primary-api-models 0.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

venv/Lib/site-packages/more_itertools/recipes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1599 @@
+"""Imported from the recipes section of the itertools documentation.
+
+All functions taken from the recipes section of the itertools library docs
+[1]_.
+Some backward-compatible usability improvements have been made.
+
+.. [1] http://docs.python.org/library/itertools.html#recipes
+
+"""
+
+import random
+
+from bisect import bisect_left, insort
+from collections import deque
+from contextlib import suppress
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from functools import lru_cache, reduce
+from heapq import heappush, heappushpop
+from itertools import (
+    accumulate,
+    chain,
+    combinations,
+    compress,
+    count,
+    cycle,
+    filterfalse,
+    groupby,
+    islice,
+    pairwise as itertools_pairwise,
+    product,
+    repeat,
+    starmap,
+    takewhile,
+    tee,
+    zip_longest,
+)
+from math import prod, comb, isqrt, gcd
+from operator import mul, getitem, index as _index, is_, itemgetter, truediv
+from random import randrange, sample, choice, shuffle
+from sys import hexversion
+
+__all__ = [
+    'Stats',
+    'all_equal',
+    'batched',
+    'before_and_after',
+    'consume',
+    'convolve',
+    'dotproduct',
+    'first_true',
+    'factor',
+    'flatten',
+    'grouper',
+    'is_prime',
+    'iter_except',
+    'iter_index',
+    'loops',
+    'matmul',
+    'multinomial',
+    'ncycles',
+    'nth',
+    'nth_combination',
+    'padnone',
+    'pad_none',
+    'pairwise',
+    'partition',
+    'polynomial_eval',
+    'polynomial_from_roots',
+    'polynomial_derivative',
+    'powerset',
+    'prepend',
+    'quantify',
+    'reshape',
+    'random_combination_with_replacement',
+    'random_combination',
+    'random_derangement',
+    'random_permutation',
+    'random_product',
+    'repeatfunc',
+    'roundrobin',
+    'running_max',
+    'running_mean',
+    'running_median',
+    'running_min',
+    'running_statistics',
+    'sieve',
+    'sliding_window',
+    'subslices',
+    'sum_of_squares',
+    'tabulate',
+    'tail',
+    'take',
+    'totient',
+    'transpose',
+    'triplewise',
+    'unique',
+    'unique_everseen',
+    'unique_justseen',
+]
+
+_marker = object()
+
+
+# heapq max-heap functions are available for Python 3.14+
+try:
+    from heapq import heappush_max, heappushpop_max
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    _max_heap_available = False
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    _max_heap_available = True
+
+
+def take(n, iterable):
+    """Return first *n* items of the *iterable* as a list.
+
+        >>> take(3, range(10))
+        [0, 1, 2]
+
+    If there are fewer than *n* items in the iterable, all of them are
+    returned.
+
+        >>> take(10, range(3))
+        [0, 1, 2]
+
+    """
+    return list(islice(iterable, n))
+
+
+def tabulate(function, start=0):
+    """Return an iterator over the results of ``func(start)``,
+    ``func(start + 1)``, ``func(start + 2)``...
+
+    *func* should be a function that accepts one integer argument.
+
+    If *start* is not specified it defaults to 0. It will be incremented each
+    time the iterator is advanced.
+
+        >>> square = lambda x: x ** 2
+        >>> iterator = tabulate(square, -3)
+        >>> take(4, iterator)
+        [9, 4, 1, 0]
+
+    """
+    return map(function, count(start))
+
+
+def tail(n, iterable):
+    """Return an iterator over the last *n* items of *iterable*.
+
+    >>> t = tail(3, 'ABCDEFG')
+    >>> list(t)
+    ['E', 'F', 'G']
+
+    """
+    try:
+        size = len(iterable)
+    except TypeError:
+        return iter(deque(iterable, maxlen=n))
+    else:
+        return islice(iterable, max(0, size - n), None)
+
+
+def consume(iterator, n=None):
+    """Advance *iterable* by *n* steps. If *n* is ``None``, consume it
+    entirely.
+
+    Efficiently exhausts an iterator without returning values. Defaults to
+    consuming the whole iterator, but an optional second argument may be
+    provided to limit consumption.
+
+        >>> i = (x for x in range(10))
+        >>> next(i)
+        0
+        >>> consume(i, 3)
+        >>> next(i)
+        4
+        >>> consume(i)
+        >>> next(i)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+        StopIteration
+
+    If the iterator has fewer items remaining than the provided limit, the
+    whole iterator will be consumed.
+
+        >>> i = (x for x in range(3))
+        >>> consume(i, 5)
+        >>> next(i)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+        StopIteration
+
+    """
+    # Use functions that consume iterators at C speed.
+    if n is None:
+        # feed the entire iterator into a zero-length deque
+        deque(iterator, maxlen=0)
+    else:
+        # advance to the empty slice starting at position n
+        next(islice(iterator, n, n), None)
+
+
+def nth(iterable, n, default=None):
+    """Returns the nth item or a default value.
+
+    >>> l = range(10)
+    >>> nth(l, 3)
+    3
+    >>> nth(l, 20, "zebra")
+    'zebra'
+
+    """
+    return next(islice(iterable, n, None), default)
+
+
+def all_equal(iterable, key=None):
+    """
+    Returns ``True`` if all the elements are equal to each other.
+
+        >>> all_equal('aaaa')
+        True
+        >>> all_equal('aaab')
+        False
+
+    A function that accepts a single argument and returns a transformed version
+    of each input item can be specified with *key*:
+
+        >>> all_equal('AaaA', key=str.casefold)
+        True
+        >>> all_equal([1, 2, 3], key=lambda x: x < 10)
+        True
+
+    """
+    iterator = groupby(iterable, key)
+    for first in iterator:
+        for second in iterator:
+            return False
+        return True
+    return True
+
+
+def quantify(iterable, pred=bool):
+    """Return the how many times the predicate is true.
+
+    >>> quantify([True, False, True])
+    2
+
+    """
+    return sum(map(pred, iterable))
+
+
+def pad_none(iterable):
+    """Returns the sequence of elements and then returns ``None`` indefinitely.
