pvlib 0.11.2__py3-none-any.whl → 0.12.1a1__py3-none-any.whl

pvlib/ivtools/sdm.py

@@ -1,1379 +0,0 @@
-"""
-The ``sdm`` module contains functions to fit single diode models.
-
-Function names should follow the pattern "fit_" + name of model + "_" +
- fitting method.
-
-"""
-
-import numpy as np
-
-from scipy import constants
-from scipy import optimize
-from scipy.special import lambertw
-
-from pvlib.pvsystem import calcparams_pvsyst, singlediode, v_from_i
-from pvlib.singlediode import bishop88_mpp
-
-from pvlib.ivtools.utils import rectify_iv_curve, _numdiff
-from pvlib.ivtools.sde import _fit_sandia_cocontent
-
-from pvlib.tools import _first_order_centered_difference
-
-
-CONSTANTS = {'E0': 1000.0, 'T0': 25.0, 'k': constants.k, 'q': constants.e}
-
-
-def fit_cec_sam(celltype, v_mp, i_mp, v_oc, i_sc, alpha_sc, beta_voc,
-                gamma_pmp, cells_in_series, temp_ref=25):
-    """
-    Estimates parameters for the CEC single diode model (SDM) using the SAM
-    SDK.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    celltype : str
-        Value is one of 'monoSi', 'multiSi', 'polySi', 'cis', 'cigs', 'cdte',
-        'amorphous'
-    v_mp : float
-        Voltage at maximum power point [V]
-    i_mp : float
-        Current at maximum power point [A]
-    v_oc : float
-        Open circuit voltage [V]
-    i_sc : float
-        Short circuit current [A]
-    alpha_sc : float
-        Temperature coefficient of short circuit current [A/C]
-    beta_voc : float
-        Temperature coefficient of open circuit voltage [V/C]
-    gamma_pmp : float
-        Temperature coefficient of power at maximum power point [%/C]
-    cells_in_series : int
-        Number of cells in series
-    temp_ref : float, default 25
-        Reference temperature condition [C]
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    I_L_ref : float
-        The light-generated current (or photocurrent) at reference
-        conditions [A]
-    I_o_ref : float
-        The dark or diode reverse saturation current at reference
-        conditions [A]
-    R_s : float
-        The series resistance at reference conditions, in ohms.
-    R_sh_ref : float
-        The shunt resistance at reference conditions, in ohms.
-    a_ref : float
-        The product of the usual diode ideality factor ``n`` (unitless),
-        number of cells in series ``Ns``, and cell thermal voltage at
-        reference conditions [V]
-    Adjust : float
-        The adjustment to the temperature coefficient for short circuit
-        current, in percent.
-
-    Raises
-    ------
-    ImportError
-        if NREL-PySAM is not installed.
-    RuntimeError
-        if parameter extraction is not successful.
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    The CEC model and estimation method  are described in [1]_.
-    Inputs ``v_mp``, ``i_mp``, ``v_oc`` and ``i_sc`` are assumed to be from a
-    single IV curve at constant irradiance and cell temperature. Irradiance is
-    not explicitly used by the fitting procedure. The irradiance level at which
-    the input IV curve is determined and the specified cell temperature
-    ``temp_ref`` are the reference conditions for the output parameters
-    ``I_L_ref``, ``I_o_ref``, ``R_s``, ``R_sh_ref``, ``a_ref`` and ``Adjust``.
-
-    References
-    ----------
-    .. [1] A. Dobos, "An Improved Coefficient Calculator for the California
-       Energy Commission 6 Parameter Photovoltaic Module Model", Journal of
-       Solar Energy Engineering, vol 134, 2012. :doi:`10.1115/1.4005759`
-    """
-
-    try:
-        from PySAM import PySSC
-    except ImportError:
-        raise ImportError("Requires NREL's PySAM package at "
-                          "https://pypi.org/project/NREL-PySAM/.")
-
-    datadict = {'tech_model': '6parsolve', 'financial_model': None,
-                'celltype': celltype, 'Vmp': v_mp,
-                'Imp': i_mp, 'Voc': v_oc, 'Isc': i_sc, 'alpha_isc': alpha_sc,
-                'beta_voc': beta_voc, 'gamma_pmp': gamma_pmp,
-                'Nser': cells_in_series, 'Tref': temp_ref}
-
-    result = PySSC.ssc_sim_from_dict(datadict)
-    if result['cmod_success'] == 1:
-        return tuple([result[k] for k in ['Il', 'Io', 'Rs', 'Rsh', 'a',
-                      'Adj']])
-    else:
-        raise RuntimeError('Parameter estimation failed')
-
-
-def fit_desoto(v_mp, i_mp, v_oc, i_sc, alpha_sc, beta_voc, cells_in_series,
-               EgRef=1.121, dEgdT=-0.0002677, temp_ref=25, irrad_ref=1000,
-               init_guess={}, root_kwargs={}):
-    """
-    Calculates the parameters for the De Soto single diode model.
-
-    This procedure (described in [1]_) fits the De Soto model [2]_ using
-    common specifications given by manufacturers in the
-    datasheets of PV modules.
-
-    The solution is found using :py:func:`scipy.optimize.root`,
-    with the default solver method 'hybr'.
-    No restriction is put on the fit variables, e.g. series
-    or shunt resistance could go negative. Nevertheless, if it happens,
-    check carefully the inputs and their units. For example, ``alpha_sc`` and
-    ``beta_voc`` are often given in %/K in manufacturers datasheets but should
-    be given in A/K and V/K here.
-
-    The parameters returned by this function can be used by
-    :py:func:`pvlib.pvsystem.calcparams_desoto` to calculate single diode
-    equation parameters at different irradiance and cell temperature.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    v_mp: float
-        Module voltage at the maximum-power point at reference conditions. [V]
-    i_mp: float
-        Module current at the maximum-power point at reference conditions. [A]
-    v_oc: float
-        Open-circuit voltage at reference conditions. [V]
-    i_sc: float
-        Short-circuit current at reference conditions. [A]
-    alpha_sc: float
-        The short-circuit current (``i_sc``) temperature coefficient of the
-        module. [A/K]
-    beta_voc: float
-        The open-circuit voltage (``v_oc``) temperature coefficient of the
-        module. [V/K]
-    cells_in_series: integer
-        Number of cell in the module.
-    EgRef: float, default 1.121 eV - value for silicon
-        Energy of bandgap of semi-conductor used. [eV]
-    dEgdT: float, default -0.0002677 - value for silicon
-        Variation of bandgap according to temperature. [1/K]
-    temp_ref: float, default 25
-        Reference temperature condition. [C]
-    irrad_ref: float, default 1000
-        Reference irradiance condition. [Wm⁻²]
-    init_guess: dict, optional
-        Initial values for optimization. Keys can be `'Rsh_0'`, `'a_0'`,
-        `'IL_0'`, `'Io_0'`, `'Rs_0'`.
-    root_kwargs : dictionary, optional
-        Dictionary of arguments to pass onto scipy.optimize.root()
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    dict with the following elements:
-        I_L_ref: float
-            Light-generated current at reference conditions. [A]
-        I_o_ref: float
-            Diode saturation current at reference conditions. [A]
-        R_s: float
-            Series resistance. [ohm]
-        R_sh_ref: float
-            Shunt resistance at reference conditions. [ohm].
