passagemath-polyhedra 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/geometry/polyhedron/backend_normaliz.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2503 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-polyhedra
+# sage.doctest: optional - pynormaliz
+"""
+The Normaliz backend for polyhedral computations
+
+.. NOTE::
+
+    This backend requires `PyNormaliz <https://pypi.org/project/PyNormaliz>`_.
+    To install PyNormaliz, type :code:`sage -i pynormaliz` in the terminal.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Matthias Köppe (2016-12): initial version
+- Jean-Philippe Labbé (2019-04): Expose normaliz features and added functionalities
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#  Copyright (C) 2016-2022 Matthias Köppe <mkoeppe at math.ucdavis.edu>
+#                2016-2018 Travis Scrimshaw
+#                2017      Jeroen Demeyer
+#                2018-2020 Jean-Philippe Labbé
+#                2019      Vincent Delecroix
+#                2019-2021 Jonathan Kliem
+#                2019-2021 Sophia Elia
+#                2020      Frédéric Chapoton
+#                2022      Yuan Zhou
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.structure.element import Element
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+import sage.features.normaliz
+lazy_import('PyNormaliz', ['NmzResult', 'NmzCompute', 'NmzCone', 'NmzConeCopy'],
+            feature=sage.features.normaliz.PyNormaliz())
+
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.arith.functions import LCM_list
+from sage.misc.functional import denominator
+from sage.matrix.constructor import vector
+
+from .base_QQ import Polyhedron_QQ
+from .base_ZZ import Polyhedron_ZZ
+from .base_number_field import Polyhedron_base_number_field
+
+
+def _format_function_call(fn_name, *v, **k):
+    """
+    Return a Python function call as a string.
+
+    Keywords are sorted.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz import _format_function_call
+        sage: _format_function_call('foo', 17, hellooooo='goodbyeeee')
+        "foo(17, hellooooo='goodbyeeee')"
+    """
+    args = [repr(a) for a in v] + ["%s=%r" % (arg, val) for arg, val in sorted(k.items())]
+    return "{}({})".format(fn_name, ", ".join(args))
+
+
+#########################################################################
+class Polyhedron_normaliz(Polyhedron_base_number_field):
+    """
+    Polyhedra with normaliz.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``parent`` -- :class:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.parent.Polyhedra`
+      the parent
+
+    - ``Vrep`` -- list ``[vertices, rays, lines]`` or ``None``; the
+      V-representation of the polyhedron; if ``None``, the polyhedron
+      is determined by the H-representation
+
+    - ``Hrep`` -- list ``[ieqs, eqns]`` or ``None``; the
+      H-representation of the polyhedron; if ``None``, the polyhedron
+      is determined by the V-representation
+
+    - ``normaliz_cone`` -- a PyNormaliz wrapper of a normaliz cone
+
+    Only one of ``Vrep``, ``Hrep``, or ``normaliz_cone`` can be different
+    from ``None``.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0), (1,0), (0,1)],
+        ....:                rays=[(1,1)], lines=[],
+        ....:                backend='normaliz')
+        sage: TestSuite(p).run()
+
+    Two ways to get the full space::
+
+        sage: Polyhedron(eqns=[[0, 0, 0]], backend='normaliz')
+        A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex and 2 lines
+        sage: Polyhedron(ieqs=[[0, 0, 0]], backend='normaliz')
+        A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex and 2 lines
+
+    A lower-dimensional affine cone; we test that there are no mysterious
+    inequalities coming in from the homogenization::
+
+        sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[(1, 1)], rays=[(0, 1)],
+        ....:                backend='normaliz')
+        sage: P.n_inequalities()
+        1
+        sage: P.equations()
+        (An equation (1, 0) x - 1 == 0,)
+
+    The empty polyhedron::
+
+        sage: P = Polyhedron(ieqs=[[-2, 1, 1], [-3, -1, -1], [-4, 1, -2]],
+        ....:                backend='normaliz')
+        sage: P
+        The empty polyhedron in QQ^2
+        sage: P.Vrepresentation()
+        ()
+        sage: P.Hrepresentation()
+        (An equation -1 == 0,)
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Tests copied from various methods in :mod:`sage.geometry.polyhedron.base`::
+
+        sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0,0], [0,1,0], [0,0,1]],
+        ....:                backend='normaliz')
+        sage: p.n_equations()
+        1
+        sage: p.n_inequalities()
+        3
+
+        sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[t,t^2,t^3] for t in range(6)],
+        ....:                backend='normaliz')
+        sage: p.n_facets()
+        8
+
+        sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0], [0,1], [1,1]], rays=[[1,1]],
+        ....:                backend='normaliz')
+        sage: p.n_vertices()
+        2
+
+        sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0], [0,1]], rays=[[1,1]],
+        ....:                backend='normaliz')
+        sage: p.n_rays()
+        1
+
+        sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0]], rays=[[0,1], [0,-1]],
+        ....:                backend='normaliz')
+        sage: p.n_lines()
+        1
+
+    Algebraic polyhedra::
+
+        sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1], [sqrt(2)]],                                 # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+        ....:                backend='normaliz', verbose=True)
+        # ----8<---- Equivalent Normaliz input file ----8<----
+        amb_space 1
+        number_field min_poly (a^2 - 2) embedding [1.414213562373095 +/- 2.99e-16]
+        cone 0
+        subspace 0
+        vertices 2
+         1 1
+         (a) 1
+        # ----8<-------------------8<-------------------8<----
+        # Calling PyNormaliz.NmzCone(cone=[], number_field=['a^2 - 2', 'a', '[1.414213562373095 +/- 2.99e-16]'], subspace=[], vertices=[[1, 1], [[[0, 1], [1, 1]], 1]])
+        sage: P                                                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+        A 1-dimensional polyhedron in (Symbolic Ring)^1 defined as
+         the convex hull of 2 vertices
+        sage: P.vertices()                                                              # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+        (A vertex at (1), A vertex at (sqrt(2)))
+
+        sage: P = polytopes.icosahedron(exact=True,                                     # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        ....:                           backend='normaliz'); P
+        A 3-dimensional polyhedron in
+         (Number Field in sqrt5 with defining polynomial x^2 - 5
+          with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?)^3
+         defined as the convex hull of 12 vertices
+
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
+        sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[sqrt(2)],                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+        ....:                          [AA.polynomial_root(x^3 - 2, RIF(0,3))]],
+        ....:                backend='normaliz', verbose=True)
+        # ----8<---- Equivalent Normaliz input file ----8<----
+        amb_space 1
+        number_field min_poly (a^6 - 2) embedding [1.122462048309373 +/- 5.38e-16]
+        cone 0
+        subspace 0
+        vertices 2
+         (a^3) 1
+         (a^2) 1
+        # ----8<-------------------8<-------------------8<----
+        # Calling PyNormaliz.NmzCone(cone=[], number_field=['a^6 - 2', 'a', '[1.122462048309373 +/- 5.38e-16]'], subspace=[], vertices=[[[[0, 1], [0, 1], [0, 1], [1, 1], [0, 1], [0, 1]], 1], [[[0, 1], [0, 1], [1, 1], [0, 1], [0, 1], [0, 1]], 1]])
+        sage: P                                                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+        A 1-dimensional polyhedron in (Symbolic Ring)^1 defined as
+         the convex hull of 2 vertices
+        sage: P.vertices()                                                              # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+        (A vertex at (2^(1/3)), A vertex at (sqrt(2)))
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, Vrep, Hrep, normaliz_cone=None, normaliz_data=None, internal_base_ring=None, **kwds):
+        """
+        Initialize the polyhedron.
+
+        See :class:`Polyhedron_normaliz` for a description of the input
+        data.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: TestSuite(p).run()
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(1, 1)], rays=[(0, 1)],
+            ....:                backend='normaliz')
+            sage: TestSuite(p).run()
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(-1,-1), (1,0), (1,1), (0,1)],
+            ....:                backend='normaliz')
+            sage: TestSuite(p).run()
+        """
+        if normaliz_cone:
+            if Hrep is not None or Vrep is not None or normaliz_data is not None:
+                raise ValueError("only one of Vrep, Hrep, normaliz_cone, or normaliz_data can be different from None")
+            Element.__init__(self, parent=parent)
+            self._init_from_normaliz_cone(normaliz_cone, internal_base_ring)
+        elif normaliz_data:
+            if Hrep is not None or Vrep is not None:
+                raise ValueError("only one of Vrep, Hrep, normaliz_cone, or normaliz_data can be different from None")
+            Element.__init__(self, parent=parent)
+            self._init_from_normaliz_data(normaliz_data, internal_base_ring)
+        else:
+            if internal_base_ring:
+                raise ValueError("if Vrep or Hrep are given, cannot provide internal_base_ring")
+            Polyhedron_base_number_field.__init__(self, parent, Vrep, Hrep, **kwds)
+
+    def _nmz_result(self, normaliz_cone, property):
+        """
+        Call PyNormaliz's NmzResult function with appropriate conversion between number format.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)], rays=[(1,1)],
+            ....:                lines=[], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: p._nmz_result(p._normaliz_cone, 'EquivariantXyzzyModuleSeries')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NormalizError: Some error in the normaliz input data detected: Unknown ConeProperty...
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 3, embedding=AA(3)**(1/3))
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0, 0), (1, 1), (a, 3), (-1, a**2)],
+            ....:                rays=[(-1,-a)], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: sorted(p._nmz_result(p._normaliz_cone, 'VerticesOfPolyhedron'))
+            [[-1, a^2, 1], [1, 1, 1], [a, 3, 1]]
+            sage: triangulation_generators = p._nmz_result(p._normaliz_cone,
+            ....:                                          'Triangulation')[1]
+            sage: sorted(triangulation_generators)
+            [[-a^2, -3, 0], [-1, a^2, 1], [0, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1], [a, 3, 1]]
+            sage: p._nmz_result(p._normaliz_cone, 'AffineDim') == 2
+            True
+            sage: p._nmz_result(p._normaliz_cone, 'EmbeddingDim') == 3
+            True
+            sage: p._nmz_result(p._normaliz_cone, 'ExtremeRays')
+            [[-1/3*a^2, -1, 0]]
+            sage: p._nmz_result(p._normaliz_cone, 'MaximalSubspace')
+            []
+        """
+        def rational_handler(list):
+            return QQ(tuple(list))
+
+        def nfelem_handler(coords):
+            # coords might be too short which is not accepted by Sage number field
+            v = list(coords) + [0] * (self._internal_base_ring.degree() - len(coords))
+            return self._internal_base_ring(v)
+        return NmzResult(normaliz_cone, property,
+                         RationalHandler=rational_handler,
+                         NumberfieldElementHandler=nfelem_handler)
+
+    def _init_from_normaliz_cone(self, normaliz_cone, internal_base_ring):
+        """
+        Construct polyhedron from a PyNormaliz wrapper of a normaliz cone.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz import Polyhedron_normaliz
+            sage: Polyhedron_normaliz._init_from_Hrepresentation(p, [], [])  # indirect doctest
+        """
+        if internal_base_ring is None:
+            internal_base_ring = QQ
+        self._internal_base_ring = internal_base_ring
+
+        if normaliz_cone and self._nmz_result(normaliz_cone, "AffineDim") < 0:
+            # Empty polyhedron. Special case because Normaliz defines the
+            # recession cone of an empty polyhedron given by an
+            # H-representation as the cone defined by the homogenized system.
