passagemath-objects 10.6.46__cp314-cp314t-macosx_13_0_x86_64.whl

sage/misc/randstate.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,1059 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-objects
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.groups sage.libs.gap sage.libs.ntl sage.libs.pari
+r"""
+Random Number States
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Carl Witty (2008-03): new file
+
+This module manages all the available pseudo-random number generators
+in Sage.  (For the rest of the documentation in this module, we will
+drop the "pseudo".)
+
+The goal is to allow algorithms using random numbers to be
+reproducible from one run of Sage to the next, and (to the extent
+possible) from one machine to the next (even across different
+operating systems and architectures).
+
+There are two parts to the API.  First we will describe the
+command line oriented API, for setting random number generator seeds.
+Then we will describe the library API, for people writing Sage
+library code that uses random numbers.
+
+Command line oriented API
+=========================
+
+We'll start with the simplest usage: setting fixed random number seeds
+and showing that these lead to reproducible results. ::
+
+    sage: K.<x> = QQ[]
+    sage: G = PermutationGroup([[(1,2,3),(4,5)], [(1,2)]])
+    sage: rgp = Gp()
+    sage: def gap_randstring(n):
+    ....:     current_randstate().set_seed_gap()
+    ....:     return gap(n).SCRRandomString()
+    sage: def rtest():
+    ....:     current_randstate().set_seed_gp(rgp)
+    ....:     return (ZZ.random_element(1000), RR.random_element(),
+    ....:             K.random_element(), G.random_element(),
+    ....:             gap_randstring(5),
+    ....:             rgp.random(), ntl.ZZ_random(99999),
+    ....:             random())
+
+The above test shows the results of six different random number
+generators, in three different processes.  The random elements from
+``ZZ``, ``RR``, and ``K`` all derive from a single GMP-based random number
+generator.  The random element from ``G`` comes from a GAP subprocess.
+The random "string" (5-element binary list) is also from a GAP
+subprocess, using the "classical" GAP random generator.
+The random number from ``rgp`` is from a Pari/gp subprocess.  NTL's
+``ZZ_random`` uses a separate NTL random number generator in the main
+Sage process.  And ``random()`` is from a Python :class:`random.Random`
+object.
+
+Here we see that setting the random number seed really does make the
+results of these random number generators reproducible. ::
+
+    sage: set_random_seed(0)
+    sage: print(rtest())
+    (303, -0.266166246380421, 1/2*x^2 - 1/95*x - 1/2, (1,3), [ 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 ], 265625921, 5842, 0.9661911734708414)
+    sage: set_random_seed(1)
+    sage: print(rtest())
+    (978, 0.0557699430711638, -3*x^2 - 1/12, (1,2), [ 0, 0, 1, 1, 0 ], 807447831, 29982, 0.8335077654199736)
+    sage: set_random_seed(2)
+    sage: print(rtest())
+    (207, -0.0141049486533456, 4*x^2 + 1/2, (1,2)(4,5), [ 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 ], 1642898426, 41662, 0.19982565117278328)
+    sage: set_random_seed(0)
+    sage: print(rtest())
+    (303, -0.266166246380421, 1/2*x^2 - 1/95*x - 1/2, (1,3), [ 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 ], 265625921, 5842, 0.9661911734708414)
+    sage: set_random_seed(1)
+    sage: print(rtest())
+    (978, 0.0557699430711638, -3*x^2 - 1/12, (1,2), [ 0, 0, 1, 1, 0 ], 807447831, 29982, 0.8335077654199736)
+    sage: set_random_seed(2)
+    sage: print(rtest())
+    (207, -0.0141049486533456, 4*x^2 + 1/2, (1,2)(4,5), [ 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 ], 1642898426, 41662, 0.19982565117278328)
+
+Once we've set the random number seed, we can check what seed was used.
+(This is not the current random number state; it does not change when
+random numbers are generated.)  ::
+
+    sage: set_random_seed(12345)
+    sage: initial_seed()
+    12345
+    sage: print(rtest())
+    (720, -0.612180244315804, x^2 - x, (1,2,3), [ 1, 0, 0, 0, 1 ], 1911581957, 27093, 0.9205331599518184)
+    sage: initial_seed()
+    12345
+
+If :func:`set_random_seed` is called with no arguments, then a new
+seed is automatically selected.  On operating systems that support it,
+the new seed comes from :func:`os.urandom`; this is intended to be
+a truly random (not pseudo-random), cryptographically secure number.
+(Whether it is actually cryptographically secure depends on operating
+system details that are outside the control of Sage.)