-        a_ref: float
-            Modified ideality factor at reference conditions.
-            The product of the usual diode ideality factor (n, unitless),
-            number of cells in series (Ns), and cell thermal voltage at
-            specified effective irradiance and cell temperature.
-        alpha_sc: float
-            The short-circuit current (i_sc) temperature coefficient of the
-            module. [A/K]
-        EgRef: float
-            Energy of bandgap of semi-conductor used. [eV]
-        dEgdT: float
-            Variation of bandgap according to temperature. [1/K]
-        irrad_ref: float
-            Reference irradiance condition. [Wm⁻²]
-        temp_ref: float
-            Reference temperature condition. [C]
-
-    scipy.optimize.OptimizeResult
-        Optimization result of scipy.optimize.root().
-        See scipy.optimize.OptimizeResult for more details.
-
-    References
-    ----------
-    .. [1] J. A Duffie, W. A Beckman, "Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes",
-       4th ed., Wiley, 2013. :doi:`10.1002/9781118671603`
-    .. [2] W. De Soto et al., "Improvement and validation of a model for
-       photovoltaic array performance", Solar Energy, vol 80, pp. 78-88,
-       2006. :doi:`10.1016/j.solener.2005.06.010`
-
-    """
-
-    # Constants
-    k = constants.value('Boltzmann constant in eV/K')  # in eV/K
-    Tref = temp_ref + 273.15  # [K]
-
-    # initial guesses of variables for computing convergence:
-    # Default values are taken from [1], p753
-    init_guess_keys = ['IL_0', 'Io_0', 'Rs_0', 'Rsh_0', 'a_0']  # order matters
-    init = {key: None for key in init_guess_keys}
-    init['IL_0'] = i_sc
-    init['a_0'] = 1.5*k*Tref*cells_in_series
-    init['Io_0'] = i_sc * np.exp(-v_oc/init['a_0'])
-    init['Rs_0'] = (init['a_0']*np.log1p((init['IL_0'] - i_mp)/init['Io_0'])
-                    - v_mp) / i_mp
-    init['Rsh_0'] = 100.0
-    # overwrite if optional init_guess is provided
-    for key in init_guess:
-        if key in init_guess_keys:
-            init[key] = init_guess[key]
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(f"'{key}' is not a valid name;"
-                             f" allowed values are {init_guess_keys}")
-    # params_i : initial values vector
-    params_i = np.array([init[k] for k in init_guess_keys])
-
-    # specs of module
-    specs = (i_sc, v_oc, i_mp, v_mp, beta_voc, alpha_sc, EgRef, dEgdT,
-             Tref, k)
-
-    # computing with system of equations described in [1]
-    optimize_result = optimize.root(_system_of_equations_desoto, x0=params_i,
-                                    args=(specs,), **root_kwargs)
-
-    if optimize_result.success:
-        sdm_params = optimize_result.x
-    else:
-        raise RuntimeError(
-            'Parameter estimation failed:\n' + optimize_result.message)
-
-    # results
-    return ({'I_L_ref': sdm_params[0],
-             'I_o_ref': sdm_params[1],
-             'R_s': sdm_params[2],
-             'R_sh_ref': sdm_params[3],
-             'a_ref': sdm_params[4],
-             'alpha_sc': alpha_sc,
-             'EgRef': EgRef,
-             'dEgdT': dEgdT,
-             'irrad_ref': irrad_ref,
-             'temp_ref': temp_ref},
-            optimize_result)
-
-
-def _system_of_equations_desoto(params, specs):
-    """Evaluates the systems of equations used to solve for the single
-    diode equation parameters. Function designed to be used by
-    scipy.optimize.root in fit_desoto.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    params: ndarray
-        Array with parameters of the De Soto single diode model. Must be
-        given in the following order: IL, Io, a, Rs, Rsh
-    specs: tuple
-        Specifications of pv module given by manufacturer. Must be given
-        in the following order: Isc, Voc, Imp, Vmp, beta_oc, alpha_sc
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    value of the system of equations to solve with scipy.optimize.root().
-    """
-
-    # six input known variables
-    Isc, Voc, Imp, Vmp, beta_oc, alpha_sc, EgRef, dEgdT, Tref, k = specs
-
-    # five parameters vector to find
-    IL, Io, Rs, Rsh, a = params
-
-    # five equation vector
-    y = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
-
-    # 1st equation - short-circuit - eq(3) in [1]
-    y[0] = Isc - IL + Io * np.expm1(Isc * Rs / a) + Isc * Rs / Rsh
-
-    # 2nd equation - open-circuit Tref - eq(4) in [1]
-    y[1] = -IL + Io * np.expm1(Voc / a) + Voc / Rsh
-
-    # 3rd equation - Imp & Vmp - eq(5) in [1]
-    y[2] = Imp - IL + Io * np.expm1((Vmp + Imp * Rs) / a) \
-        + (Vmp + Imp * Rs) / Rsh
-
-    # 4th equation - Pmp derivated=0 - eq23.2.6 in [2]
-    # caution: eq(6) in [1] has a sign error
-    y[3] = Imp \
-        - Vmp * ((Io / a) * np.exp((Vmp + Imp * Rs) / a) + 1.0 / Rsh) \
-        / (1.0 + (Io * Rs / a) * np.exp((Vmp + Imp * Rs) / a) + Rs / Rsh)
-
-    # 5th equation - open-circuit T2 - eq (4) at temperature T2 in [1]
-    T2 = Tref + 2
-    Voc2 = (T2 - Tref) * beta_oc + Voc  # eq (7) in [1]
-    a2 = a * T2 / Tref  # eq (8) in [1]
-    IL2 = IL + alpha_sc * (T2 - Tref)  # eq (11) in [1]
-    Eg2 = EgRef * (1 + dEgdT * (T2 - Tref))  # eq (10) in [1]
-    Io2 = Io * (T2 / Tref)**3 * np.exp(1 / k * (EgRef/Tref - Eg2/T2))  # eq (9)
-    y[4] = -IL2 + Io2 * np.expm1(Voc2 / a2) + Voc2 / Rsh  # eq (4) at T2
-
-    return y
-
-
-def fit_pvsyst_sandia(ivcurves, specs, const=None, maxiter=5, eps1=1.e-3):
-    """
-    Estimate parameters for the PVsyst module performance model.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    ivcurves : dict
-        i : array
-            One array element for each IV curve. The jth element is itself an
-            array of current for jth IV curve (same length as v[j]) [A]
-        v : array
-            One array element for each IV curve. The jth element is itself an
-            array of voltage for jth IV curve  (same length as i[j]) [V]
-        ee : array
-            effective irradiance for each IV curve, i.e., POA broadband
-            irradiance adjusted by solar spectrum modifier [W / m^2]
-        tc : array
-            cell temperature for each IV curve [C]
-        i_sc : array
-            short circuit current for each IV curve [A]
-        v_oc : array
-            open circuit voltage for each IV curve [V]
-        i_mp : array
-            current at max power point for each IV curve [A]
-        v_mp : array
-            voltage at max power point for each IV curve [V]
-
-    specs : dict
-        cells_in_series : int
-            number of cells in series
-        alpha_sc : float
-            temperature coefficient of isc [A/C]
-
-    const : dict
-        E0 : float
-            effective irradiance at STC, default 1000 [W/m^2]
-        T0 : float
-            cell temperature at STC, default 25 [C]
-        k : float
-            Boltzmann's constant [J/K]
-        q : float
-            elementary charge [Coulomb]
-
-    maxiter : int, default 5
-        input that sets the maximum number of iterations for the parameter
-        updating part of the algorithm.