+            self._init_empty_polyhedron()
+        else:
+            self._normaliz_cone = normaliz_cone
+            self._init_Vrepresentation_from_normaliz()
+            self._init_Hrepresentation_from_normaliz()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _convert_to_pynormaliz(x):
+        """
+        Convert a number or nested lists and tuples of numbers to pynormaliz input format.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: K.<sqrt2> = QuadraticField(2)                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz import Polyhedron_normaliz as Pn
+            sage: Pn._convert_to_pynormaliz(17)
+            17
+            sage: Pn._convert_to_pynormaliz(901824309821093821093812093810928309183091832091)
+            901824309821093821093812093810928309183091832091
+            sage: Pn._convert_to_pynormaliz(QQ(17))
+            17
+            sage: Pn._convert_to_pynormaliz(28/5)
+            [[28, 5]]
+            sage: Pn._convert_to_pynormaliz(28901824309821093821093812093810928309183091832091/5234573685674784567853456543456456786543456765)
+            [[28901824309821093821093812093810928309183091832091, 5234573685674784567853456543456456786543456765]]
+            sage: Pn._convert_to_pynormaliz(7 + sqrt2)                                  # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [[7, 1], [1, 1]]
+            sage: Pn._convert_to_pynormaliz(7/2 + sqrt2)                                # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [[7, 2], [1, 1]]
+            sage: Pn._convert_to_pynormaliz([[1, 2], (3, 4)])
+            [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+
+        Check that :issue:`29836` is fixed::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.simplex(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: K.<sqrt2> = QuadraticField(2)                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P.dilation(sqrt2)                                                     # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in
+             (Number Field in sqrt2 with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 with sqrt2 = 1.41...)^4
+             defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
+        """
+        def _QQ_pair(x):
+            x = QQ(x)
+            return [int(x.numerator()), int(x.denominator())]
+        from sage.rings.rational import Rational
+        from types import GeneratorType
+        if isinstance(x, (list, tuple, GeneratorType)):
+            return [Polyhedron_normaliz._convert_to_pynormaliz(y) for y in x]
+        try:
+            return int(ZZ(x))
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        if isinstance(x, Rational):
+            return [_QQ_pair(x)]  # need extra brackets to distinguish from quadratic numberfield element
+        # number field
+        return [_QQ_pair(c) for c in x.list()]
+
+    def _init_from_normaliz_data(self, data, internal_base_ring=None, verbose=False):
+        """
+        Construct polyhedron from normaliz ``data`` (a dictionary).
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz', ambient_dim=2)
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz import Polyhedron_QQ_normaliz
+            sage: data = {'inhom_inequalities': [[-1, 2, 0], [0, 0, 1], [2, -1, 0]]}
+            sage: Polyhedron_QQ_normaliz._init_from_normaliz_data(p, data)
+            sage: p.inequalities_list()
+            [[0, -1, 2], [0, 2, -1]]
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz import Polyhedron_normaliz
+            sage: from sage.rings.qqbar import AA                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: data = {'number_field': ['a^2 - 2', 'a', '[1.4 +/- 0.1]'],
+            ....: 'inhom_inequalities': [[-1, 2, 0], [0, 0, 1], [2, -1, 0]]}
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.parent import Polyhedra_normaliz
+            sage: parent = Polyhedra_normaliz(AA, 2, 'normaliz')                        # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: Polyhedron_normaliz(parent, None, None,                               # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            ....:                     normaliz_data=data,
+            ....:                     internal_base_ring=QuadraticField(2))
+            A 2-dimensional polyhedron in AA^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex and 2 rays
+            sage: _.inequalities_list()                                                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [[0, -1/2, 1], [0, 2, -1]]
+        """
+        if internal_base_ring is None:
+            internal_base_ring = QQ
+        cone = self._cone_from_normaliz_data(data, verbose)
+        self._init_from_normaliz_cone(cone, internal_base_ring)
+
+    def _cone_from_normaliz_data(self, data, verbose=False):
+        """
+        Construct a normaliz cone from ``data`` (a dictionary).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz', ambient_dim=2)
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz import Polyhedron_QQ_normaliz
+            sage: data = {'inhom_inequalities': [[-1, 2, 0], [0, 0, 1], [2, -1, 0]]}
+            sage: cone = Polyhedron_QQ_normaliz._cone_from_normaliz_data(p, data)
+            sage: p._nmz_result(cone,'SupportHyperplanes')
+            [[-1, 2, 0], [0, 0, 1], [2, -1, 0]]
+        """
+        if verbose:
+            if isinstance(verbose, str):
+                print("# Wrote equivalent Normaliz input file to {}".format(verbose))
+                self._normaliz_format(data, file_output=verbose)
+            else:
+                print("# ----8<---- Equivalent Normaliz input file ----8<----")
+                print(self._normaliz_format(data), end='')
+                print("# ----8<-------------------8<-------------------8<----")
+
+        for key, value in data.items():
+            if key != 'number_field':
+                data[key] = self._convert_to_pynormaliz(value)
+
+        if verbose:
+            print("# Calling {}".format(_format_function_call('PyNormaliz.NmzCone', **data)))
+
+        cone = NmzCone(**data)
+        assert cone, "{} did not return a cone".format(_format_function_call('PyNormaliz.NmzCone', **data))
+        return cone
+
+    def _is_zero(self, x) -> bool:
+        """
+        Test whether ``x`` is zero.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- a number in the base ring
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron([(sqrt(3),sqrt(2))], base_ring=AA)                     # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            sage: p._is_zero(0)                                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            True
+            sage: p._is_zero(1/100000)                                                  # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            False
+        """
+        return x == 0
+
+    def _is_nonneg(self, x) -> bool:
+        """
+        Test whether ``x`` is nonnegative.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- a number in the base ring
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron([(sqrt(3),sqrt(2))], base_ring=AA)                     # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            sage: p._is_nonneg(1)                                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            True
+            sage: p._is_nonneg(-1/100000)                                               # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            False
+        """
+        return x >= 0
+
+    def _is_positive(self, x) -> bool:
+        """
+        Test whether ``x`` is positive.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- a number in the base ring
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron([(sqrt(3),sqrt(2))], base_ring=AA)                     # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            sage: p._is_positive(1)                                                     # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            True
+            sage: p._is_positive(0)                                                     # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            False
+        """
+        return x > 0
+
+    def _init_from_Vrepresentation(self, vertices, rays, lines, minimize=True, verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Construct polyhedron from V-representation data.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``vertices`` -- list of point; each point can be specified
+          as any iterable container of
+          :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.base_ring` elements
+
+        - ``rays`` -- list of rays; each ray can be specified as any
+          iterable container of
+          :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.base_ring` elements
+
+        - ``lines`` -- list of lines; each line can be specified as
+          any iterable container of
+          :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.base_ring` elements
+
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to print
+          verbose output for debugging purposes
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz import Polyhedron_normaliz
+            sage: Polyhedron_normaliz._init_from_Vrepresentation(p, [], [], [])
+        """
+
+        def vert_ray_line_QQ(vertices, rays, lines):
+            nmz_vertices = []
+            for v in vertices:
+                d = LCM_list([denominator(v_i) for v_i in v])
+                dv = [d * v_i for v_i in v]
+                nmz_vertices.append(dv + [d])
+            nmz_rays = []
+            for r in rays:
+                d = LCM_list([denominator(r_i) for r_i in r])
+                dr = [d * r_i for r_i in r]
+                nmz_rays.append(dr)
+            nmz_lines = []
+            for l in lines:
+                d = LCM_list([denominator(l_i) for l_i in l])
+                dl = [d * l_i for l_i in l]
+                nmz_lines.append(dl)
+            return nmz_vertices, nmz_rays, nmz_lines
+
+        def vert_ray_line_NF(vertices, rays, lines):
+            h_vertices = [list(v) + [1] for v in vertices]
+            return h_vertices, rays, lines
+
+        if vertices is None:
+            vertices = []
+        if rays is None:
+            rays = []
+        if lines is None:
+            lines = []
+
+        (nmz_vertices, nmz_rays, nmz_lines), internal_base_ring \
+            = self._compute_data_lists_and_internal_base_ring(
+                (vertices, rays, lines), vert_ray_line_QQ, vert_ray_line_NF)
+
+        if not nmz_vertices and not nmz_rays and not nmz_lines:
+            # Special case to avoid:
+            #   error: Some error in the normaliz input data detected:
+            #   All input matrices empty!
+            self._init_empty_polyhedron()
+        else:
+            data = {"vertices": nmz_vertices,
+                    "cone": nmz_rays,
+                    "subspace": nmz_lines}
+            number_field_data = self._number_field_triple(internal_base_ring)
+            if number_field_data:
+                data["number_field"] = number_field_data
+            self._init_from_normaliz_data(data, internal_base_ring=internal_base_ring, verbose=verbose)
+
+    def _init_from_Hrepresentation(self, ieqs, eqns, minimize=True, verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Construct polyhedron from H-representation data.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``ieqs`` -- list of inequalities; each line can be specified
+          as any iterable container of
+          :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.base_ring` elements
+
+        - ``eqns`` -- list of equalities; each line can be specified
+          as any iterable container of
+          :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.base_ring` elements
+
+        - ``minimize`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); ignored
+
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to print
+          verbose output for debugging purposes
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz import Polyhedron_normaliz
+            sage: Polyhedron_normaliz._init_from_Hrepresentation(p, [], [])
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: K.<a> = QuadraticField(2)                                             # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(ieqs=[(1, a, 0)], backend='normaliz')                  # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: p & p == p                                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            True
+
+        Check that :issue:`30248` is fixed, that maps as input works::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: q = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz', base_ring=AA,
+            ....:                rays=[(0, 0, 1), (0, 1, -1), (1, 0, -1)])
+            sage: def make_new_Hrep(h):
+            ....:     return tuple(x if i == 0 else -1*x
+            ....:                  for i, x in enumerate(h._vector))
+            sage: new_inequalities = map(make_new_Hrep, q.inequality_generator())
+            sage: new_equations = map(make_new_Hrep, q.equation_generator())
+            sage: parent = q.parent()
+            sage: new_q = parent.element_class(parent, None,
+            ....:                              [new_inequalities, new_equations])
+            sage: new_q
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in AA^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex and 3 rays
+        """
+
+        def nmz_ieqs_eqns_NF(ieqs, eqns):
+            nmz_ieqs = [list(ieq[1:]) + [ieq[0]] for ieq in ieqs]
+            nmz_eqns = [list(eqn[1:]) + [eqn[0]] for eqn in eqns]
+            return nmz_ieqs, nmz_eqns
+
+        def nmz_ieqs_eqns_QQ(ieqs, eqns):
+            nmz_ieqs = []
+            for ieq in ieqs:
+                d = LCM_list([denominator(ieq_i) for ieq_i in ieq])
+                dieq = [ZZ(d * ieq_i) for ieq_i in ieq]
+                b = dieq[0]
+                A = dieq[1:]
+                nmz_ieqs.append(A + [b])
+            nmz_eqns = []
+            for eqn in eqns:
+                d = LCM_list([denominator(eqn_i) for eqn_i in eqn])
+                deqn = [ZZ(d * eqn_i) for eqn_i in eqn]
+                b = deqn[0]
+                A = deqn[1:]
+                nmz_eqns.append(A + [b])
+            return nmz_ieqs, nmz_eqns
+
+        if ieqs is None:
+            ieqs = []
+        if eqns is None:
+            eqns = []
+
+        (nmz_ieqs, nmz_eqns), internal_base_ring \
+            = self._compute_data_lists_and_internal_base_ring(
+                (ieqs, eqns), nmz_ieqs_eqns_QQ, nmz_ieqs_eqns_NF)
+        if not nmz_ieqs:
+            # If normaliz gets an empty list of inequalities, it adds
+            # nonnegativities. So let's add a tautological inequality to work
+            # around this.