+
+        >>> take(5, pad_none(range(3)))
+        [0, 1, 2, None, None]
+
+    Useful for emulating the behavior of the built-in :func:`map` function.
+
+    See also :func:`padded`.
+
+    """
+    return chain(iterable, repeat(None))
+
+
+padnone = pad_none
+
+
+def ncycles(iterable, n):
+    """Returns the sequence elements *n* times
+
+    >>> list(ncycles(["a", "b"], 3))
+    ['a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'a', 'b']
+
+    """
+    return chain.from_iterable(repeat(tuple(iterable), n))
+
+
+def dotproduct(vec1, vec2):
+    """Returns the dot product of the two iterables.
+
+    >>> dotproduct([10, 15, 12], [0.65, 0.80, 1.25])
+    33.5
+    >>> 10 * 0.65 + 15 * 0.80 + 12 * 1.25
+    33.5
+
+    In Python 3.12 and later, use ``math.sumprod()`` instead.
+    """
+    return sum(map(mul, vec1, vec2))
+
+
+# math.sumprod is available for Python 3.12+
+try:
+    from math import sumprod as _sumprod
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    _sumprod = dotproduct
+
+
+def flatten(list_of_lists):
+    """Return an iterator flattening one level of nesting in a list of lists.
+
+        >>> list(flatten([[0, 1], [2, 3]]))
+        [0, 1, 2, 3]
+
+    See also :func:`collapse`, which can flatten multiple levels of nesting.
+
+    """
+    return chain.from_iterable(list_of_lists)
+
+
+def repeatfunc(function, times=None, *args):
+    """Call *function* with *args* repeatedly, returning an iterable over the
+    results.
+
+    If *times* is specified, the iterable will terminate after that many
+    repetitions:
+
+        >>> from operator import add
+        >>> times = 4
+        >>> args = 3, 5
+        >>> list(repeatfunc(add, times, *args))
+        [8, 8, 8, 8]
+
+    If *times* is ``None`` the iterable will not terminate:
+
+        >>> from random import randrange
+        >>> times = None
+        >>> args = 1, 11
+        >>> take(6, repeatfunc(randrange, times, *args))  # doctest:+SKIP
+        [2, 4, 8, 1, 8, 4]
+
+    """
+    if times is None:
+        return starmap(function, repeat(args))
+    return starmap(function, repeat(args, times))
+
+
+def pairwise(iterable):
+    """
+    Wrapper for :func:`itertools.pairwise`.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+       This function is deprecated as of version 11.0.0. It will be removed in a future
+       major release.
+    """
+    return itertools_pairwise(iterable)
+
+
+def grouper(iterable, n, incomplete='fill', fillvalue=None):
+    """Group elements from *iterable* into fixed-length groups of length *n*.
+
+    >>> list(grouper('ABCDEF', 3))
+    [('A', 'B', 'C'), ('D', 'E', 'F')]
+
+    The keyword arguments *incomplete* and *fillvalue* control what happens for
+    iterables whose length is not a multiple of *n*.
+
+    When *incomplete* is `'fill'`, the last group will contain instances of
+    *fillvalue*.
+
+    >>> list(grouper('ABCDEFG', 3, incomplete='fill', fillvalue='x'))
+    [('A', 'B', 'C'), ('D', 'E', 'F'), ('G', 'x', 'x')]
+
+    When *incomplete* is `'ignore'`, the last group will not be emitted.
+
+    >>> list(grouper('ABCDEFG', 3, incomplete='ignore', fillvalue='x'))
+    [('A', 'B', 'C'), ('D', 'E', 'F')]
+
+    When *incomplete* is `'strict'`, a `ValueError` will be raised.
+
+    >>> iterator = grouper('ABCDEFG', 3, incomplete='strict')
+    >>> list(iterator)  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    ValueError
+
+    """
+    iterators = [iter(iterable)] * n
+    match incomplete:
+        case 'fill':
+            return zip_longest(*iterators, fillvalue=fillvalue)
+        case 'strict':
+            return zip(*iterators, strict=True)
+        case 'ignore':
+            return zip(*iterators)
+        case _:
+            raise ValueError('Expected fill, strict, or ignore')
+
+
+def roundrobin(*iterables):
+    """Visit input iterables in a cycle until each is exhausted.
+
+        >>> list(roundrobin('ABC', 'D', 'EF'))
+        ['A', 'D', 'E', 'B', 'F', 'C']
+
+    This function produces the same output as :func:`interleave_longest`, but
+    may perform better for some inputs (in particular when the number of
+    iterables is small).
+
+    """
+    # Algorithm credited to George Sakkis
+    iterators = map(iter, iterables)
+    for num_active in range(len(iterables), 0, -1):
+        iterators = cycle(islice(iterators, num_active))
+        yield from map(next, iterators)
+
+
+def partition(pred, iterable):
+    """
+    Returns a 2-tuple of iterables derived from the input iterable.
+    The first yields the items that have ``pred(item) == False``.
+    The second yields the items that have ``pred(item) == True``.
+
+        >>> is_odd = lambda x: x % 2 != 0
+        >>> iterable = range(10)
+        >>> even_items, odd_items = partition(is_odd, iterable)
+        >>> list(even_items), list(odd_items)
+        ([0, 2, 4, 6, 8], [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])
+
+    If *pred* is None, :func:`bool` is used.
+
+        >>> iterable = [0, 1, False, True, '', ' ']
+        >>> false_items, true_items = partition(None, iterable)
+        >>> list(false_items), list(true_items)
+        ([0, False, ''], [1, True, ' '])
+
+    """
+    if pred is None:
+        pred = bool
+    iterator = iter(iterable)
+
+    false_queue = deque()
+    true_queue = deque()
+
+    def gen(queue):
+        while True:
+            while queue:
+                yield queue.popleft()
+            for value in iterator:
+                (true_queue if pred(value) else false_queue).append(value)
+                break
+            else:
+                return
+
+    return gen(false_queue), gen(true_queue)
+
+
+def powerset(iterable):
+    """Yields all possible subsets of the iterable.
+
+        >>> list(powerset([1, 2, 3]))
+        [(), (1,), (2,), (3,), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (1, 2, 3)]
+
+    :func:`powerset` will operate on iterables that aren't :class:`set`
+    instances, so repeated elements in the input will produce repeated elements
+    in the output.