-
-    eps1: float, default 1e-3
-        Tolerance for the IV curve fitting. The parameter updating stops when
-        absolute values of the percent change in mean, max and standard
-        deviation of Imp, Vmp and Pmp between iterations are all less than
-        eps1, or when the number of iterations exceeds maxiter.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    dict
-        I_L_ref : float
-            light current at STC [A]
-        I_o_ref : float
-            dark current at STC [A]
-        EgRef : float
-            effective band gap at STC [eV]
-        R_s : float
-            series resistance at STC [ohm]
-        R_sh_ref : float
-            shunt resistance at STC [ohm]
-        R_sh_0 : float
-            shunt resistance at zero irradiance [ohm]
-        R_sh_exp : float
-            exponential factor defining decrease in shunt resistance with
-            increasing effective irradiance
-        gamma_ref : float
-            diode (ideality) factor at STC [unitless]
-        mu_gamma : float
-            temperature coefficient for diode (ideality) factor [1/K]
-        cells_in_series : int
-            number of cells in series
-        iph : array
-            light current for each IV curve [A]
-        io : array
-            dark current for each IV curve [A]
-        rs : array
-            series resistance for each IV curve [ohm]
-        rsh : array
-            shunt resistance for each IV curve [ohm]
-        u : array
-            boolean for each IV curve indicating that the parameter values
-            are deemed reasonable by the private function ``_filter_params``
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    The PVsyst module performance model is described in [1]_, [2]_, and [3]_.
-    The fitting method is documented in [4]_, [5]_, and [6]_.
-    Ported from PVLib Matlab [7]_.
-
-    References
-    ----------
-    .. [1] K. Sauer, T. Roessler, C. W. Hansen, Modeling the Irradiance and
-       Temperature Dependence of Photovoltaic Modules in PVsyst, IEEE Journal
-       of Photovoltaics v5(1), January 2015.
-       :doi:`10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2364133`
-    .. [2] A. Mermoud, PV Modules modeling, Presentation at the 2nd PV
-       Performance Modeling Workshop, Santa Clara, CA, May 2013
-    .. [3] A. Mermoud, T. Lejeuene, Performance Assessment of a Simulation
-       Model for PV modules of any available technology, 25th European
-       Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, Sept. 2010
-    .. [4] C. Hansen, Estimating Parameters for the PVsyst Version 6
-       Photovoltaic Module Performance Model, Sandia National Laboratories
-       Report SAND2015-8598. :doi:`10.2172/1223058`
-    .. [5] C. Hansen, Parameter Estimation for Single Diode Models of
-       Photovoltaic Modules, Sandia National Laboratories Report SAND2015-2065.
-       :doi:`10.2172/1177157`
-    .. [6] C. Hansen, Estimation of Parameters for Single Diode Models using
-        Measured IV Curves, Proc. of the 39th IEEE PVSC, June 2013.
-        :doi:`10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744135`
-    .. [7] PVLib MATLAB https://github.com/sandialabs/MATLAB_PV_LIB
-    """
-
-    if const is None:
-        const = CONSTANTS
-
-    ee = ivcurves['ee']
-    tc = ivcurves['tc']
-    tck = tc + 273.15
-    isc = ivcurves['i_sc']
-    voc = ivcurves['v_oc']
-    imp = ivcurves['i_mp']
-    vmp = ivcurves['v_mp']
-
-    # Cell Thermal Voltage
-    vth = const['k'] / const['q'] * tck
-
-    n = len(ivcurves['v_oc'])
-
-    # Initial estimate of Rsh used to obtain the diode factor gamma0 and diode
-    # temperature coefficient mu_gamma. Rsh is estimated using the co-content
-    # integral method.
-
-    rsh = np.ones(n)
-    for j in range(n):
-        voltage, current = rectify_iv_curve(ivcurves['v'][j], ivcurves['i'][j])
-        # initial estimate of Rsh, from integral over voltage regression
-        # [5] Step 3a; [6] Step 3a
-        _, _, _, rsh[j], _ = _fit_sandia_cocontent(
-            voltage, current, vth[j] * specs['cells_in_series'])
-
-    gamma_ref, mu_gamma = _fit_pvsyst_sandia_gamma(voc, isc, rsh, vth, tck,
-                                                   specs, const)
-
-    badgamma = np.isnan(gamma_ref) or np.isnan(mu_gamma) \
-        or not np.isreal(gamma_ref) or not np.isreal(mu_gamma)
-
-    if badgamma:
-        raise RuntimeError(
-            "Failed to estimate the diode (ideality) factor parameter;"
-            " aborting parameter estimation.")
-
-    gamma = gamma_ref + mu_gamma * (tc - const['T0'])
-    nnsvth = gamma * (vth * specs['cells_in_series'])
-
-    # For each IV curve, sequentially determine initial values for Io, Rs,
-    # and Iph [5] Step 3a; [6] Step 3
-    iph, io, rs, u = _initial_iv_params(ivcurves, ee, voc, isc, rsh,
-                                        nnsvth)
-
-    # Update values for each IV curve to converge at vmp, imp, voc and isc
-    iph, io, rs, rsh, u = _update_iv_params(voc, isc, vmp, imp, ee,
-                                            iph, io, rs, rsh, nnsvth, u,
-                                            maxiter, eps1)
-
-    # get single diode models from converged values for each IV curve
-    pvsyst = _extract_sdm_params(ee, tc, iph, io, rs, rsh, gamma, u,
-                                 specs, const, model='pvsyst')
-    # Add parameters estimated in this function
-    pvsyst['gamma_ref'] = gamma_ref
-    pvsyst['mu_gamma'] = mu_gamma
-    pvsyst['cells_in_series'] = specs['cells_in_series']
-
-    return pvsyst
-
-
-def fit_desoto_sandia(ivcurves, specs, const=None, maxiter=5, eps1=1.e-3):
-    """
-    Estimate parameters for the De Soto module performance model.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    ivcurves : dict
-        i : array
-            One array element for each IV curve. The jth element is itself an
-            array of current for jth IV curve (same length as v[j]) [A]
-        v : array
-            One array element for each IV curve. The jth element is itself an
-            array of voltage for jth IV curve  (same length as i[j]) [V]
-        ee : array
-            effective irradiance for each IV curve, i.e., POA broadband
-            irradiance adjusted by solar spectrum modifier [W / m^2]
-        tc : array
-            cell temperature for each IV curve [C]
-        i_sc : array
-            short circuit current for each IV curve [A]
-        v_oc : array
-            open circuit voltage for each IV curve [V]
-        i_mp : array
-            current at max power point for each IV curve [A]
-        v_mp : array
-            voltage at max power point for each IV curve [V]
-
-    specs : dict
-        cells_in_series : int
-            number of cells in series
-        alpha_sc : float
-            temperature coefficient of Isc [A/C]
-        beta_voc : float
-            temperature coefficient of Voc [V/C]
-
-    const : dict
-        E0 : float
-            effective irradiance at STC, default 1000 [W/m^2]
-        T0 : float
-            cell temperature at STC, default 25 [C]
-        k : float
-            Boltzmann's constant [J/K]
-        q : float
-            elementary charge [Coulomb]
-
-    maxiter : int, default 5
-        input that sets the maximum number of iterations for the parameter
-        updating part of the algorithm.