+
+If :func:`os.urandom` is not supported, then the new seed comes
+from the current time, which is definitely not cryptographically
+secure. ::
+
+    sage: set_random_seed()
+    sage: r = rtest()
+    sage: r         # random
+    (909, -0.407373370020575, 6/7*x^2 + 1, (1,2,3)(4,5), 985329107, 21461, 0.30047071049504859)
+
+After setting a new random number seed with :func:`set_random_seed`,
+we can use :func:`initial_seed` to see what seed was automatically
+selected, and call :func:`set_random_seed` to restart the same
+random number sequence. ::
+
+    sage: s = initial_seed()
+    sage: s         # random
+    336237747258024892084418842839280045662
+    sage: set_random_seed(s)
+    sage: r2 = rtest()
+    sage: r == r2
+    True
+
+Whenever Sage starts, :func:`set_random_seed` is called just before
+command line interaction starts; so every Sage run starts with a
+different random number seed.  This seed can be recovered with
+:func:`initial_seed()` (as long as the user has not set a different
+seed with :func:`set_random_seed`), so that the results of this run
+can be reproduced in another run; or this automatically selected seed
+can be overridden with, for instance, ``set_random_seed(0)``.
+
+We can demonstrate this startup behavior by running a new instance of
+Sage as a subprocess.  ::
+
+    sage: subsage = Sage()
+    sage: s = ZZ(subsage('initial_seed()'))
+    sage: r = ZZ(subsage('ZZ.random_element(2^200)'))
+    sage: s         # random
+    161165040149656168853863459174502758403
+    sage: r         # random
+    1273828861620427462924151488498075119241254209468761367941442
+    sage: set_random_seed(s)
+    sage: r == ZZ.random_element(2^200)
+    True
+
+Note that wrappers of all the random number generation methods from
+Python's :mod:`random` module are available at the Sage command
+line, and these wrappers are properly affected by :meth:`set_random_seed`. ::
+
+    sage: set_random_seed(0)
+    sage: random(), getrandbits(20), uniform(5.0, 10.0), normalvariate(0, 1)
+    (0.111439293741037, 539332, 8.26785106378383, 1.3893337539828183)
+    sage: set_random_seed(1)
+    sage: random(), getrandbits(20), uniform(5.0, 10.0), normalvariate(0, 1)
+    (0.8294022851874259, 624859, 5.77894484361117, -0.4201366826308758)
+    sage: set_random_seed(0)
+    sage: random(), getrandbits(20), uniform(5.0, 10.0), normalvariate(0, 1)
+    (0.111439293741037, 539332, 8.26785106378383, 1.3893337539828183)
+
+That pretty much covers what you need to know for command-line use of
+this module.  Now let's move to what authors of Sage library code
+need to know about the module.
+
+
+Library API
+===========
+
+First, we'll cover doctesting.  Every docstring now has an implicit
+``set_random_seed(0)`` prepended.  Any uses of ``# random`` that
+are based on random numbers under the control of this module should be
+removed, and the reproducible answers inserted instead.
+
+This practice has two potential drawbacks.  First, it increases the work
+of maintaining doctests. For instance, in a long docstring that has
+many doctests that depend on random numbers, a change near the beginning
+(for instance, adding a new doctest) may invalidate all later doctests
+in the docstring.  To reduce this downside, you may add calls to
+``set_random_seed(0)`` throughout the docstring (in the extreme case,
+before every doctest).
+
+Second, the ``# random`` in the doctest served as a signal to the
+reader of the docstring that the result was unpredictable and that it
+would not be surprising to get a different result when trying out the
+examples in the doctest.  If a doctest specifically refers to
+``ZZ.random_element()`` (for instance), this is presumably enough
+of a signal to render this function of ``# random`` unnecessary.
+However, some doctests are not obviously (from the name) random, but
+do depend on random numbers internally, such as the
+:meth:`composition_series <sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup.PermutationGroup_generic.composition_series>`
+method of a ``PermutationGroup``.  In these cases, the convention is to insert
+the following text at the beginning of the ``EXAMPLES`` section. ::
+
+     These computations use pseudo-random numbers, so we set the
+     seed for reproducible testing.
+
+         sage: set_random_seed(0)
+
+Note that this call to ``set_random_seed(0)`` is redundant, since
+``set_random_seed(0)`` is automatically inserted at the beginning
+of every docstring. However, it makes the example reproducible for somebody
+who just types the lines from the doctest and doesn't know about the
+automatic ``set_random_seed(0)``.