+
+        >>> seq = [1, 1, 0]
+        >>> list(powerset(seq))
+        [(), (1,), (1,), (0,), (1, 1), (1, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1, 0)]
+
+    For a variant that efficiently yields actual :class:`set` instances, see
+    :func:`powerset_of_sets`.
+    """
+    s = list(iterable)
+    return chain.from_iterable(combinations(s, r) for r in range(len(s) + 1))
+
+
+def unique_everseen(iterable, key=None):
+    """Yield unique elements, preserving order. Remember all elements ever seen.
+
+        >>> list(unique_everseen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB'))
+        ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
+        >>> list(unique_everseen('ABBCcAD', str.casefold))
+        ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
+
+    Raises ``TypeError`` for unhashable items.
+
+    Some unhashable objects can be converted to hashable objects
+    using the *key* parameter:
+
+    * For ``list`` objects, try ``key=tuple``.
+    * For ``set`` objects, try ``key=frozenset``.
+    * For ``dict`` objects, try ``key=lambda x: frozenset(x.items())``
+      or in Python 3.15 and later, set ``key=frozendict``.
+
+    Alternatively, consider the ``unique()`` itertool recipe.  It sorts
+    the data and then uses equality to eliminate duplicates.  Hashability
+    is not required.
+
+    """
+    seen = set()
+    if key is None:
+        for element in filterfalse(seen.__contains__, iterable):
+            seen.add(element)
+            yield element
+    else:
+        for element in iterable:
+            k = key(element)
+            if k not in seen:
+                seen.add(k)
+                yield element
+
+
+def unique_justseen(iterable, key=None):
+    """Yields elements in order, ignoring serial duplicates
+
+    >>> list(unique_justseen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB'))
+    ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'A', 'B']
+    >>> list(unique_justseen('ABBCcAD', str.lower))
+    ['A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'D']
+
+    """
+    if key is None:
+        return map(itemgetter(0), groupby(iterable))
+
+    return map(next, map(itemgetter(1), groupby(iterable, key)))
+
+
+def unique(iterable, key=None, reverse=False):
+    """Yields unique elements in sorted order.
+
+    >>> list(unique([[1, 2], [3, 4], [1, 2]]))
+    [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+
+    *key* and *reverse* are passed to :func:`sorted`.
+
+    >>> list(unique('ABBcCAD', str.casefold))
+    ['A', 'B', 'c', 'D']
+    >>> list(unique('ABBcCAD', str.casefold, reverse=True))
+    ['D', 'c', 'B', 'A']
+
+    The elements in *iterable* need not be hashable, but they must be
+    comparable for sorting to work.
+    """
+    sequenced = sorted(iterable, key=key, reverse=reverse)
+    return unique_justseen(sequenced, key=key)
+
+
+def iter_except(function, exception, first=None):
+    """Yields results from a function repeatedly until an exception is raised.
+
+    Converts a call-until-exception interface to an iterator interface.
+    Like ``iter(function, sentinel)``, but uses an exception instead of a sentinel
+    to end the loop.
+
+        >>> l = [0, 1, 2]
+        >>> list(iter_except(l.pop, IndexError))
+        [2, 1, 0]
+
+    Multiple exceptions can be specified as a stopping condition:
+
+        >>> l = [1, 2, 3, '...', 4, 5, 6]
+        >>> list(iter_except(lambda: 1 + l.pop(), (IndexError, TypeError)))
+        [7, 6, 5]
+        >>> list(iter_except(lambda: 1 + l.pop(), (IndexError, TypeError)))
+        [4, 3, 2]
+        >>> list(iter_except(lambda: 1 + l.pop(), (IndexError, TypeError)))
+        []
+
+    """
+    with suppress(exception):
+        if first is not None:
+            yield first()
+        while True:
+            yield function()
+
+
+def first_true(iterable, default=None, pred=None):
+    """
+    Returns the first true value in the iterable.
+
+    If no true value is found, returns *default*
+
+    If *pred* is not None, returns the first item for which
+    ``pred(item) == True`` .
+
+        >>> first_true(range(10))
+        1
+        >>> first_true(range(10), pred=lambda x: x > 5)
+        6
+        >>> first_true(range(10), default='missing', pred=lambda x: x > 9)
+        'missing'
+
+    """
+    return next(filter(pred, iterable), default)
+
+
+def random_product(*iterables, repeat=1):
+    """Draw an item at random from each of the input iterables.
+
+        >>> random_product('abc', range(4), 'XYZ')  # doctest:+SKIP
+        ('c', 3, 'Z')
+
+    If *repeat* is provided as a keyword argument, that many items will be
+    drawn from each iterable.
+
+        >>> random_product('abcd', range(4), repeat=2)  # doctest:+SKIP
+        ('a', 2, 'd', 3)
+
+    This equivalent to taking a random selection from
+    ``itertools.product(*args, repeat=repeat)``.
+
+    """
+    pools = tuple(map(tuple, iterables)) * repeat
+    return tuple(map(choice, pools))
+
+
+def random_permutation(iterable, r=None):
+    """Return a random *r* length permutation of the elements in *iterable*.
+
+    If *r* is not specified or is ``None``, then *r* defaults to the length of
+    *iterable*.
+
+        >>> random_permutation(range(5))  # doctest:+SKIP
+        (3, 4, 0, 1, 2)
+
+    This equivalent to taking a random selection from
+    ``itertools.permutations(iterable, r)``.
+
+    """
+    pool = tuple(iterable)
+    r = len(pool) if r is None else r
+    return tuple(sample(pool, r))
+
+
+def random_combination(iterable, r):
+    """Return a random *r* length subsequence of the elements in *iterable*.
+
+        >>> random_combination(range(5), 3)  # doctest:+SKIP
+        (2, 3, 4)
+
+    This equivalent to taking a random selection from
+    ``itertools.combinations(iterable, r)``.
+
+    """
+    pool = tuple(iterable)
+    n = len(pool)
+    indices = sorted(sample(range(n), r))
+    return tuple([pool[i] for i in indices])
+
+
+def random_combination_with_replacement(iterable, r):
+    """Return a random *r* length subsequence of elements in *iterable*,
+    allowing individual elements to be repeated.
