gamma(temp_cell, gamma_ref, mu_gamma)
+    I_o = _pvsyst_Io(temp_cell, gamma, I_o_ref, EgRef)
+    nNsVth = _pvsyst_nNsVth(temp_cell, gamma, cells_in_series)
+
+    # Eq 19
+    I_L_est = i_sc + I_o * (np.expm1(i_sc * R_s / nNsVth)) + i_sc * R_s / R_sh
+
+    # Eq 20
+    x = np.array([effective_irradiance / 1000]).T
+    y = I_L_est - effective_irradiance / 1000 * alpha_sc * (temp_cell - 25)
+    coeff, _, _, _ = np.linalg.lstsq(x, y, rcond=None)
+    I_L_ref = coeff[0]
+    return I_L_ref
+
+
+def _fit_diode_ideality_factor_post_pvsyst_iec61853_sandia_2025(
+        i_mp, v_mp, effective_irradiance, temp_cell, alpha_sc, I_L_ref,
+        I_o_ref, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_sh_exp, R_s, cells_in_series, EgRef):
+
+    Rsh = _pvsyst_Rsh(effective_irradiance, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_sh_exp)
+    I_L = _pvsyst_IL(effective_irradiance, temp_cell, I_L_ref, alpha_sc)
+    NsVth = _pvsyst_nNsVth(temp_cell, gamma=1, cells_in_series=cells_in_series)
+
+    Tref_K = 25 + 273.15
+    Tcell_K = temp_cell + 273.15
+
+    # Eq 21
+    k = constants.k  # Boltzmann constant in J/K
+    q = constants.e  # elementary charge in coulomb
+    numerator = (
+        (q * EgRef / k) * (1/Tref_K - 1/Tcell_K)
+        + (v_mp + i_mp*R_s) / NsVth
+    )
+    denominator = (
+        np.log((I_L - i_mp - (v_mp+i_mp*R_s) / Rsh) / I_o_ref)
+        - 3 * np.log(Tcell_K / Tref_K)
+    )
+    gamma_est = numerator / denominator
+
+    # Eq 22
+    x = np.array([np.ones(len(i_mp)), temp_cell - 25]).T
+    y = gamma_est
+
+    coeff, _, _, _ = np.linalg.lstsq(x, y, rcond=None)
+    gamma_ref, mu_gamma = coeff
+    return gamma_ref, mu_gamma