passagemath-ntl 10.6.36__cp314-cp314t-manylinux_2_24_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage/rings/polynomial/polynomial_template.pxi

@@ -0,0 +1,842 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-ntl
+"""
+Polynomial Template for C/C++ Library Interfaces
+"""
+
+# ***************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2008 Martin Albrecht <M.R.Albrecht@rhul.ac.uk>
+#       Copyright (C) 2008 Robert Bradshaw
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ***************************************************************************
+
+
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_element cimport Polynomial
+from sage.structure.element cimport ModuleElement, Element, RingElement
+from sage.structure.element import coerce_binop
+from sage.structure.richcmp cimport rich_to_bool
+from sage.rings.fraction_field_element import FractionFieldElement
+from sage.rings.integer cimport Integer
+
+try:
+    from cypari2.gen import Gen as pari_gen
+except ImportError:
+    pari_gen = ()
+
+import operator
+
+
+def make_element(parent, args):
+    return parent(*args)
+
+
+cdef inline Polynomial_template element_shift(self, int n):
+     if not isinstance(self, Polynomial_template):
+         if n > 0:
+             error_msg = "Cannot shift %s << %n." % (self, n)
+         else:
+             error_msg = "Cannot shift %s >> %n." % (self, n)
+         raise TypeError(error_msg)
+
+     if n == 0:
+         return self
+
+     cdef celement *gen = celement_new((<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+     celement_gen(gen, 0, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+     celement_pow(gen, gen, abs(n), NULL, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+     cdef type T = type(self)
+     cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+     celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+     r._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+     r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+
+     if n > 0:
+         celement_mul(&r.x, &(<Polynomial_template>self).x, gen, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+     else:
+         celement_floordiv(&r.x, &(<Polynomial_template>self).x, gen, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+     celement_delete(gen, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+     return r
+
+cdef class Polynomial_template(Polynomial):
+    r"""
+    Template for interfacing to external C / C++ libraries for implementations of polynomials.
+
+    AUTHORS:
+
+    - Robert Bradshaw (2008-10): original idea for templating
+    - Martin Albrecht (2008-10): initial implementation
+
+    This file implements a simple templating engine for linking univariate
+    polynomials to their C/C++ library implementations. It requires a
+    'linkage' file which implements the ``celement_`` functions (see
+    :mod:`sage.libs.ntl.ntl_GF2X_linkage` for an example). Both parts are
+    then plugged together by inclusion of the linkage file when inheriting from
+    this class. See :mod:`sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_gf2x` for an
+    example.
+
+    We illustrate the generic glueing using univariate polynomials over
+    `\mathop{\mathrm{GF}}(2)`.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        Implementations using this template MUST implement coercion from base
+        ring elements and :meth:`get_unsafe`. See
+        :class:`~sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_gf2x.Polynomial_GF2X` for an
+        example.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, x=None, check=True, is_gen=False, construct=False):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: P(0)
+            0
+            sage: P(GF(2)(1))
+            1
+            sage: P(3)
+            1
+            sage: P([1,0,1])
+            x^2 + 1
+            sage: P(list(map(GF(2),[1,0,1])))
+            x^2 + 1
+        """
+        cdef celement *gen
+        cdef celement *monomial
+        cdef Py_ssize_t deg
+
+        Polynomial.__init__(self, parent, is_gen=is_gen)
+
+        (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent = get_cparent(self._parent)
+
+        if is_gen:
+            celement_construct(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+            celement_gen(&self.x, 0, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, Polynomial_template):
+            try:
+                celement_construct(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+                celement_set(&self.x, &(<Polynomial_template>x).x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                raise TypeError("%s not understood" % x)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, (int, Integer)):
+            try:
+                celement_construct(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+                celement_set_si(&self.x, int(x), (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                raise TypeError("%s not understood" % x)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, (list, tuple)):
+            celement_construct(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+            gen = celement_new((<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+            monomial = celement_new((<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+            celement_set_si(&self.x, 0, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+            celement_gen(gen, 0, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+            deg = 0
+            for e in x:
+                # r += parent(e)*power