+
+        >>> random_combination_with_replacement(range(3), 5) # doctest:+SKIP
+        (0, 0, 1, 2, 2)
+
+    This equivalent to taking a random selection from
+    ``itertools.combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r)``.
+
+    """
+    pool = tuple(iterable)
+    n = len(pool)
+    indices = sorted(randrange(n) for i in range(r))
+    return tuple([pool[i] for i in indices])
+
+
+def nth_combination(iterable, r, index):
+    """Equivalent to ``list(combinations(iterable, r))[index]``.
+
+    The subsequences of *iterable* that are of length *r* can be ordered
+    lexicographically. :func:`nth_combination` computes the subsequence at
+    sort position *index* directly, without computing the previous
+    subsequences.
+
+        >>> nth_combination(range(5), 3, 5)
+        (0, 3, 4)
+
+    ``ValueError`` will be raised If *r* is negative.
+    ``IndexError`` will be raised if the given *index* is invalid.
+    """
+    pool = tuple(iterable)
+    n = len(pool)
+    c = comb(n, r)
+
+    if index < 0:
+        index += c
+    if not 0 <= index < c:
+        raise IndexError
+
+    result = []
+    while r:
+        c, n, r = c * r // n, n - 1, r - 1
+        while index >= c:
+            index -= c
+            c, n = c * (n - r) // n, n - 1
+        result.append(pool[-1 - n])
+
+    return tuple(result)
+
+
+def prepend(value, iterable):
+    """Yield *value*, followed by the elements in *iterable*.
+
+        >>> value = '0'
+        >>> iterable = ['1', '2', '3']
+        >>> list(prepend(value, iterable))
+        ['0', '1', '2', '3']
+
+    To prepend multiple values, see :func:`itertools.chain`
+    or :func:`value_chain`.
+
+    """
+    return chain([value], iterable)
+
+
+def convolve(signal, kernel):
+    """Discrete linear convolution of two iterables.
+    Equivalent to polynomial multiplication.
+
+    For example, multiplying ``(x² -x - 20)`` by ``(x - 3)``
+    gives ``(x³ -4x² -17x + 60)``.
+
+        >>> list(convolve([1, -1, -20], [1, -3]))
+        [1, -4, -17, 60]
+
+    Examples of popular kinds of kernels:
+
+    * The kernel ``[0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 0.25]`` computes a moving average.
+      For image data, this blurs the image and reduces noise.
+    * The kernel ``[1/2, 0, -1/2]`` estimates the first derivative of
+      a function evaluated at evenly spaced inputs.
+    * The kernel ``[1, -2, 1]`` estimates the second derivative of a
+      function evaluated at evenly spaced inputs.
+
+    Convolutions are mathematically commutative; however, the inputs are
+    evaluated differently.  The signal is consumed lazily and can be
+    infinite. The kernel is fully consumed before the calculations begin.
+
+    Supports all numeric types: int, float, complex, Decimal, Fraction.
+
+    References:
+
+    * Article:  https://betterexplained.com/articles/intuitive-convolution/
+    * Video by 3Blue1Brown:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuXjwB4LzSA
+
+    """
+    # This implementation comes from an older version of the itertools
+    # documentation.  While the newer implementation is a bit clearer,
+    # this one was kept because the inlined window logic is faster
+    # and it avoids an unnecessary deque-to-tuple conversion.
+    kernel = tuple(kernel)[::-1]
+    n = len(kernel)
+    window = deque([0], maxlen=n) * n
+    for x in chain(signal, repeat(0, n - 1)):
+        window.append(x)
+        yield _sumprod(kernel, window)
+
+
+def before_and_after(predicate, it):
+    """A variant of :func:`takewhile` that allows complete access to the
+    remainder of the iterator.
+
+         >>> it = iter('ABCdEfGhI')
+         >>> all_upper, remainder = before_and_after(str.isupper, it)
+         >>> ''.join(all_upper)
+         'ABC'
+         >>> ''.join(remainder) # takewhile() would lose the 'd'
+         'dEfGhI'
+
+    Note that the first iterator must be fully consumed before the second
+    iterator can generate valid results.
+    """
+    trues, after = tee(it)
+    trues = compress(takewhile(predicate, trues), zip(after))
+    return trues, after
+
+
+def triplewise(iterable):
+    """Return overlapping triplets from *iterable*.
+
+    >>> list(triplewise('ABCDE'))
+    [('A', 'B', 'C'), ('B', 'C', 'D'), ('C', 'D', 'E')]
+
+    """
+    # This deviates from the itertools documentation recipe - see
+    # https://github.com/more-itertools/more-itertools/issues/889
+    t1, t2, t3 = tee(iterable, 3)
+    next(t3, None)
+    next(t3, None)
+    next(t2, None)
+    return zip(t1, t2, t3)
+
+
+def _sliding_window_islice(iterable, n):
+    # Fast path for small, non-zero values of n.
+    iterators = tee(iterable, n)
+    for i, iterator in enumerate(iterators):
+        next(islice(iterator, i, i), None)
+    return zip(*iterators)
+
+
+def _sliding_window_deque(iterable, n):
+    # Normal path for other values of n.
+    iterator = iter(iterable)
+    window = deque(islice(iterator, n - 1), maxlen=n)
+    for x in iterator:
+        window.append(x)
+        yield tuple(window)
+
+
+def sliding_window(iterable, n):
+    """Return a sliding window of width *n* over *iterable*.
+
+        >>> list(sliding_window(range(6), 4))
+        [(0, 1, 2, 3), (1, 2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 5)]
+
+    If *iterable* has fewer than *n* items, then nothing is yielded:
+
+        >>> list(sliding_window(range(3), 4))
+        []
+
+    For a variant with more features, see :func:`windowed`.
+    """
+    if n > 20:
+        return _sliding_window_deque(iterable, n)
+    elif n > 2:
+        return _sliding_window_islice(iterable, n)
+    elif n == 2:
+        return pairwise(iterable)
+    elif n == 1:
+        return zip(iterable)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f'n should be at least one, not {n}')
+
+
+def subslices(iterable):
+    """Return all contiguous non-empty subslices of *iterable*.
+
+        >>> list(subslices('ABC'))
+        [['A'], ['A', 'B'], ['A', 'B', 'C'], ['B'], ['B', 'C'], ['C']]
+
+    This is similar to :func:`substrings`, but emits items in a different
+    order.
