passagemath-repl 10.5.27__py3-none-any.whl → 10.5.29__py3-none-any.whl

sage/tests/books/computational-mathematics-with-sagemath/programmation_doctest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,662 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-repl
+"""
+This file (./programmation_doctest.sage) was *autogenerated* from ./programmation.tex,
+with sagetex.sty version 2011/05/27 v2.3.1.
+It contains the contents of all the sageexample environments from this file.
+You should be able to doctest this file with:
+sage -t ./programmation_doctest.sage
+It is always safe to delete this file; it is not used in typesetting your
+document.
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 118::
+
+  sage: 2*3; 3*4; 4*5          # one comment, 3 results
+  6
+  12
+  20
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 137::
+
+  sage: 123 + \
+  ....: 345
+  468
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 201::
+
+  sage: import keyword; sorted(keyword.kwlist)
+  [...'and', 'as', 'assert', ..., 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del'...]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 338::
+
+  sage: y = 3; y = 3 * y + 1; y = 3 * y + 1; y
+  31
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 368::
+
+  sage: a, b = 10, 20 # (a, b) = (10, 20) and [10, 20] are also possible
+  sage: a, b = b, a
+  sage: a, b
+  (20, 10)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 382::
+
+  sage: temp = a; a = b; b = temp    # equivalent to: a, b = b, a
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 391::
+
+  sage: x, y = var('x, y'); a = x ; b = y
+  sage: a, b
+  (x, y)
+  sage: a = a + b ; b = a - b ; a = a - b
+  sage: a, b
+  (y, x)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 416::
+
+  sage: 2 + 2 == 2^2, 3 * 3 == 3^3
+  (True, False)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 483::
+
+  sage: for k in [1..5]:
+  ....:    print(7*k)  # block containing a single instruction
+  7
+  14
+  21
+  28
+  35
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 687::
+
+  sage: S = 0 ; k = 0         #        The sum S starts to 0
+  sage: while e^k <= 10^6:    #            e^13 <= 10^6 < e^14
+  ....:     S = S + k^2       #           accumulates the squares k^2
+  ....:     k = k + 1
+  sage: S
+  819
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 734::
+
+  sage: x = 10^4; u = 1; n = 0          # invariant: u = 2^n
+  sage: while u <= x: n = n+1; u = 2*u  # or n += 1; u *= 2
+  sage: n
+  14
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 880::
+
+  sage: U = 1.0              # or U = 1. or U = 1.000
+  sage: for n in [1..20]:
+  ....:   U = 1 / (1 + U^2)
+  sage: U
+  0.682360434761105
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 942::
+
+  sage: S = 0 ; n = 10
+  sage: for k in [1..n]:
+  ....:     S = S + (2*k) * (2*k+1)
+  sage: S
+  1650
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 961::
+
+  sage: n, k = var('n, k') ; res = sum(2*k*(2*k+1), k, 1, n)
+  sage: res, factor(res)    # result expanded, factorised
+  (4/3*n^3 + 3*n^2 + 5/3*n, 1/3*(4*n + 5)*(n + 1)*n)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1074::
+
+  sage: U = 2.0; V = 50.0
+  sage: while V-U >= 1.0e-6:      # 1.0e-6 stands for 1.0*10^-6
+  ....:   temp = U
+  ....:   U = 2 * U * V / (U + V)
+  ....:   V = (temp + V) / 2
+  sage: U, V
+  (9.99999999989256, 10.0000000001074)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1166::
+
+  sage: U = 0.0        # the sum S0 is empty, of value zero
+  sage: V = -1.0       # S1 = -1/1^3
+  sage: n = 0          # U and V contain S(2n) and S(2n+1)
+  sage: while U-V >= 1.0e-6:
+  ....:   n = n+1             # n += 1 is equivalent
+  ....:   U = V + 1/(2*n)^3   # going from S(2n-1) to S(2n)
+  ....:   V = U - 1/(2*n+1)^3 # going from S(2n) to S(2n+1)
+  sage: V, U
+  (-0.901543155458595, -0.901542184868447)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1404::
+
+  sage: u = 6 ; n = 0
+  sage: while u != 1:
+  ....:   if u % 2 == 0: # the operator % yields the remainder
+  ....:     u = u//2     # //: Euclidean division quotient
+  ....:   else:
+  ....:     u = 3*u+1
+  ....:   n = n+1
+  sage: n
+  8
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1508::
+
+  sage: def fct2 (x, y):
+  ....:   return x^2 + y^2
+  sage: a = var('a')
+  sage: fct2 (a, 2*a)
+  5*a^2
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1557::
+
+  sage: def foo (u):
+  ....:   t = u^2
+  ....:   return t*(t+1)
+  sage: t = 1 ; u = 2
+  sage: foo(3), t, u
+  (90, 1, 2)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1570::
+
+  sage: a = b = 1
+  sage: def f(): global a; a = b = 2
+  sage: f(); a, b
+  (2, 1)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1591::
+
+  sage: def AHmean (u, v):
+  ....:    u, v = min(u, v), max(u, v)
+  ....:    while v-u > 2.0e-8:
+  ....:       u, v = 2*u*v/(u+v), (u+v)/2
+  ....:    return (u+v) / 2
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1604::
+
+  sage: AHmean (1., 2.)