-
-    eps1: float, default 1e-3
-        Tolerance for the IV curve fitting. The parameter updating stops when
-        absolute values of the percent change in mean, max and standard
-        deviation of Imp, Vmp and Pmp between iterations are all less than
-        eps1, or when the number of iterations exceeds maxiter.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    dict
-        I_L_ref : float
-            Light current at STC [A]
-        I_o_ref : float
-            Dark current at STC [A]
-        EgRef : float
-            Effective band gap at STC [eV]
-        R_s : float
-            Series resistance at STC [ohm]
-        R_sh_ref : float
-            Shunt resistance at STC [ohm]
-        cells_in_series : int
-            Number of cells in series
-        iph : array
-            Light current for each IV curve [A]
-        io : array
-            Dark current for each IV curve [A]
-        rs : array
-            Series resistance for each IV curve [ohm]
-        rsh : array
-            Shunt resistance for each IV curve [ohm]
-        a_ref : float
-            The product of the usual diode ideality factor (n, unitless),
-            number of cells in series (Ns), and cell thermal voltage at
-            reference conditions, in units of V.
-        dEgdT : float
-            The temperature dependence of the energy bandgap (Eg) at reference
-            conditions [1/K].
-        u : array
-            Boolean for each IV curve indicating that the parameter values
-            are deemed reasonable by the private function ``_filter_params``
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    The De Soto module performance model is described in [1]_. The fitting
-    method is documented in [2]_, [3]_. Ported from PVLib Matlab [4]_.
-
-    References
-    ----------
-    .. [1] W. De Soto et al., "Improvement and validation of a model for
-       photovoltaic array performance", Solar Energy, vol 80, pp. 78-88,
-       2006. :doi:`10.1016/j.solener.2005.06.010`
-    .. [2] C. Hansen, Parameter Estimation for Single Diode Models of
-       Photovoltaic Modules, Sandia National Laboratories Report SAND2015-2065.
-       :doi:`10.2172/1177157`
-    .. [3] C. Hansen, Estimation of Parameters for Single Diode Models using
-        Measured IV Curves, Proc. of the 39th IEEE PVSC, June 2013.
-        :doi:`10.1109/PVSC.2013.6744135`
-    .. [4] PVLib MATLAB https://github.com/sandialabs/MATLAB_PV_LIB
-    """
-
-    if const is None:
-        const = CONSTANTS
-
-    ee = ivcurves['ee']
-    tc = ivcurves['tc']
-    tck = tc + 273.15
-    isc = ivcurves['i_sc']
-    voc = ivcurves['v_oc']
-    imp = ivcurves['i_mp']
-    vmp = ivcurves['v_mp']
-
-    # Cell Thermal Voltage
-    vth = const['k'] / const['q'] * tck
-
-    n = len(voc)
-
-    # Initial estimate of Rsh used to obtain the diode factor gamma0 and diode
-    # temperature coefficient mu_gamma. Rsh is estimated using the co-content
-    # integral method.
-
-    rsh = np.ones(n)
-    for j in range(n):
-        voltage, current = rectify_iv_curve(ivcurves['v'][j], ivcurves['i'][j])
-        # initial estimate of Rsh, from integral over voltage regression
-        # [5] Step 3a; [6] Step 3a
-        _, _, _, rsh[j], _ = _fit_sandia_cocontent(
-            voltage, current, vth[j] * specs['cells_in_series'])
-
-    n0 = _fit_desoto_sandia_diode(ee, voc, vth, tc, specs, const)
-
-    bad_n = np.isnan(n0) or not np.isreal(n0)
-
-    if bad_n:
-        raise RuntimeError(
-            "Failed to estimate the diode (ideality) factor parameter;"
-            " aborting parameter estimation.")
-
-    nnsvth = n0 * specs['cells_in_series'] * vth
-
-    # For each IV curve, sequentially determine initial values for Io, Rs,
-    # and Iph [5] Step 3a; [6] Step 3
-    iph, io, rs, u = _initial_iv_params(ivcurves, ee, voc, isc, rsh,
-                                        nnsvth)
-
-    # Update values for each IV curve to converge at vmp, imp, voc and isc
-    iph, io, rs, rsh, u = _update_iv_params(voc, isc, vmp, imp, ee,
-                                            iph, io, rs, rsh, nnsvth, u,
-                                            maxiter, eps1)
-
-    # get single diode models from converged values for each IV curve
-    desoto = _extract_sdm_params(ee, tc, iph, io, rs, rsh, n0, u,
-                                 specs, const, model='desoto')
-    # Add parameters estimated in this function
-    desoto['a_ref'] = n0 * specs['cells_in_series'] * const['k'] / \
-        const['q'] * (const['T0'] + 273.15)
-    desoto['cells_in_series'] = specs['cells_in_series']
-
-    return desoto
-
-
-def _fit_pvsyst_sandia_gamma(voc, isc, rsh, vth, tck, specs, const):
-    # Estimate the diode factor gamma from Isc-Voc data. Method incorporates
-    # temperature dependence by means of the equation for Io
-
-    y = np.log(isc - voc / rsh) - 3. * np.log(tck / (const['T0'] + 273.15))
-    x1 = const['q'] / const['k'] * (1. / (const['T0'] + 273.15) - 1. / tck)
-    x2 = voc / (vth * specs['cells_in_series'])
-    uu = np.logical_or(np.isnan(y), np.isnan(x1), np.isnan(x2))
-
-    x = np.vstack((np.ones(len(x1[~uu])), x1[~uu], -x1[~uu] *
-                   (tck[~uu] - (const['T0'] + 273.15)), x2[~uu],
-                   -x2[~uu] * (tck[~uu] - (const['T0'] + 273.15)))).T
-    alpha = np.linalg.lstsq(x, y[~uu], rcond=None)[0]
-
-    gamma_ref = 1. / alpha[3]
-    mu_gamma = alpha[4] / alpha[3] ** 2
-    return gamma_ref, mu_gamma
-
-
-def _fit_desoto_sandia_diode(ee, voc, vth, tc, specs, const):
-    # estimates the diode factor for the De Soto model.
-    # Helper function for fit_desoto_sandia
-    try:
-        import statsmodels.api as sm
-    except ImportError:
-        raise ImportError(
-            'Parameter extraction using Sandia method requires statsmodels')
-
-    x = specs['cells_in_series'] * vth * np.log(ee / const['E0'])
-    y = voc - specs['beta_voc'] * (tc - const['T0'])
-    new_x = sm.add_constant(x)
-    res = sm.RLM(y, new_x).fit()
-    return np.array(res.params)[1]
-
-
-def _initial_iv_params(ivcurves, ee, voc, isc, rsh, nnsvth):
-    # sets initial values for iph, io, rs and quality filter u.
-    # Helper function for fit_<model>_sandia.
