passagemath-ntl 10.6.33__cp313-cp313-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/libs/ntl/ntl_ZZ_pEX.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,1255 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-ntl
+# distutils: libraries = NTL_LIBRARIES gmp M_LIBRARIES
+# distutils: extra_compile_args = NTL_CFLAGS
+# distutils: include_dirs = NTL_INCDIR
+# distutils: library_dirs = NTL_LIBDIR
+# distutils: extra_link_args = NTL_LIBEXTRA
+# distutils: language = c++
+
+r"""
+Wrapper for NTL's polynomials over finite ring extensions of `\Z / p\Z.`
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- David Roe (2007-10-10)
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2007 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#                          David Roe     <roed@math.harvard.edu>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from cysignals.signals cimport sig_on, sig_off
+from sage.ext.cplusplus cimport ccrepr
+
+include 'misc.pxi'
+include 'decl.pxi'
+
+from cpython.object cimport Py_EQ, Py_NE
+from sage.libs.ntl.ntl_ZZ_pE cimport ntl_ZZ_pE
+from sage.libs.ntl.ntl_ZZ_pEContext cimport ntl_ZZ_pEContext_class
+from sage.libs.ntl.ntl_ZZ_pEContext import ntl_ZZ_pEContext
+from sage.libs.ntl.ntl_ZZ_pContext cimport ntl_ZZ_pContext_class
+from sage.arith.power cimport generic_power_pos
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# ZZ_pEX  -- polynomials over an extension of the integers modulo p
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+cdef class ntl_ZZ_pEX():
+    r"""
+    The class \class{ZZ_pEX} implements polynomials over finite ring extensions of `\Z / p\Z`.
+
+    It can be used, for example, for arithmetic in `GF(p^n)[X]`.
+    However, except where mathematically necessary (e.g., GCD computations),
+    ZZ_pE need not be a field.
+    """
+    # See ntl_ZZ_pEX.pxd for definition of data members
+    def __init__(self, v=None, modulus=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f
+            [[3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+            sage: g = ntl.ZZ_pEX([0,0,0], c); g
+            []
+            sage: g[10]=5
+            sage: g
+            [[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [5]]
+            sage: g[10]
+            [5]
+        """
+        if modulus is None and v is None:
+            raise ValueError("You must specify a modulus when creating a ZZ_pEX.")
+
+        # self.c._assert_is_current_modulus()  ## Restoring the context is taken care of in __new__
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pE cc
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i
+
+        if v is None:
+            return
+        elif isinstance(v, (list, tuple)):
+            for i from 0 <= i < len(v):
+                x = v[i]
+                if not isinstance(x, ntl_ZZ_pE):
+                    cc = ntl_ZZ_pE(x,self.c)
+                    self.c.restore_c()
+                else:
+                    if self.c is not (<ntl_ZZ_pE>x).c:
+                        raise ValueError("inconsistent moduli")
+                    cc = x
+                ZZ_pEX_SetCoeff(self.x, i, cc.x)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __cinit__(self, v=None, modulus=None):
+        #################### WARNING ###################
+        ## Before creating a ZZ_pEX, you must create a##
+        ## ZZ_pEContext, and restore it.  In Python,  ##
+        ## the error checking in __init__ will prevent##
+        ## you from constructing an ntl_ZZ_pEX        ##
+        ## inappropriately.  However, from Cython, you##
+        ## could do r = ntl_ZZ_pEX.__new__(ntl_ZZ_pEX) without
+        ## first restoring a ZZ_pEContext, which could##
+        ## have unfortunate consequences.  See _new  ##
+        ## defined below for an example of the right  ##
+        ## way to short-circuit __init__ (or just call##
+        ## _new in your own code).                    ##
+        ################################################
+        if modulus is None and v is None: # we also check for v is None so that a user can specify the modulus by v.