+    """
+    seq = list(iterable)
+    slices = starmap(slice, combinations(range(len(seq) + 1), 2))
+    return map(getitem, repeat(seq), slices)
+
+
+def polynomial_from_roots(roots):
+    """Compute a polynomial's coefficients from its roots.
+
+    >>> roots = [5, -4, 3]            # (x - 5) * (x + 4) * (x - 3)
+    >>> polynomial_from_roots(roots)  # x³ - 4 x² - 17 x + 60
+    [1, -4, -17, 60]
+
+    Note that polynomial coefficients are specified in descending power order.
+
+    Supports all numeric types: int, float, complex, Decimal, Fraction.
+    """
+
+    # This recipe differs from the one in itertools docs in that it
+    # applies list() after each call to convolve().  This avoids
+    # hitting stack limits with nested generators.
+
+    poly = [1]
+    for root in roots:
+        poly = list(convolve(poly, (1, -root)))
+    return poly
+
+
+def iter_index(iterable, value, start=0, stop=None):
+    """Yield the index of each place in *iterable* that *value* occurs,
+    beginning with index *start* and ending before index *stop*.
+
+
+    >>> list(iter_index('AABCADEAF', 'A'))
+    [0, 1, 4, 7]
+    >>> list(iter_index('AABCADEAF', 'A', 1))  # start index is inclusive
+    [1, 4, 7]
+    >>> list(iter_index('AABCADEAF', 'A', 1, 7))  # stop index is not inclusive
+    [1, 4]
+
+    The behavior for non-scalar *values* matches the built-in Python types.
+
+    >>> list(iter_index('ABCDABCD', 'AB'))
+    [0, 4]
+    >>> list(iter_index([0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3], [0, 1]))
+    []
+    >>> list(iter_index([[0, 1], [2, 3], [0, 1], [2, 3]], [0, 1]))
+    [0, 2]
+
+    See :func:`locate` for a more general means of finding the indexes
+    associated with particular values.
+
+    """
+    seq_index = getattr(iterable, 'index', None)
+    if seq_index is None:
+        # Slow path for general iterables
+        iterator = islice(iterable, start, stop)
+        for i, element in enumerate(iterator, start):
+            if element is value or element == value:
+                yield i
+    else:
+        # Fast path for sequences
+        stop = len(iterable) if stop is None else stop
+        i = start - 1
+        with suppress(ValueError):
+            while True:
+                yield (i := seq_index(value, i + 1, stop))
+
+
+def sieve(n):
+    """Yield the primes less than n.
+
+    >>> list(sieve(30))
+    [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29]
+
+    """
+    # This implementation comes from an older version of the itertools
+    # documentation.  The newer implementation is easier to read but is
+    # less lazy.
+    if n > 2:
+        yield 2
+    start = 3
+    data = bytearray((0, 1)) * (n // 2)
+    for p in iter_index(data, 1, start, stop=isqrt(n) + 1):
+        yield from iter_index(data, 1, start, p * p)
+        data[p * p : n : p + p] = bytes(len(range(p * p, n, p + p)))
+        start = p * p
+    yield from iter_index(data, 1, start)
+
+
+def _batched(iterable, n, *, strict=False):  # pragma: no cover
+    """Batch data into tuples of length *n*. If the number of items in
+    *iterable* is not divisible by *n*:
+    * The last batch will be shorter if *strict* is ``False``.
+    * :exc:`ValueError` will be raised if *strict* is ``True``.
+
+    >>> list(batched('ABCDEFG', 3))
+    [('A', 'B', 'C'), ('D', 'E', 'F'), ('G',)]
+
+    On Python 3.13 and above, this is an alias for :func:`itertools.batched`.
+    """
+    if n < 1:
+        raise ValueError('n must be at least one')
+    iterator = iter(iterable)
+    while batch := tuple(islice(iterator, n)):
+        if strict and len(batch) != n:
+            raise ValueError('batched(): incomplete batch')
+        yield batch
+
+
+if hexversion >= 0x30D00A2:  # pragma: no cover
+    from itertools import batched as itertools_batched
+
+    def batched(iterable, n, *, strict=False):
+        return itertools_batched(iterable, n, strict=strict)
+
+    batched.__doc__ = _batched.__doc__
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    batched = _batched
+
+
+def transpose(matrix):
+    """Swap the rows and columns of the input matrix.
+
+    >>> list(transpose([(1, 2, 3), (11, 22, 33)]))
+    [(1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33)]
+
+    The caller should ensure that the dimensions of the input are compatible.
+    If the input is empty, no output will be produced.
+    """
+    return zip(*matrix, strict=True)
+
+
+def _is_scalar(value, stringlike=(str, bytes)):
+    "Scalars are bytes, strings, and non-iterables."
+    try:
+        iter(value)
+    except TypeError:
+        return True
+    return isinstance(value, stringlike)
+
+
+def _flatten_tensor(tensor):
+    "Depth-first iterator over scalars in a tensor."
+    iterator = iter(tensor)
+    while True:
+        try:
+            value = next(iterator)
+        except StopIteration:
+            return iterator
+        iterator = chain((value,), iterator)
+        if _is_scalar(value):
+            return iterator
+        iterator = chain.from_iterable(iterator)
+
+
+def reshape(matrix, shape):
+    """Change the shape of a *matrix*.
+
+    If *shape* is an integer, the matrix must be two dimensional
+    and the shape is interpreted as the desired number of columns:
+
+        >>> matrix = [(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 5)]
+        >>> cols = 3
+        >>> list(reshape(matrix, cols))
+        [(0, 1, 2), (3, 4, 5)]
+
+    If *shape* is a tuple (or other iterable), the input matrix can have
+    any number of dimensions. It will first be flattened and then rebuilt
+    to the desired shape which can also be multidimensional:
+
+        >>> matrix = [(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 5)]    # Start with a 3 x 2 matrix
+
+        >>> list(reshape(matrix, (2, 3)))        # Make a 2 x 3 matrix
+        [(0, 1, 2), (3, 4, 5)]
+
+        >>> list(reshape(matrix, (6,)))          # Make a vector of length six
+        [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+        >>> list(reshape(matrix, (2, 1, 3, 1)))  # Make 2 x 1 x 3 x 1 tensor
+        [(((0,), (1,), (2,)),), (((3,), (4,), (5,)),)]
+
+    Each dimension is assumed to be uniform, either all arrays or all scalars.
