passagemath-modules 10.6.31__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/groups/misc_gps/argument_groups.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1905 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+r"""
+Groups of elements representing (complex) arguments.
+
+This includes
+
+- :class:`RootsOfUnityGroup` (containing all roots of unity)
+
+- :class:`UnitCircleGroup` (representing elements on the unit circle by
+  `e^{2\pi\cdot\mathit{exponent}}`)
+
+- :class:`ArgumentByElementGroup` (whose elements are defined via
+  formal arguments by `e^{I\cdot\mathrm{arg}(\mathit{element})}`.
+
+Use the factory :class:`ArgumentGroup` for creating such a group conveniently.
+
+.. NOTE::
+
+    One main purpose of such groups is in an
+    :mod:`asymptotic ring's <sage.rings.asymptotic.asymptotic_ring>`
+    :mod:`growth group <sage.rings.asymptotic.growth_group>`
+    when an element like `z^n`
+    (for some constant `z`) is split into
+    `\lvert z \rvert^n \cdot e^{I\cdot \mathrm{arg}(z) n}`.
+    (Note that the first factor determines the growth of that product,
+    the second does not influence the growth.)
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Daniel Krenn (2018)
+
+Classes and Methods
+===================
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Daniel Krenn <dev@danielkrenn.at>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.structure.element import MultiplicativeGroupElement
+from sage.structure.factory import UniqueFactory
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp_by_eq_and_lt
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+import sage.rings.abc
+
+
+class AbstractArgument(MultiplicativeGroupElement):
+    r"""
+    An element of :class:`AbstractArgumentGroup`. This abstract class
+    encapsulates an element of the parent's base, i.e. it can be seen
+    as a wrapper class.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``parent`` -- a SageMath parent
+
+    - ``element`` -- an element of parent's base
+
+    - ``normalize`` -- boolean (default: ``True``)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, element, normalize=True):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`AbstractArgument` for more information.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup, RootsOfUnityGroup
+            sage: C = UnitCircleGroup(RR)
+            sage: C(exponent=1/2)  # indirect doctest
+            e^(2*pi*0.500000000000000)
+            sage: C(exponent=3/2)
+            e^(2*pi*0.500000000000000)
+
+            sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup()
+            sage: U(exponent=0)
+            1
+            sage: U(exponent=1)
+            1
+            sage: U(exponent=2/3) == U(exponent=5/3)
+            True
+        """
+        if parent is None:
+            raise ValueError('parent must be provided')
+        super().__init__(parent=parent)
+
+        try:
+            element = parent.base()(element)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:
+            from sage.rings.asymptotic.misc import combine_exceptions
+            from sage.structure.element import parent as parent_function
+            raise combine_exceptions(
+                ValueError(
+                    '{} ({}) is not in {}'.format(element,
+                                                  parent_function(element),
+                                                  parent.base())),
+                e)
+
+        if normalize:
+            element = self._normalize_(element)
+        self._element_ = element
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _normalize_(element):
+        r"""
+        Normalize the given element.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``element`` -- an element of the parent's base
+
+        OUTPUT: an element
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import AbstractArgument
+            sage: AbstractArgument._normalize_(3/2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: only implemented in concrete realizations
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('only implemented in concrete realizations')
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a hash value of this argument.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: C = UnitCircleGroup(RR)
+            sage: hash(C(exponent=1/3))  # indirect doctest, random
+            42
+        """
+        return hash((self.parent(), self._element_))
+
+    def _symbolic_(self, R=None):
+        r"""
+        Return this argument as a symbolic expression.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``R`` -- (a subring of) the symbolic ring or ``None``.
+          The output will be an element of ``R``. If ``None``,
+          then the symbolic ring is used.