+                celement_pow(monomial, gen, deg, NULL, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+                celement_mul(monomial, &(<Polynomial_template>self.__class__(parent, e)).x, monomial, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+                celement_add(&self.x, &self.x, monomial, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+                deg += 1
+
+            celement_delete(gen, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+            celement_delete(monomial, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, dict):
+            celement_construct(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+            gen = celement_new((<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+            monomial = celement_new((<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+            celement_set_si(&self.x, 0, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+            celement_gen(gen, 0, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+            for deg, coef in x.iteritems():
+                celement_pow(monomial, gen, deg, NULL, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+                celement_mul(monomial, &(<Polynomial_template>self.__class__(parent, coef)).x, monomial, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+                celement_add(&self.x, &self.x, monomial, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+            celement_delete(gen, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+            celement_delete(monomial, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+        elif isinstance(x, pari_gen):
+            k = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent.base_ring()
+            x = [k(w) for w in x.list()]
+            self.__class__.__init__(self, parent, x, check=True, is_gen=False, construct=construct)
+        elif isinstance(x, Polynomial):
+            k = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent.base_ring()
+            x = [k(w) for w in list(x)]
+            Polynomial_template.__init__(self, parent, x, check=True, is_gen=False, construct=construct)
+        elif isinstance(x, FractionFieldElement) and (x.parent().base() is parent or x.parent().base() == parent) and x.denominator() == 1:
+            x = x.numerator()
+            self.__class__.__init__(self, parent, x, check=check, is_gen=is_gen, construct=construct)
+        else:
+            x = parent.base_ring()(x)
+            self.__class__.__init__(self, parent, x, check=check, is_gen=is_gen, construct=construct)
+
+    def get_cparent(self):
+        return <long> self._cparent
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: loads(dumps(x)) == x
+            True
+        """
+        return make_element, ((<Polynomial_template>self)._parent, (self.list(), False, self.is_gen()))
+
+    cpdef list list(self, bint copy=True):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: x.list()
+            [0, 1]
+            sage: list(x)
+            [0, 1]
+        """
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i
+        return [self[i] for i in range(celement_len(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent))]
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: del x
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The following has been a problem in a preliminary version of
+        :issue:`12313`::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: K.<z> = GF(4)
+            sage: P.<x> = K[]
+            sage: del P
+            sage: del x
+            sage: import gc
+            sage: _ = gc.collect()
+        """
+        celement_destruct(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+    cpdef _add_(self, right):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: x + 1
+            x + 1
+        """
+        cdef type T = type(self)
+        cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+
+        celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        r._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+        celement_add(&r.x, &(<Polynomial_template>self).x, &(<Polynomial_template>right).x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        #assert(r._parent(pari(self) + pari(right)) == r)
+        return r
+
+    cpdef _sub_(self, right):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: x - 1
+            x + 1
+        """
+        cdef type T = type(self)
+        cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        r._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+        celement_sub(&r.x, &(<Polynomial_template>self).x, &(<Polynomial_template>right).x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        #assert(r._parent(pari(self) - pari(right)) == r)
+        return r
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: -x
+            x
+        """
+        cdef type T = type(self)
+        cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        r._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+        celement_neg(&r.x, &self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        #assert(r._parent(-pari(self)) == r)
+        return r
+
+    cpdef _lmul_(self, Element left):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: t = x^2 + x + 1
+            sage: 0*t
+            0
+            sage: 1*t
+            x^2 + x + 1
+
+            sage: R.<y> = GF(5)[]
+            sage: u = y^2 + y + 1
+            sage: 3*u
+            3*y^2 + 3*y + 3
+            sage: 5*u
+            0
+            sage: (2^81)*u
+            2*y^2 + 2*y + 2
+            sage: (-2^81)*u
+            3*y^2 + 3*y + 3