+            return
+        if isinstance(modulus, ntl_ZZ_pEContext_class):
+            self.c = <ntl_ZZ_pEContext_class>modulus
+        elif isinstance(v, ntl_ZZ_pEX):
+            self.c = (<ntl_ZZ_pEX>v).c
+        elif isinstance(v, ntl_ZZ_pE):
+            self.c = (<ntl_ZZ_pE>v).c
+        elif isinstance(v, (list, tuple)) and v:
+            if isinstance(v[0], ntl_ZZ_pEX):
+                self.c = (<ntl_ZZ_pEX>v[0]).c
+            elif isinstance(v[0], ntl_ZZ_pE):
+                self.c = (<ntl_ZZ_pEX>v[0]).c
+            else:
+                self.c = <ntl_ZZ_pEContext_class>ntl_ZZ_pEContext(modulus)
+        elif modulus is not None:
+            self.c = <ntl_ZZ_pEContext_class>ntl_ZZ_pEContext(modulus)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("modulus must not be None")
+        self.c.restore_c()
+
+    cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX _new(self):
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        r = ntl_ZZ_pEX.__new__(ntl_ZZ_pEX)
+        r.c = self.c
+        return r
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: loads(dumps(f)) == f
+            True
+        """
+        return make_ZZ_pEX, (self.list(), self.get_modulus_context())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f
+            [[3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        return ccrepr(self.x)
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        """
+        Return a copy of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f
+            [[3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+            sage: y = copy(f)
+            sage: y == f
+            True
+            sage: y is f
+            False
+            sage: f[0] = 0; y
+            [[3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        #self.c.restore_c() ## _new() restores
+        r.x = self.x
+        return r
+
+    def get_modulus_context(self):
+        """
+        Return the structure that holds the underlying NTL modulus.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.get_modulus_context()
+            NTL modulus [1 1 1] (mod 7)
+        """
+        return self.c
+
+    def __setitem__(self, long i, a):
+        r"""
+        Set the i-th coefficient of ``self`` to be a.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f[1] = 4; f
+            [[3 2] [4] [1 2]]
+        """
+        if i < 0:
+            raise IndexError("index (i=%s) must be >= 0" % i)
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pE _a
+        if isinstance(a, ntl_ZZ_pE):
+            _a = <ntl_ZZ_pE> a
+        else:
+            _a = ntl_ZZ_pE(a,self.c)
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        ZZ_pEX_SetCoeff(self.x, i, _a.x)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, long i):
+        r"""
+        Return the i-th coefficient of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f[0]
+            [3 2]
+            sage: f[5]
+            []
+        """
+        if i < 0:
+            raise IndexError("index (=%s) must be >= 0" % i)
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pE r
+        sig_on()
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        r = ntl_ZZ_pE.__new__(ntl_ZZ_pE)
+        r.c = self.c
+        r.x = ZZ_pEX_coeff( self.x, i)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def list(self):
+        """
+        Return list of entries as a list of ntl_ZZ_pEs.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.list()
+            [[3 2], [1 2], [1 2]]
+        """
+        # This function could be sped up by using the list API and not restoring the context each time.
+        # Or by using self.x.rep directly.
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i
+        return [self[i] for i from 0 <= i <= self.degree()]
+
+    def __add__(ntl_ZZ_pEX self, ntl_ZZ_pEX other):
+        """
+        Add ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: g = ntl.ZZ_pEX([-b, a])
+            sage: f + g
+            [[2] [4 4] [1 2]]
+        """
+        if self.c is not other.c:
+            raise ValueError("You cannot perform arithmetic with elements of different moduli.")
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        # self.c.restore_c() # _new restores the context
+        ZZ_pEX_add(r.x, self.x, other.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def __sub__(ntl_ZZ_pEX self, ntl_ZZ_pEX other):
+        """
+        Subtracts ``other`` from ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: g = ntl.ZZ_pEX([-b, a])
+            sage: f - g
+            [[4 4] [5] [1 2]]
+        """
+        if self.c is not other.c:
+            raise ValueError("You cannot perform arithmetic with elements of different moduli.")
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        # self.c.restore_c() # _new restores the context
+        ZZ_pEX_sub(r.x, self.x, other.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def __mul__(ntl_ZZ_pEX self, ntl_ZZ_pEX other):
+        """
+        Return the product ``self * other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: g = ntl.ZZ_pEX([-b, a])
+            sage: f * g
+            [[1 3] [1 1] [2 4] [6 4]]
+            sage: c2 = ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([4,1,1], 5)) # we can mix up the moduli
+            sage: x = c2.ZZ_pEX([2,4])
+            sage: x^2
+            [[4] [1] [1]]
+            sage: f * g # back to the first one and the ntl modulus gets reset correctly
+            [[1 3] [1 1] [2 4] [6 4]]
+        """
+        if self.c is not other.c:
+            raise ValueError("You cannot perform arithmetic with elements of different moduli.")