+
+        OUTPUT: a symbolic expression
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import AbstractArgument
+            sage: class MyArgument(AbstractArgument):
+            ....:     @staticmethod
+            ....:     def _normalize_(element):
+            ....:         return element
+            sage: a = MyArgument(ZZ, -1)
+            sage: a._symbolic_()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: only implemented in concrete realizations
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('only implemented in concrete realizations')
+
+    _richcmp_ = richcmp_by_eq_and_lt("_eq_", "_lt_")
+
+    def _eq_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return whether this argument equals ``other``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import RootsOfUnityGroup
+            sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup()
+            sage: U(exponent=0) == U(exponent=1)
+            True
+            sage: U(exponent=2/3) == U(exponent=5/3)
+            True
+            sage: U(exponent=2/3) == U(exponent=-2/3)
+            False
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(CC)
+            sage: C(I) == C(I)                                                          # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+
+        As we do not have normalization in :class:`ArgumentByElement`,
+        then following, although equal, is not equal::
+
+            sage: C(I) == C(2*I)                                                        # needs sage.symbolic
+            False
+        """
+        return self._element_ == other._element_
+
+    def _lt_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Raise an error since points on the unit circle are not comparable.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import RootsOfUnityGroup
+            sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup()
+            sage: U(exponent=0) < U(exponent=0)  # indirect doctest
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            RuntimeError: cannot decide '<' for the roots of unity 1 and 1
+            sage: U(exponent=0) < U(exponent=1/2)  # indirect doctest
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            RuntimeError: cannot decide '<' for the roots of unity 1 and -1
+            sage: U(exponent=0) > U(exponent=1/2)  # indirect doctest
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            RuntimeError: cannot decide '<' for the roots of unity -1 and 1
+        """
+        raise RuntimeError("cannot decide '<' "
+                           "for the roots of unity "
+                           "{} and {}".format(self, other))
+
+    def _act_on_(self, other, is_left):
+        r"""
+        Return the action of this argument on ``other``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import RootsOfUnityGroup
+            sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup()
+            sage: U(-1) * 4
+            -4
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Symbolic Ring
+            sage: 4 * U(-1)
+            -4
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Symbolic Ring
+            sage: P = Permutation([1,2,3])
+            sage: U(-1) * P
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: -1 (Group of Roots of Unity) cannot
+            (left-)act on [1, 2, 3] (Standard permutations)
+            > *previous* TypeError: no canonical coercion from
+              Standard permutations to Symbolic Ring
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(SR)
+            sage: C(-1) * 4
+            -4
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Symbolic Ring
+            sage: 4 * C(-1)
+            -4
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Symbolic Ring
+        """
+        from sage.rings.abc import SymbolicRing
+
+        P = other.parent()
+        if isinstance(P, SymbolicRing):
+            S = P
+        else:
+            from sage.symbolic.ring import SR as S
+        try:
+            other = S.coerce(other)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:
+            from sage.rings.asymptotic.misc import combine_exceptions
+            raise combine_exceptions(
+                TypeError('{} ({}) cannot ({}-)act on '
+                          '{} ({})'.format(
+                              self, self.parent(),
+                              'left' if is_left else 'right',
+                              other, P)),
+                e)
+        return self._symbolic_(S) * other
+
+    def __abs__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the absolute value of this argument which equals `1`.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import RootsOfUnityGroup
+            sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup()
+            sage: abs(U(exponent=1/4))  # indirect doctest
+            1
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Integer Ring
+        """
+        from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+        return ZZ.one()
+
+
+class AbstractArgumentGroup(UniqueRepresentation, Parent):
+    r"""
+    A group whose elements represent (complex) arguments.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``base`` -- a SageMath parent
+
+    - ``category`` -- a category