-    n = len(ivcurves['v_oc'])
-    io = np.ones(n)
-    iph = np.ones(n)
-    rs = np.ones(n)
-
-    for j in range(n):
-
-        if rsh[j] > 0:
-            volt, curr = rectify_iv_curve(ivcurves['v'][j],
-                                          ivcurves['i'][j])
-            # Initial estimate of Io, evaluate the single diode model at
-            # voc and approximate Iph + Io = Isc [5] Step 3a; [6] Step 3b
-            io[j] = (isc[j] - voc[j] / rsh[j]) * np.exp(-voc[j] /
-                                                        nnsvth[j])
-
-            # initial estimate of rs from dI/dV near Voc
-            # [5] Step 3a; [6] Step 3c
-            [didv, d2id2v] = _numdiff(volt, curr)
-            t3 = volt > .5 * voc[j]
-            t4 = volt < .9 * voc[j]
-            tmp = -rsh[j] * didv - 1.
-            with np.errstate(invalid="ignore"):  # expect nan in didv
-                v = np.logical_and.reduce(np.array([t3, t4, ~np.isnan(tmp),
-                                                    np.greater(tmp, 0)]))
-            if np.any(v):
-                vtrs = (nnsvth[j] / isc[j] * (
-                    np.log(tmp[v] * nnsvth[j] / (rsh[j] * io[j]))
-                    - volt[v] / nnsvth[j]))
-                rs[j] = np.mean(vtrs[vtrs > 0], axis=0)
-            else:
-                rs[j] = 0.
-
-            # Initial estimate of Iph, evaluate the single diode model at
-            # Isc [5] Step 3a; [6] Step 3d
-            iph[j] = isc[j] + io[j] * np.expm1(isc[j] / nnsvth[j]) \
-                + isc[j] * rs[j] / rsh[j]
-
-        else:
-            io[j] = np.nan
-            rs[j] = np.nan
-            iph[j] = np.nan
-
-        # Filter IV curves for good initial values
-        # [5] Step 3b
-        u = _filter_params(ee, isc, io, rs, rsh)
-
-        # [5] Step 3c
-        # Refine Io to match Voc
-        io[u] = _update_io(voc[u], iph[u], io[u], rs[u], rsh[u], nnsvth[u])
-
-        # parameters [6], Step 3c
-        # Calculate Iph to be consistent with Isc and current values of other
-        iph = isc + io * np.expm1(rs * isc / nnsvth) + isc * rs / rsh
-
-    return iph, io, rs, u
-
-
-def _update_iv_params(voc, isc, vmp, imp, ee, iph, io, rs, rsh, nnsvth, u,
-                      maxiter, eps1):
-    # Refine Rsh, Rs, Io and Iph in that order.
-    # Helper function for fit_<model>_sandia.
-    counter = 1.  # counter variable for parameter updating while loop,
-    # counts iterations
-    prevconvergeparams = {}
-    prevconvergeparams['state'] = 0.0
-
-    not_converged = np.array([True])
-
-    while not_converged.any() and counter <= maxiter:
-        # update rsh to match max power point using a fixed point method.
-        rsh[u] = _update_rsh_fixed_pt(vmp[u], imp[u], iph[u], io[u], rs[u],
-                                      rsh[u], nnsvth[u])
-
-        # Calculate Rs to be consistent with Rsh and maximum power point
-        _, phi = _calc_theta_phi_exact(vmp[u], imp[u], iph[u], io[u],
-                                       rs[u], rsh[u], nnsvth[u])
-        rs[u] = (iph[u] + io[u] - imp[u]) * rsh[u] / imp[u] - \
-            nnsvth[u] * phi / imp[u] - vmp[u] / imp[u]
-
-        # Update filter for good parameters
-        u = _filter_params(ee, isc, io, rs, rsh)
-
-        # Update value for io to match voc
-        io[u] = _update_io(voc[u], iph[u], io[u], rs[u], rsh[u], nnsvth[u])
-
-        # Calculate Iph to be consistent with Isc and other parameters
-        iph = isc + io * np.expm1(rs * isc / nnsvth) + isc * rs / rsh
-
-        # update filter for good parameters
-        u = _filter_params(ee, isc, io, rs, rsh)
-
-        # compute the IV curve from the current parameter values
-        result = singlediode(iph[u], io[u], rs[u], rsh[u], nnsvth[u])
-
-        # check convergence criteria
-        # [5] Step 3d
-        convergeparams = _check_converge(
-            prevconvergeparams, result, vmp[u], imp[u], counter)
-
-        prevconvergeparams = convergeparams
-        counter += 1.
-        t5 = prevconvergeparams['vmperrmeanchange'] >= eps1
-        t6 = prevconvergeparams['imperrmeanchange'] >= eps1
-        t7 = prevconvergeparams['pmperrmeanchange'] >= eps1
-        t8 = prevconvergeparams['vmperrstdchange'] >= eps1
-        t9 = prevconvergeparams['imperrstdchange'] >= eps1
-        t10 = prevconvergeparams['pmperrstdchange'] >= eps1
-        t11 = prevconvergeparams['vmperrabsmaxchange'] >= eps1
-        t12 = prevconvergeparams['imperrabsmaxchange'] >= eps1
-        t13 = prevconvergeparams['pmperrabsmaxchange'] >= eps1
-        not_converged = np.logical_or.reduce(np.array([t5, t6, t7, t8, t9,
-                                                       t10, t11, t12, t13]))
-
-    return iph, io, rs, rsh, u
-
-
-def _extract_sdm_params(ee, tc, iph, io, rs, rsh, n, u, specs, const,
-                        model):
-    # Get single diode model parameters from five parameters iph, io, rs, rsh
-    # and n vs. effective irradiance and temperature
-    try:
-        import statsmodels.api as sm
-    except ImportError:
-        raise ImportError(
-            'Parameter extraction using Sandia method requires statsmodels')
-
-    tck = tc + 273.15
-    tok = const['T0'] + 273.15  # convert to to K
-
-    params = {}
-
-    if model == 'pvsyst':
-        # Estimate I_o_ref and EgRef
-        x_for_io = const['q'] / const['k'] * (1. / tok - 1. / tck[u]) / n[u]
-
-        # Estimate R_sh_0, R_sh_ref and R_sh_exp
-        # Initial guesses. R_sh_0 is value at ee=0.