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        # self.c.restore_c() # _new() restores the context
+        ZZ_pEX_mul(r.x, self.x, other.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def __truediv__(ntl_ZZ_pEX self, ntl_ZZ_pEX other):
+        """
+        Compute quotient ``self / other``, if the quotient is a polynomial.
+        Otherwise an Exception is raised.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a^2, -a*b-a*b, b^2])
+            sage: g = ntl.ZZ_pEX([-a, b])
+            sage: f / g
+            [[4 5] [1 2]]
+            sage: g / f
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ArithmeticError: self (=[[4 5] [1 2]]) is not divisible by other (=[[5 1] [2 6] [4]])
+        """
+        if self.c is not other.c:
+            raise ValueError("You cannot perform arithmetic with elements of different moduli.")
+        cdef int divisible
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        #self.c.restore_c() # _new restores context
+        divisible = ZZ_pEX_divide(r.x, self.x, other.x)
+        sig_off()
+        if not divisible:
+            raise ArithmeticError("self (=%s) is not divisible by other (=%s)" % (self, other))
+        return r
+
+    def __mod__(ntl_ZZ_pEX self, ntl_ZZ_pEX other):
+        """
+        Given polynomials a, b in ZZ_pE[X], if p is prime and the defining modulus irreducible,
+        there exist polynomials q, r in ZZ_pE[X] such that a = b*q + r, deg(r) < deg(b).  This
+        function returns r.
+
+        If p is not prime or the modulus is not irreducible, this
+        function may raise a :exc:`RuntimeError` due to division by
+        a noninvertible element of ZZ_p.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([-5, 0, 1], 5^10))
+            sage: a = c.ZZ_pE([5, 1])
+            sage: b = c.ZZ_pE([4, 99])
+            sage: f = c.ZZ_pEX([a, b])
+            sage: g = c.ZZ_pEX([a^2, -b, a + b])
+            sage: g % f
+            [[1864280 2123186]]
+            sage: f % g
+            [[5 1] [4 99]]
+        """
+        if self.c is not other.c:
+            raise ValueError("You cannot perform arithmetic with elements of different moduli.")
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        # self.c.restore_c() # _new() restores the context
+        ZZ_pEX_rem(r.x, self.x, other.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def quo_rem(self, ntl_ZZ_pEX other):
+        """
+        Given polynomials a, b in ZZ_pE[X], if p is prime and the defining modulus irreducible,
+        there exist polynomials q, r in ZZ_pE[X] such that a = b*q + r, deg(r) < deg(b).  This
+        function returns (q, r).
+
+        If p is not prime or the modulus is not irreducible, this function may raise a
+        :exc:`RuntimeError` due to division by a noninvertible element of ZZ_p.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([-5, 0, 1], 5^10))
+            sage: a = c.ZZ_pE([5, 1])
+            sage: b = c.ZZ_pE([4, 99])
+            sage: f = c.ZZ_pEX([a, b])
+            sage: g = c.ZZ_pEX([a^2, -b, a + b])
+            sage: g.quo_rem(f)
+            ([[4947544 2492106] [4469276 6572944]], [[1864280 2123186]])
+            sage: f.quo_rem(g)
+            ([], [[5 1] [4 99]])
+        """
+        if self.c is not other.c:
+            raise ValueError("You cannot perform arithmetic with elements of different moduli.")