+
+Next, let's cover setting the random seed from library code.  The
+first rule is that library code should never call
+:func:`set_random_seed`. This function is only for command-line
+use.  Instead, if the library code wants to use a different random
+seed, it should use ``with seed(s):``. This will use the new seed
+within the scope of the ``with`` statement, but will revert to the previous
+seed once the ``with`` statement is completed.  (Or the library can use
+``with seed():`` to get a seed automatically selected using
+:func:`os.urandom()` or the current time, in the same way as described for
+:func:`set_random_seed` above.)
+
+Ideally, using ``with seed(s):`` should not affect the outer random
+number sequence at all; we will call this property "isolation."  We
+achieve isolation for most, but not all, of the random number generators
+in Sage (we fail for generators, such as NTL, that do not provide an API
+to retrieve the current random number state).
+
+We'll demonstrate isolation.  First, we show the sequence of random numbers
+that you get without intervening ``with seed``. ::
+
+    sage: set_random_seed(0)
+    sage: r1 = rtest(); print(r1)
+    (303, -0.266166246380421, 1/2*x^2 - 1/95*x - 1/2, (1,3), [ 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 ], 265625921, 5842, 0.9661911734708414)
+    sage: r2 = rtest(); print(r2)
+    (105, 0.642309615982449, -x^2 - x - 6, (1,3)(4,5), [ 1, 0, 0, 0, 1 ], 53231108, 77132, 0.001767155077382232)
+
+We get slightly different results with an intervening ``with seed``. ::
+
+    sage: set_random_seed(0)
+    sage: r1 == rtest()
+    True
+    sage: with seed(1): rtest()
+    (978, 0.0557699430711638, -3*x^2 - 1/12, (1,2), [ 0, 0, 1, 1, 0 ], 807447831, 29982, 0.8335077654199736)
+    sage: r2m = rtest(); r2m
+    (105, 0.642309615982449, -x^2 - x - 6, (1,3)(4,5), [ 1, 0, 0, 0, 1 ], 53231108, 40267, 0.001767155077382232)
+    sage: r2m == r2
+    False
+
+We can see that ``r2`` and ``r2m`` are the same except for the
+call to :func:`ntl.ZZ_random`, which produces different results
+with and without the ``with seed``.
+
+However, we do still get a partial form of isolation, even in this
+case, as we see in this example::
+
+    sage: set_random_seed(0)
+    sage: r1 == rtest()
+    True
+    sage: with seed(1):
+    ....:     print(rtest())
+    ....:     print(rtest())
+    (978, 0.0557699430711638, -3*x^2 - 1/12, (1,2), [ 0, 0, 1, 1, 0 ], 807447831, 29982, 0.8335077654199736)
+    (138, -0.0404945051288503, 2*x - 24, (1,2,3), [ 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 ], 1010791326, 91360, 0.0033332230808060803)
+    sage: r2m == rtest()
+    True
+
+The NTL results after the ``with seed`` don't depend on how many
+NTL random numbers were generated inside the ``with seed``.
+
+    sage: set_random_seed(0)
+    sage: r1 == rtest()
+    True
+    sage: with seed(1):
+    ....:     rtest()
+    (978, 0.0557699430711638, -3*x^2 - 1/12, (1,2), [ 0, 0, 1, 1, 0 ], 807447831, 29982, 0.8335077654199736)
+    sage: r2m == rtest()
+    True
+
+(In general, the above code is not exactly equivalent to the ``with``
+statement, because if an exception happens in the body, the real
+``with`` statement will pass the exception information as parameters to
+the ``__exit__`` method.  However, our ``__exit__`` method
+ignores the exception information anyway, so the above is equivalent in
+our case.)
+
+
+Generating random numbers in library code
+=========================================
+
+Now we come to the last part of the documentation: actually generating
+random numbers in library code.  First, the easy case. If you generate
+random numbers only by calling other Sage library code (such as
+``random_element`` methods on parents), you don't need to do
+anything special; the other code presumably already interacts with
+this module correctly.
+
+Otherwise, it depends on what random number generator you want to use.
+
+- ``gmp_randstate_t`` -- if you want to use some random number
+  generator that takes a ``gmp_randstate_t`` (like ``mpz_urandomm`` or
+  ``mpfr_urandomb``), then use code like the following::
+
+    from sage.misc.randstate cimport randstate, current_randstate
+    ...
+
+    cdef randstate rstate = current_randstate()
+
+  Then a ``gmp_randstate_t`` is available as ``rstate.gmp_state``.
+
+  Fetch the current :class:`randstate` with ``current_randstate()`` in
+  every function that wants to use it; don't cache it globally or in a
+  class.  (Such caching would break ``set_random_seed``).
