passagemath-ntl 10.6.33__cp313-cp313-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/libs/ntl/ntl_lzz_pX.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,902 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-ntl
+# distutils: libraries = NTL_LIBRARIES gmp M_LIBRARIES
+# distutils: extra_compile_args = NTL_CFLAGS
+# distutils: include_dirs = NTL_INCDIR
+# distutils: library_dirs = NTL_LIBDIR
+# distutils: extra_link_args = NTL_LIBEXTRA
+# distutils: language = c++
+"""
+ntl_lzz_pX.pyx
+
+Wraps NTL's zz_pX type for SAGE
+
+AUTHORS:
+   - Craig Citro
+"""
+
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2005 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+from cysignals.signals cimport sig_on, sig_off
+
+include 'misc.pxi'
+include 'decl.pxi'
+from sage.libs.gmp.mpz cimport *
+
+from cpython.object cimport Py_EQ, Py_NE
+from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import IntegerRing
+from sage.rings.integer cimport Integer
+
+from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod cimport IntegerMod_gmp, IntegerMod_int, IntegerMod_int64
+
+from sage.libs.ntl.ntl_lzz_pContext import ntl_zz_pContext
+from sage.libs.ntl.ntl_lzz_pContext cimport ntl_zz_pContext_class
+
+from sage.libs.ntl.ntl_lzz_p import ntl_zz_p
+from sage.libs.ntl.ntl_lzz_p cimport ntl_zz_p
+
+ZZ_sage = IntegerRing()
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# zz_pX  -- polynomials over the integers modulo p, p small
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+cdef class ntl_zz_pX():
+    r"""
+    The class \class{zz_pX} implements polynomial arithmetic modulo `p`,
+    for p smaller than a machine word.
+
+    Polynomial arithmetic is implemented using the FFT, combined with
+    the Chinese Remainder Theorem.  A more detailed description of the
+    techniques used here can be found in [Shoup, J. Symbolic
+    Comp. 20:363-397, 1995].
+
+    Small degree polynomials are multiplied either with classical
+    or Karatsuba algorithms.
+    """
+    # See ntl_zz_pX.pxd for definition of data members
+    def __init__(self, ls=[], modulus=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1,2,5,-9],20)
+            sage: f
+            [1, 2, 5, 11]
+            sage: g = ntl.zz_pX([0,0,0],20); g
+            []
+            sage: g[10]=5
+            sage: g
+            [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5]
+            sage: g[10]
+            5
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([10^30+1, 10^50+1], 100); f
+            [1, 1]
+        """
+        if modulus is None:
+            raise ValueError("You must specify a modulus.")
+
+        cdef long n
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i
+        cdef long temp
+
+        if isinstance(modulus, Integer):
+            p_sage = modulus
+        else:
+            p_sage = Integer(self.c.p)
+
+        #self.c.restore_c() ## We did this in __new__
+
+        n = len(ls)
+        if (n == 0):
+            ## the 0 polynomial is just the empty list;
+            ## so in this case, we're done.
+            return
+
+        self.x.SetMaxLength(n+1)
+
+        for i from 0 <= i < n:
+            a = ls[i]
+
+            if isinstance(a, IntegerMod_int):
+                if (self.c.p == (<IntegerMod_int>a)._modulus.int32): ## this is slow
+                    zz_pX_SetCoeff_long(self.x, i, (<IntegerMod_int>a).ivalue)
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("Mismatched modulus for converting to zz_pX.")
+            elif isinstance(a, IntegerMod_int64):
+                if (self.c.p == (<IntegerMod_int64>a)._modulus.int64): ## this is slow
+                    zz_pX_SetCoeff_long(self.x, i, (<IntegerMod_int64>a).ivalue)
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("Mismatched modulus for converting to zz_pX.")