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX q = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        # self.c.restore_c() # _new() restores the context
+        ZZ_pEX_DivRem(q.x, r.x, self.x, other.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return q,r
+
+    def square(self):
+        """
+        Return `f^2`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.square()
+            [[5 1] [5 1] [2 1] [1] [4]]
+        """
+        # self.c.restore_c() # _new() restores the context
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        ZZ_pEX_sqr(r.x, self.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def __pow__(ntl_ZZ_pEX self, long n, ignored):
+        """
+        Return the `n`-th nonnegative power of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f ^ 5
+            [[5 1] [2 6] [4 5] [5 1] [] [6 2] [2 3] [0 1] [1 4] [3 6] [2 4]]
+            sage: f ^ 0
+            [[1]]
+            sage: f ^ 1
+            [[3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+            sage: f ^ (-1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ArithmeticError
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        if n == 0:
+            return ntl_ZZ_pEX([[1]], self.c)
+        if n < 0:
+            raise ArithmeticError
+        return generic_power_pos(self, <unsigned long>n)
+
+    def __richcmp__(ntl_ZZ_pEX self, other, int op):
+        """
+        Compare ``self`` to ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: g = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b, 0])
+            sage: f == g
+            True
+            sage: g = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, a])
+            sage: f == g
+            False
+            sage: f == []
+            False
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+
+        if op != Py_EQ and op != Py_NE:
+            raise TypeError("polynomials are not ordered")
+
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX b
+        try:
+            b = <ntl_ZZ_pEX?>other
+        except TypeError:
+            b = ntl_ZZ_pEX(other, self.c)
+
+        return (op == Py_EQ) == (self.x == b.x)
+
+    def is_zero(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` exactly if this polynomial is 0.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.is_zero()
+            False
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([0,0,7], c)
+            sage: f.is_zero()
+            True
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        return bool(ZZ_pEX_IsZero(self.x))
+
+    def is_one(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` exactly if this polynomial is 1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.is_one()
+            False
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([1, 0, 0], c)
+            sage: f.is_one()
+            True
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        return bool(ZZ_pEX_IsOne(self.x))
+
+    def is_monic(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` exactly if this polynomial is monic.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.is_monic()
+            False
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, 1], c)
+            sage: f.is_monic()
+            True
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        # The following line is what we should have.  However, strangely this is *broken*
+        # on PowerPC Intel in NTL, so we program around
+        # the problem.  (William Stein)
+        #return bool(ZZ_pEX_is_monic(self.x))
+
+        if ZZ_pEX_IsZero(self.x):
+            return False
+        cdef ZZ_pE_c x = ZZ_pEX_LeadCoeff(self.x)
+        return bool(ZZ_pE_IsOne(x))
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        """
+        Return the negative of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: -f
+            [[4 5] [6 5] [6 5]]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        # self.c.restore_c() # _new() calls restore
+        ZZ_pEX_negate(r.x, self.x)
+        return r
+
+    def convert_to_modulus(self, ntl_ZZ_pContext_class c):
+        """
+        Return a new ntl_ZZ_pX which is the same as self, but considered modulo a different p (but the SAME polynomial).
+
+        In order for this to make mathematical sense, c.p should divide self.c.p
+        (in which case ``self`` is reduced modulo c.p) or self.c.p should divide c.p
+        (in which case ``self`` is lifted to something modulo c.p congruent to ``self`` modulo self.c.p)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([-5, 0, 1], 5^20))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([192870, 1928189], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([18275,293872987], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b])
+            sage: g = f.convert_to_modulus(ntl.ZZ_pContext(ntl.ZZ(5^5)))
+            sage: g
+            [[2245 64] [2650 1112]]
+            sage: g.get_modulus_context()
+            NTL modulus [3120 0 1] (mod 3125)
+            sage: g^2
+            [[1130 2985] [805 830] [2095 2975]]
+            sage: (f^2).convert_to_modulus(ntl.ZZ_pContext(ntl.ZZ(5^5)))
+            [[1130 2985] [805 830] [2095 2975]]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEContext_class cE = ntl_ZZ_pEContext(self.c.f.convert_to_modulus(c))
+        cE.restore_c()
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX ans = ntl_ZZ_pEX.__new__(ntl_ZZ_pEX)
+        sig_on()
+        ZZ_pEX_conv_modulus(ans.x, self.x, c.x)
+        sig_off()
+        ans.c = cE
+        return ans
+
+    def left_shift(self, long n):
+        """
+        Return the polynomial obtained by shifting all coefficients of
+        this polynomial to the left n positions.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b]); f
+            [[3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+            sage: f.left_shift(2)
+            [[] [] [3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+            sage: f.left_shift(5)
+            [[] [] [] [] [] [3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+
+        A negative left shift is a right shift::
+
+            sage: f.left_shift(-2)
+            [[1 2]]
+        """
+        # self.c.restore_c() # _new() calls restore
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        ZZ_pEX_LeftShift(r.x, self.x, n)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def right_shift(self, long n):
+        """
+        Return the polynomial obtained by shifting all coefficients of
+        this polynomial to the right n positions.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 7))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b]); f
+            [[3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+            sage: f.right_shift(2)
+            [[1 2]]
+            sage: f.right_shift(5)
+            []
+
+        A negative right shift is a left shift::
+
+            sage: f.right_shift(-5)
+            [[] [] [] [] [] [3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+        """
+        # self.c.restore_c() # _new() calls restore
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        ZZ_pEX_RightShift(r.x, self.x, n)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def gcd(self, ntl_ZZ_pEX other, check=True):
+        """
+        Return ``gcd(self, other)`` if we are working over a field.