-        nans = np.isnan(rsh)
-        if any(ee < 400):
-            grsh0 = np.mean(rsh[np.logical_and(~nans, ee < 400)])
-        else:
-            grsh0 = np.max(rsh)
-        # Rsh_ref is value at Ee = 1000
-        if any(ee > 400):
-            grshref = np.mean(rsh[np.logical_and(~nans, ee > 400)])
-        else:
-            grshref = np.min(rsh)
-        # PVsyst default for Rshexp is 5.5
-        R_sh_exp = 5.5
-
-        # Find parameters for Rsh equation
-
-        def fun_rsh(x, rshexp, ee, e0, rsh):
-            tf = np.log10(_rsh_pvsyst(x, R_sh_exp, ee, e0)) - np.log10(rsh)
-            return tf
-
-        x0 = np.array([grsh0, grshref])
-        beta = optimize.least_squares(
-            fun_rsh, x0, args=(R_sh_exp, ee[u], const['E0'], rsh[u]),
-            bounds=np.array([[1., 1.], [1.e7, 1.e6]]), verbose=2)
-        # Extract PVsyst parameter values
-        R_sh_0 = beta.x[0]
-        R_sh_ref = beta.x[1]
-
-        # parameters unique to PVsyst
-        params['R_sh_0'] = R_sh_0
-        params['R_sh_exp'] = R_sh_exp
-
-    elif model == 'desoto':
-        dEgdT = -0.0002677
-        x_for_io = const['q'] / const['k'] * (
-            1. / tok - 1. / tck[u] + dEgdT * (tc[u] - const['T0']) / tck[u])
-
-        # Estimate R_sh_ref
-        nans = np.isnan(rsh)
-        x = const['E0'] / ee[np.logical_and(u, ee > 400, ~nans)]
-        y = rsh[np.logical_and(u, ee > 400, ~nans)]
-        new_x = sm.add_constant(x)
-        beta = sm.RLM(y, new_x).fit()
-        R_sh_ref = beta.params[1]
-
-        params['dEgdT'] = dEgdT
-
-    # Estimate I_o_ref and EgRef
-    y = np.log(io[u]) - 3. * np.log(tck[u] / tok)
-    new_x = sm.add_constant(x_for_io)
-    res = sm.RLM(y, new_x).fit()
-    beta = res.params
-    I_o_ref = np.exp(beta[0])
-    EgRef = beta[1]
-
-    # Estimate I_L_ref
-    x = tc[u] - const['T0']
-    y = iph[u] * (const['E0'] / ee[u])
-    # average over non-NaN values of Y and X
-    nans = np.isnan(y - specs['alpha_sc'] * x)
-    I_L_ref = np.mean(y[~nans] - specs['alpha_sc'] * x[~nans])
-
-    # Estimate R_s
-    nans = np.isnan(rs)
-    R_s = np.mean(rs[np.logical_and(u, ee > 400, ~nans)])
-
-    params['I_L_ref'] = I_L_ref
-    params['I_o_ref'] = I_o_ref
-    params['EgRef'] = EgRef
-    params['R_sh_ref'] = R_sh_ref
-    params['R_s'] = R_s
-    # save values for each IV curve
-    params['iph'] = iph
-    params['io'] = io
-    params['rsh'] = rsh
-    params['rs'] = rs
-    params['u'] = u
-
-    return params
-
-
-def _update_io(voc, iph, io, rs, rsh, nnsvth):
-    """
-    Adjusts Io to match Voc using other parameter values.
-
-    Helper function for fit_pvsyst_sandia, fit_desoto_sandia
-
-    Description
-    -----------
-    Io is updated iteratively 10 times or until successive
-    values are less than 0.000001 % different. The updating is similar to
-    Newton's method.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    voc: a numpy array of length N of values for Voc (V)
-    iph: a numpy array of length N of values for lighbt current IL (A)
-    io: a numpy array of length N of initial values for Io (A)
-    rs: a numpy array of length N of values for the series resistance (ohm)
-    rsh: a numpy array of length N of values for the shunt resistance (ohm)
-    nnsvth: a numpy array of length N of values for the diode factor x thermal
-            voltage for the module, equal to Ns (number of cells in series) x
-            Vth (thermal voltage per cell).
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    new_io - a numpy array of length N of updated values for io
-
-    References
-    ----------
-    .. [1] PVLib MATLAB https://github.com/sandialabs/MATLAB_PV_LIB
-    .. [2] C. Hansen, Parameter Estimation for Single Diode Models of
-       Photovoltaic Modules, Sandia National Laboratories Report SAND2015-2065
-    .. [3] C. Hansen, Estimation of Parameteres for Single Diode Models using
-       Measured IV Curves, Proc. of the 39th IEEE PVSC, June 2013.
-    """
-
-    eps = 1e-6
-    niter = 10
-    k = 1
-    maxerr = 1
-
-    tio = io  # Current Estimate of Io
-
-    while maxerr > eps and k < niter:
-        # Predict Voc
-        pvoc = v_from_i(0., iph, tio, rs, rsh, nnsvth)
-
-        # Difference in Voc
-        dvoc = pvoc - voc
-
-        # Update Io
-        with np.errstate(invalid="ignore", divide="ignore"):
-            new_io = tio * (1. + (2. * dvoc) / (2. * nnsvth - dvoc))
-            # Calculate Maximum Percent Difference
-            maxerr = np.max(np.abs(new_io - tio) / tio) * 100.
-
-        tio = new_io
-        k += 1.
-
-    return new_io
-
-
-def _rsh_pvsyst(x, rshexp, g, go):
-    # computes rsh for PVsyst model where the parameters are in vector xL
-    # x[0] = Rsh0
-    # x[1] = Rshref
-
-    rsho = x[0]
-    rshref = x[1]
-
-    rshb = np.maximum(
-        (rshref - rsho * np.exp(-rshexp)) / (1. - np.exp(-rshexp)), 0.)
-    rsh = rshb + (rsho - rshb) * np.exp(-rshexp * g / go)
-    return rsh
-
-
-def _filter_params(ee, isc, io, rs, rsh):
-    # Function _filter_params identifies bad parameter sets. A bad set contains
-    # Nan, non-positive or imaginary values for parameters; Rs > Rsh; or data
-    # where effective irradiance Ee differs by more than 5% from a linear fit
-    # to Isc vs. Ee
-
-    badrsh = np.logical_or(rsh < 0., np.isnan(rsh))
-    negrs = rs < 0.
-    badrs = np.logical_or(rs > rsh, np.isnan(rs))
-    imagrs = ~(np.isreal(rs))
-    badio = np.logical_or(np.logical_or(~(np.isreal(rs)), io <= 0),
-                          np.isnan(io))
-    goodr = np.logical_and(~badrsh, ~imagrs)
-    goodr = np.logical_and(goodr, ~negrs)
-    goodr = np.logical_and(goodr, ~badrs)
-    goodr = np.logical_and(goodr, ~badio)
-
-    matrix = np.vstack((ee / 1000., np.zeros(len(ee)))).T
-    eff = np.linalg.lstsq(matrix, isc, rcond=None)[0][0]
-    pisc = eff * ee / 1000
-    pisc_error = np.abs(pisc - isc) / isc
-    # check for departure from linear relation between Isc and Ee
-    badiph = pisc_error > .05
-
-    u = np.logical_and(goodr, ~badiph)
-    return u
-
-
-def _check_converge(prevparams, result, vmp, imp, i):
-    """
-    Function _check_converge computes convergence metrics for all IV curves.
-
-    Helper function for fit_pvsyst_sandia, fit_desoto_sandia
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    prevparams: Convergence Parameters from the previous Iteration (used to
-                determine Percent Change in values between iterations)
-    result: performacne paramters of the (predicted) single diode fitting,
-            which includes Voc, Vmp, Imp, Pmp and Isc
-    vmp: measured values for each IV curve
-    imp: measured values for each IV curve
-    i: Index of current iteration in cec_parameter_estimation
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    convergeparam: dict containing the following for Imp, Vmp and Pmp:
-        - maximum percent difference between measured and modeled values
-        - minimum percent difference between measured and modeled values
-        - maximum absolute percent difference between measured and modeled
-          values
-        - mean percent difference between measured and modeled values
-        - standard deviation of percent difference between measured and modeled
-          values
-        - absolute difference for previous and current values of maximum
-          absolute percent difference (measured vs. modeled)
-        - absolute difference for previous and current values of mean percent
-          difference (measured vs. modeled)
-        - absolute difference for previous and current values of standard
-          deviation of percent difference (measured vs. modeled)
-    """
-
-    convergeparam = {}
-
-    imperror = (result['i_mp'] - imp) / imp * 100.