+    """
+
+    Element = AbstractArgument
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall__(cls, base, category=None):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`AbstractArgumentGroup` for more information.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: UnitCircleGroup(RR).category()  # indirect doctest
+            Category of commutative groups
+        """
+        category = cls._determine_category_(category)
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, base, category)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _determine_category_(category):
+        r"""
+        Return the category of this argument group.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``category`` -- a category or ``None`` (in which case the output
+          equals ``category``)
+
+        OUTPUT: a category
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: UnitCircleGroup._determine_category_(None)
+            Category of commutative groups
+            sage: UnitCircleGroup._determine_category_(Groups())
+            Category of groups
+        """
+        if category is None:
+            from sage.categories.groups import Groups
+            category = Groups().Commutative()
+        return category
+
+    def __init__(self, base, category):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`AbstractArgumentGroup` for more information.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: UnitCircleGroup(RR).base()  # indirect doctest
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+        """
+        super().__init__(category=category, base=base)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a hash value of this argument group.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: hash(UnitCircleGroup(RR))  # indirect doctest, random
+            42
+        """
+        return hash((self.__class__, self.base()))
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return an element of this argument group.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: UnitCircleGroup(RR).an_element()  # indirect doctest
+            e^(2*pi*0.000000000000000)
+        """
+        return self.element_class(self, self.base().an_element())
+
+
+class UnitCirclePoint(AbstractArgument):
+    r"""
+    An element of :class:`UnitCircleGroup`
+    which is `e^{2\pi\cdot\mathit{exponent}}`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``parent`` -- a SageMath parent
+
+    - ``exponent`` -- a number (of a subset of the reals)
+
+    - ``normalize`` -- boolean (default: ``True``)
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _normalize_(exponent):
+        r"""
+        Normalize the given exponent so that it is in `[0,1)`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exponent`` -- an element of the parent's base
+
+        OUTPUT: an element
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCirclePoint
+            sage: UnitCirclePoint._normalize_(3/2)
+            1/2
+        """
+        return exponent - exponent.floor()
+
+    @property
+    def exponent(self):
+        r"""
+        The exponent of this point on the unit circle.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: C = UnitCircleGroup(RR)
+            sage: C(exponent=4/3).exponent
+            0.333333333333333
+        """
+        return self._element_
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a representation string of this point on the unit circle.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: C = UnitCircleGroup(RR)
+            sage: C(exponent=1/3)
+            e^(2*pi*0.333333333333333)
+        """
+        return 'e^(2*pi*{})'.format(self.exponent)
+
+    def _symbolic_(self, R=None):
+        r"""
+        Return this point on the unit circle as a symbolic expression.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``R`` -- (a subring of) the symbolic ring or ``None``.
+          The output will be an element of ``R``. If ``None``,
+          then the symbolic ring is used.
+
+        OUTPUT: a symbolic expression
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: C = UnitCircleGroup(RR)
+            sage: C(exponent=1/4)._symbolic_()
+            e^(0.500000000000000*I*pi)
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Symbolic Ring
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import RootsOfUnityGroup
+            sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup()
+            sage: U(exponent=1/4)._symbolic_()
+            I
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Symbolic Ring
+        """
+        from sage.functions.log import exp
+        from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+
+        if R is None:
+            R = SR
+
+        return exp(2 * R('pi') * R('I') * self.exponent)
+
+    def _mul_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return the product of this point on the unit circle and ``other``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: C = UnitCircleGroup(RR)
+            sage: C(exponent=0.3) * C(exponent=0.4)
+            e^(2*pi*0.700000000000000)
+        """
+        P = self.parent()
+        return P.element_class(P, self.exponent + other.exponent)
+
+    def __pow__(self, exponent):
+        r"""
+        Return the power of this point on the unit circle