+
+        NOTE: Does not work if p is not prime or if the modulus is not irreducible.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: g = f^2
+            sage: h = f^3
+            sage: g.gcd(h)
+            [[2 1] [8 1] [9 1] [2] [1]]
+            sage: f^2
+            [[5 8] [9 8] [6 8] [5] [8]]
+            sage: eight = ntl.ZZ_pEX([[8]], c)
+            sage: f^2 / eight
+            [[2 1] [8 1] [9 1] [2] [1]]
+        """
+        #If check = True, need to check that ZZ_pE is a field.
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        ZZ_pEX_GCD(r.x, self.x, other.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def xgcd(self, ntl_ZZ_pEX other):
+        """
+        Return `r`, `s`, `t` such that ``r = s*self + t*other``.
+
+        Here `r` is the gcd of ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: g = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a-b, b^2, a])
+            sage: h = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a^2-b, b^4, b,a])
+            sage: r,s,t = (g*f).xgcd(h*f)
+            sage: r
+            [[4 6] [1] [1]]
+            sage: f / ntl.ZZ_pEX([b])
+            [[4 6] [1] [1]]
+            sage: s*f*g+t*f*h
+            [[4 6] [1] [1]]
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX s = self._new()
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX t = self._new()
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        ZZ_pEX_XGCD(r.x, s.x, t.x, self.x, other.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return (r,s,t)
+
+    def degree(self):
+        """
+        Return the degree of this polynomial.  The degree of the 0
+        polynomial is -1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.degree()
+            2
+            sage: ntl.ZZ_pEX([], c).degree()
+            -1
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        return ZZ_pEX_deg(self.x)
+
+    def leading_coefficient(self):
+        """
+        Return the leading coefficient of this polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.leading_coefficient()
+            [1 2]
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        cdef long i
+        i = ZZ_pEX_deg(self.x)
+        return self[i]
+
+    def constant_term(self):
+        """
+        Return the constant coefficient of this polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.constant_term()
+            [3 2]
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        return self[0]
+
+    def set_x(self):
+        """
+        Set this polynomial to the monomial "x".
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f
+            [[3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+            sage: f.set_x(); f
+            [[] [1]]
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        ZZ_pEX_SetX(self.x)
+
+    def is_x(self):
+        """
+        ``True`` if this is the polynomial "x".
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.is_x()
+            False
+            sage: f.set_x(); f.is_x()
+            True
+        """
+        return bool(ZZ_pEX_IsX(self.x))
+
+    def derivative(self):
+        """
+        Return the derivative of this polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.derivative()
+            [[1 2] [2 4]]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        ZZ_pEX_diff(r.x, self.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    #def factor(self, verbose=False):
+    #    cdef ZZ_pX_c** v
+    #    cdef long* e
+    #    cdef long i, n
+    #    sig_on()
+    #    ZZ_pX_factor(&v, &e, &n, &self.x, verbose)
+    #    sig_off()
+    #    F = []
+    #    for i from 0 <= i < n:
+    #        F.append((make_ZZ_pX(v[i], self.c), e[i]))
+    #    free(v)
+    #    free(e)
+    #    return F
+
+    #def linear_roots(self):
+    #    """
+    #    Assumes that input is monic, and has deg(f) distinct roots.
+    #    Returns the list of roots.