+
+- ``Python`` -- if you want to use the random number generators from
+  the :mod:`random` module, you have two choices.  The slightly
+  easier choice is to import functions from
+  :mod:`sage.misc.prandom`; for instance, you can simply replace
+  ``from random import randrange`` with
+  ``from sage.misc.prandom import randrange``.  However, this is slightly less
+  efficient, because the wrappers in :mod:`sage.misc.prandom` look up the
+  current :class:`randstate` on each call.  If you're generating many
+  random numbers in a row, it's faster to instead do ::
+
+    from sage.misc.randstate import current_randstate ...
+
+    randrange = current_randstate().python_random().randrange
+
+  Fetch the current :class:`randstate` with
+  :func:`current_randstate()` in every function that wants to use it;
+  don't cache the :class:`randstate`, the :class:`Random` object
+  returned by ``python_random``, or the bound methods on that
+  :class:`Random` object globally or in a class.  (Such caching would
+  break ``set_random_seed``).
+
+- ``GAP`` -- if you are calling code in GAP that uses random numbers,
+  call ``set_seed_gap`` at the beginning of your function, like this::
+
+    from sage.misc.randstate import current_randstate
+    ...
+
+    current_randstate().set_seed_gap()
+
+  Fetch the current :class:`randstate` with
+  :func:`current_randstate()` in every function that wants to use it;
+  don't cache it globally or in a class.  (Such caching would break
+  ``set_random_seed``).
+
+- ``Pari`` -- if you are calling code in the Pari library that uses
+  random numbers, call ``set_seed_pari`` at the beginning of your
+  function, like this::
+
+    from sage.misc.randstate import current_randstate
+    ...
+
+    current_randstate().set_seed_pari()
+
+  Fetch the current :class:`randstate` with
+  :func:`current_randstate()` in every function that wants to use it;
+  don't cache it globally or in a class.  (Such caching would break
+  ``set_random_seed``).
+
+- ``Pari/gp`` -- if you are calling code in a Pari/gp subprocess that
+  uses random numbers, call ``set_seed_gp`` at the beginning of your
+  function, like this::
+
+    from sage.misc.randstate import current_randstate
+    ...
+
+    current_randstate().set_seed_gp()
+
+  This will set the seed in the gp process in ``sage.interfaces.gp.gp``.
+  If you have a different gp process, say in the variable ``my_gp``, then
+  call ``set_seed_gp(my_gp)`` instead.
+
+  Fetch the current :class:`randstate` with :func:`current_randstate()` in
+  every function that wants to use it; don't cache it globally or
+  in a class.  (Such caching would break ``set_random_seed``).
+
+- ``NTL`` -- if you are calling code in the NTL library that uses
+  random numbers, call ``set_seed_ntl`` at the beginning of your
+  function, like this::
+
+    from sage.misc.randstate import current_randstate ...
+
+    current_randstate().set_seed_ntl(False)
+
+  Fetch the current :class:`randstate` with
+  :func:`current_randstate()` in every function that wants to use it;
+  don't cache it globally or in a class.  (Such caching would break
+  ``set_random_seed``).
+
+- ``libc`` -- if you are writing code that calls the libc function
+  :func:`random()`: don't!  The :func:`random()` function does not
+  give reproducible results across different operating systems, so we
+  can't make portable doctests for the results.  Instead, do::
+
+    from sage.misc.randstate cimport random
+
+  The :func:`random` function in :mod:`sage.misc.randstate` gives a
+  31-bit random number, but it uses the ``gmp_randstate_t`` in the
+  current :class:`randstate`, so it is portable.  (This range was
+  chosen for two reasons: it matches the range of random() on 32-bit
+  and 64-bit Linux, although not Solaris; and it's the largest range
+  of nonnegative numbers that fits in a 32-bit signed integer.)
+
+  However, you may still need to set the libc random number state; for
+  instance, if you are wrapping a library that uses :func:`random()`
+  internally and you don't want to change the library.  In that case,
+  call ``set_seed_libc`` at the beginning of your function, like this::
+
+    from sage.misc.randstate import current_randstate
+    ...
+
+    current_randstate().set_seed_libc(False)
+
+  Fetch the current :class:`randstate` with
+  :func:`current_randstate()` in every function that wants to use it;
+  don't cache it globally or in a class.  (Such caching would break
+  ``set_random_seed``).
+
+
+Classes and methods
+===================
+"""
+
+cdef extern from "stdlib.h":
+    # Provide equivalent functions for Windows.
+    """
+    #ifdef _WIN32
+    #include <stdlib.h>
+    static inline void srandom(unsigned int seed)
+    {
+        srand(seed);
+    }
+
+    static inline long int random(void)
+    {
+        return rand();
+    }
+    #endif
+    """
+    long c_libc_random "random"()
+    void c_libc_srandom "srandom"(unsigned int seed)
+
+from sage.libs.gmp.all cimport *
+
+import binascii
+import os
+import time
+import weakref
+import random as _random
+
+use_urandom = False
+# Check whether os.urandom() works.