+  1.41421356237309
+  sage: AHmean                      # corresponds to a function
+    <function AHmean at ...>
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1687::
+
+  sage: def fact1 (n):
+  ....:    res = 1
+  ....:    for k in [1..n]: res = res*k
+  ....:    return res
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1693::
+
+  sage: def fact2 (n):
+  ....:    if n == 0: return 1
+  ....:    else: return n*fact2(n-1)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1728::
+
+  sage: def fib1 (n):
+  ....:   if n == 0 or n == 1: return n
+  ....:   else:
+  ....:     U = 0 ; V = 1 # the initial terms u0 and u1
+  ....:     for k in [2..n]: W = U+V ; U = V ; V = W
+  ....:     return V
+  sage: fib1(8)
+  21
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1769::
+
+  sage: def fib2 (n):
+  ....:   if 0 <= n <= 1: return n      # for n = 0 or n = 1
+  ....:   else: return fib2(n-1) + fib2(n-2)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1857::
+
+  sage: a = 2; n = 6; res = 1         # 1 is the product neutral element
+  sage: for k in [1..n]: res = res*a
+  sage: res                           # the value of res is 2^6
+  64
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1958::
+
+  sage: def pow1 (a, n):
+  ....:   if n == 0: return 1
+  ....:   elif n % 2 == 0: b = pow1 (a, n//2); return b*b
+  ....:   else: return a * pow1(a, n-1)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 1968::
+
+  sage: pow1 (2, 11)                 # result is 2^11
+  2048
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2010::
+
+  sage: def pow2 (u, k):
+  ....:   v = 1
+  ....:   while k != 0:
+  ....:     if k % 2 == 0: u = u*u ; k = k//2
+  ....:     else: v = v*u ; k = k-1
+  ....:   return v
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2022::
+
+  sage: pow2 (2, 10)                 # result is 2^10
+  1024
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2109::
+
+  sage: def fib3 (n):
+  ....:   A = matrix ([[0, 1], [1, 1]]) ; X0 = vector ([0, 1])
+  ....:   return (A^n*X0)[0]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2114::
+
+  sage: def fib4 (n):
+  ....:   return (matrix([[0,1], [1,1]])^n * vector([0,1]))[0]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2195::
+
+  sage: for k in [1..6]: print('%2d^4 = %4d' % (k, k^4))
+   1^4 =    1
+   2^4 =   16
+   3^4 =   81
+   4^4 =  256
+   5^4 =  625
+   6^4 = 1296
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2274::
+
+  sage: L = [10, 20, 30]
+  sage: L
+  [10, 20, 30]
+  sage: []                    # [] is the empty list
+  []
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2299::
+
+  sage: L[1], len(L), len([])
+  (20, 3, 0)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2309::
+
+  sage: L[2] = 33
+  sage: L
+  [10, 20, 33]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2318::
+
+  sage: L = [11, 22, 33]
+  sage: L[-1], L[-2], L[-3]
+  (33, 22, 11)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2336::
+
+  sage: L = [0, 11, 22, 33, 44, 55]
+  sage: L[2:4]
+  [22, 33]
+  sage: L[-4:4]
+  [22, 33]
+  sage: L[2:-2]
+  [22, 33]
+  sage: L[:4]
+  [0, 11, 22, 33]
+  sage: L[4:]
+  [44, 55]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2359::
+
+  sage: L = [0, 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77]
+  sage: L[2:6] = [12, 13, 14]        # substitutes [22, 33, 44, 55]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2393::
+
+  sage: L = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19]