+            nmz_ieqs.append([0] * self.ambient_dim() + [0])
+        data = {"inhom_equations": nmz_eqns,
+                "inhom_inequalities": nmz_ieqs}
+        number_field_data = self._number_field_triple(internal_base_ring)
+        if number_field_data:
+            data["number_field"] = number_field_data
+        self._init_from_normaliz_data(data, internal_base_ring=internal_base_ring, verbose=verbose)
+
+    def _cone_from_Vrepresentation_and_Hrepresentation(self, vertices, rays, lines, ieqs, eqns=None, verbose=False, homogeneous=False):
+        r"""
+        Construct cone from V-representation data and H-representation data.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``vertices`` -- list of point; each point can be specified
+          as any iterable container of
+          :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.base_ring` elements
+
+        - ``rays`` -- list of rays; each ray can be specified as any
+          iterable container of
+          :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.base_ring` elements
+
+        - ``ieqs`` -- list of inequalities; each line can be specified
+          as any iterable container of
+          :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.base_ring` elements
+
+        - ``eqns`` -- list of equalities; each line can be specified
+          as any iterable container of
+          :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.base_ring` elements
+
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to print
+          verbose output for debugging purposes
+
+        - ``homogeneous`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True`` set
+          up the cone without explicit inhomogenization
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = (polytopes.hypercube(4, backend='normaliz')
+            ....:       * Polyhedron(rays=[[0,1]])
+            ....:       * Polyhedron(lines=[[1,0]])); P
+            A 6-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^8 defined as the convex hull of 16 vertices, 1 ray, 1 line
+
+            sage: cone = P._cone_from_Vrepresentation_and_Hrepresentation(
+            ....:     P.vertices(), P.rays(), P.lines(),
+            ....:     P.inequalities(), P.equations())
+            sage: import PyNormaliz
+            sage: PyNormaliz.NmzIsComputed(cone, "VerticesOfPolyhedron")
+            True
+            sage: PyNormaliz.NmzIsComputed(cone, "ExtremeRays")
+            True
+            sage: PyNormaliz.NmzIsComputed(cone, "MaximalSubspace")
+            True
+            sage: PyNormaliz.NmzIsComputed(cone, "SupportHyperplanes")
+            True
+            sage: PyNormaliz.NmzIsComputed(cone, "Equations")
+            False
+
+        All values must be specified::
+
+            sage: cone = P._cone_from_Vrepresentation_and_Hrepresentation(
+            ....:     P.vertices(), None, P.lines(),
+            ....:     P.inequalities(), P.equations())
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: please specify vertices, rays, lines, inequalities and equations completely
+
+        This method cannot be used for the empty cone::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: cone = P._cone_from_Vrepresentation_and_Hrepresentation(
+            ....:     P.vertices(), P.rays(), P.lines(),
+            ....:     P.inequalities(), P.equations())
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: this method cannot be used to initialize the empty cone
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: def test_poly(P):
+            ....:     cone = P._cone_from_Vrepresentation_and_Hrepresentation(P.vertices(),P.rays(),P.lines(),P.inequalities(),P.equations())
+            ....:     cone2 = P._normaliz_cone
+            ....:     args = ['Equations','VerticesOfPolyhedron','ExtremeRays','SupportHyperplanes','MaximalSubspace']
+            ....:     return all(P._nmz_result(cone,arg) == P._nmz_result(cone2, arg)
+            ....:                for arg in args)
+            sage: test_poly(polytopes.simplex(backend='normaliz'))
+            True
+            sage: test_poly(polytopes.dodecahedron(backend='normaliz'))                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            True
+            sage: test_poly(Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0], [0,1]], rays=[[1,1]],
+            ....:                      backend='normaliz'))
+            True
+            sage: test_poly(Polyhedron(vertices=[[-1,0], [1,0]], lines=[[0,1]],
+            ....:                      backend='normaliz'))
+            True
+            sage: test_poly(Polyhedron(rays=[[1,0,0],[0,1,0]],
+            ....:                      backend='normaliz'))
+            True
+            sage: test_poly(Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0,0], [0,1,0]], rays=[[1,0,0], [0,1,0]],
+            ....:                      backend='normaliz'))
+            True
+            sage: test_poly(Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,0], [0,1,1], [1,0,1], [-1,-1,1]],
+            ....:                      rays=[[0,0,1]],
+            ....:                      backend='normaliz'))
+            True
+
+        Old input format will give a meaningful error message::
+
+            sage: cone = P._cone_from_Vrepresentation_and_Hrepresentation(
+            ....:     P.vertices(), P.rays(),
+            ....:     P.inequalities(), P.equations())
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the specification of this method has changed; please specify the lines as well
+
+            sage: cone = P._cone_from_Vrepresentation_and_Hrepresentation(
+            ....:     P.vertices(), P.rays(),
+            ....:     P.inequalities(), P.equations(), True)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the specification of this method has changed; please specify the lines as well
+
+        Check that :issue:`30891` is fixed::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(-3,-3), (3,0), (3,3), (0,3)],
+            ....:                backend='normaliz')
+            sage: q = loads(p.dumps())
+            sage: q.volume()
+            18
+            sage: q.ehrhart_series()
+            (13*t^2 + 22*t + 1)/(-t^3 + 3*t^2 - 3*t + 1)
+        """
+        if eqns in (True, False, None):
+            # Previously, the method had input ``vertices, rays, ieqs, eqns`` (optionally ``verbose``).
+            # Now it requires ``vertices, rays, lines, ieqs, eqns``.
+            # Actually, ``eqns`` wouldn't be required, but we keep it to catch deprecated calls.
+            # (And it's more stable against changes of normaliz now.)
+            raise ValueError("the specification of this method has changed; please specify the lines as well")
+        if None in (vertices, rays, lines, ieqs, eqns):
+            raise ValueError("please specify vertices, rays, lines, inequalities and equations completely")
+        if not vertices:
+            raise ValueError("this method cannot be used to initialize the empty cone")
+
+        def rays_subspace_lattice_ieqs_QQ(vertices, rays, lines, ieqs):
+            nmz_vertices = []
+            for v in vertices:
+                d = LCM_list([denominator(v_i) for v_i in v])
+                dv = [d * v_i for v_i in v]
+                nmz_vertices.append(dv + [d])
+            nmz_rays = []
+            for r in rays:
+                d = LCM_list([denominator(r_i) for r_i in r])
+                dr = [d * r_i for r_i in r]
+                nmz_rays.append(dr + [0])
+            nmz_lines = []
+            for l in lines:
+                d = LCM_list([denominator(l_i) for l_i in l])
+                dl = [d * l_i for l_i in l]
+                nmz_lines.append(dl + [0])
+
+            nmz_ieqs = []
+            for ieq in ieqs:
+                d = LCM_list([denominator(ieq_i) for ieq_i in ieq])
+                dieq = [ZZ(d * ieq_i) for ieq_i in ieq]
+                b = dieq[0]
+                A = dieq[1:]
+                nmz_ieqs.append(A + [b])
+
+            from sage.matrix.constructor import Matrix
+            lattice = Matrix(ZZ, nmz_vertices + nmz_rays + nmz_lines).saturation()
+            nmz_lattice = [list(y) for y in lattice]
+
+            if Matrix(ZZ, nmz_vertices + nmz_rays).rank() == Matrix(ZZ, nmz_rays).rank() + 1:
+                # The recession cone is full-dimensional.
+                # In this case the homogenized inequalities
+                # do not ensure nonnegativy in the last coordinate.
+                # In the homogeneous cone the far face is a facet.
+                pos_ieq = [ZZ.zero()] * len(nmz_vertices[0])
+                pos_ieq[-1] = ZZ.one()
+                nmz_ieqs.append(pos_ieq)
+
+            return nmz_vertices + nmz_rays, nmz_lines, nmz_lattice, nmz_ieqs
+
+        def rays_subspace_lattice_ieqs_NF(vertices, rays, lines, ieqs):
+            nmz_vertices = [list(v) + [1] for v in vertices]
+            nmz_rays = [list(r) + [0] for r in rays]
+            nmz_lines = [list(l) + [1] for l in lines]
+
+            nmz_ieqs = []
+            for ieq in ieqs:
+                b = ieq[0]
+                A = ieq[1:]
+                nmz_ieqs.append(list(A) + [b])
+
+            from sage.matrix.constructor import Matrix
+            lattice = Matrix(nmz_vertices + nmz_rays + nmz_lines).row_space().basis()
+            nmz_lattice = [list(y) for y in lattice]
+
+            if Matrix(nmz_vertices + nmz_rays).rank() == Matrix(nmz_rays).rank() + 1:
+                # The recession cone is full-dimensional.
+                # In this case the homogenized inequalities
+                # do not ensure nonnegativy in the last coordinate.
+                # In the homogeneous cone the far face is a facet.