+            elif isinstance(a, IntegerMod_gmp):
+                if (p_sage == (<IntegerMod_gmp>a)._modulus.sageInteger): ## this is slow
+                    zz_pX_SetCoeff_long(self.x, i, mpz_get_si((<IntegerMod_gmp>a).value))
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("Mismatched modulus for converting to zz_pX.")
+            elif isinstance(a, Integer):
+                zz_pX_SetCoeff_long(self.x, i, mpz_fdiv_ui((<Integer>a).value, self.c.p))
+            elif isinstance(a, int):
+                # we're lucky that python int is no larger than long
+                temp = a
+                zz_pX_SetCoeff_long(self.x, i, temp % self.c.p)
+            else:
+                a = Integer(a)
+                zz_pX_SetCoeff_long(self.x, i, mpz_fdiv_ui((<Integer>a).value, self.c.p))
+
+        return
+
+    def __cinit__(self, v=None, modulus=None):
+        #################### WARNING ###################
+        ## Before creating a zz_pX, you must create a ##
+        ## zz_pContext, and restore it.  In Python,   ##
+        ## the error checking in __init__ will prevent##
+        ## you from constructing a zz_pX              ##
+        ## inappropriately.  However, from Cython, you##
+        ## could do r = ntl_zz_pX.__new__(ntl_zz_pX) without
+        ## first restoring a zz_pContext, which could ##
+        ## have unfortunate consequences.  See _new  ##
+        ## defined below for an example of the right  ##
+        ## way to short-circuit __init__ (or just call##
+        ## _new in your own code).                    ##
+        ################################################
+        if modulus is None:
+            return
+        if isinstance(modulus, ntl_zz_pContext_class):
+            self.c = <ntl_zz_pContext_class>modulus
+        elif isinstance(modulus, Integer):
+            self.c = <ntl_zz_pContext_class>ntl_zz_pContext(modulus)
+        elif isinstance(modulus, int):
+            self.c = <ntl_zz_pContext_class>ntl_zz_pContext(modulus)
+        else:
+            try:
+                modulus = int(modulus)
+            except Exception:
+                raise ValueError("%s is not a valid modulus." % modulus)
+            self.c = <ntl_zz_pContext_class>ntl_zz_pContext(modulus)
+
+        ## now that we've determined the modulus, set that modulus.
+        self.c.restore_c()
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([10,10^30+1], 20)
+            sage: f == loads(dumps(f))
+            True
+        """
+        return make_zz_pX, (self.list(), self.c)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """
+        Return the string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([3,5], 17)
+            sage: f.__repr__()
+            '[3, 5]'
+        """
+        return str(self.list())
+
+    def __getitem__(self, long i):
+        """
+        Return the i-th coefficient of f.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX(range(7), 71)
+            sage: f[3] ## indirect doctest
+            3
+
+            sage: f[-5]
+            0
+
+            sage: f[27]
+            0
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_p y
+        y = ntl_zz_p.__new__(ntl_zz_p)
+        y.c = self.c
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        y.x = zz_pX_GetCoeff(self.x, i)
+        return y
+
+    def __setitem__(self, long i, val):
+        """
+        Set the i-th coefficient of ``self`` to val. If
+        i is out of range, raise an exception.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([], 7)
+            sage: f[3] = 2 ; f
+            [0, 0, 0, 2]
+            sage: f[-1] = 5
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: index (=-1) is out of range
+        """
+        if (i < 0):
+            raise ValueError("index (=%s) is out of range" % i)
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        zz_pX_SetCoeff_long(self.x, i, val)
+        return
+
+    cdef ntl_zz_pX _new(self):
+        """
+        Quick and dirty method for creating a new object with the
+        same zz_pContext as ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1], 20)
+            sage: f.square() ## indirect doctest
+            [1]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX y
+        y = ntl_zz_pX.__new__(ntl_zz_pX)
+        y.c = self.c
+        return y
+
+    def __add__(ntl_zz_pX self, other):
+        """
+        Return ``self + other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ntl.zz_pX(range(5),20) + ntl.zz_pX(range(6),20) ## indirect doctest
+            [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 5]
+            sage: ntl.zz_pX(range(5),20) + ntl.zz_pX(range(6),50)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: arithmetic operands must have the same modulus.