+    Flattening stops when the first value in a dimension is a scalar.
+    Scalars are bytes, strings, and non-iterables.
+    The reshape iterator stops when the requested shape is complete
+    or when the input is exhausted, whichever comes first.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(shape, int):
+        return batched(chain.from_iterable(matrix), shape)
+    first_dim, *dims = shape
+    scalar_stream = _flatten_tensor(matrix)
+    reshaped = reduce(batched, reversed(dims), scalar_stream)
+    return islice(reshaped, first_dim)
+
+
+def matmul(m1, m2):
+    """Multiply two matrices.
+
+    >>> list(matmul([(7, 5), (3, 5)], [(2, 5), (7, 9)]))
+    [(49, 80), (41, 60)]
+
+    The caller should ensure that the dimensions of the input matrices are
+    compatible with each other.
+
+    Supports all numeric types: int, float, complex, Decimal, Fraction.
+    """
+    n = len(m2[0])
+    return batched(starmap(_sumprod, product(m1, transpose(m2))), n)
+
+
+def _factor_pollard(n):
+    # Return a factor of n using Pollard's rho algorithm.
+    # Efficient when n is odd and composite.
+    for b in range(1, n):
+        x = y = 2
+        d = 1
+        while d == 1:
+            x = (x * x + b) % n
+            y = (y * y + b) % n
+            y = (y * y + b) % n
+            d = gcd(x - y, n)
+        if d != n:
+            return d
+    raise ValueError('prime or under 5')  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+_primes_below_211 = tuple(sieve(211))
+
+
+def factor(n):
+    """Yield the prime factors of n.
+
+    >>> list(factor(360))
+    [2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 5]
+
+    Finds small factors with trial division.  Larger factors are
+    either verified as prime with ``is_prime`` or split into
+    smaller factors with Pollard's rho algorithm.
+    """
+
+    # Corner case reduction
+    if n < 2:
+        return
+
+    # Trial division reduction
+    for prime in _primes_below_211:
+        while not n % prime:
+            yield prime
+            n //= prime
+
+    # Pollard's rho reduction
+    primes = []
+    todo = [n] if n > 1 else []
+    for n in todo:
+        if n < 211**2 or is_prime(n):
+            primes.append(n)
+        else:
+            fact = _factor_pollard(n)
+            todo += (fact, n // fact)
+    yield from sorted(primes)
+
+
+def polynomial_eval(coefficients, x):
+    """Evaluate a polynomial at a specific value.
+
+    Computes with better numeric stability than Horner's method.
+
+    Evaluate ``x^3 - 4 * x^2 - 17 * x + 60`` at ``x = 2.5``:
+
+    >>> coefficients = [1, -4, -17, 60]
+    >>> x = 2.5
+    >>> polynomial_eval(coefficients, x)
+    8.125
+
+    Note that polynomial coefficients are specified in descending power order.
+
+    Supports all numeric types: int, float, complex, Decimal, Fraction.
+    """
+    n = len(coefficients)
+    if n == 0:
+        return type(x)(0)
+    powers = map(pow, repeat(x), reversed(range(n)))
+    return _sumprod(coefficients, powers)
+
+
+def sum_of_squares(iterable):
+    """Return the sum of the squares of the input values.
+
+    >>> sum_of_squares([10, 20, 30])
+    1400
+
+    Supports all numeric types: int, float, complex, Decimal, Fraction.
+    """
+    return _sumprod(*tee(iterable))
+
+
+def polynomial_derivative(coefficients):
+    """Compute the first derivative of a polynomial.
+
+    Evaluate the derivative of ``x³ - 4 x² - 17 x + 60``:
+
+    >>> coefficients = [1, -4, -17, 60]
+    >>> derivative_coefficients = polynomial_derivative(coefficients)
+    >>> derivative_coefficients
+    [3, -8, -17]
+
+    Note that polynomial coefficients are specified in descending power order.
+
+    Supports all numeric types: int, float, complex, Decimal, Fraction.
+    """
+    n = len(coefficients)
+    powers = reversed(range(1, n))
+    return list(map(mul, coefficients, powers))
+
+
+def totient(n):
+    """Return the count of natural numbers up to *n* that are coprime with *n*.
+
+    Euler's totient function φ(n) gives the number of totatives.
+    Totative are integers k in the range 1 ≤ k ≤ n such that gcd(n, k) = 1.
+
+    >>> n = 9
+    >>> totient(n)
+    6
+
+    >>> totatives = [x for x in range(1, n) if gcd(n, x) == 1]
+    >>> totatives
+    [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8]
+    >>> len(totatives)
+    6
+
+    Reference:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_totient_function
+
+    """
+    for prime in set(factor(n)):
+        n -= n // prime
+    return n
+
+
+# Miller–Rabin primality test: https://oeis.org/A014233
+_perfect_tests = [
+    (2047, (2,)),
+    (9080191, (31, 73)),
+    (4759123141, (2, 7, 61)),
+    (1122004669633, (2, 13, 23, 1662803)),
+    (2152302898747, (2, 3, 5, 7, 11)),
+    (3474749660383, (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13)),
+    (18446744073709551616, (2, 325, 9375, 28178, 450775, 9780504, 1795265022)),
+    (
+        3317044064679887385961981,
+        (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41),
+    ),
+]
+
+
+@lru_cache
+def _shift_to_odd(n):
+    'Return s, d such that 2**s * d == n'
+    s = ((n - 1) ^ n).bit_length() - 1
+    d = n >> s
+    assert (1 << s) * d == n and d & 1 and s >= 0
+    return s, d
+
+
+def _strong_probable_prime(n, base):
+    assert (n > 2) and (n & 1) and (2 <= base < n)
+
+    s, d = _shift_to_odd(n - 1)
+
+    x = pow(base, d, n)
+    if x == 1 or x == n - 1:
+        return True
+
+    for _ in range(s - 1):
+        x = x * x % n
+        if x == n - 1:
+            return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+# Separate instance of Random() that doesn't share state
+# with the default user instance of Random().