+        to the given ``exponent``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup, RootsOfUnityGroup
+
+            sage: C = UnitCircleGroup(RR)
+            sage: C(exponent=0.1)^2
+            e^(2*pi*0.200000000000000)
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+            sage: C(exponent=0.1)^QQ(2/1)
+            e^(2*pi*0.200000000000000)
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+
+            sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup()
+            sage: a = U(exponent=1/7); a
+            zeta7
+            sage: a^(7/3)
+            zeta3
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Group of Roots of Unity
+
+            sage: U(exponent=1/3)^(0.25)
+            e^(2*pi*0.0833333333333333)
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: U(exponent=1/3)^x
+            (1/2*I*sqrt(3) - 1/2)^x
+            sage: U(exponent=1/2)^x
+            (-1)^x
+            sage: U(exponent=1/4)^x
+            I^x
+            sage: U(exponent=1/4)^SR(8)
+            1
+        """
+        from sage.rings.abc import SymbolicRing
+
+        new_exponent = self.exponent * exponent
+        parent = new_exponent.parent()
+        if isinstance(new_exponent.parent(), SymbolicRing):
+            return self._symbolic_(parent) ** exponent
+        return self.parent()._create_element_in_extension_(new_exponent)
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inverse of this point on the unit circle.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: C = UnitCircleGroup(RR)
+            sage: ~C(exponent=0.4)
+            e^(2*pi*0.600000000000000)
+            sage: C(1) / C(exponent=0.4)
+            e^(2*pi*0.600000000000000)
+            sage: C(exponent=0) / C(exponent=0.42)
+            e^(2*pi*0.580000000000000)
+        """
+        P = self.parent()
+        return P.element_class(P, -self.exponent)
+
+    def is_one(self):
+        r"""
+        Return whether this point on the unit circle is `1`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: C = UnitCircleGroup(QQ)
+            sage: C(exponent=0).is_one()
+            True
+            sage: C(exponent=1/2).is_one()
+            False
+            sage: C(exponent=2/3).is_one()
+            False
+            sage: C(exponent=42).is_one()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.exponent == 0
+
+    def is_minus_one(self):
+        r"""
+        Return whether this point on the unit circle is `-1`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: C = UnitCircleGroup(QQ)
+            sage: C(exponent=0).is_minus_one()
+            False
+            sage: C(exponent=1/2).is_minus_one()
+            True
+            sage: C(exponent=2/3).is_minus_one()
+            False
+        """
+        from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+        return self.exponent == QQ((1, 2))
+
+
+class UnitCircleGroup(AbstractArgumentGroup):
+    r"""
+    A group of points on the unit circle. These points are
+    represented by `e^{2\pi\cdot\mathit{exponent}}`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``base`` -- a SageMath parent representing a subset of the reals
+
+    - ``category`` -- a category
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+
+        sage: R = UnitCircleGroup(RR); R
+        Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+        sage: R(exponent=2.42)
+        e^(2*pi*0.420000000000000)
+
+        sage: Q = UnitCircleGroup(QQ); Q
+        Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Rational Field modulo ZZ
+        sage: Q(exponent=6/5)
+        e^(2*pi*1/5)
+    """
+
+    Element = UnitCirclePoint
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a representation string of this unit circle group.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: UnitCircleGroup(RR)  # indirect doctest
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+        """
+        return 'Unit Circle Group with Exponents in {} modulo ZZ'.format(self.base())
+
+    def _repr_short_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a short representation string of this unit circle group.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup
+            sage: UnitCircleGroup(RR)._repr_short_()
+            'UU_RR'
+        """
+        from sage.rings.asymptotic.misc import parent_to_repr_short
+        s = parent_to_repr_short(self.base())
+        if ' ' in s:
+            s = '({})'.format(s)
+        return 'UU_{}'.format(s)
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, data, exponent=None, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Construct an element out of the given data.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``data`` -- an object
+
+        - ``exponent`` -- a number (of a subset of the reals) or ``None``
+
+        - ``kwds`` -- are passed on to element
+
+        OUTPUT: a :class:`UnitCirclePoint`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup, RootsOfUnityGroup, SignGroup
+            sage: R = UnitCircleGroup(RR)
+            sage: R(exponent=1/2)
+            e^(2*pi*0.500000000000000)
+
+            sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup()
+            sage: U(exponent=0)
+            1
+            sage: U(exponent=1)
+            1
+            sage: U(exponent=1/2)
+            -1