+try:
+    os.urandom(1)
+    use_urandom = True
+except NotImplementedError:
+    pass
+
+# Holds the current randstate object.
+cdef randstate _current_randstate
+
+# For each kind of random number generator, keep track of which
+# randstate object was the most recent one to seed it.  (Before
+# the generator has been seeded, these will be None.)
+cdef randstate _libc_seed_randstate
+cdef randstate _ntl_seed_randstate
+cdef randstate _gap_seed_randstate
+cdef randstate _pari_seed_randstate
+# For each gp subprocess that has been seeded, keep track of which
+# randstate object was the most recent one to seed it.
+_gp_seed_randstates = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+cpdef randstate current_randstate():
+    r"""
+    Return the current random number state.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: set_random_seed(0)
+        sage: current_randstate()
+        <sage.misc.randstate.randstate object at 0x...>
+        sage: current_randstate().python_random().random()
+        0.111439293741037
+    """
+    return _current_randstate
+
+# Keep track of the stack of randstates involved in "with seed(s):".
+randstate_stack = []
+
+# Default class to use for randstate.python_random
+DEFAULT_PYTHON_RANDOM = _random.Random
+
+# The following components of Sage use random numbers that I have not
+# figured out how to seed: fpLLL, mwrank, mpfi
+# (there are probably others; these are the ones I noticed while trying
+# to remove "# random" from doctests)
+
+cdef class randstate:
+    r"""
+    The :class:`randstate` class.  This class keeps track of random number
+    states and seeds.  Type ``sage.misc.randstate?`` for much more
+    information on random numbers in Sage.
+    """
+    def __cinit__(self, *args, **opts):
+        """
+        Initialise c-data for randstate, in a fail-safe way.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The following used to segfault (see :issue:`10113`). Now,
+        there is a proper type error::
+
+            sage: seed(1,2)   # indirect doctest
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: ...__init__() takes at most 1 positional argument (2 given)
+
+        AUTHOR:
+
+        - Simon King <simon.king@uni-jena.de>
+        """
+        gmp_randinit_default(self.gmp_state)
+
+    def __init__(self, seed=None):
+        r"""
+        Initialize a new :class:`randstate` object with the given seed
+        (which must be coercible to a Python long).
+
+        If no seed is given, then a seed is automatically selected
+        using :func:`os.urandom` if it is available, or the current
+        time otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.randstate import randstate
+            sage: r = randstate(54321); r
+            <sage.misc.randstate.randstate object at 0x...>
+            sage: r.seed()
+            54321
+            sage: r = randstate(); r
+            <sage.misc.randstate.randstate object at 0x...>
+            sage: r.seed()     # random
+            305866218880103397618377824640007711767
+
+        Note that creating a :class:`randstate` with a seed of 0
+        is vastly faster than any other seed (over a thousand times
+        faster in my test). ::
+
+            sage: timeit('randstate(0)') # random
+            625 loops, best of 3: 1.38 us per loop
+            sage: timeit('randstate(1)') # random
+            125 loops, best of 3: 3.59 ms per loop
+        """
+        cdef mpz_t mpz_seed
+
+        if seed is None:
+            if use_urandom:
+                seed = int(binascii.hexlify(os.urandom(16)), 16)
+            else:
+                seed = int(time.time() * 256)
+        else:
+            seed = int(seed)
+
+        # If seed==0, leave it at the default seed used by
+        # gmp_randinit_default()
+        if seed:
+            mpz_init(mpz_seed)
+            mpz_set_pylong(mpz_seed, seed)
+            gmp_randseed(self.gmp_state, mpz_seed)
+            mpz_clear(mpz_seed)
+
+        self._seed = seed
+
+    def seed(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the initial seed of a :class:`randstate` object.  (This is not
+        the current state; it does not change when you get random
+        numbers.)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: set_random_seed(0)
+            sage: from sage.misc.randstate import randstate
+            sage: r = randstate(314159)
+            sage: r.seed()
+            314159
+            sage: r.python_random().random()
+            0.111439293741037
+            sage: r.seed()
+            314159
+        """
+        return self._seed
+
+    def python_random(self, cls=None, seed=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a :class:`random.Random` object.  The first time it is
+        called on a given :class:`randstate`, a new :class:`random.Random`
+        is created (seeded from the *current* :class:`randstate`);
+        the same object is returned on subsequent calls.