+_private_randrange = random.Random().randrange
+
+
+def is_prime(n):
+    """Return ``True`` if *n* is prime and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+    Basic examples:
+
+        >>> is_prime(37)
+        True
+        >>> is_prime(3 * 13)
+        False
+        >>> is_prime(18_446_744_073_709_551_557)
+        True
+
+    Find the next prime over one billion:
+
+        >>> next(filter(is_prime, count(10**9)))
+        1000000007
+
+    Generate random primes up to 200 bits and up to 60 decimal digits:
+
+        >>> from random import seed, randrange, getrandbits
+        >>> seed(18675309)
+
+        >>> next(filter(is_prime, map(getrandbits, repeat(200))))
+        893303929355758292373272075469392561129886005037663238028407
+
+        >>> next(filter(is_prime, map(randrange, repeat(10**60))))
+        269638077304026462407872868003560484232362454342414618963649
+
+    This function is exact for values of *n* below 10**24.  For larger inputs,
+    the probabilistic Miller-Rabin primality test has a less than 1 in 2**128
+    chance of a false positive.
+    """
+
+    if n < 17:
+        return n in {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
+
+    if not (n & 1 and n % 3 and n % 5 and n % 7 and n % 11 and n % 13):
+        return False
+
+    for limit, bases in _perfect_tests:
+        if n < limit:
+            break
+    else:
+        bases = (_private_randrange(2, n - 1) for i in range(64))
+
+    return all(_strong_probable_prime(n, base) for base in bases)
+
+
+def loops(n):
+    """Returns an iterable with *n* elements for efficient looping.
+    Like ``range(n)`` but doesn't create integers.
+
+    >>> i = 0
+    >>> for _ in loops(5):
+    ...     i += 1
+    >>> i
+    5
+
+    """
+    return repeat(None, n)
+
+
+def multinomial(*counts):
+    """Number of distinct arrangements of a multiset.
+
+    The expression ``multinomial(3, 4, 2)`` has several equivalent
+    interpretations:
+
+    * In the expansion of ``(a + b + c)⁹``, the coefficient of the
+      ``a³b⁴c²`` term is 1260.
+
+    * There are 1260 distinct ways to arrange 9 balls consisting of 3 reds, 4
+      greens, and 2 blues.
+
+    * There are 1260 unique ways to place 9 distinct objects into three bins
+      with sizes 3, 4, and 2.
+
+    The :func:`multinomial` function computes the length of
+    :func:`distinct_permutations`.  For example, there are 83,160 distinct
+    anagrams of the word "abracadabra":
+
+        >>> from more_itertools import distinct_permutations, ilen
+        >>> ilen(distinct_permutations('abracadabra'))
+        83160
+
+    This can be computed directly from the letter counts, 5a 2b 2r 1c 1d:
+
+        >>> from collections import Counter
+        >>> list(Counter('abracadabra').values())
+        [5, 2, 2, 1, 1]
+        >>> multinomial(5, 2, 2, 1, 1)
+        83160
+
+    A binomial coefficient is a special case of multinomial where there are
+    only two categories.  For example, the number of ways to arrange 12 balls
+    with 5 reds and 7 blues is ``multinomial(5, 7)`` or ``math.comb(12, 5)``.
+
+    Likewise, factorial is a special case of multinomial where
+    the multiplicities are all just 1 so that
+    ``multinomial(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) == math.factorial(7)``.
+
+    Reference:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial_theorem
+
+    """
+    return prod(map(comb, accumulate(counts), counts))
+
+
+def _running_median_minheap_and_maxheap(iterator):  # pragma: no cover
+    "Non-windowed running_median() for Python 3.14+"
+
+    read = iterator.__next__
+    lo = []  # max-heap
+    hi = []  # min-heap (same size as or one smaller than lo)
+
+    with suppress(StopIteration):
+        while True:
+            heappush_max(lo, heappushpop(hi, read()))
+            yield lo[0]
+
+            heappush(hi, heappushpop_max(lo, read()))
+            yield (lo[0] + hi[0]) / 2
+
+
+def _running_median_minheap_only(iterator):  # pragma: no cover
+    "Backport of non-windowed running_median() for Python 3.13 and prior."
+
+    read = iterator.__next__
+    lo = []  # max-heap (actually a minheap with negated values)
+    hi = []  # min-heap (same size as or one smaller than lo)
+
+    with suppress(StopIteration):
+        while True:
+            heappush(lo, -heappushpop(hi, read()))
+            yield -lo[0]
+
+            heappush(hi, -heappushpop(lo, -read()))
+            yield (hi[0] - lo[0]) / 2
+
+
+def _running_median_windowed(iterator, maxlen):
+    "Yield median of values in a sliding window."
+
+    window = deque()
+    ordered = []
+
+    for x in iterator:
+        window.append(x)
+        insort(ordered, x)
+
+        if len(ordered) > maxlen:
+            i = bisect_left(ordered, window.popleft())
+            del ordered[i]
+
+        n = len(ordered)
+        m = n // 2
+        yield ordered[m] if n & 1 else (ordered[m - 1] + ordered[m]) / 2
+
+
+def running_median(iterable, *, maxlen=None):
+    """Cumulative median of values seen so far or values in a sliding window.
+
+    Set *maxlen* to a positive integer to specify the maximum size
+    of the sliding window.  The default of *None* is equivalent to
+    an unbounded window.
+
+    For example:
+
+        >>> list(running_median([5.0, 9.0, 4.0, 12.0, 8.0, 9.0]))
+        [5.0, 7.0, 5.0, 7.0, 8.0, 8.5]
+        >>> list(running_median([5.0, 9.0, 4.0, 12.0, 8.0, 9.0], maxlen=3))
+        [5.0, 7.0, 5.0, 9.0, 8.0, 9.0]
+
+    Supports numeric types such as int, float, Decimal, and Fraction,
+    but not complex numbers which are unorderable.
+
+    On version Python 3.13 and prior, max-heaps are simulated with
+    negative values. The negation causes Decimal inputs to apply context
+    rounding, making the results slightly different than that obtained
+    by statistics.median().