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: t = x^2 + x + 1
+            sage: t*0
+            0
+            sage: t*1
+            x^2 + x + 1
+
+            sage: R.<y> = GF(5)[]
+            sage: u = y^2 + y + 1
+            sage: u*3
+            3*y^2 + 3*y + 3
+            sage: u*5
+            0
+        """
+        cdef type T = type(self)
+        cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        r._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+        celement_mul_scalar(&r.x, &(<Polynomial_template>self).x, left, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        return r
+
+    cpdef _mul_(self, right):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: x*(x+1)
+            x^2 + x
+        """
+        cdef type T = type(self)
+        cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        r._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+        celement_mul(&r.x, &(<Polynomial_template>self).x, &(<Polynomial_template>right).x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        #assert(r._parent(pari(self) * pari(right)) == r)
+        return r
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def gcd(self, Polynomial_template other):
+        """
+        Return the greatest common divisor of ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: f = x*(x+1)
+            sage: f.gcd(x+1)
+            x + 1
+            sage: f.gcd(x^2)
+            x
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Ensure non-invertible elements does not crash Sage (:issue:`37317`)::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = Zmod(4)[]
+            sage: f = R(2 * x)
+            sage: f.gcd(f)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: leading coefficient must be invertible
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: f = x^2 + 3 * x + 1
+            sage: g = x^2 + x + 1
+            sage: f.gcd(g)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            RuntimeError: FLINT gcd calculation failed
+        """
+        if celement_is_zero(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent):
+            return other
+        if celement_is_zero(&other.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent):
+            return self
+        if celement_equal(&self.x, &other.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent):
+            # note: gcd(g, g) "canonicalizes" the generator i.e. make polynomials monic
+            # c.f. ring/ring.pyx:445
+            return self.monic()
+
+        cdef type T = type(self)
+        cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        r._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+        celement_gcd(&r.x, &(<Polynomial_template>self).x, &(<Polynomial_template>other).x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        #assert(r._parent(pari(self).gcd(pari(other))) == r)
+        return r
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def xgcd(self, Polynomial_template other):
+        """
+        Compute extended gcd of ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(7)[]
+            sage: f = x*(x+1)
+            sage: f.xgcd(x+1)
+            (x + 1, 0, 1)
+            sage: f.xgcd(x^2)
+            (x, 1, 6)
+        """
+        if(celement_is_zero(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)):
+            return other, self._parent(0), self._parent(1)
+        if(celement_is_zero(&other.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)):
+            return self, self._parent(1), self._parent(0)
+
+        cdef type T = type(self)
+        cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        r._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+
+        cdef Polynomial_template s = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&s.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        s._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        s._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+
+        cdef Polynomial_template t = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&t.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        t._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        t._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+
+        celement_xgcd(&r.x, &s.x, &t.x, &(<Polynomial_template>self).x, &(<Polynomial_template>other).x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        #rp, sp, tp = pari(self).xgcd(pari(other))
+        #assert(r._parent(rp) == r)
+        #assert(s._parent(sp) == s)
+        #assert(t._parent(tp) == t)
+        return r,s,t
+
+    cpdef _floordiv_(self, right):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: x//(x + 1)
+            1
+            sage: (x + 1)//x
+            1
+            sage: F = GF(47)
+            sage: R.<x> = F[]
+            sage: x // 1
+            x
+            sage: x // F(1)
+            x
+            sage: 1 // x
+            0
+            sage: parent(x // 1)
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field of size 47
+            sage: parent(1 // x)
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field of size 47
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_template _right = <Polynomial_template>right
+
+        if celement_is_zero(&_right.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent):
+            raise ZeroDivisionError
+        cdef type T = type(self)
+        cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        r._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+        #assert(r._parent(pari(self) // pari(right)) == r)