+  sage: L[3:len(L)-5] == L[3-len(L):-5]
+  True
+  sage: [5 in L, 6 in L]
+  [True, False]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2417::
+
+  sage: L = [1, 2, 3] ; L + [10, 20, 30]
+  [1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30]
+  sage: 4 * [1, 2, 3]
+  [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2441::
+
+  sage: L = 5*[10, 20, 30] ; L[:3]+L[3:] == L
+  True
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2459::
+
+  sage: [1..3, 7, 10..13]
+  [1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2485::
+
+  sage: list(map (cos, [0, pi/6, pi/4, pi/3, pi/2]))
+  [1, 1/2*sqrt(3), 1/2*sqrt(2), 1/2, 0]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2496::
+
+  sage: list(map (lambda t: cos(t), [0, pi/6, pi/4, pi/3, pi/2]))
+  [1, 1/2*sqrt(3), 1/2*sqrt(2), 1/2, 0]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2534::
+
+  sage: list(map (lambda t: N(cos(t)), [0, pi/6, pi/4, pi/3, pi/2]))
+  [1.00000000000000, 0.866025403784439, 0.707106781186548,
+  0.500000000000000, 0.000000000000000]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2546::
+
+  sage: list(map (N, map (cos, [0, pi/6, pi/4, pi/3, pi/2])))
+  [1.00000000000000, 0.866025403784439, 0.707106781186548,
+  0.500000000000000, 0.000000000000000]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2551::
+
+  sage: list(map (compose(N, cos), [0, pi/6, pi/4, pi/3, pi/2]))
+  [1.00000000000000, 0.866025403784439, 0.707106781186548,
+  0.500000000000000, 0.000000000000000]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2564::
+
+  sage: list(filter (is_prime, [1..55]))
+  [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2578::
+
+  sage: p = 37 ; list(filter (lambda n: n^4 % p == 7, [0..p-1]))
+  [3, 18, 19, 34]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2595::
+
+  sage: list(map(lambda n:2*n+1, [0..15]))
+  [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31]
+  sage: [2*n+1 for n in [0..15]]
+  [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2607::
+
+  sage: list(filter (is_prime, [1..55]))
+  [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53]
+  sage: [p for p in [1..55] if is_prime(p)]
+  [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2621::
+
+  sage: list(filter (is_prime, [4*n+1 for n in [0..20]]))
+  [5, 13, 17, 29, 37, 41, 53, 61, 73]
+  sage: [n^2 for n in [1..20] if is_prime(n)]
+  [4, 9, 25, 49, 121, 169, 289, 361]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2651::
+
+  sage: reduce (lambda x, y: 10*x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+  1234
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2657::
+
+  sage: reduce (lambda x, y: 10*x+y, [9, 8, 7, 6], 1)
+  19876
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2667::
+
+  sage: L = [2*n+1 for n in [0..9]]
+  sage: reduce (lambda x, y: x*y, L, 1)
+  654729075
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2743::
+
+  sage: prod ([2*n+1 for n in [0..9]], 1) # a list with for
+  654729075
+  sage: prod ( 2*n+1 for n in [0..9])     # without a list
+  654729075
+  sage: prod (n for n in [0..19] if n%2 == 1)
+  654729075
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2764::
+
+  sage: def fct (x): return 4/x == 2
+  sage: all (fct(x) for x in [2, 1, 0])
+  False
+  sage: any (fct(x) for x in [2, 1, 0])
+  True
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2793::
+
+  sage: [[x, y] for x in [1..2] for y in [6..8]]
+  [[1, 6], [1, 7], [1, 8], [2, 6], [2, 7], [2, 8]]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2800::