-    vmperror = (result['v_mp'] - vmp) / vmp * 100.
-    pmperror = (result['p_mp'] - (imp * vmp)) / (imp * vmp) * 100.
-
-    convergeparam['imperrmax'] = max(imperror)  # max of the error in Imp
-    convergeparam['imperrmin'] = min(imperror)  # min of the error in Imp
-    # max of the absolute error in Imp
-    convergeparam['imperrabsmax'] = max(abs(imperror))
-    # mean of the error in Imp
-    convergeparam['imperrmean'] = np.mean(imperror, axis=0)
-    # std of the error in Imp
-    convergeparam['imperrstd'] = np.std(imperror, axis=0, ddof=1)
-
-    convergeparam['vmperrmax'] = max(vmperror)  # max of the error in Vmp
-    convergeparam['vmperrmin'] = min(vmperror)  # min of the error in Vmp
-    # max of the absolute error in Vmp
-    convergeparam['vmperrabsmax'] = max(abs(vmperror))
-    # mean of the error in Vmp
-    convergeparam['vmperrmean'] = np.mean(vmperror, axis=0)
-    # std of the error in Vmp
-    convergeparam['vmperrstd'] = np.std(vmperror, axis=0, ddof=1)
-
-    convergeparam['pmperrmax'] = max(pmperror)  # max of the error in Pmp
-    convergeparam['pmperrmin'] = min(pmperror)  # min of the error in Pmp
-    # max of the abs err. in Pmp
-    convergeparam['pmperrabsmax'] = max(abs(pmperror))
-    # mean error in Pmp
-    convergeparam['pmperrmean'] = np.mean(pmperror, axis=0)
-    # std error Pmp
-    convergeparam['pmperrstd'] = np.std(pmperror, axis=0, ddof=1)
-
-    if prevparams['state'] != 0.0:
-        convergeparam['imperrstdchange'] = np.abs(
-            convergeparam['imperrstd'] / prevparams['imperrstd'] - 1.)
-        convergeparam['vmperrstdchange'] = np.abs(
-            convergeparam['vmperrstd'] / prevparams['vmperrstd'] - 1.)
-        convergeparam['pmperrstdchange'] = np.abs(
-            convergeparam['pmperrstd'] / prevparams['pmperrstd'] - 1.)
-        convergeparam['imperrmeanchange'] = np.abs(
-            convergeparam['imperrmean'] / prevparams['imperrmean'] - 1.)
-        convergeparam['vmperrmeanchange'] = np.abs(
-            convergeparam['vmperrmean'] / prevparams['vmperrmean'] - 1.)
-        convergeparam['pmperrmeanchange'] = np.abs(
-            convergeparam['pmperrmean'] / prevparams['pmperrmean'] - 1.)
-        convergeparam['imperrabsmaxchange'] = np.abs(
-            convergeparam['imperrabsmax'] / prevparams['imperrabsmax'] - 1.)
-        convergeparam['vmperrabsmaxchange'] = np.abs(
-            convergeparam['vmperrabsmax'] / prevparams['vmperrabsmax'] - 1.)
-        convergeparam['pmperrabsmaxchange'] = np.abs(
-            convergeparam['pmperrabsmax'] / prevparams['pmperrabsmax'] - 1.)
-        convergeparam['state'] = 1.0
-    else:
-        convergeparam['imperrstdchange'] = float("Inf")
-        convergeparam['vmperrstdchange'] = float("Inf")
-        convergeparam['pmperrstdchange'] = float("Inf")
-        convergeparam['imperrmeanchange'] = float("Inf")
-        convergeparam['vmperrmeanchange'] = float("Inf")
-        convergeparam['pmperrmeanchange'] = float("Inf")
-        convergeparam['imperrabsmaxchange'] = float("Inf")
-        convergeparam['vmperrabsmaxchange'] = float("Inf")
-        convergeparam['pmperrabsmaxchange'] = float("Inf")
-        convergeparam['state'] = 1.
-    return convergeparam
-
-
-def _update_rsh_fixed_pt(vmp, imp, iph, io, rs, rsh, nnsvth):
-    """
-    Adjust Rsh to match Vmp using other parameter values
-
-    Helper function for fit_pvsyst_sandia, fit_desoto_sandia
-
-    Description
-    -----------
-    Rsh is updated iteratively using a fixed point expression
-    obtained from combining Vmp = Vmp(Imp) (using the analytic solution to the
-    single diode equation) and dP / dI = 0 at Imp. 500 iterations are performed
-    because convergence can be very slow.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    vmp: a numpy array of length N of values for Vmp (V)
-    imp: a numpy array of length N of values for Imp (A)
-    iph: a numpy array of length N of values for light current IL (A)
-    io: a numpy array of length N of values for Io (A)
-    rs: a numpy array of length N of values for series resistance (ohm)
-    rsh: a numpy array of length N of initial values for shunt resistance (ohm)
-    nnsvth: a numpy array length N of values for the diode factor x thermal
-            voltage for the module, equal to Ns (number of cells in series) x
-            Vth (thermal voltage per cell).
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    numpy array of length N of updated values for Rsh
-
-    References
-    ----------
-    .. [1] PVLib for MATLAB https://github.com/sandialabs/MATLAB_PV_LIB
-    .. [2] C. Hansen, Parameter Estimation for Single Diode Models of
-       Photovoltaic Modules, Sandia National Laboratories Report SAND2015-2065
-    """
-    niter = 500
-    x1 = rsh
-
-    for i in range(niter):
-        _, z = _calc_theta_phi_exact(vmp, imp, iph, io, rs, x1, nnsvth)
-        with np.errstate(divide="ignore"):
-            next_x1 = (1 + z) / z * ((iph + io) * x1 / imp - nnsvth * z / imp
-                                     - 2 * vmp / imp)
-        x1 = next_x1
-
-    return x1
-
-
-def _calc_theta_phi_exact(vmp, imp, iph, io, rs, rsh, nnsvth):
-    """
-    _calc_theta_phi_exact computes Lambert W values appearing in the analytic
-    solutions to the single diode equation for the max power point.
-
-    Helper function for fit_pvsyst_sandia
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    vmp: a numpy array of length N of values for Vmp (V)
-    imp: a numpy array of length N of values for Imp (A)
-    iph: a numpy array of length N of values for the light current IL (A)
-    io: a numpy array of length N of values for Io (A)
-    rs: a numpy array of length N of values for the series resistance (ohm)
-    rsh: a numpy array of length N of values for the shunt resistance (ohm)
-    nnsvth: a numpy array of length N of values for the diode factor x
-            thermal voltage for the module, equal to Ns
-            (number of cells in series) x Vth
-            (thermal voltage per cell).