+        celement_floordiv(&r.x, &(<Polynomial_template>self).x, &(<Polynomial_template>right).x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        return r
+
+    cpdef _mod_(self, other):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: (x^2 + 1) % x^2
+            1
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        We test that :issue:`10578` is fixed::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: x % 1r
+            0
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_template _other = <Polynomial_template>other
+
+        if celement_is_zero(&_other.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent):
+            raise ZeroDivisionError
+
+        cdef type T = type(self)
+        cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        r._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+        celement_mod(&r.x, &(<Polynomial_template>self).x, &_other.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        #assert(r._parent(pari(self) % pari(other)) == r)
+        return r
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def quo_rem(self, Polynomial_template right):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: f = x^2 + x + 1
+            sage: f.quo_rem(x + 1)
+            (x, 1)
+        """
+        if celement_is_zero(&right.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent):
+            raise ZeroDivisionError
+
+        cdef type T = type(self)
+        cdef Polynomial_template q = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&q.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        q._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        q._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+
+        cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        r._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+
+        celement_quorem(&q.x, &r.x, &(<Polynomial_template>self).x, &right.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        return q,r
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: bool(x), x.is_zero()
+            (True, False)
+            sage: bool(P(0)), P(0).is_zero()
+            (False, True)
+        """
+        return not celement_is_zero(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+    cpdef _richcmp_(self, other, int op):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: x != 1
+            True
+            sage: x < 1
+            False
+            sage: x > 1
+            True
+        """
+        cdef int c
+        c = celement_cmp(&self.x, &(<Polynomial_template>other).x, self._cparent)
+        return rich_to_bool(op, c)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: {x:1}
+            {x: 1}
+        """
+        cdef long result = 0 # store it in a c-int and just let the overflowing additions wrap
+        cdef long result_mon
+        cdef long c_hash
+        cdef long var_name_hash
+        cdef int i
+        for i from 0<= i <= self.degree():
+            if i == 1:
+                # we delay the hashing until now to not waste it one a constant poly
+                var_name_hash = hash(self.variable_name())
+            #  I'm assuming (incorrectly) that hashes of zero indicate that the element is 0.
+            # This assumption is not true, but I think it is true enough for the purposes and it
+            # it allows us to write fast code that omits terms with 0 coefficients.  This is
+            # important if we want to maintain the '==' relationship with sparse polys.
+            c_hash = hash(self[i])
+            if c_hash != 0:
+                if i == 0:
+                    result += c_hash
+                else:
+                    # Hash (self[i], generator, i) as a tuple according to the algorithm.
+                    result_mon = c_hash
+                    result_mon = (1000003 * result_mon) ^ var_name_hash
+                    result_mon = (1000003 * result_mon) ^ i
+                    result += result_mon
+        if result == -1:
+            return -2
+        return result
+
+    def __pow__(self, ee, modulus):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: x^1000
+            x^1000
+            sage: (x+1)^2
+            x^2 + 1
+            sage: (x+1)^(-2)
+            1/(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: f = x^9 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^2 + x
+            sage: h = x^10 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + 1
+            sage: (f^2) % h
+            x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^5 + x^3
+            sage: pow(f, 2, h)
+            x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^5 + x^3
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Ensure modulo `0` and modulo `1` does not crash (:issue:`37169`)::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: pow(x + 1, 2, R.zero())
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ZeroDivisionError: modulus must be nonzero
+            sage: pow(x + 1, 2, R.one())
+            0
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = GF(2^8)[]
+            sage: pow(x + 1, 2, R.zero())
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ZeroDivisionError: modulus must be nonzero
+            sage: pow(x + 1, 2, R.one())
+            0
+        """
+        if not isinstance(self, Polynomial_template):
+            raise NotImplementedError("%s^%s not defined." % (ee, self))
+        cdef bint recip = 0, do_sig
+
+        cdef long e
+        try:
+            e = ee
+        except OverflowError:
+            return Polynomial.__pow__(self, ee, modulus)
+        if e != ee:
+            raise TypeError("Only integral powers defined.")