+
+  sage: [[[x, y] for x in [1..2]] for y in [6..8]]
+  [[[1, 6], [2, 6]], [[1, 7], [2, 7]], [[1, 8], [2, 8]]]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2810::
+
+  sage: list(map (lambda x, y: [x, y], [1..3], [6..8]))
+  [[1, 6], [2, 7], [3, 8]]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2829::
+
+  sage: L = [[1, 2, [3]], [4, [5, 6]], [7, [8, [9]]]]
+  sage: flatten (L, max_level = 1)
+  [1, 2, [3], 4, [5, 6], 7, [8, [9]]]
+  sage: flatten (L, max_level = 2)
+  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, [9]]
+  sage: flatten (L)             # equivalent to flatten (L, max_level = 3)
+  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2852::
+
+  sage: x = var('x')
+  sage: factor(diff(x*exp(x), [x, x]))
+  (x + 2)*e^x
+  sage: list(map(lambda n: factor(diff(x*exp(x), n*[x])), [0..6]))
+  [x*e^x, (x + 1)*e^x, (x + 2)*e^x, (x + 3)*e^x, (x + 4)*e^x,
+  (x + 5)*e^x, (x + 6)*e^x]
+  sage: [factor (diff (x*exp(x), n*[x])) for n in [0..6]]
+  [x*e^x, (x + 1)*e^x, (x + 2)*e^x, (x + 3)*e^x, (x + 4)*e^x,
+  (x + 5)*e^x, (x + 6)*e^x]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 2907::
+
+  sage: L = [1, 8, 5, 2, 9] ; L.reverse() ; L
+  [9, 2, 5, 8, 1]
+  sage: L.sort() ; L
+  [1, 2, 5, 8, 9]
+  sage: L.sort(reverse = True) ; L
+  [9, 8, 5, 2, 1]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3031::
+
+  sage: def homogLex (P, Q):
+  ....:  sp = sum (P) ; sq = sum (Q)
+  ....:  if sp < sq: return int(-1)
+  ....:  elif sp > sq: return int(1)
+  ....:  else: return alpha (P, Q)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3038::
+
+  sage: homogLex ([2, 3, 4, 6, 4], [2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+  -1
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3121::
+
+  sage: def fct1(L):
+  ....:   return [list(filter(lambda n: n % 2 == 0, L)),
+  ....:           list(filter(lambda n: n % 2 == 1, L))]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3126::
+
+  sage: fct1([1..10])
+  [[2, 4, 6, 8, 10], [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3145::
+
+  sage: def fct2 (L):
+  ....:   res0 = [] ; res1 = []
+  ....:   for k in L:
+  ....:     if k%2 == 0: res0.append(k) # or res0[len(res0):] = [k]
+  ....:     else: res1.append(k)        # or res1[len(res1):] = [k]
+  ....:   return [res0, res1]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3157::
+
+  sage: def fct3a (L, res0, res1):
+  ....:   if L == []: return [res0, res1]
+  ....:   elif L[0]%2 == 0: return fct3a(L[1:], res0+[L[0]], res1)
+  ....:   else: return fct3a (L[1:], res0, res1+[L[0]])
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3163::
+
+  sage: def fct3 (L): return fct3a (L, [], [])
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3195::
+
+  sage: def subSequences (L):
+  ....:   if L == []: return []
+  ....:   res = [] ; start = 0 ; k = 1
+  ....:   while k < len(L):    # 2 consecutive terms are defined
+  ....:     if L[k-1] > L[k]:
+  ....:       res.append (L[start:k]) ; start = k
+  ....:     k = k+1
+  ....:   res.append (L[start:k])
+  ....:   return res
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3212::
+
+  sage: subSequences([1, 4, 1, 5])
+  [[1, 4], [1, 5]]
+  sage: subSequences([4, 1, 5, 1])
+  [[4], [1, 5], [1]]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3255::
+
+  sage: S = 'This is a character string.'
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3277::
+
+  sage: S = 'This is a déjà-vu example.'
+  sage: print(S)
+  This is a déjà-vu example.