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    theta: a numpy array of values for the Lamber W function for solving
-           I = I(V)
-    phi: a numpy array of values for the Lambert W function for solving
-         V = V(I)
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    _calc_theta_phi_exact calculates values for the Lambert W function which
-    are used in the analytic solutions for the single diode equation at the
-    maximum power point. For V=V(I),
-    phi = W(Io*Rsh/n*Vth * exp((IL + Io - Imp)*Rsh/n*Vth)). For I=I(V),
-    theta = W(Rs*Io/n*Vth *
-    Rsh/ (Rsh+Rs) * exp(Rsh/ (Rsh+Rs)*((Rs(IL+Io) + V)/n*Vth))
-
-    References
-    ----------
-    .. [1] PVL MATLAB 2065 https://github.com/sandialabs/MATLAB_PV_LIB
-    .. [2] C. Hansen, Parameter Estimation for Single Diode Models of
-       Photovoltaic Modules, Sandia National Laboratories Report SAND2015-2065
-    .. [3] A. Jain, A. Kapoor, "Exact analytical solutions of the parameters of
-       real solar cells using Lambert W-function", Solar Energy Materials and
-       Solar Cells, 81 (2004) 269-277.
-    """
-    # handle singleton inputs
-    vmp = np.asarray(vmp)
-    imp = np.asarray(imp)
-    iph = np.asarray(iph)
-    io = np.asarray(io)
-    rs = np.asarray(rs)
-    rsh = np.asarray(rsh)
-    nnsvth = np.asarray(nnsvth)
-
-    # Argument for Lambert W function involved in V = V(I) [2] Eq. 12; [3]
-    # Eq. 3
-    with np.errstate(over="ignore", divide="ignore", invalid="ignore"):
-        argw = np.where(
-            nnsvth == 0,
-            np.nan,
-            rsh * io / nnsvth * np.exp(rsh * (iph + io - imp) / nnsvth))
-        phi = np.where(argw > 0, lambertw(argw).real, np.nan)
-
-    # NaN where argw overflows. Switch to log space to evaluate
-    u = np.isinf(argw)
-    if np.any(u):
-        logargw = (
-            np.log(rsh[u]) + np.log(io[u]) - np.log(nnsvth[u])
-            + rsh[u] * (iph[u] + io[u] - imp[u]) / nnsvth[u])
-        # Three iterations of Newton-Raphson method to solve w+log(w)=logargW.
-        # The initial guess is w=logargW. Where direct evaluation (above)
-        # results in NaN from overflow, 3 iterations of Newton's method gives
-        # approximately 8 digits of precision.
-        x = logargw
-        for i in range(3):
-            x *= ((1. - np.log(x) + logargw) / (1. + x))
-        phi[u] = x
-    phi = np.transpose(phi)
-
-    # Argument for Lambert W function involved in I = I(V) [2] Eq. 11; [3]
-    # E1. 2
-    with np.errstate(over="ignore", divide="ignore", invalid="ignore"):
-        argw = np.where(
-            nnsvth == 0,
-            np.nan,
-            rsh / (rsh + rs) * rs * io / nnsvth * np.exp(
-                rsh / (rsh + rs) * (rs * (iph + io) + vmp) / nnsvth))
-        theta = np.where(argw > 0, lambertw(argw).real, np.nan)
-
-    # NaN where argw overflows. Switch to log space to evaluate
-    u = np.isinf(argw)
-    if np.any(u):
-        with np.errstate(divide="ignore"):
-            logargw = (
-                np.log(rsh[u]) - np.log(rsh[u] + rs[u]) + np.log(rs[u])
-                + np.log(io[u]) - np.log(nnsvth[u])
-                + (rsh[u] / (rsh[u] + rs[u]))
-                * (rs[u] * (iph[u] + io[u]) + vmp[u]) / nnsvth[u])
-        # Three iterations of Newton-Raphson method to solve w+log(w)=logargW.
-        # The initial guess is w=logargW. Where direct evaluation (above)
-        # results in NaN from overflow, 3 iterations of Newton's method gives
-        # approximately 8 digits of precision.
-        x = logargw
-        for i in range(3):
-            x *= ((1. - np.log(x) + logargw) / (1. + x))
-        theta[u] = x
-    theta = np.transpose(theta)
-
-    return theta, phi
-
-
-def pvsyst_temperature_coeff(alpha_sc, gamma_ref, mu_gamma, I_L_ref, I_o_ref,
-                             R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_s, cells_in_series,
-                             R_sh_exp=5.5, EgRef=1.121, irrad_ref=1000,
-                             temp_ref=25):
-    r"""
-    Calculates the temperature coefficient of power for a pvsyst single
-    diode model.
-
-    The temperature coefficient is determined as the numerical derivative
-    :math:`\frac{dP}{dT}` at the maximum power point at reference conditions
-    [1]_.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    alpha_sc : float
-        The short-circuit current temperature coefficient of the module. [A/C]
-
-    gamma_ref : float
-        The diode ideality factor. [unitless]
-
-    mu_gamma : float
-        The temperature coefficient for the diode ideality factor. [1/K]
-
-    I_L_ref : float
-        The light-generated current (or photocurrent) at reference conditions.
-        [A]
-
-    I_o_ref : float
-        The dark or diode reverse saturation current at reference conditions.
-        [A]
-
-    R_sh_ref : float
-        The shunt resistance at reference conditions. [ohm]
-
-    R_sh_0 : float
-        The shunt resistance at zero irradiance conditions. [ohm]
-
-    R_s : float
-        The series resistance at reference conditions. [ohm]
-
-    cells_in_series : int
-        The number of cells connected in series.
-
-    R_sh_exp : float, default 5.5
-        The exponent in the equation for shunt resistance. [unitless]
-
-    EgRef : float, default 1.121
-        The energy bandgap of the module's cells at reference temperature.
-        Default of 1.121 eV is for crystalline silicon. Must be positive. [eV]
-
-    irrad_ref : float, default 1000
-        Reference irradiance. [W/m^2].
-
-    temp_ref : float, default 25
-        Reference cell temperature. [C]
-
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    gamma_pdc : float
-        Temperature coefficient of power at maximum power point at reference
-        conditions. [1/C]
-
-    References
-    ----------
-    .. [1] K. Sauer, T. Roessler, C. W. Hansen, Modeling the Irradiance and
-       Temperature Dependence of Photovoltaic Modules in PVsyst, IEEE Journal
-       of Photovoltaics v5(1), January 2015.
-    """
-
-    def maxp(temp_cell, irrad_ref, alpha_sc, gamma_ref, mu_gamma, I_L_ref,
-             I_o_ref, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_s, cells_in_series, R_sh_exp, EgRef,
-             temp_ref):
-        params = calcparams_pvsyst(
-            irrad_ref, temp_cell, alpha_sc, gamma_ref, mu_gamma, I_L_ref,
-            I_o_ref, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_s, cells_in_series, R_sh_exp, EgRef,
-            irrad_ref, temp_ref)
-        res = bishop88_mpp(*params)
-        return res[2]
-
-    args = (irrad_ref, alpha_sc, gamma_ref, mu_gamma, I_L_ref,
-            I_o_ref, R_sh_ref, R_sh_0, R_s, cells_in_series, R_sh_exp, EgRef,
-            temp_ref)
-    pmp = maxp(temp_ref, *args)
-    gamma_pdc = _first_order_centered_difference(maxp, x0=temp_ref, args=args)
-
-    return gamma_pdc / pmp