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX y
+        if not isinstance(other, ntl_zz_pX):
+            other = ntl_zz_pX(other, modulus=self.c)
+        elif self.c is not (<ntl_zz_pX>other).c:
+            raise ValueError("arithmetic operands must have the same modulus.")
+        y = self._new()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        zz_pX_add(y.x, self.x, (<ntl_zz_pX>other).x)
+        return y
+
+    def __sub__(ntl_zz_pX self, other):
+        """
+        Return ``self - other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ntl.zz_pX(range(5),32) - ntl.zz_pX(range(6),32)
+            [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27]
+            sage: ntl.zz_pX(range(5),20) - ntl.zz_pX(range(6),50) ## indirect doctest
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: arithmetic operands must have the same modulus.
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX y
+        if not isinstance(other, ntl_zz_pX):
+            other = ntl_zz_pX(other, modulus=self.c)
+        elif self.c is not (<ntl_zz_pX>other).c:
+            raise ValueError("arithmetic operands must have the same modulus.")
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        y = self._new()
+        zz_pX_sub(y.x, self.x, (<ntl_zz_pX>other).x)
+        return y
+
+    def __mul__(ntl_zz_pX self, other):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ntl.zz_pX(range(5),20) * ntl.zz_pX(range(6),20) ## indirect doctest
+            [0, 0, 1, 4, 10, 0, 10, 14, 11]
+            sage: ntl.zz_pX(range(5),20) * ntl.zz_pX(range(6),50)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: arithmetic operands must have the same modulus.
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX y
+        if not isinstance(other, ntl_zz_pX):
+            other = ntl_zz_pX(other, modulus=self.c)
+        elif self.c is not (<ntl_zz_pX>other).c:
+            raise ValueError("arithmetic operands must have the same modulus.")
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        y = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        zz_pX_mul(y.x, self.x, (<ntl_zz_pX>other).x)
+        sig_off()
+        return y
+
+    def __truediv__(ntl_zz_pX self, other):
+        """
+        Compute quotient ``self / other``, if the quotient is a polynomial.
+        Otherwise an Exception is raised.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1,2,3],17) * ntl.zz_pX([4,5],17)**2
+            sage: g = ntl.zz_pX([4,5],17)
+            sage: f/g ## indirect doctest
+            [4, 13, 5, 15]
+            sage: ntl.zz_pX([1,2,3],17) * ntl.zz_pX([4,5],17)
+            [4, 13, 5, 15]
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX(range(10),17); g = ntl.zz_pX([-1,0,1],17)
+            sage: f/g
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ArithmeticError: self (=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]) is not divisible by other (=[16, 0, 1])
+            sage: ntl.zz_pX(range(5),20) / ntl.zz_pX(range(6),50)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: arithmetic operands must have the same modulus.
+        """
+        cdef long divisible
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX q
+        if not isinstance(other, ntl_zz_pX):
+            other = ntl_zz_pX(other, modulus=self.c)
+        elif self.c is not (<ntl_zz_pX>other).c:
+            raise ValueError("arithmetic operands must have the same modulus.")
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        q = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        divisible = zz_pX_divide(q.x, self.x, (<ntl_zz_pX>other).x)
+        sig_off()
+        if not divisible:
+            raise ArithmeticError("self (=%s) is not divisible by other (=%s)" % (self, other))
+        return q
+
+    def __mod__(ntl_zz_pX self, other):
+        """
+        Given polynomials a, b in ZZ[X], there exist polynomials q, r
+        in QQ[X] such that a = b*q + r, deg(r) < deg(b).  This
+        function returns q if q lies in ZZ[X], and otherwise raises an
+        Exception.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([2,4,6],17); g = ntl.zz_pX([2],17)
+            sage: f % g   ## indirect doctest
+            []
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX(range(10),17); g = ntl.zz_pX([-1,0,1],17)
+            sage: f % g
+            [3, 8]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX y
+        if not isinstance(other, ntl_zz_pX):
+            other = ntl_zz_pX(other, modulus=self.c)
+        elif self.c is not (<ntl_zz_pX>other).c:
+            raise ValueError("arithmetic operands must have the same modulus.")