+
+        It is expected that ``python_random`` will only be
+        called on the current :class:`randstate`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``cls`` -- (optional) a class with the same interface as
+          :class:`random.Random` (e.g. a subclass thereof) to use as the
+          Python RNG interface.  Otherwise the standard :class:`random.Random`
+          is used.
+
+        - ``seed`` -- (optional) an integer to seed the :class:`random.Random`
+          instance with upon creation; if not specified it is seeded using
+          ``ZZ.random_element(1 << 128)``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: set_random_seed(5)
+            sage: rnd = current_randstate().python_random()
+            sage: rnd.random()
+            0.013558022446944151
+            sage: rnd.randrange(1000)
+            544
+        """
+
+        if cls is None:
+            cls = DEFAULT_PYTHON_RANDOM
+
+        if type(self._python_random) is cls:
+            return self._python_random
+
+        from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+        rand = cls()
+        if seed is None:
+            rand.seed(int(ZZ.random_element(1<<128)))
+        else:
+            rand.seed(int(seed))
+        self._python_random = rand
+        return rand
+
+    cpdef ZZ_seed(self):
+        r"""
+        When called on the current :class:`randstate`, returns a 128-bit
+        :mod:`Integer <sage.rings.integer_ring>` suitable for seeding another
+        random number generator.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: set_random_seed(1414)
+            sage: current_randstate().ZZ_seed()
+            48314508034782595865062786044921182484
+        """
+        from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+        return ZZ.random_element(1<<128)
+
+    cpdef long_seed(self):
+        r"""
+        When called on the current :class:`randstate`, returns a 128-bit
+        Python long suitable for seeding another random number generator.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: set_random_seed(1618)
+            sage: current_randstate().long_seed()
+            256056279774514099508607350947089272595
+        """
+        from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+        return int(ZZ.random_element(1<<128))
+
+    cpdef set_seed_libc(self, bint force):
+        r"""
+        Check to see if ``self`` was the most recent :class:`randstate`
+        to seed the libc random number generator.  If not, seeds the
+        libc random number generator.  (Do not use the libc random
+        number generator if you have a choice; its randomness is poor,
+        and the random number sequences it produces are not portable
+        across operating systems.)
+
+        If the argument ``force`` is ``True``, seeds the generator
+        unconditionally.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.randstate import _doctest_libc_random
+            sage: set_random_seed(0xBAD)
+            sage: current_randstate().set_seed_libc(False)
+            sage: _doctest_libc_random()   # random
+            1070075918
+        """
+        global _libc_seed_randstate
+        if force or _libc_seed_randstate is not self:
+            c_libc_srandom(gmp_urandomb_ui(self.gmp_state, sizeof(int)*8))
+            _libc_seed_randstate = self
+
+    cpdef set_seed_ntl(self, bint force):
+        r"""
+        Check to see if ``self`` was the most recent :class:`randstate`
+        to seed the NTL random number generator.  If not, seeds
+        the generator.  If the argument ``force`` is ``True``,
+        seeds the generator unconditionally.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: set_random_seed(2008)
+
+        This call is actually redundant; :func:`ntl.ZZ_random` will
+        seed the generator itself.  However, we put the call in
+        to make the coverage tester happy. ::
+
+            sage: current_randstate().set_seed_ntl(False)
+            sage: ntl.ZZ_random(10^40)
+            1495283511775355459459209288047895196007
+        """
+        global _ntl_seed_randstate
+        if force or _ntl_seed_randstate is not self:
+            import sage.libs.ntl.ntl_ZZ as ntl_ZZ
+            from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+            ntl_ZZ.ntl_setSeed(ZZ.random_element(1<<128))
+            _ntl_seed_randstate = self
+
+    def set_seed_gap(self):
+        r"""
+        Check to see if ``self`` was the most recent :class:`randstate`
+        to seed the GAP random number generator.  If not, seeds
+        the generator.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: set_random_seed(99900000999)
+            sage: current_randstate().set_seed_gap()
+            sage: gap.Random(1, 10^50)
+            1496738263332555434474532297768680634540939580077
+            sage: gap(35).SCRRandomString()
+            [ 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+              1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1 ]
+        """
+        global _gap_seed_randstate
+        if _gap_seed_randstate is not self:
+            from sage.interfaces.gap import gap
+