+    #    """
+    #    cdef ZZ_p_c** v
+    #    cdef long i, n
+    #    sig_on()
+    #    ZZ_pX_linear_roots(&v, &n, &self.x)
+    #    sig_off()
+    #    F = []
+    #    for i from 0 <= i < n:
+    #        F.append(make_ZZ_p(v[i], self.c))
+    #    free(v)
+    #    return F
+
+    def reverse(self, hi=None):
+        """
+        Return the polynomial obtained by reversing the coefficients
+        of this polynomial.  If hi is set then this function behaves
+        as if this polynomial has degree hi.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.reverse()
+            [[1 2] [1 2] [3 2]]
+            sage: f.reverse(hi=5)
+            [[] [] [] [1 2] [1 2] [3 2]]
+            sage: f.reverse(hi=1)
+            [[1 2] [3 2]]
+            sage: f.reverse(hi=-2)
+            []
+        """
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        if not (hi is None):
+            ZZ_pEX_reverse_hi(r.x, self.x, int(hi))
+        else:
+            ZZ_pEX_reverse(r.x, self.x)
+        return r
+
+    def truncate(self, long m):
+        """
+        Return the truncation of this polynomial obtained by
+        removing all terms of degree >= m.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.truncate(3)
+            [[3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+            sage: f.truncate(1)
+            [[3 2]]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        if m > 0:
+            sig_on()
+            ZZ_pEX_trunc(r.x, self.x, m)
+            sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def multiply_and_truncate(self, ntl_ZZ_pEX other, long m):
+        """
+        Return self*other but with terms of degree >= m removed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: g = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a - b, b^2, a, a*b])
+            sage: f*g
+            [[6 4] [4 9] [4 6] [7] [1 9] [2 5]]
+            sage: f.multiply_and_truncate(g, 3)
+            [[6 4] [4 9] [4 6]]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        if m > 0:
+            sig_on()
+            ZZ_pEX_MulTrunc(r.x, self.x, other.x, m)
+            sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def square_and_truncate(self, long m):
+        """
+        Return self*self but with terms of degree >= m removed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f^2
+            [[5 8] [9 8] [6 8] [5] [8]]
+            sage: f.square_and_truncate(3)
+            [[5 8] [9 8] [6 8]]
+        """
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        if m > 0:
+            sig_on()
+            ZZ_pEX_SqrTrunc(r.x, self.x, m)
+            sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def invert_and_truncate(self, long m):
+        """
+        Compute and return the inverse of ``self`` modulo `x^m`.
+        The constant term of ``self`` must be invertible.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: g = f.invert_and_truncate(5)
+            sage: g
+            [[8 6] [4 4] [5 9] [1 4] [0 1]]
+            sage: f * g
+            [[1] [] [] [] [] [2 8] [9 10]]
+        """
+        if m < 0:
+            raise ArithmeticError("m (=%s) must be positive" % m)
+        #Need to check here if constant term is invertible
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        if m > 0:
+            sig_on()
+            ZZ_pEX_InvTrunc(r.x, self.x, m)
+            sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def multiply_mod(self, ntl_ZZ_pEX other, ntl_ZZ_pEX modulus):
+        """
+        Return ``self*other % modulus``.  The modulus must be monic with
+        ``deg(modulus) > 0``, and ``self`` and ``other`` must have smaller degree.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: g = ntl.ZZ_pEX([b^4, a*b^2, a - b])
+            sage: m = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a - b, b^2, a, a*b])
+            sage: f.multiply_mod(g, m)
+            [[10 10] [4 4] [10 3]]
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        ZZ_pEX_MulMod(r.x, self.x, other.x, modulus.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def trace_mod(self, ntl_ZZ_pEX modulus):
+        """
+        Return the trace of this polynomial modulo the modulus.
+        The modulus must be monic, and of positive degree bigger
+        than the degree of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: m = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a - b, b^2, a, a*b])
+            sage: f.trace_mod(m)
+            [8 1]
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pE r = ntl_ZZ_pE(modulus=self.c)
+        sig_on()
+        ZZ_pEX_TraceMod(r.x, self.x, modulus.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    #def trace_list(self):
+    #    """
+    #    Return the list of traces of the powers $x^i$ of the
+    #    monomial x modulo this polynomial for i = 0, ..., deg(f)-1.
+    #    This polynomial must be monic.
+    #
+    #    EXAMPLES::
+    #
+    #        sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pContext(ntl.ZZ(20))
+    #        sage: f = c.ZZ_pX([1,2,0,3,0,1])
+    #        sage: f.trace_list()
+    #        [5, 0, 14, 0, 10]
+    #
+    #    The input polynomial must be monic or a :exc:`ValueError` is raised::
+    #
+    #        sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pContext(ntl.ZZ(20))
+    #        sage: f = c.ZZ_pX([1,2,0,3,0,2]
+    #        sage: f.trace_list()
+    #        Traceback (most recent call last):
+    #        ...