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        y = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        zz_pX_mod(y.x, self.x, (<ntl_zz_pX>other).x)
+        sig_off()
+        return y
+
+    def __pow__(ntl_zz_pX self, long n, ignored):
+        """
+        Return the `n`-th nonnegative power of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: g = ntl.zz_pX([-1,0,1],20)
+            sage: g**10 ## indirect doctest
+            [1, 0, 10, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 10, 0, 8, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 10, 0, 1]
+        """
+        if n < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Only positive exponents allowed.")
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX y = self._new()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        sig_on()
+        zz_pX_power(y.x, self.x, n)
+        sig_off()
+        return y
+
+    def quo_rem(ntl_zz_pX self, ntl_zz_pX right):
+        """
+        Return the quotient and remainder when ``self`` is divided by ``right``.
+
+        Specifically, this returns `r`, `q` such that ``self = q * right + r``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX(range(7), 19)
+            sage: g = ntl.zz_pX([2,4,6], 19)
+            sage: f // g
+            [1, 1, 15, 16, 1]
+            sage: f % g
+            [17, 14]
+            sage: f.quo_rem(g)
+            ([1, 1, 15, 16, 1], [17, 14])
+            sage: (f // g) * g + f % g
+            [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX q = self._new()
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX r = self._new()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        sig_on()
+        zz_pX_divrem(q.x, r.x, self.x, right.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return q, r
+
+    def __floordiv__(ntl_zz_pX self, ntl_zz_pX right):
+        """
+        Return the whole part of ``self / right``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX(range(10), 19); g = ntl.zz_pX([1]*5, 19)
+            sage: f // g ## indirect doctest
+            [8, 18, 18, 18, 18, 9]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX q = self._new()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        sig_on()
+        zz_pX_div(q.x, self.x, right.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return q
+
+    def __lshift__(ntl_zz_pX self, long n):
+        """
+        Shift this polynomial to the left, which is multiplication by `x^n`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([2,4,6], 17)
+            sage: f << 2 ## indirect doctest
+            [0, 0, 2, 4, 6]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX r = self._new()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        zz_pX_LeftShift(r.x, self.x, n)
+        return r
+
+    def __rshift__(ntl_zz_pX self, long n):
+        """
+        Shift this polynomial to the right, which is division by `x^n` (and truncation).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1,2,3], 17)
+            sage: f >> 2 ## indirect doctest
+            [3]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX r = self._new()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        zz_pX_RightShift(r.x, self.x, n)
+        return r
+
+    def diff(self):
+        """
+        The formal derivative of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX(range(10), 17)
+            sage: f.diff()
+            [1, 4, 9, 16, 8, 2, 15, 13, 13]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX r = self._new()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        zz_pX_diff(r.x, self.x)
+        return r
+
+    def reverse(self):
+        """
+        Return ``self`` with coefficients reversed, i.e. ``x^n self(x^{-n})``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([2,4,6], 17)
+            sage: f.reverse()
+            [6, 4, 2]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX r = self._new()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        zz_pX_reverse(r.x, self.x)
+        return r
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        """
+        Return the negative of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([2,0,0,1],20)
+            sage: -f
+            [18, 0, 0, 19]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX y
+        y = self._new()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        sig_on()
+        zz_pX_negate(y.x, self.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return y
+
+    def __richcmp__(ntl_zz_pX self, other, int op):
+        """
+        Compare ``self`` to ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1,2,3],20)
+            sage: g = ntl.zz_pX([1,2,3,0],20)
+            sage: f == g
+            True
+            sage: g = ntl.zz_pX([0,1,2,3],20)
+            sage: f == g
+            False
+            sage: f != [0]
+            True
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+
+        if op != Py_EQ and op != Py_NE:
+            raise TypeError("polynomials are not ordered")
+
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX b
+        try:
+            b = <ntl_zz_pX?>other
+        except TypeError:
+            b = ntl_zz_pX(other, self.c)
+
+        return (op == Py_EQ) == (self.x == b.x)
+
+    def list(self):
+        """
+        Return list of entries as a list of python ints.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([23, 5,0,1], 10)
+            sage: f.list()
+            [3, 5, 0, 1]
+            sage: type(f.list()[0])
+            <... 'int'>
+        """
+        cdef long i
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        return [ zz_p_rep(zz_pX_GetCoeff(self.x, i)) for i from 0 <= i <= zz_pX_deg(self.x) ]
+
+    def degree(self):
+        """
+        Return the degree of this polynomial.  The degree of the 0
+        polynomial is -1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([5,0,1],50)
+            sage: f.degree()
+            2
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX(range(100),50)
+            sage: f.degree()
+            99
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([],10)
+            sage: f.degree()
+            -1
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1],77)
+            sage: f.degree()
+            0
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        return zz_pX_deg(self.x)
+
+    def leading_coefficient(self):
+        """
+        Return the leading coefficient of this polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([3,6,9],19)
+            sage: f.leading_coefficient()
+            9
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([],21)
+            sage: f.leading_coefficient()
+            0
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        return zz_p_rep(zz_pX_LeadCoeff(self.x))
+
+    def constant_term(self):
+        """
+        Return the constant coefficient of this polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([3,6,9],127)
+            sage: f.constant_term()
+            3
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([], 12223)
+            sage: f.constant_term()
+            0
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        return zz_p_rep(zz_pX_ConstTerm(self.x))
+
+    def square(self):
+        """
+        Return f*f.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([-1,0,1],17)
+            sage: f*f
+            [1, 0, 15, 0, 1]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX y = self._new()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        sig_on()
+        zz_pX_sqr(y.x, self.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return y
+
+    def truncate(self, long m):
+        """
+        Return the truncation of this polynomial obtained by
+        removing all terms of degree >= m.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1,2,3,4,5],70)
+            sage: f.truncate(3)
+            [1, 2, 3]
+            sage: f.truncate(8)
+            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+            sage: f.truncate(1)
+            [1]
+            sage: f.truncate(0)
+            []
+            sage: f.truncate(-1)
+            []
+            sage: f.truncate(-5)
+            []
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX y = self._new()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        if m <= 0:
+            y.x = zz_pX_zero()
+        else:
+            sig_on()
+            zz_pX_trunc(y.x, self.x, m)
+            sig_off()
+        return y
+
+    def multiply_and_truncate(self, ntl_zz_pX other, long m):
+        """
+        Return self*other but with terms of degree >= m removed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1,2,3,4,5],20)
+            sage: g = ntl.zz_pX([10],20)
+            sage: f.multiply_and_truncate(g, 2)
+            [10]
+            sage: g.multiply_and_truncate(f, 2)
+            [10]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX y = self._new()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        if m <= 0:
+            y.x = zz_pX_zero()
+        else:
+            sig_on()
+            zz_pX_MulTrunc(y.x, self.x, other.x, m)
+            sig_off()
+        return y
+
+    def square_and_truncate(self, long m):
+        """
+        Return self*self but with terms of degree >= m removed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1,2,3,4,5],20)
+            sage: f.square_and_truncate(4)
+            [1, 4, 10]
+            sage: (f*f).truncate(4)
+            [1, 4, 10]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX y = self._new()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        if m <= 0:
+            y.x = zz_pX_zero()
+        else:
+            sig_on()
+            zz_pX_SqrTrunc(y.x, self.x, m)
+            sig_off()
+        return y
+
+    def invert_and_truncate(self, long m):
+        """
+        Compute and return the inverse of ``self`` modulo `x^m`.