+                pos_ieq = [0] * len(nmz_vertices[0])
+                pos_ieq[-1] = 1
+                nmz_ieqs.append(pos_ieq)
+
+            return nmz_vertices + nmz_rays, nmz_lines, nmz_lattice, nmz_ieqs
+
+        (nmz_extreme_rays, nmz_subspace, nmz_lattice, nmz_ieqs), internal_base_ring \
+            = self._compute_data_lists_and_internal_base_ring(
+                (vertices, rays, lines, ieqs), rays_subspace_lattice_ieqs_QQ,
+                rays_subspace_lattice_ieqs_NF)
+
+        data = {"extreme_rays": nmz_extreme_rays,
+                "maximal_subspace": nmz_subspace,
+                "generated_lattice": nmz_lattice,
+                "support_hyperplanes": nmz_ieqs}
+
+        ambient_dim = len(data["extreme_rays"][0])
+        if not homogeneous:
+            data["dehomogenization"] = [[0] * (ambient_dim - 1) + [1]]
+
+        number_field_data = self._number_field_triple(internal_base_ring)
+        if number_field_data:
+            data["number_field"] = number_field_data
+        return self._cone_from_normaliz_data(data, verbose=verbose)
+
+    def _test_far_facet_condition(self, tester=None, **options):
+        """
+        Test that we add an extra inequality in the correct cases.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(rays=[[1,1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P._test_far_facet_condition()
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0], [0,1]],
+            ....:                rays=[[1,1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P._test_far_facet_condition()
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(rays=[[1,1,0]],
+            ....:                lines=[[0,0,1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P._test_far_facet_condition()
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0,0], [0,1,0]],
+            ....:                rays=[[1,1,0]],
+            ....:                lines=[[0,0,1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P._test_far_facet_condition()
+        """
+        if tester is None:
+            tester = self._tester(**options)
+
+        if self.is_empty():
+            return
+
+        nmz_vertices = self._nmz_result(self._normaliz_cone, "VerticesOfPolyhedron")
+        nmz_rays = self._nmz_result(self._normaliz_cone, "ExtremeRays")
+        nmz_ieqs = self._nmz_result(self._normaliz_cone, "SupportHyperplanes")
+
+        from sage.matrix.constructor import Matrix
+        far_facet_condition = Matrix(nmz_vertices + nmz_rays).rank() == Matrix(nmz_rays).rank() + 1
+
+        tester.assertEqual(far_facet_condition, self.n_inequalities() != len(nmz_ieqs))
+
+        if far_facet_condition:
+            tester.assertEqual(self.n_inequalities() + 1, len(nmz_ieqs))
+            tester.assertTrue(any(ieq == [0] * self.ambient_dim() + [1] for ieq in nmz_ieqs))
+
+    def _init_Vrepresentation_from_normaliz(self):
+        r"""
+        Create the Vrepresentation objects from the normaliz polyhedron.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,1/2), (2,0), (4,5/6)],  # indirect doctest
+            ....:                backend='normaliz')
+            sage: p.Hrepresentation()
+            (An inequality (-5, 12) x + 10 >= 0,
+             An inequality (1, -12) x + 6 >= 0,
+             An inequality (1, 4) x - 2 >= 0)
+            sage: p.Vrepresentation()
+            (A vertex at (0, 1/2), A vertex at (2, 0), A vertex at (4, 5/6))
+        """
+        self._Vrepresentation = []
+        parent = self.parent()
+        base_ring = self.base_ring()
+        cone = self._normaliz_cone
+        for g in self._nmz_result(cone, "VerticesOfPolyhedron"):
+            d = g[-1]
+            if d == 1:
+                parent._make_Vertex(self, g[:-1])
+            else:
+                parent._make_Vertex(self, [base_ring(x) / d for x in g[:-1]])
+        for g in self._nmz_result(cone, "ExtremeRays"):
+            parent._make_Ray(self, g[:-1])
+        for g in self._nmz_result(cone, "MaximalSubspace"):
+            parent._make_Line(self, g[:-1])
+        self._Vrepresentation = tuple(self._Vrepresentation)
+
+    def _init_Hrepresentation_from_normaliz(self):
+        r"""
+        Create the Hrepresentation objects from the normaliz polyhedron.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,1/2), (2,0), (4,5/6)],  # indirect doctest
+            ....:                backend='normaliz')
+            sage: p.Hrepresentation()
+            (An inequality (-5, 12) x + 10 >= 0,
+             An inequality (1, -12) x + 6 >= 0,
+             An inequality (1, 4) x - 2 >= 0)
+            sage: p.Vrepresentation()
+            (A vertex at (0, 1/2), A vertex at (2, 0), A vertex at (4, 5/6))
+        """
+        self._Hrepresentation = []
+        cone = self._normaliz_cone
+        parent = self.parent()
+        for g in self._nmz_result(cone, "SupportHyperplanes"):
+            if all(x == 0 for x in g[:-1]):
+                # Ignore vertical inequality
+                pass
+            else:
+                parent._make_Inequality(self, (g[-1],) + tuple(g[:-1]))
+        for g in self._nmz_result(cone, "Equations"):
+            parent._make_Equation(self, (g[-1],) + tuple(g[:-1]))
+        self._Hrepresentation = tuple(self._Hrepresentation)
+
+    def _init_empty_polyhedron(self):
+        r"""
+        Initialize an empty polyhedron.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: empty = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz'); empty
+            The empty polyhedron in ZZ^0
+            sage: empty.Vrepresentation()
+            ()
+            sage: empty.Hrepresentation()
+            (An equation -1 == 0,)
+            sage: Polyhedron(vertices=[], backend='normaliz')
+            The empty polyhedron in ZZ^0
+            sage: Polyhedron(backend='normaliz')._init_empty_polyhedron()
+        """
+        super()._init_empty_polyhedron()
+        # Can't seem to set up an empty _normaliz_cone.
+        # For example, PyNormaliz.NmzCone(vertices=[]) gives
+        # error: Some error in the normaliz input data detected: All input matrices empty!
+        self._normaliz_cone = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_normaliz_cone(cls, parent, normaliz_cone, internal_base_ring=None):
+        r"""
+        Initialize a polyhedron from a PyNormaliz wrapper of a normaliz cone.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P=Polyhedron(ieqs=[[1, 0, 2], [3, 0, -2], [3, 2, -2]],
+            ....:              backend='normaliz')
+            sage: PI = P.integral_hull()                   # indirect doctest
+        """
+        return cls(parent, None, None, normaliz_cone=normaliz_cone, internal_base_ring=internal_base_ring)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _number_field_triple(internal_base_ring) -> list:
+        r"""
+        Construct the PyNormaliz triple that describes ``internal_base_ring``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz import Polyhedron_normaliz as Pn
+            sage: Pn._number_field_triple(QQ) is None
+            True
+            sage: Pn._number_field_triple(QuadraticField(5))                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            ['a^2 - 5', 'a', '[2.236067977499789 +/- 8.06e-16]']
+        """
+        R = internal_base_ring
+        if R is QQ:
+            return None
+        from sage.rings.real_arb import RealBallField
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+        emb = RealBallField(53)(R.gen(0))
+        gen = 'a'
+        R_a = PolynomialRing(QQ, gen)
+        min_poly = R_a(R.polynomial())
+        return [str(min_poly), gen, str(emb)]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _make_normaliz_cone(data, verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Return a normaliz cone from ``data``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``data`` -- dictionary
+
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz import Polyhedron_normaliz
+            sage: data = {'inhom_inequalities': [[-1, 2, 0], [0, 0, 1], [2, -1, 0]]}
+            sage: nmz_cone = Polyhedron_normaliz._make_normaliz_cone(data,verbose=False)
+            sage: from PyNormaliz import NmzResult
+            sage: NmzResult(nmz_cone, "ExtremeRays")
+            [[1, 2, 0], [2, 1, 0]]
+        """
+        if verbose:
+            print("# Calling PyNormaliz.NmzCone(**{})".format(data))
+        cone = NmzCone(**data)
+        assert cone, "NmzCone(**{}) did not return a cone".format(data)
+        return cone
+
+    def _get_nmzcone_data(self) -> dict:
+        r"""
+        Get the data necessary to reproduce the normaliz cone.
+
+        OUTPUT: ``data`` -- dictionary
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The empty polyhedron::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P._get_nmzcone_data()
+            {}
+
+        Another simple example::
+
+            sage: C = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz', rays=[[1, 2], [2, 1]])
+            sage: C._get_nmzcone_data()
+            {'cone': [[1, 2], [2, 1]],
+             'inhom_equations': [],
+             'inhom_inequalities': [[-1, 2, 0], [0, 0, 1], [2, -1, 0]],
+             'subspace': [],
+             'vertices': [[0, 0, 1]]}
+        """
+        if self.is_empty():
+            return {}
+
+        vertices = self._nmz_result(self._normaliz_cone, "VerticesOfPolyhedron")
+        # get rid of the last 0 in rays:
+        rays = [r[:-1] for r in self._nmz_result(self._normaliz_cone, "ExtremeRays")]
+        lines = self._nmz_result(self._normaliz_cone, "MaximalSubspace")
+        ineqs = self._nmz_result(self._normaliz_cone, "SupportHyperplanes")
+        eqs = self._nmz_result(self._normaliz_cone, "Equations")
+
+        return {'vertices': vertices,
+                'cone': rays,
+                'subspace': lines,
+                'inhom_equations': eqs,
+                'inhom_inequalities': ineqs}
+
+    def _normaliz_format(self, data, file_output=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a string containing normaliz format.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``data`` -- dictionary of PyNormaliz cone input properties
+
+        - ``file_output`` -- string (optional); a filename to which the
+          representation should be written. If set to ``None`` (default),
+          representation is returned as a string.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0]],  # indirect doctest
+            ....:                backend='normaliz', verbose=True)
+            # ----8<---- Equivalent Normaliz input file ----8<----
+            amb_space 2
+            cone 0
+            subspace 0
+            vertices 3
+             0 0 1
+             0 1 1
+             1 0 1
+            # ----8<-------------------8<-------------------8<----
+            # Calling ...
+        """
+        def format_number(x):
+            try:
+                return '{}'.format(QQ(x))
+            except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                return '({})'.format(x.polynomial('a'))
+
+        def format_field(key, value):
+            if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+                s = '{} {}\n'.format(key, len(value))
+                for e in value:
+                    for x in e:
+                        s += ' ' + format_number(x)
+                    s += '\n'
+                return s
+            return '{} {}\n'.format(key, value)
+
+        def format_number_field_data(nf_triple):
+            min_poly, gen, emb = nf_triple
+            return 'min_poly ({}) embedding {}'.format(min_poly, emb)
+
+        s = format_field('amb_space', self.ambient_dim())
+        if 'number_field' in data:
+            from copy import copy
+            data = copy(data)
+            s += 'number_field {}\n'.format(format_number_field_data(data['number_field']))
+            del data['number_field']
+        for key, value in sorted(data.items()):
+            s += format_field(key, value)
+        if file_output is not None:
+            with open(file_output, 'w') as in_file:
+                in_file.write(s)
+        else:
+            return s
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a copy of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.cube(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: Q = copy(P)
+            sage: P._normaliz_cone is Q._normaliz_cone
+            False
+        """
+        other = super().__copy__()
+
+        # Make a copy of the cone.
+        cone = self._normaliz_cone
+        conecopy = NmzConeCopy(cone)
+        other._normaliz_cone = conecopy
+        return other
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        r"""
+        Remove the normaliz cone for pickling.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.simplex(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P.__getstate__()
+            (Polyhedra in ZZ^4,
+             {'_Hrepresentation': (An inequality (0, 0, 0, 1) x + 0 >= 0,
+               An inequality (0, 0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+               An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+               An inequality (1, 0, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+               An equation (1, 1, 1, 1) x - 1 == 0),
+              '_Vrepresentation': (A vertex at (0, 0, 0, 1),
+               A vertex at (0, 0, 1, 0),
+               A vertex at (0, 1, 0, 0),
+               A vertex at (1, 0, 0, 0)),
+              '_internal_base_ring': Rational Field,
+              '_pickle_equations': [(-1, 1, 1, 1, 1)],
+              '_pickle_inequalities': [(0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+               (0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
+               (0, 0, 1, 0, 0),
+               (0, 1, 0, 0, 0)],
+              '_pickle_lines': [],
+              '_pickle_rays': [],
+              '_pickle_vertices': [(0, 0, 0, 1),
+               (0, 0, 1, 0),
+               (0, 1, 0, 0),
+               (1, 0, 0, 0)]})
+        """
+        state = super().__getstate__()
+        state = (state[0], state[1].copy())
+        # Remove the unpicklable entries.