+    """
+
+    iterator = iter(iterable)
+
+    if maxlen is not None:
+        maxlen = _index(maxlen)
+        if maxlen <= 0:
+            raise ValueError('Window size should be positive')
+        return _running_median_windowed(iterator, maxlen)
+
+    if not _max_heap_available:
+        return _running_median_minheap_only(iterator)  # pragma: no cover
+
+    return _running_median_minheap_and_maxheap(iterator)  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def _windowed_running_mean(iterator, n):
+    window = deque()
+    running_sum = 0
+    for value in iterator:
+        window.append(value)
+        running_sum += value
+        if len(window) > n:
+            running_sum -= window.popleft()
+        yield running_sum / len(window)
+
+
+def running_mean(iterable, *, maxlen=None):
+    """Cumulative mean of values seen so far or values in a sliding window.
+
+    Set *maxlen* to a positive integer to specify the maximum size
+    of the sliding window.  The default of *None* is equivalent to
+    an unbounded window.
+
+    For example:
+
+        >>> list(running_mean([40, 30, 50, 46, 39, 44]))
+        [40.0, 35.0, 40.0, 41.5, 41.0, 41.5]
+
+        >>> list(running_mean([40, 30, 50, 46, 39, 44], maxlen=3))
+        [40.0, 35.0, 40.0, 42.0, 45.0, 43.0]
+
+    Supports numeric types such as int, float, complex, Decimal, and Fraction.
+
+    No extra effort is made to reduce round-off errors for float inputs.
+    So the results may be slightly different from `statistics.mean`.
+
+    """
+
+    iterator = iter(iterable)
+
+    if maxlen is None:
+        return map(truediv, accumulate(iterator), count(1))
+
+    if maxlen <= 0:
+        raise ValueError('Window size should be positive')
+
+    return _windowed_running_mean(iterator, maxlen)
+
+
+def _windowed_running_min(iterator, maxlen):
+    sis = deque()  # Strictly increasing subsequence
+    for index, value in enumerate(iterator):
+        if sis and sis[0][0] == index - maxlen:
+            sis.popleft()
+        while sis and not sis[-1][1] < value:  # Remove non-increasing values
+            sis.pop()
+        sis.append((index, value))  # Most recent value at position -1
+        yield sis[0][1]  # Window minimum at position 0
+
+
+def running_min(iterable, *, maxlen=None):
+    """Smallest of values seen so far or values in a sliding window.
+
+    Set *maxlen* to a positive integer to specify the maximum size
+    of the sliding window.  The default of *None* is equivalent to
+    an unbounded window.
+
+    For example:
+
+        >>> list(running_min([4, 3, 7, 0, 8, 1, 6, 2, 9, 5]))
+        [4, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+
+        >>> list(running_min([4, 3, 7, 0, 8, 1, 6, 2, 9, 5], maxlen=3))
+        [4, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]
+
+    Supports numeric types such as int, float, Decimal, and Fraction,
+    but not complex numbers which are unorderable.
+    """
+
+    iterator = iter(iterable)
+
+    if maxlen is None:
+        return accumulate(iterator, func=min)
+
+    if maxlen <= 0:
+        raise ValueError('Window size should be positive')
+
+    return _windowed_running_min(iterator, maxlen)
+
+
+def _windowed_running_max(iterator, maxlen):
+    sds = deque()  # Strictly decreasing subsequence
+    for index, value in enumerate(iterator):
+        if sds and sds[0][0] == index - maxlen:
+            sds.popleft()
+        while sds and not sds[-1][1] > value:  # Remove non-decreasing values
+            sds.pop()
+        sds.append((index, value))  # Most recent value at position -1
+        yield sds[0][1]  # Window maximum at position 0
+
+
+def running_max(iterable, *, maxlen=None):
+    """Largest of values seen so far or values in a sliding window.
+
+    Set *maxlen* to a positive integer to specify the maximum size
+    of the sliding window.  The default of *None* is equivalent to
+    an unbounded window.
+
+    For example:
+
+        >>> list(running_max([4, 3, 7, 0, 8, 1, 6, 2, 9, 5]))
+        [4, 4, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9]
+
+        >>> list(running_max([4, 3, 7, 0, 8, 1, 6, 2, 9, 5], maxlen=3))
+        [4, 4, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 6, 9, 9]
+
+    Supports numeric types such as int, float, Decimal, and Fraction,
+    but not complex numbers which are unorderable.
+    """
+
+    iterator = iter(iterable)
+
+    if maxlen is None:
+        return accumulate(iterator, func=max)
+
+    if maxlen <= 0:
+        raise ValueError('Window size should be positive')
+
+    return _windowed_running_max(iterator, maxlen)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class Stats:
+    size: int
+    minimum: float
+    median: float
+    maximum: float
+    mean: float
+
+
+def running_statistics(iterable, *, maxlen=None):
+    """Statistics for values seen so far or values in a sliding window.
+
+    Set *maxlen* to a positive integer to specify the maximum size
+    of the sliding window.  The default of *None* is equivalent to
+    an unbounded window.
+
+    Yields instances of a ``Stats`` dataclass with fields for the dataset *size*,
+    *minimum* value, *median* value, *maximum* value, and the arithmetic *mean*.
+
+    Supports numeric types such as int, float, Decimal, and Fraction,
+    but not complex numbers which are unorderable.
+    """
+
+    # fmt: off
+    t0, t1, t2, t3 = tee(iterable, 4)
+    return map(
+        Stats,
+        count(1) if maxlen is None else chain(range(1, maxlen), repeat(maxlen)),
+        running_min(t0, maxlen=maxlen),
+        running_median(t1, maxlen=maxlen),
+        running_max(t2, maxlen=maxlen),
+        running_mean(t3, maxlen=maxlen),
+    )
+    # fmt: on
+
+
+def random_derangement(iterable):
+    """Return a random derangement of elements in the iterable.
+
+    Equivalent to but much faster than ``choice(list(derangements(iterable)))``.
+
+    """
+    seq = tuple(iterable)
+    if len(seq) < 2:
+        if len(seq) == 0:
+            return ()
+        raise IndexError('No derangments to choose from')
+    perm = list(range(len(seq)))
+    start = tuple(perm)
+    while True:
+        shuffle(perm)
+        if not any(map(is_, start, perm)):
+            return itemgetter(*perm)(seq)