+        elif e < 0:
+            recip = 1 # delay because powering frac field elements is slow
+            e = -e
+
+        if not self:
+            return (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent(int(not e))
+
+        cdef type T = type(self)
+        cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+
+        celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        r._parent = parent
+        r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+
+        if modulus is None:
+            celement_pow(&r.x, &(<Polynomial_template>self).x, e, NULL, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        else:
+            if parent is not (<Polynomial_template>modulus)._parent and parent != (<Polynomial_template>modulus)._parent:
+                modulus = parent.coerce(modulus)
+            if celement_is_zero(&(<Polynomial_template>modulus).x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent):
+                raise ZeroDivisionError("modulus must be nonzero")
+            if celement_is_one(&(<Polynomial_template>modulus).x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent):
+                return parent.zero()
+            celement_pow(&r.x, &(<Polynomial_template>self).x, e, &(<Polynomial_template>modulus).x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+        #assert(r._parent(pari(self)**ee) == r)
+        if recip:
+            return ~r
+        else:
+            return r
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: copy(x) is x
+            False
+            sage: copy(x) == x
+            True
+        """
+        cdef type T = type(self)
+        cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        r._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+        celement_set(&r.x, &self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        return r
+
+    def is_gen(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: x.is_gen()
+            True
+            sage: (x+1).is_gen()
+            False
+        """
+        cdef celement *gen = celement_new((<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        celement_gen(gen, 0, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        cdef bint r = celement_equal(&self.x, gen, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        celement_delete(gen, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        return r
+
+    def shift(self, int n):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: f = x^3 + x^2 + 1
+            sage: f.shift(1)
+            x^4 + x^3 + x
+            sage: f.shift(-1)
+            x^2 + x
+        """
+        return element_shift(self, n)
+
+    def __lshift__(self, int n):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: f = x^3 + x^2 + 1
+            sage: f << 1
+            x^4 + x^3 + x
+            sage: f << -1
+            x^2 + x
+        """
+        return element_shift(self, n)
+
+    def __rshift__(self, int n):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: x>>1
+            1
+            sage: (x^2 + x)>>1
+            x + 1
+            sage: (x^2 + x) >> -1
+            x^3 + x^2
+        """
+        return element_shift(self, -n)
+
+    cpdef bint is_zero(self) except -1:
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: x.is_zero()
+            False
+        """
+        return celement_is_zero(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+    cpdef bint is_one(self) except -1:
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: P(1).is_one()
+            True
+        """
+        return celement_is_one(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+
+    def degree(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = GF(2)[]
+            sage: x.degree()
+            1
+            sage: P(1).degree()
+            0
+            sage: P(0).degree()
+            -1
+        """
+        return Integer(celement_len(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)-1)
+
+    cpdef Polynomial truncate(self, long n):
+        r"""
+        Return this polynomial mod `x^n`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> =GF(2)[]
+            sage: f = sum(x^n for n in range(10)); f
+            x^9 + x^8 + x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1
+            sage: f.truncate(6)
+            x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1
+
+        If the precision is higher than the degree of the polynomial then
+        the polynomial itself is returned::
+
+            sage: f.truncate(10) is f
+            True
+
+        If the precision is negative, the zero polynomial is returned::
+
+            sage: f.truncate(-1)
+            0
+        """
+        if n >= celement_len(&self.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent):
+            return self
+
+        cdef type T = type(self)
+        cdef Polynomial_template r = <Polynomial_template>T.__new__(T)
+        celement_construct(&r.x, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        r._parent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._parent
+        r._cparent = (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent
+        if n <= 0:
+            return r
+        celement_truncate(&r.x, &self.x, n, (<Polynomial_template>self)._cparent)
+        return r
+
+    def _singular_(self, singular=None):
+        r"""
+        Return Singular representation of this polynomial.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``singular`` -- Singular interpreter (default: default interpreter)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = PolynomialRing(GF(7))
+            sage: f = 3*x^2 + 2*x + 5
+            sage: singular(f)                                                           # needs sage.libs.singular
+            3*x^2+2*x-2
+        """
+        if singular is None:
+            from sage.interfaces.singular import singular
+
+        self.parent()._singular_(singular).set_ring()  # this is expensive
+        return singular(self._singular_init_())