+        del state[1]['_normaliz_cone']
+        state[1]["_pickle_vertices"] = [v._vector for v in self.vertices()]
+        state[1]["_pickle_rays"] = [v._vector for v in self.rays()]
+        state[1]["_pickle_lines"] = [v._vector for v in self.lines()]
+        state[1]["_pickle_inequalities"] = [v._vector for v in self.inequalities()]
+        state[1]["_pickle_equations"] = [v._vector for v in self.equations()]
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        r"""
+        Initialize the normaliz cone after pickling.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.permutahedron(4, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P.volume(measure='induced_lattice', engine='normaliz')
+            96
+            sage: P.volume.clear_cache()
+            sage: P1 = loads(dumps(P))                 # indirect doctest
+            sage: P1.volume(measure='induced_lattice', engine='normaliz')
+            96
+
+        Test that the obtained cone is valid::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz import Polyhedron_normaliz
+            sage: P = polytopes.permutahedron(4, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P1 = loads(dumps(P))
+            sage: P2 = Polyhedron_normaliz(P1.parent(), None, None, P1._normaliz_cone)
+            sage: P2 == P
+            True
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(lines=[[1,0], [0,1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P1 = loads(dumps(P))
+            sage: P2 = Polyhedron_normaliz(P1.parent(), None, None, P1._normaliz_cone)
+            sage: P2 == P
+            True
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P1 = loads(dumps(P))
+            sage: P2 = Polyhedron_normaliz(P1.parent(), None, None, P1._normaliz_cone)
+            sage: P2 == P
+            True
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.permutahedron(4, backend='normaliz') * Polyhedron(lines=[[1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P1 = loads(dumps(P))
+            sage: P2 = Polyhedron_normaliz(P1.parent(), None, None, P1._normaliz_cone)
+            sage: P2 == P
+            True
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P = polytopes.dodecahedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P1 = loads(dumps(P))
+            sage: P2 = Polyhedron_normaliz(P1.parent(), None, None, P1._normaliz_cone,
+            ....:                          internal_base_ring=P1._internal_base_ring)
+            sage: P == P2
+            True
+
+        Test that :issue:`31820` is fixed::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.cube(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: v = P.Vrepresentation()[0]
+            sage: v1 = loads(v.dumps())
+        """
+        if "_pickle_vertices" in state[1]:
+            vertices = state[1].pop("_pickle_vertices")
+            rays = state[1].pop("_pickle_rays")
+            lines = state[1].pop("_pickle_lines")
+            inequalities = state[1].pop("_pickle_inequalities")
+            equations = state[1].pop("_pickle_equations")
+        else:
+            vertices = None
+
+        super().__setstate__(state)
+
+        if self.is_empty():
+            # Special case to avoid.
+            self._normaliz_cone = None
+            return
+
+        if vertices is None:
+            vertices = self.vertices()
+            rays = self.rays()
+            lines = self.lines()
+            inequalities = self.inequalities()
+            equations = self.equations()
+
+        self._normaliz_cone = \
+            self._cone_from_Vrepresentation_and_Hrepresentation(
+                vertices, rays, lines, inequalities, equations)
+
+    def integral_hull(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the integral hull in the polyhedron.
+
+        This is a new polyhedron that is the convex hull of all integral
+        points.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Unbounded example from Normaliz manual, "a dull polyhedron"::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(ieqs=[[1, 0, 2], [3, 0, -2], [3, 2, -2]],
+            ....:                backend='normaliz')
+            sage: PI = P.integral_hull()
+            sage: P.plot(color='yellow') + PI.plot(color='green')                       # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 10 graphics primitives
+            sage: PI.Vrepresentation()
+            (A vertex at (-1, 0),
+             A vertex at (0, 1),
+             A ray in the direction (1, 0))
+
+        Nonpointed case::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1/2, 1/3]], rays=[[1, 1]],
+            ....:                lines=[[-1, 1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: PI = P.integral_hull()
+            sage: PI.Vrepresentation()
+            (A vertex at (1, 0),
+             A ray in the direction (1, 0),
+             A line in the direction (1, -1))
+
+        Empty polyhedron::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: PI = P.integral_hull()
+            sage: PI.Vrepresentation()
+            ()
+        """
+        if self.is_empty():
+            return self
+        cone = self._nmz_result(self._normaliz_cone, "IntegerHull")
+        return self.parent().element_class._from_normaliz_cone(parent=self.parent(),
+                                                               normaliz_cone=cone)
+
+    def _h_star_vector_normaliz(self) -> list:
+        r"""
+        Return the `h^*`-vector of the lattice polytope.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a lattice polytope with backend ``'normaliz'``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The `h^*`-vector as a list.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The `h^*`-vector of a unimodular simplex is 1::
+
+            sage: s3 = polytopes.simplex(3, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: s3._h_star_vector_normaliz()
+            [1]
+
+        The `h^*`-vector of the `0/1`-cube is [1,4,1]::
+
+            sage: cube = polytopes.cube(intervals='zero_one', backend='normaliz')
+            sage: cube.h_star_vector()
+            [1, 4, 1]
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`33847` is fixed::
+
+            sage: L = [[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:      [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3]]
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=L, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P.h_star_vector()
+            [1, 0, 2]
+        """
+        return self.ehrhart_series().numerator().list()
+
+    def _volume_normaliz(self, measure='euclidean'):
+        r"""
+        Compute the volume of a polytope using normaliz.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``measure`` -- string. The measure to use. Allowed values are:
+
+          * ``'euclidean'`` (default): corresponds to ``'EuclideanVolume`` in normaliz
+          * ``'induced_lattice'``: corresponds to ``'Volume'`` in normaliz
+          * ``'ambient'``: Lebesgue measure of ambient space (volume)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A float value (when ``measure`` is 'euclidean'),
+        a rational number (when ``measure`` is 'induced_lattice'),
+        a rational number or symbolic number otherwise (dependent on base ring).
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This function depends on Normaliz (i.e., the ``pynormaliz`` optional
+            package).
+
+        REFERENCES:
+
+        See section 6.1.1 of [NormalizMan]_.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        For normaliz, the default is the euclidean volume in the ambient
+        space and the result is a float::
+
+            sage: s = polytopes.simplex(3, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: s._volume_normaliz()
+            0.3333333333333333
+
+        One other possibility is to compute the scaled volume where a unimodular
+        simplex has volume 1::
+
+            sage: s._volume_normaliz(measure='induced_lattice')
+            1
+            sage: v = [[0,0,0],[0,0,1],[0,1,0],[0,1,1],[1,0,0],[1,0,1],[1,1,0],[1,1,1]]
+            sage: cube = Polyhedron(vertices=v, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: cube._volume_normaliz()
+            1.0
+            sage: cube._volume_normaliz(measure='induced_lattice')
+            6
+
+        Or one can calculate the ambient volume, which is the above multiplied by the
+        volume of the unimodular simplex (or zero if not full-dimensional)::
+
+            sage: cube._volume_normaliz(measure='ambient')
+            1
+            sage: s._volume_normaliz(measure='ambient')
+            0
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`28872` is fixed::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.dodecahedron(backend='normaliz')                        # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P.volume(measure='induced_lattice')                                   # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            -1056*sqrt5 + 2400
+
+        Some sanity checks that the ambient volume works correctly::
+
+            sage: (2*cube)._volume_normaliz(measure='ambient')
+            8
+            sage: (1/2*cube)._volume_normaliz(measure='ambient')
+            1/8
+            sage: s._volume_normaliz(measure='ambient')
+            0
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.regular_polygon(3, backend='normaliz')                  # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P._volume_normaliz('ambient') == P.volume(engine='internal')          # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            True
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.dodecahedron(backend='normaliz')                        # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P._volume_normaliz('ambient') == P.volume(engine='internal')          # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            True
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(rays=[[1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P.volume()
+            +Infinity
+        """
+        cone = self._normaliz_cone
+        assert cone
+        if measure == 'euclidean':
+            return self._nmz_result(cone, 'EuclideanVolume')
+
+        if measure == 'induced_lattice':
+            if self._internal_base_ring in (ZZ, QQ):
+                return self._nmz_result(cone, 'Volume')
+            return self._nmz_result(cone, 'RenfVolume')
+
+        if measure == 'ambient':
+            if self.dim() < self.ambient_dim():
+                return self.base_ring().zero()
+            if not self.is_compact():
+                from sage.rings.infinity import infinity
+                return infinity
+
+            from sage.arith.misc import factorial
+            return self._volume_normaliz('induced_lattice') / factorial(self.dim())
+
+        raise TypeError("the measure should be `ambient`, `euclidean`, or `induced_lattice`")
+
+    def _triangulate_normaliz(self):
+        r"""
+        Give a triangulation of the polyhedron using normaliz.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        For compact polyhedra a list of simplices
+        each represented by indices of their vertices.
+
+        For cones a list of simplicial cones
+        each represented by indices of their rays.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This function depends on Normaliz (i.e. the ``pynormaliz`` optional
+            package). See the Normaliz documentation for further details.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,1], [1,0,1], [0,1,1], [1,1,1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P._triangulate_normaliz()
+            [(0, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3)]
+            sage: C1 = Polyhedron(rays=[[0,0,1], [1,0,1], [0,1,1], [1,1,1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: C1._triangulate_normaliz()
+            [(0, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3)]
+            sage: C2 = Polyhedron(rays=[[1,0,1], [0,0,1], [0,1,1], [1,1,10/9]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: C2._triangulate_normaliz()
+            [(0, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3)]
+
+        Works only for cones and compact polyhedra::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.cube(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: Q = Polyhedron(rays=[[0,1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: R = Polyhedron(lines=[[0,1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: (P*Q)._triangulate_normaliz()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: triangulation of non-compact polyhedra that are not cones is not supported
+            sage: (P*R)._triangulate_normaliz()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: triangulation of non-compact not pointed polyhedron is not supported
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`30531` is fixed::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.cube(backend='normaliz')*AA(2).sqrt()
+            sage: P._triangulate_normaliz()
+            [(0, 1, 2, 4),
+            (1, 2, 4, 3),
+            (1, 3, 4, 5),
+            (3, 5, 6, 7),
+            (6, 2, 4, 3),
+            (6, 3, 4, 5)]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: C1 = Polyhedron(rays=[[0,0,1], [1,0,AA(2).sqrt()], [0,1,1], [1,1,1]],
+            ....:                 backend='normaliz')
+            sage: C1._triangulate_normaliz()
+            [(0, 1, 3), (0, 3, 2)]
+        """
+        if self.lines():
+            raise NotImplementedError("triangulation of non-compact not pointed polyhedron is not supported")
+        if len(self.vertices_list()) >= 2 and self.rays_list():  # A mix of polytope and cone
+            raise NotImplementedError("triangulation of non-compact polyhedra that are not cones is not supported")
+
+        if self.is_compact():
+            cone = self._normaliz_cone
+        else:
+            # Make a inhomogeneous copy of the cone.
+            cone = self._cone_from_Vrepresentation_and_Hrepresentation(
+                self.vertices(), self.rays(), self.lines(),
+                self.inequalities(), self.equations(), homogeneous=True)
+
+        # Compute the triangulation.
+        assert cone
+
+        # Normaliz does not guarantee that the order of generators is kept during
+        # computation of the triangulation.
+        # Those are the generators that the indices of the triangulation correspond to:
+        nmz_triangulation, nmz_triangulation_generators = self._nmz_result(cone, "Triangulation")
+
+        base_ring = self.base_ring()
+        v_list = self.vertices_list()
+        r_list = self.rays_list()
+
+        new_to_old = {}
+        for i, g in enumerate(nmz_triangulation_generators):
+            if self.is_compact():
+                d = base_ring(g[-1])
+                vertex = [base_ring(x) / d for x in g[:-1]]
+                new_to_old[i] = v_list.index(vertex)
+            else:
+                if g[-1] > 0:
+                    new_to_old[i] = None
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        new_to_old[i] = r_list.index([base_ring(x) for x in g[:-1]])
+                    except ValueError:
+                        # Rays are only unique up to scaling.
+                        new_ray = vector(base_ring, g[:-1])
+
+                        for j, r in enumerate(self.rays()):
+                            ray = r.vector()
+                            try:
+                                # Check for colinearity.