+            if self._gap_saved_seed is not None:
+                mersenne_seed, classic_seed = self._gap_saved_seed
+            else:
+                from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+                seed = ZZ.random_element(1<<128)
+                classic_seed = seed
+                mersenne_seed = seed
+
+            prev_mersenne_seed = gap.Reset(gap.GlobalMersenneTwister, mersenne_seed)
+            prev_classic_seed = gap.Reset(gap.GlobalRandomSource, classic_seed)
+
+            if _gap_seed_randstate is not None:
+                _gap_seed_randstate._gap_saved_seed = \
+                    prev_mersenne_seed, prev_classic_seed
+
+            _gap_seed_randstate = self
+
+    def set_seed_gp(self, gp=None):
+        r"""
+        Check to see if ``self`` was the most recent :class:`randstate`
+        to seed the random number generator in the given instance
+        of gp.  (If no instance is given, uses the one in
+        :class:`gp <sage.interfaces.gp.Gp>`.)  If not, seeds the generator.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: set_random_seed(987654321)
+            sage: current_randstate().set_seed_gp()
+            sage: gp.random()
+            23289294
+        """
+        if gp is None:
+            import sage.interfaces.gp
+            gp = sage.interfaces.gp.gp
+
+        cdef randstate prev
+
+        try:
+            prev = _gp_seed_randstates[gp]
+        except KeyError:
+            prev = None
+
+        if prev is not self:
+            if self._gp_saved_seeds is not None and gp in self._gp_saved_seeds:
+                seed = self._gp_saved_seeds[gp]
+            else:
+                seed = self.c_random()
+
+            prev_seed = gp.getrand()
+            gp.setrand(seed)
+
+            if prev is not None:
+                if prev._gp_saved_seeds is None:
+                    prev._gp_saved_seeds = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+                prev._gp_saved_seeds[gp] = prev_seed
+
+            _gp_seed_randstates[gp] = self
+
+    def set_seed_pari(self):
+        r"""
+        Check to see if ``self`` was the most recent :class:`randstate` to
+        seed the Pari random number generator.  If not, seeds the
+        generator.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           Since pari 2.4.3, pari's random number generator has
+           changed a lot.  the seed output by getrand() is now a
+           vector of integers.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: set_random_seed(5551212)
+            sage: current_randstate().set_seed_pari()
+            sage: pari.getrand().type()
+            't_INT'
+        """
+        global _pari_seed_randstate
+        if _pari_seed_randstate is not self:
+            from sage.libs.pari import pari
+
+            if self._pari_saved_seed is not None:
+                seed = self._pari_saved_seed
+            else:
+                seed = self.c_random()
+
+            prev_seed = pari.getrand()
+            pari.setrand(seed)
+
+            if _pari_seed_randstate is not None:
+                _pari_seed_randstate._pari_saved_seed = prev_seed
+
+            _pari_seed_randstate = self
+
+    cpdef int c_random(self) noexcept:
+        r"""
+        Return a 31-bit random number.  Intended for internal
+        use only; instead of calling ``current_randstate().c_random()``,
+        it is equivalent (but probably faster) to call the
+        :meth:`random <sage.misc.randstate.random>` method of this
+        :class:`randstate` class.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: set_random_seed(1207)
+            sage: current_randstate().c_random()
+            2008037228
+
+        We verify the equivalence mentioned above. ::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.randstate import random
+            sage: set_random_seed(1207)
+            sage: random()
+            2008037228
+        """
+        return gmp_urandomb_ui(self.gmp_state, 31)
+
+    cpdef double c_rand_double(self) noexcept:
+        r"""
+        Return a random floating-point number between 0 and 1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: set_random_seed(2718281828)
+            sage: current_randstate().c_rand_double()
+            0.22437207488974298
+        """
+        cdef double a = gmp_urandomb_ui(self.gmp_state, 25) * (1.0 / 33554432.0)  # divide by 2^25
+        cdef double b = gmp_urandomb_ui(self.gmp_state, 28) * (1.0 / 9007199254740992.0)  # divide by 2^53
+        return a+b
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        r"""
+        Free up the memory from the ``gmp_randstate_t`` in a
+        :class:`randstate`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.randstate import randstate
+            sage: foo = randstate()
+            sage: foo = None
+        """
+        gmp_randclear(self.gmp_state)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        r"""
+        Use a :class:`randstate` object as a ``with`` statement context
+        manager; switches this :class:`randstate` to be the current
+        :class:`randstate`, to be switched back on exit from the ``with``
+        statement.