+    #        ValueError: polynomial must be monic.
+    #    """
+    #    self.c.restore_c()
+    #    if not self.is_monic():
+    #        raise ValueError("polynomial must be monic.")
+    #    cdef long N = self.degree()
+    #    cdef vec_ZZ_pE_c
+    #    sig_on()
+    #    cdef char* t
+    #    t = ZZ_pX_trace_list(&self.x)
+    #    return eval(string(t).replace(' ', ','))
+
+    def resultant(self, ntl_ZZ_pEX other):
+        """
+        Return the resultant of ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: g = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a - b, b^2, a, a*b])
+            sage: f.resultant(g)
+            [1]
+            sage: (f*g).resultant(f^2)
+            []
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pE r = ntl_ZZ_pE(modulus=self.c)
+        sig_on()
+        ZZ_pEX_resultant(r.x, self.x, other.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def norm_mod(self, ntl_ZZ_pEX modulus):
+        """
+        Return the norm of this polynomial modulo the modulus.  The
+        modulus must be monic, and of positive degree strictly greater
+        than the degree of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: m = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a - b, b^2, a, a*b])
+            sage: f.norm_mod(m)
+            [9 2]
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pE r = ntl_ZZ_pE(modulus=self.c)
+        sig_on()
+        ZZ_pEX_NormMod(r.x, self.x, modulus.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def discriminant(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the discriminant of a=self, which is by definition
+        $$
+                (-1)^{m(m-1)/2} {\mbox{\tt resultant}}(a, a')/lc(a),
+        $$
+        where m = deg(a), and lc(a) is the leading coefficient of a.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f.discriminant()
+            [1 6]
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        cdef long m
+
+        c = ~self.leading_coefficient()
+        m = self.degree()
+        if (m*(m-1) // 2) % 2:
+            c = -c
+        return c*self.resultant(self.derivative())
+
+    def minpoly_mod(self, ntl_ZZ_pEX modulus):
+        """
+        Return the minimal polynomial of this polynomial modulo the
+        modulus.  The modulus must be monic of degree bigger than
+        ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: m = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a - b, b^2, a, a*b])
+            sage: f.minpoly_mod(m)
+            [[2 9] [8 2] [3 10] [1]]
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        cdef ntl_ZZ_pEX r = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        ZZ_pEX_MinPolyMod(r.x, self.x, modulus.x)
+        sig_off()
+        return r
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Reset this polynomial to 0.  Changes this polynomial in place.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f
+            [[3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+            sage: f.clear(); f
+            []
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        sig_on()
+        ZZ_pEX_clear(self.x)
+        sig_off()
+
+    def preallocate_space(self, long n):
+        """
+        Pre-allocate spaces for n coefficients.  The polynomial that f
+        represents is unchanged.  This is useful if you know you'll be
+        setting coefficients up to n, so memory isn't re-allocated as
+        the polynomial grows.  (You might save a millisecond with this
+        function.)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c=ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([1,1,1], 11))
+            sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+            sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZ_pEX([a, b, b])
+            sage: f[10]=ntl.ZZ_pE([1,8],c)  # no new memory is allocated
+            sage: f
+            [[3 2] [1 2] [1 2] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [1 8]]
+        """
+        self.c.restore_c()
+        sig_on()
+        self.x.SetMaxLength(n)
+        sig_off()
+
+
+def make_ZZ_pEX(v, modulus):
+    """
+    Here for unpickling.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: c = ntl.ZZ_pEContext(ntl.ZZ_pX([-5,0,1],25))
+        sage: a = ntl.ZZ_pE([3,2], c)
+        sage: b = ntl.ZZ_pE([1,2], c)
+        sage: sage.libs.ntl.ntl_ZZ_pEX.make_ZZ_pEX([a,b,b], c)
+        [[3 2] [1 2] [1 2]]
+        sage: type(sage.libs.ntl.ntl_ZZ_pEX.make_ZZ_pEX([a,b,b], c))
+        <class 'sage.libs.ntl.ntl_ZZ_pEX.ntl_ZZ_pEX'>
+    """
+    return ntl_ZZ_pEX(v, modulus)