+                                _ = new_ray / ray
+                                new_to_old[i] = j
+                                break
+                            except (TypeError, ArithmeticError):
+                                pass
+                        else:
+                            raise ValueError("could not match rays after computing triangulation with original rays")
+
+        def new_indices(old_indices):
+            for i in old_indices:
+                if new_to_old[i] is not None:
+                    yield new_to_old[i]
+
+        return [tuple(new_indices(x[0])) for x in nmz_triangulation]
+
+
+#########################################################################
+class Polyhedron_QQ_normaliz(Polyhedron_normaliz, Polyhedron_QQ):
+    r"""
+    Polyhedra over `\QQ` with normaliz.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``Vrep`` -- list ``[vertices, rays, lines]`` or ``None``
+    - ``Hrep`` -- list ``[ieqs, eqns]`` or ``None``
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0), (1,0), (0,1)],
+        ....:                rays=[(1,1)], lines=[],
+        ....:                backend='normaliz', base_ring=QQ)
+        sage: TestSuite(p).run()
+    """
+
+    @cached_method(do_pickle=True)
+    def ehrhart_series(self, variable='t'):
+        r"""
+        Return the Ehrhart series of a compact rational polyhedron.
+
+        The Ehrhart series is the generating function where the coefficient of
+        `t^k` is number of integer lattice points inside the `k`-th dilation of
+        the polytope.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``variable`` -- string (default: ``'t'``)
+
+        OUTPUT: a rational function
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,1], [1,0]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: ES = S.ehrhart_series()
+            sage: ES.numerator()
+            1
+            sage: ES.denominator().factor()
+            (t - 1)^2
+
+            sage: C = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,0], [0,0,1], [0,1,0], [0,1,1],
+            ....:                          [1,0,0], [1,0,1], [1,1,0], [1,1,1]],
+            ....:                backend='normaliz')
+            sage: ES = C.ehrhart_series()
+            sage: ES.numerator()
+            t^2 + 4*t + 1
+            sage: ES.denominator().factor()
+            (t - 1)^4
+
+        The following example is from the Normaliz manual contained in the file
+        ``rational.in``::
+
+            sage: rat_poly = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1/2,1/2], [-1/3,-1/3], [1/4,-1/2]],
+            ....:                       backend='normaliz')
+            sage: ES = rat_poly.ehrhart_series()
+            sage: ES.numerator()
+            2*t^6 + 3*t^5 + 4*t^4 + 3*t^3 + t^2 + t + 1
+            sage: ES.denominator().factor()
+            (-1) * (t + 1)^2 * (t - 1)^3 * (t^2 + 1) * (t^2 + t + 1)
+
+        The polyhedron should be compact::
+
+            sage: C = Polyhedron(rays=[[1,2], [2,1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: C.ehrhart_series()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: Ehrhart series can only be computed for compact polyhedron
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz.hilbert_series`
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that the Ehrhart series is pickled::
+
+            sage: new_poly = loads(dumps(rat_poly))
+            sage: new_poly.ehrhart_series.is_in_cache()
+            True
+        """
+        if self.is_empty():
+            return 0
+
+        if not self.is_compact():
+            raise NotImplementedError("Ehrhart series can only be computed for compact polyhedron")
+
+        cone = self._normaliz_cone
+        e = self._nmz_result(cone, "EhrhartSeries")
+        # The output format of PyNormaliz is a list with 3 things:
+        # 1) the coefficients of the h^*-polynomial
+        # 2) a list of the exponents e such that (1-t^e) appears as a factor in
+        # the denominator
+        # 3) a shifting of the generating function.
+
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+        poly_ring = PolynomialRing(ZZ, variable).fraction_field()
+        t = poly_ring.gens()[0]
+        es = sum([e[0][i] * t**i for i in range(len(e[0]))])
+        for expo in range(len(e[1])):
+            es = es / (1 - t**e[1][expo])
+
+        # The shift:
+        return es * t**e[2]
+
+    def _ehrhart_quasipolynomial_normaliz(self, variable='t'):
+        r"""
+        Return the Ehrhart quasipolynomial of a compact rational polyhedron
+        using Normaliz.
+
+        If it is a polynomial, returns the polynomial. Otherwise, returns a
+        tuple of rational polynomials whose length is the quasi-period of the
+        quasipolynomial and each rational polynomial describes a residue class.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``variable`` -- string (default: ``'t'``)
+
+        OUTPUT: a polynomial or tuple of polynomials
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,0], [0,0,1], [0,1,0], [0,1,1],
+            ....:                          [1,0,0], [1,0,1], [1,1,0], [1,1,1]],
+            ....:                backend='normaliz')
+            sage: C._ehrhart_quasipolynomial_normaliz()
+            t^3 + 3*t^2 + 3*t + 1
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0], [3/2,0], [0,3/2], [1,1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P._ehrhart_quasipolynomial_normaliz()
+            (3/2*t^2 + 2*t + 1, 3/2*t^2 + 2*t + 1/2)
+            sage: P._ehrhart_quasipolynomial_normaliz('x')
+            (3/2*x^2 + 2*x + 1, 3/2*x^2 + 2*x + 1/2)
+
+        The quasipolynomial evaluated at ``i`` counts the integral points
+        in the ``i``-th dilate::
+
+            sage: Q = Polyhedron(vertices=[[-1/3], [2/3]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: p0,p1,p2 = Q._ehrhart_quasipolynomial_normaliz()
+            sage: r0 = [p0(i) for i in range(15)]
+            sage: r1 = [p1(i) for i in range(15)]
+            sage: r2 = [p2(i) for i in range(15)]
+            sage: result = [None]*15
+            sage: result[::3] = r0[::3]
+            sage: result[1::3] = r1[1::3]
+            sage: result[2::3] = r2[2::3]
+            sage: result == [(i*Q).integral_points_count() for i in range(15)]
+            True
+
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz.hilbert_series`,
+            :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz.ehrhart_series`
+        """
+        cone = self._normaliz_cone
+        # Normaliz needs to compute the EhrhartSeries first
+        assert NmzCompute(cone, ["EhrhartSeries"])
+        e = self._nmz_result(cone, "EhrhartQuasiPolynomial")
+
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+        poly_ring = PolynomialRing(QQ, variable)
+        t = poly_ring.gens()[0]
+        if len(e) == 2:
+            # It is a polynomial
+            es = sum([e[0][i] * t**i for i in range(len(e[0]))])
+            return es / ZZ(e[1])
+
+        # It is a quasipolynomial
+        polynomials = []
+        for p in e[:-1]:
+            es = sum([p[i] * t**i for i in range(len(p))]) / ZZ(e[-1])
+            polynomials += [es]
+
+        return tuple(polynomials)
+
+    _ehrhart_polynomial_normaliz = _ehrhart_quasipolynomial_normaliz
+
+    @cached_method(do_pickle=True, key=lambda self, g, v: (tuple(g), v))
+    def hilbert_series(self, grading, variable='t'):
+        r"""
+        Return the Hilbert series of the polyhedron with respect to ``grading``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``grading`` -- vector. The grading to use to form the Hilbert series
+
+        - ``variable`` -- string (default: ``'t'``)
+
+        OUTPUT: a rational function
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz',
+            ....:                rays=[[0,0,1], [0,1,1], [1,0,1], [1,1,1]])
+            sage: HS = C.hilbert_series([1,1,1])
+            sage: HS.numerator()
+            t^2 + 1
+            sage: HS.denominator().factor()
+            (-1) * (t + 1) * (t - 1)^3 * (t^2 + t + 1)
+
+        By changing the grading, you can get the Ehrhart series of the square
+        lifted at height 1::
+
+            sage: C.hilbert_series([0,0,1])
+            (t + 1)/(-t^3 + 3*t^2 - 3*t + 1)
+
+        Here is an example ``2cone.in`` from the Normaliz manual::
+
+            sage: C = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz', rays=[[1,3], [2,1]])
+            sage: HS = C.hilbert_series([1,1])
+            sage: HS.numerator()
+            t^5 + t^4 + t^3 + t^2 + 1
+            sage: HS.denominator().factor()
+            (t + 1) * (t - 1)^2 * (t^2 + 1) * (t^2 + t + 1)
+
+            sage: HS = C.hilbert_series([1,2])
+            sage: HS.numerator()
+            t^8 + t^6 + t^5 + t^3 + 1
+            sage: HS.denominator().factor()
+            (t + 1) * (t - 1)^2 * (t^2 + 1) * (t^6 + t^5 + t^4 + t^3 + t^2 + t + 1)
+
+        Here is the magic square example form the Normaliz manual::
+
+            sage: eq = [[0,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:       [0,1,1,1, 0, 0, 0,-1,-1,-1],
+            ....:       [0,0,1,1,-1, 0, 0,-1, 0, 0],
+            ....:       [0,1,0,1, 0,-1, 0, 0,-1, 0],
+            ....:       [0,1,1,0, 0, 0,-1, 0, 0,-1],
+            ....:       [0,0,1,1, 0,-1, 0, 0, 0,-1],
+            ....:       [0,1,1,0, 0,-1, 0,-1, 0, 0]]
+            sage: magic_square = (Polyhedron(eqns=eq, backend='normaliz')
+            ....:                 & Polyhedron(rays=identity_matrix(9).rows()))
+            sage: grading = [1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0]
+            sage: magic_square.hilbert_series(grading)
+            (t^6 + 2*t^3 + 1)/(-t^9 + 3*t^6 - 3*t^3 + 1)
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_normaliz.ehrhart_series`
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that the Hilbert series is pickled::
+
+            sage: new_magic = loads(dumps(magic_square))
+            sage: new_magic.hilbert_series.is_in_cache(grading)
+            True
+        """
+        if self.is_empty():
+            return 0
+
+        data = self._get_nmzcone_data()
+        data['grading'] = [grading]
+        new_cone = self._make_normaliz_cone(data)
+        h = self._nmz_result(new_cone, "HilbertSeries")
+
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+        poly_ring = PolynomialRing(ZZ, variable).fraction_field()
+        t = poly_ring.gens()[0]
+        hs = sum([h[0][i] * t**i for i in range(len(h[0]))])
+        for expo in range(len(h[1])):
+            hs = hs / (1 - t**h[1][expo])
+
+        # The shift:
+        return hs * t**h[2]
+
+    def integral_points(self, threshold=10000) -> tuple:
+        r"""
+        Return the integral points in the polyhedron.