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3322::
+
+  sage: S='one two three four five six seven'; L=S.split(); L
+  ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven']
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3368::
+
+  sage: L1 = [11, 22, 33] ; L2 = L1
+  sage: L1[1] = 222 ; L2.sort() ; L1, L2
+  ([11, 33, 222], [11, 33, 222])
+  sage: L1[2:3] = []; L2[0:0] = [6, 7, 8]
+  sage: L1, L2
+  ([6, 7, 8, 11, 33], [6, 7, 8, 11, 33])
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3422::
+
+  sage: L1 = [11, 22, 33] ; L2 = L1 ; L3 = L1[:]
+  sage: [L1 is L2, L2 is L1, L1 is L3, L1 == L3]
+  [True, True, False, True]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3439::
+
+  sage: La = [1, 2, 3] ; L1 = [1, La] ; L2 = copy(L1)
+  sage: L1[1][0] = 5         # [1, [5, 2, 3]] for L1 and L2
+  sage: [L1 == L2, L1 is L2, L1[1] is L2[1]]
+  [True, False, True]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3498::
+
+  sage: def lexInverse (P, Q):
+  ....:   P1 = copy(P) ; P1.reverse()
+  ....:   Q1 = copy(Q) ; Q1.reverse()
+  ....:   return - alpha (P1, Q1)
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3593::
+
+  sage: S0 = (); S1 = (1, ); S2 = (1, 2)
+  sage: [1 in S1, 1 == (1)]
+  [True, True]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3610::
+
+  sage: S1 = (1, 4, 9, 16, 25); [k for k in S1]
+  [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3627::
+
+  sage: L1 = [0..4]; L2 = [5..9]
+  sage: list(zip(L1, L2))
+  [(0, 5), (1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8), (4, 9)]
+  sage: list(map(lambda x, y:(x, y), L1, L2))
+  [(0, 5), (1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8), (4, 9)]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3656::
+
+  sage: E = Set([1, 2, 4, 8, 2, 2, 2]); F = Set([7, 5, 3, 1]); E, F
+  ({8, 1, 2, 4}, {1, 3, 5, 7})
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3678::
+
+  sage: E = Set([1, 2, 4, 8, 2, 2, 2]); F = Set([7, 5, 3, 1])
+  sage: 5 in E, 5 in F, E + F == F | E
+  (False, True, True)
+  sage: E & F, E - F, E ^^ F
+  ({1}, {8, 2, 4}, {2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8})
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3700::
+
+  sage: E = Set([1, 2, 4, 8, 2, 2, 2])
+  sage: [E[k] for k in [0..len(E)-1]], [t for t in E]
+  ([8, 1, 2, 4], [8, 1, 2, 4])
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3713::
+
+  sage: def included (E, F): return E+F == F
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3728::
+
+  sage: sorted(Set([Set([]), Set([1]), Set([2]), Set([1, 2])]), key=str)
+  [{1, 2}, {1}, {2}, {}]
+  sage: sorted(Set([    (),     (1, ),    (2, ),    (1, 2) ]))
+  [(), (1,), (1, 2), (2,)]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3744::
+
+  sage: def Parts (EE):
+  ....:   if EE == Set([]): return Set([EE])
+  ....:   else:
+  ....:     return withOrWithout (EE[0], Parts(Set(EE[1:])))
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3754::
+
+  sage: def withOrWithout (a, E):
+  ....:   return Set (map (lambda F: Set([a])+F, E)) + E
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3762::
+
+  sage: sorted(Parts(Set([1, 2, 3])), key=str)
+  [{1, 2, 3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {1}, {2, 3}, {2}, {3}, {}]
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3804::
+
+  sage: D={}; D['one']=1; D['two']=2; D['three']=3; D['ten']=10
+  sage: D['two'] + D['three']
+  5
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3857::
+
+  sage: D = {'a0':'b0', 'a1':'b1', 'a2':'b2', 'a3':'b0',\
+  ....: 'a4':'b3', 'a5':'b3'}
+  sage: E  = Set(D.keys()) ; Imf = Set(D.values())
+  sage: Imf == Set(map (lambda t:D[t], E))     # is equivalent
+  True
+
+Sage example in ./programmation.tex, line 3894::
+
+  sage: def injective(D):
+  ....:   return len(D) == len (Set(D.values()))
+"""