+        The constant term of ``self`` must be 1 or -1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1,2,3,4,5,6,7],20)
+            sage: f.invert_and_truncate(20)
+            [1, 18, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 17, 2, 13, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 17, 10, 9]
+            sage: g = f.invert_and_truncate(20)
+            sage: g * f
+            [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 4, 4, 3]
+        """
+        if m < 0:
+            raise ArithmeticError("m (=%s) must be positive" % m)
+        n = self.constant_term()
+        if n != 1 and n != -1:
+            raise ArithmeticError("The constant term of self must be 1 or -1.")
+
+        cdef ntl_zz_pX y = self._new()
+
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        if m <= 0:
+            y.x = zz_pX_zero()
+        else:
+            sig_on()
+            zz_pX_InvTrunc(y.x, self.x, m)
+            sig_off()
+        return y
+
+    def is_zero(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` exactly if this polynomial is 0.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([0,0,0,20],5)
+            sage: f.is_zero()
+            True
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([0,0,1],30)
+            sage: f
+            [0, 0, 1]
+            sage: f.is_zero()
+            False
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        return zz_pX_IsZero(self.x)
+
+    def is_one(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` exactly if this polynomial is 1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1,1],101)
+            sage: f.is_one()
+            False
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1],2)
+            sage: f.is_one()
+            True
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        return zz_pX_IsOne(self.x)
+
+    def is_monic(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` exactly if this polynomial is monic.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([2,0,0,1],17)
+            sage: f.is_monic()
+            True
+            sage: g = f.reverse()
+            sage: g.is_monic()
+            False
+            sage: g
+            [1, 0, 0, 2]
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1,2,0,3,0,2],717)
+            sage: f.is_monic()
+            False
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        if zz_pX_IsZero(self.x):
+            return False
+        return zz_p_rep(zz_pX_LeadCoeff(self.x)) == 1
+
+    def set_x(self):
+        """
+        Set this polynomial to the monomial "x".
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([],177)
+            sage: f.set_x()
+            sage: f
+            [0, 1]
+            sage: g = ntl.zz_pX([0,1],177)
+            sage: f == g
+            True
+
+        Though f and g are equal, they are not the same objects in memory:
+            sage: f is g
+            False
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        zz_pX_SetX(self.x)
+
+    def is_x(self):
+        """
+        ``True`` if this is the polynomial "x".
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([],100)
+            sage: f.set_x()
+            sage: f.is_x()
+            True
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([0,1],383)
+            sage: f.is_x()
+            True
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1],38)
+            sage: f.is_x()
+            False
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        return zz_pX_IsX(self.x)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Reset this polynomial to 0.  Changes this polynomial in place.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1,2,3],17)
+            sage: f
+            [1, 2, 3]
+            sage: f.clear()
+            sage: f
+            []
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        zz_pX_clear(self.x)
+
+    def preallocate_space(self, long n):
+        """
+        Pre-allocate spaces for n coefficients.  The polynomial that f
+        represents is unchanged.  This is useful if you know you'll be
+        setting coefficients up to n, so memory isn't re-allocated as
+        the polynomial grows.  (You might save a millisecond with this
+        function.)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.zz_pX([1,2,3],17)
+            sage: f.preallocate_space(20)
+            sage: f
+            [1, 2, 3]
+            sage: f[10]=5  # no new memory is allocated
+            sage: f
+            [1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5]
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        sig_on()
+        self.x.SetMaxLength(n)
+        sig_off()
+        return
+
+
+def make_zz_pX(L, context):
+    """
+    For unpickling.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: f = ntl.zz_pX(range(16), 12)
+        sage: loads(dumps(f)) == f
+        True
+    """
+    return ntl_zz_pX(L, context)