+
+        For this purpose, we usually use the ``seed`` alias for
+        :class:`randstate`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.randstate import randstate
+            sage: seed is randstate
+            True
+            sage: set_random_seed(-12345)
+            sage: ZZ.random_element(10^30)
+            197130468050826967386035500824
+            sage: ZZ.random_element(10^30)
+            601704412330400807050962541983
+            sage: set_random_seed(-12345)
+            sage: ZZ.random_element(10^30)
+            197130468050826967386035500824
+            sage: with seed(12345):
+            ....:     ZZ.random_element(10^30)
+            197130468050826967386035500824
+            sage: ZZ.random_element(10^30)
+            601704412330400807050962541983
+        """
+        global _current_randstate
+        randstate_stack.append(_current_randstate)
+        _current_randstate = self
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, ty, value, traceback):
+        r"""
+        Use a :class:`randstate` object as a ``with`` statement context
+        manager; restores the previous :class:`randstate` as the current
+        :class:`randstate`.
+
+        For this purpose, we usually use the ``seed`` alias for
+        :class:`randstate`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.randstate import randstate
+            sage: seed is randstate
+            True
+            sage: set_random_seed(-12345)
+            sage: ZZ.random_element(10^30)
+            197130468050826967386035500824
+            sage: ZZ.random_element(10^30)
+            601704412330400807050962541983
+            sage: set_random_seed(-12345)
+            sage: ZZ.random_element(10^30)
+            197130468050826967386035500824
+            sage: with seed(12345):
+            ....:     ZZ.random_element(10^30)
+            197130468050826967386035500824
+            sage: ZZ.random_element(10^30)
+            601704412330400807050962541983
+        """
+        global _current_randstate
+        _current_randstate = randstate_stack.pop()
+        return False
+
+
+cpdef set_random_seed(seed=None):
+    r"""
+    Set the current random number seed from the given ``seed``
+    (which must be coercible to a Python long).
+
+    If no seed is given, then a seed is automatically selected
+    using :func:`os.urandom` if it is available, or the current
+    time otherwise.
+
+    Type ``sage.misc.randstate?`` for much more
+    information on random numbers in Sage.
+
+    This function is only intended for command line use.  Never call
+    this from library code; instead, use ``with seed(s):``.
+
+    Note that setting the random number seed to 0 is much faster than
+    using any other number.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: set_random_seed(5)
+        sage: initial_seed()
+        5
+    """
+    global _current_randstate
+    _current_randstate = randstate(seed)
+
+set_random_seed()
+
+# Create an alias for randstate to be used in context managers
+seed = randstate
+
+cpdef int random() noexcept:
+    r"""
+    Return a 31-bit random number.  Intended as a drop-in replacement for
+    the libc :func:`random()` function.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: set_random_seed(31)
+        sage: from sage.misc.randstate import random
+        sage: random()
+        32990711
+    """
+    return gmp_urandomb_ui(_current_randstate.gmp_state, 31)
+
+
+def initial_seed():
+    r"""
+    Return the initial seed used to create the current :class:`randstate`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: set_random_seed(42)
+        sage: initial_seed()
+        42
+
+    If you set a random seed (by failing to specify the seed), this is how
+    you retrieve the seed actually chosen by Sage.  This can also be
+    used to retrieve the seed chosen for a new Sage run (if the user
+    has not used ``set_random_seed()``). ::
+
+        sage: set_random_seed()
+        sage: initial_seed()          # random
+        121030915255244661507561642968348336774
+    """
+    return _current_randstate._seed
+
+
+def benchmark_libc():
+    r"""
+    This function was used to test whether moving from libc to GMP's
+    Mersenne Twister for random numbers would be a significant slowdown.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.randstate import benchmark_libc, benchmark_mt
+        sage: timeit('benchmark_libc()')  # random
+        125 loops, best of 3: 1.95 ms per loop
+        sage: timeit('benchmark_mt()')    # random
+        125 loops, best of 3: 2.12 ms per loop
+    """
+    for _ in range(100000):
+        c_libc_random()
+
+
+def benchmark_mt():
+    r"""
+    This function was used to test whether moving from libc to GMP's
+    Mersenne Twister for random numbers would be a significant slowdown.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.randstate import benchmark_libc, benchmark_mt
+        sage: timeit('benchmark_libc()')  # random
+        125 loops, best of 3: 1.95 ms per loop
+        sage: timeit('benchmark_mt()')    # random
+        125 loops, best of 3: 2.11 ms per loop
+    """
+    cdef int i
+    cdef randstate rstate = _current_randstate
+    for i from 0 <= i < 100000:
+        gmp_urandomb_ui(rstate.gmp_state, 32)
+
+
+cpdef int _doctest_libc_random() noexcept:
+    r"""
+    Return the result of :func:`random()` from libc.
+
+    Only for use in doctests; this should not actually be used in Sage,
+    since the resulting random number stream is not portable across
+    operating systems.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.randstate import _doctest_libc_random
+        sage: _doctest_libc_random()     # random
+        910236436
+    """
+    return c_libc_random()