+
+        Uses either the naive algorithm (iterate over a rectangular
+        bounding box) or triangulation + Smith form.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``threshold`` -- integer (default: 10000); use the naïve
+          algorithm as long as the bounding box is smaller than this
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The list of integral points in the polyhedron. If the
+        polyhedron is not compact, a :exc:`ValueError` is raised.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Polyhedron(vertices=[(-1,-1), (1,0), (1,1), (0,1)],
+            ....:            backend='normaliz').integral_points()
+            ((-1, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1))
+
+            sage: simplex = Polyhedron([(1,2,3), (2,3,7), (-2,-3,-11)],
+            ....:                      backend='normaliz')
+            sage: simplex.integral_points()
+            ((-2, -3, -11), (0, 0, -2), (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 7))
+
+        The polyhedron need not be full-dimensional::
+
+            sage: simplex = Polyhedron([(1,2,3,5), (2,3,7,5), (-2,-3,-11,5)],
+            ....:                      backend='normaliz')
+            sage: simplex.integral_points()
+            ((-2, -3, -11, 5), (0, 0, -2, 5), (1, 2, 3, 5), (2, 3, 7, 5))
+
+            sage: point = Polyhedron([(2,3,7)],
+            ....:                    backend='normaliz')
+            sage: point.integral_points()
+            ((2, 3, 7),)
+
+            sage: empty = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: empty.integral_points()
+            ()
+
+        Here is a simplex where the naive algorithm of running over
+        all points in a rectangular bounding box no longer works fast
+        enough::
+
+            sage: v = [(1,0,7,-1), (-2,-2,4,-3), (-1,-1,-1,4), (2,9,0,-5), (-2,-1,5,1)]
+            sage: simplex = Polyhedron(v, backend='normaliz'); simplex
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 5 vertices
+            sage: len(simplex.integral_points())
+            49
+
+        A rather thin polytope for which the bounding box method would
+        be a very bad idea (note this is a rational (non-lattice)
+        polytope, so the other backends use the bounding box method)::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=((0, 0), (178933,37121))) + 1/1000*polytopes.hypercube(2)
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=P.vertices_list(),
+            ....:                backend='normaliz')
+            sage: len(P.integral_points())
+            434
+
+        Finally, the 3-d reflexive polytope number 4078::
+
+            sage: v = [(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,-1), (0,-2,1),
+            ....:      (-1,2,-1), (-1,2,-2), (-1,1,-2), (-1,-1,2), (-1,-3,2)]
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(v, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: pts1 = P.integral_points()
+            sage: all(P.contains(p) for p in pts1)
+            True
+            sage: pts2 = LatticePolytope(v).points()                                    # needs palp
+            sage: for p in pts1: p.set_immutable()
+            sage: set(pts1) == set(pts2)                                                # needs palp
+            True
+
+            sage: timeit('Polyhedron(v, backend='normaliz').integral_points()')  # not tested - random
+            625 loops, best of 3: 1.41 ms per loop
+            sage: timeit('LatticePolytope(v).points()')                          # not tested - random
+            25 loops, best of 3: 17.2 ms per loop
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Test some trivial cases (see :issue:`17937`):
+
+        Empty polyhedron in 1 dimension::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(ambient_dim=1, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P.integral_points()
+            ()
+
+        Empty polyhedron in 0 dimensions::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(ambient_dim=0, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P.integral_points()
+            ()
+
+        Single point in 1 dimension::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron([[3]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P.integral_points()
+            ((3),)
+
+        Single non-integral point in 1 dimension::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron([[1/2]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P.integral_points()
+            ()
+
+        Single point in 0 dimensions::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron([[]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P.integral_points()
+            ((),)
+
+        A polytope with no integral points (:issue:`22938`)::
+
+            sage: ieqs = [[1, 2, -1, 0], [0, -1, 2, -1], [0, 0, -1, 2],
+            ....:         [0, -1, 0, 0], [0, 0, -1, 0],  [0, 0, 0, -1],
+            ....:         [-1, -1, -1, -1], [1, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1, 0],
+            ....:         [1, 0, 0, 1]]
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(ieqs=ieqs, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P.bounding_box()
+            ((-3/4, -1/2, -1/4), (-1/2, -1/4, 0))
+            sage: P.bounding_box(integral_hull=True)
+            (None, None)
+            sage: P.integral_points()
+            ()
+
+        Check the polytopes from :issue:`22984`::
+
+            sage: base = [[0, 2, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [0, 0, 2, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [1, -1, 0, 2, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [0, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 2, -1, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 2, -1, 0],
+            ....:         [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 2, -1],
+            ....:         [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 2],
+            ....:         [0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0],
+            ....:         [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1],
+            ....:         [-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1]]
+
+            sage: ieqs = base + [
+            ....:         [2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [4, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [4, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [7, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
+            ....:         [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]]
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(ieqs=ieqs, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P.integral_points()
+            ((-2, -2, -4, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1),
+             (-2, -2, -4, -5, -4, -3, -2, 0),
+             (-1, -2, -3, -4, -3, -2, -2, -1),
+             (-1, -2, -3, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0),
+             (-1, -1, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -1),
+             (-1, -1, -2, -2, -1, -1, -1, 0),
+             (-1, -1, -2, -2, -1, 0, 0, 0),
+             (-1, 0, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -1),
+             (0, -1, -1, -2, -2, -2, -2, -1),
+             (0, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 0))
+
+            sage: ieqs = base + [
+            ....:         [3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [4, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [6, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [8, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0],
+            ....:         [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
+            ....:         [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]]
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(ieqs=ieqs, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P.integral_points()
+            ((-3, -4, -6, -8, -6, -4, -2, -1),
+             (-3, -4, -6, -8, -6, -4, -2, 0),
+             (-2, -2, -4, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1),
+             (-2, -2, -4, -5, -4, -3, -2, 0),
+             (-1, -2, -3, -4, -3, -2, -2, -1),
+             (-1, -2, -3, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0),
+             (-1, -1, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -1),
+             (-1, -1, -2, -2, -1, -1, -1, 0),
+             (-1, -1, -2, -2, -1, 0, 0, 0),
+             (-1, 0, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -1),
+             (0, -1, -1, -2, -2, -2, -2, -1),
+             (0, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 0))
+        """
+        if not self.is_compact():
+            raise ValueError('can only enumerate points in a compact polyhedron')
+        # Trivial cases: polyhedron with 0 or 1 vertices
+        if self.n_vertices() == 0:
+            return ()
+        if self.n_vertices() == 1:
+            v = self.vertices_list()[0]
+            try:
+                return (vector(ZZ, v),)
+            except TypeError:  # vertex not integral
+                return ()
+        # for small bounding boxes, it is faster to naively iterate over the points of the box
+        if threshold > 1:
+            box_min, box_max = self.bounding_box(integral_hull=True)
+            if box_min is None:
+                return ()
+            box_points = prod(max_coord - min_coord + 1
+                              for min_coord, max_coord in zip(box_min, box_max))
+            if box_points < threshold:
+                from sage.geometry.integral_points import rectangular_box_points
+                return rectangular_box_points(list(box_min), list(box_max), self)
+        # Compute with normaliz
+        points = []
+        cone = self._normaliz_cone
+        assert cone
+        for g in self._nmz_result(cone, "ModuleGenerators"):
+            assert g[-1] == 1
+            points.append(vector(ZZ, g[:-1]))
+        return tuple(points)
+
+    def integral_points_generators(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the integral points generators of the polyhedron.
+
+        Every integral point in the polyhedron can be written as a (unique)
+        nonnegative linear combination of integral points contained in the three
+        defining parts of the polyhedron: the integral points (the compact
+        part), the recession cone, and the lineality space.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A tuple consisting of the integral points, the Hilbert basis of the
+        recession cone, and an integral basis for the lineality space.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Normaliz gives a nonnegative integer basis of the lineality space::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz', lines=[[2,2]])
+            sage: P.integral_points_generators()
+            (((0, 0),), (), ((1, 1),))
+
+        A recession cone generated by two rays::
+
+            sage: C = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz', rays=[[1,2], [2,1]])
+            sage: C.integral_points_generators()
+            (((0, 0),), ((1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)), ())
+
+        Empty polyhedron::
+
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: P.integral_points_generators()
+            ((), (), ())
+        """
+        # Trivial cases: polyhedron with 0 vertices
+        if self.n_vertices() == 0:
+            return ((), (), ())
+        # Compute with normaliz
+        cone = self._normaliz_cone
+        compact_part = []
+        recession_cone_part = []
+        lineality_part = []
+        assert cone
+        for g in self._nmz_result(cone, "ModuleGenerators"):
+            assert g[-1] == 1
+            compact_part.append(vector(ZZ, g[:-1]))
+
+        for g in self._nmz_result(cone, "HilbertBasis"):
+            assert g[-1] == 0
+            recession_cone_part.append(vector(ZZ, g[:-1]))
+
+        for g in self._nmz_result(cone, "MaximalSubspace"):
+            assert g[-1] == 0
+            lineality_part.append(vector(ZZ, g[:-1]))
+
+        return tuple(compact_part), tuple(recession_cone_part), tuple(lineality_part)
+
+    def _Hstar_function_normaliz(self, acting_group=None, output=None):
+        r"""
+        Return `H^*` as a rational function in `t` with coefficients in
+        the ring of class functions of the ``acting_group`` of the polytope.
+
+        As in [Stap2011]_, when ``self`` is the polytope `P`,
+        `H^*(t) = (\sum_{m \geq 0} \chi_{mP} t^m)(\det(I-\rho(t)))`.
+        The irreducible characters of ``acting_group`` form an orthonormal basis
+        for the ring of class functions with values in `\CC`.
+        The coefficients of `H^*(t)` are expressed in this basis.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``acting_group`` -- (default=None) a permgroup object. A subgroup of
+          ``self``'s ``restricted_automorphism_group`` output as a permutation.
+          If ``None``, it is set to the full ``restricted_automorphism_group``
+          of ``self``. The acting group should always use output='permutation'.
+
+        - ``output`` -- string. an output option. The allowed values are:
+
+            * ``None`` (default): returns the rational function `H^*(t)`. `H^*` is
+              a rational function in `t` with coefficients in the ring of
+              class functions.
+            * ``'e_series_list'``: string. Returns a list of the ehrhart series
+              for the fixed subpolytopes of each conjugacy class representative.
+            * ``'determinant_vec'``: string. Returns a list of the determinants
+              of `Id-\rho*t` for each conjugacy class representative.
+            * ``'Hstar_as_lin_comb'``: string. Returns a vector of the coefficients
+              of the irreducible representations in the expression of `H^*`.
+            * ``'prod_det_es'``: string. Returns a vector of the product of
+              determinants and the Ehrhart series.
+            * ``'complete'``: string. Returns a dictionary with Hstar,
+              Hstar_as_lin_comb, the conjugacy class representatives,
+              the character table of the acting group, and
+              whether Hstar is effective.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The default output is the rational function `H^*`. `H^*` is a rational
+        function in `t` with coefficients in the ring of class functions.
+        There are several output options to see the intermediary outputs of the
+        function.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The `H^*`-polynomial of the standard `d-1` dimensional simplex
+        `S = conv(e_1, \dots, e_d)` under its ``restricted_automorphism_group``
+        is equal to 1 = `\chi_{trivial}` (Prop 6.1 [Stap2011]_).
+        Here is the computation for the 3-dimensional standard simplex::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: S = polytopes.simplex(3, backend='normaliz'); S
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
+            sage: G = S.restricted_automorphism_group(output='permutation')
+            sage: G.is_isomorphic(SymmetricGroup(4))
+            True
+            sage: len(G)
+            24
+            sage: Hstar = S._Hstar_function_normaliz(G); Hstar
+            chi_4
+            sage: G.character_table()
+            [ 1 -1  1  1 -1]
+            [ 3 -1  0 -1  1]
+            [ 2  0 -1  2  0]
+            [ 3  1  0 -1 -1]
+            [ 1  1  1  1  1]
+
+        The next example is Example 7.6 in [Stap2011]_, and shows that `H^*`
+        is not always a polynomial. Let P be the polytope with vertices
+        `\pm(0,0,1),\pm(1,0,1), \pm(0,1,1), \pm(1,1,1)` and let
+        G = `\Zmod{2}` act on P as follows::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,1], [0,0,-1], [1,0,1], [-1,0,-1],
+            ....:                          [0,1,1], [0,-1,-1], [1,1,1], [-1,-1,-1]],
+            ....:                backend='normaliz')
+            sage: K = P.restricted_automorphism_group(output='permutation')
+            sage: G = K.subgroup(gens=[K([(0,2),(1,3),(4,6),(5,7)])])
+            sage: conj_reps = G.conjugacy_classes_representatives()
+            sage: Dict = P.permutations_to_matrices(conj_reps, acting_group=G)
+            sage: list(Dict.keys())[0]
+            (0,2)(1,3)(4,6)(5,7)
+            sage: list(Dict.values())[0]
+            [-1  0  1  0]
+            [ 0  1  0  0]
+            [ 0  0  1  0]
+            [ 0  0  0  1]
+            sage: len(G)
+            2
+            sage: G.character_table()
+            [ 1  1]
+            [ 1 -1]
+
+        Then we calculate the rational function `H^*(t)`::
+
+            sage: Hst = P._Hstar_function_normaliz(G); Hst                              # needs sage.groups
+            (chi_0*t^4 + (3*chi_0 + 3*chi_1)*t^3
+              + (8*chi_0 + 2*chi_1)*t^2 + (3*chi_0 + 3*chi_1)*t + chi_0)/(t + 1)
+
+        To see the exact as written in [Stap2011]_, we can format it as
+        ``'Hstar_as_lin_comb'``. The first coordinate is the coefficient of the
+        trivial character; the second is the coefficient of the sign character::
+
+            sage: lin = P._Hstar_function_normaliz(G, output='Hstar_as_lin_comb'); lin  # needs sage.groups
+            ((t^4 + 3*t^3 + 8*t^2 + 3*t + 1)/(t + 1), (3*t^3 + 2*t^2 + 3*t)/(t + 1))
+        """
+        from sage.groups.conjugacy_classes import ConjugacyClassGAP
+        from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import CyclotomicField
+        from sage.rings.qqbar import QQbar
+        from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+        from sage.matrix.special import identity_matrix
+        # Setting the group
+        G_perm = self.restricted_automorphism_group(output='permutation')
+
+        if acting_group is not None:
+            if not acting_group.is_subgroup(G_perm):
+                raise TypeError("the 'acting_group' should be a subgroup of the 'restricted_automorphism_group'.")
+            G_perm = acting_group
+        # Create the Gap group one time only (each creation has different conj reps)
+        G_perm_gap = G_perm._libgap_()
+
+        # Fixing the conjugacy classes representatives once and for all
+        cls = G_perm_gap.ConjugacyClasses()
+        L = [cl.Representative() for cl in cls]
+        conj_classes = [ConjugacyClassGAP(G_perm, G_perm.element_class(rep, G_perm, check=False)) for rep in L]
+        conj_reps = [cl[0] for cl in conj_classes]
+
+        # Creating the Character Table
+        n_classes = len(conj_reps)
+        irrG_perm_gap = G_perm_gap.Irr()
+        ct = [[irrG_perm_gap[i, j] for j in range(n_classes)] for i in range(n_classes)]
+        e = irrG_perm_gap.Flat().Conductor()
+        K = CyclotomicField(e)
+        ct = [[K(x) for x in v] for v in ct]
+        # Finally return the result as a matrix.
+        MS = MatrixSpace(K, n_classes)
+        char_initial = MS(ct)
+
+        # A check on whether the character table has permuted columns
+        tbl = G_perm_gap.CharacterTable()
+        perm = tbl.IdentificationOfConjugacyClasses()
+        ident_perm = list(range(1, 1 + n_classes))
+        assert perm == ident_perm, "The conjugacy classes don't match with the character table"
+
+        # Create fixed subpolytopes and their Ehrhart series
+        group_dict = self.permutations_to_matrices(conj_reps, acting_group)
+        fix_polys = self.fixed_subpolytopes(conj_reps)
+        list_es = [fix_polys[g].ehrhart_series() for g in conj_reps]
+
+        # get the list of the denominators det([Id - rho (t)])
+        ring = PolynomialRing(QQbar, 't')
+        det_vector = list()
+        dim = group_dict[G_perm.gens()[0]].dimensions()[0]
+        t = ring.gens()[0]
+        ts_matrix = t * identity_matrix(ring, dim)
+        identity = identity_matrix(ring, dim)
+
+        # ix the determinant if polytope isn't full dimensional
+        codim = self.ambient_dim() - self.dim()
+        for perm in conj_reps:
+            mat = group_dict[perm]
+            mat = mat.change_ring(ring)
+            new_matrix = identity - mat * ts_matrix
+            det = (1 - t)**-codim * (new_matrix.determinant())
+            det_vector.append(det)
+
+        FF = ring.fraction_field()
+        initial_result = vector(FF, [a * b for a, b in zip(det_vector, list_es)])
+        Char = char_initial.change_ring(FF)
+        new_result = Char.solve_left(initial_result)
+
+        new_new_result = self._Hstar_as_rat_fct(new_result)
+        if output is None:
+            return new_new_result
+        if output == 'e_series_list':
+            return list_es
+        if output == 'determinant_vec':
+            return det_vector
+        if output == 'Hstar_as_lin_comb':
+            return new_result
+        if output == 'prod_det_es':
+            return initial_result
+        if output == 'complete':
+            results_dictionary = {}
+            results_dictionary['Hstar'] = new_new_result
+            results_dictionary['Hstar_as_lin_comb'] = new_result
+            results_dictionary['conjugacy_class_reps'] = conj_reps
+            results_dictionary['character_table'] = char_initial
+            results_dictionary['is_effective'] = self._is_effective_normaliz(new_new_result, new_result)
+            return results_dictionary
+
+    def _Hstar_as_rat_fct(self, initial_Hstar):
+        r"""
+        Rewrite the vector representing `H^*(t)` given as a linear combination
+        of the irreducible representations of the acting group as a rational
+        function in `t`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``initial_Hstar`` -- a vector of rational functions in `t`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A rational function in `t` with coefficients in the ring of class functions
+        of ``self.restricted_automorphism_group()``.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The expression of `H^*` as a polynomial in `t` for a 3-dimensional simplex
+        is computed as follows::
+
+            sage: simplex = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,0], [1,0,0],
+            ....:                                [0,1,0], [0,0,1]], backend='normaliz')
+            sage: Hstar = simplex.Hstar_function(); Hstar  # indirect doctest           # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            chi_4
+
+        The polynomial is `\chi_4 \cdot t^0`. We can see which irreducible
+        representation `\chi_4` corresponds to by looking at the character table::
+
+            sage: G = simplex.restricted_automorphism_group(output='permutation')       # needs sage.groups
+            sage: char = G.character_table(); char                                      # needs sage.groups
+            [ 1 -1  1  1 -1]
+            [ 3 -1  0 -1  1]
+            [ 2  0 -1  2  0]
+            [ 3  1  0 -1 -1]
+            [ 1  1  1  1  1]
+
+        Thus `\chi_4` corresponds to the trivial representation of the group, and
+        for every element in the group, it evaluates to 1.
+
+        As another example, we can look at `H^*(t)` for the `\pm 1` square::
+
+            sage: square = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,1], [-1,1], [-1,-1], [1,-1]],
+            ....:                     backend='normaliz')
+            sage: Hstar = square.Hstar_function(); Hstar                                # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            chi_0*t^2 + (2*chi_0 + chi_2 + chi_3 + chi_4)*t + chi_0
+
+        Plugging in the values from the first column of the character table below
+        yields the `h^*`-polynomial of the square, `t^2+6t+1`::
+
+            sage: G = square.restricted_automorphism_group(output='permutation')        # needs sage.groups
+            sage: G.character_table()                                                   # needs sage.groups
+            [ 1  1  1  1  1]
+            [ 1 -1 -1  1  1]
+            [ 1 -1  1 -1  1]
+            [ 1  1 -1 -1  1]
+            [ 2  0  0  0 -2]
+        """
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+        from sage.rings.qqbar import QQbar
+        chi_vars = ','.join(f'chi_{i}' for i in range(len(initial_Hstar)))
+        Chi_ring = PolynomialRing(QQbar, chi_vars)
+        virtual_ring = PolynomialRing(Chi_ring, initial_Hstar.base_ring().gens())
+        fraction_virtual_ring = virtual_ring.fraction_field()
+        return initial_Hstar.change_ring(fraction_virtual_ring) * vector(fraction_virtual_ring, Chi_ring.gens())
+
+    def _is_effective_normaliz(self, Hstar, Hstar_as_lin_comb):
+        r"""
+        Test for the effectiveness of the ``Hstar`` series of this polytope.
+
+        The ``Hstar`` series of the polytope is determined by the action of a
+        subgroup of the polytope's ``restricted_automorphism_group``. The
+        ``Hstar`` series is effective if it is a polynomial in `t` and the
+        coefficient of each `t^i` is an effective character in the ring of
+        class functions of the acting group. A character `\rho` is effective if
+        the coefficients of the irreducible representations in the expression
+        of `\rho` are nonnegative integers.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``Hstar`` -- a rational function in `t` with coefficients in the ring
+          of class functions
+
+        - ``Hstar_as_lin_comb`` -- vector. The coefficients of the irreducible
+          representations of the acting group in the expression of ``Hstar`` as
+          a linear combination of irreducible representations with coefficients
+          in the field of rational functions in `t`.
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean; whether the ``Hstar`` series is effective
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The `H^*` series of the two-dimensional permutahedron under the action
+        of the symmetric group is effective::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: p3 = polytopes.permutahedron(3, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: G = p3.restricted_automorphism_group(output='permutation')
+            sage: reflection12 = G([(0,2),(1,4),(3,5)])
+            sage: reflection23 = G([(0,1),(2,3),(4,5)])
+            sage: S3 = G.subgroup(gens=[reflection12, reflection23])
+            sage: S3.is_isomorphic(SymmetricGroup(3))
+            True
+            sage: Hstar = p3.Hstar_function(S3)                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: Hlin  = p3.Hstar_function(S3, output='Hstar_as_lin_comb')             # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: p3._is_effective_normaliz(Hstar, Hlin)                                # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            True
+
+        If the `H^*`-series is not polynomial, then it is not effective::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,0,1], [0,0,-1], [1,0,1], [-1,0,-1],
+            ....:                          [0,1,1], [0,-1,-1], [1,1,1], [-1,-1,-1]],
+            ....:                backend='normaliz')
+            sage: G = P.restricted_automorphism_group(output='permutation')
+            sage: H = G.subgroup(gens = [G([(0,2),(1,3),(4,6),(5,7)])])
+            sage: Hstar = P.Hstar_function(H); Hstar                                    # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            (chi_0*t^4 + (3*chi_0 + 3*chi_1)*t^3
+              + (8*chi_0 + 2*chi_1)*t^2 + (3*chi_0 + 3*chi_1)*t + chi_0)/(t + 1)
+            sage: Hstar_lin = P.Hstar_function(H, output='Hstar_as_lin_comb')           # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P._is_effective_normaliz(Hstar, Hstar_lin)                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            False
+        """
+        if not Hstar.denominator().is_unit():
+            return False
+        for irrep in range(len(Hstar_as_lin_comb)):
+            coeffs = Hstar_as_lin_comb[irrep].numerator().coefficients()
+            for i in coeffs:
+                if not i.is_integer() or i < 0:
+                    return False
+        return True
+
+
+#########################################################################
+class Polyhedron_ZZ_normaliz(Polyhedron_QQ_normaliz, Polyhedron_ZZ):
+    r"""
+    Polyhedra over `\ZZ` with normaliz.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``Vrep`` -- list ``[vertices, rays, lines]`` or ``None``
+    - ``Hrep`` -- list ``[ieqs, eqns]`` or ``None``
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0), (1,0), (0,1)],
+        ....:                rays=[(1,1)], lines=[],
+        ....:                backend='normaliz', base_ring=ZZ)
+        sage: TestSuite(p).run()
+    """
+    pass