+            sage: U(exponent=1/4)
+            I
+            sage: U(exponent=1/3)
+            zeta3
+
+            sage: C.<z> = CyclotomicField(6)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: z, U(z)                                                               # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            (z, zeta6)
+            sage: z^2, U(z^2)                                                           # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            (z - 1, zeta3)
+
+            sage: U(ZZ(-1))
+            -1
+            sage: U(QQ(-1))
+            -1
+            sage: U(int(-1))
+            -1
+
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: R(S(1))
+            e^(2*pi*0.000000000000000)
+            sage: R(S(-1))
+            e^(2*pi*0.500000000000000)
+            sage: U(S(1))
+            1
+            sage: U(S(-1))
+            -1
+
+            sage: R(U(exponent=1/3))
+            e^(2*pi*0.333333333333333)
+
+            sage: U(exponent=5/2, normalize=False)
+            zeta2^5
+        """
+        from sage.groups.generic import discrete_log
+        import sage.rings.abc
+        from sage.rings.asymptotic.misc import combine_exceptions
+        from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+
+        if exponent is None:
+            if isinstance(data, int) and data == 0:
+                raise ValueError('no input specified')
+
+            elif isinstance(data, self.element_class):
+                if data.parent() == self:
+                    return data
+                exponent = data.exponent
+
+            elif data == 1 or data == '1':
+                exponent = 0
+
+            elif data == -1 or data == '-1':
+                exponent = QQ((1, 2))
+
+            else:
+                try:
+                    P = data.parent()
+                except AttributeError:
+                    raise TypeError('{} is not in {}'.format(data, self))
+
+                if isinstance(P, SignGroup):
+                    if data.is_one():
+                        exponent = 0
+                    elif data.is_minus_one():
+                        exponent = QQ((1, 2))
+
+                elif isinstance(P, UnitCircleGroup):
+                    exponent = data.exponent
+
+                elif isinstance(P, sage.rings.abc.NumberField_cyclotomic):
+                    zeta = P.gen()
+                    n = zeta.multiplicative_order()
+                    try:
+                        exponent = QQ(discrete_log(data, zeta)) / QQ(n)
+                    except ValueError as e:
+                        raise combine_exceptions(
+                            ValueError('{} is not in {}'.format(data, self)), e)
+
+            if exponent is None:
+                raise ValueError('{} is not in {}'.format(data, self))
+
+        elif not isinstance(data, int) or data != 0:
+            raise ValueError('input is ambiguous: '
+                             '{} as well as exponent={} '
+                             'specified'.format(data, exponent))
+
+        return self.element_class(self, exponent, **kwds)
+
+    def _create_element_in_extension_(self, exponent):
+        r"""
+        Create an element in an extension of this unit circle group which
+        is chosen according to the input ``exponent``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exponent`` -- the element data
+
+        OUTPUT: an element
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup, RootsOfUnityGroup
+
+            sage: C = UnitCircleGroup(QQ)
+            sage: C._create_element_in_extension_(2.12).parent()                        # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+
+            sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup()
+            sage: U._create_element_in_extension_(2.12).parent()                        # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+        """
+        if exponent.parent() is self.base():
+            parent = self
+        else:
+            parent = ArgumentGroup(exponents=exponent.parent())
+        return parent(exponent=exponent)
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, R):
+        r"""
+        Return whether ``R`` coerces into this unit circle group.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``R`` -- a parent
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import UnitCircleGroup, RootsOfUnityGroup, SignGroup
+            sage: R = UnitCircleGroup(RR)
+            sage: Q = UnitCircleGroup(QQ)
+            sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup()
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: for A in (S, U, Q, R):  # indirect doctest
+            ....:     for B in (S, U, Q, R):
+            ....:         print('{} has {}coerce map from {}'.format(
+            ....:             A,
+            ....:             '' if A.has_coerce_map_from(B) else 'no ',
+            ....:             B))
+            Sign Group
+              has coerce map from
+              Sign Group
+            Sign Group
+              has no coerce map from
+              Group of Roots of Unity
+            Sign Group
+              has no coerce map from
+              Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Rational Field modulo ZZ
+            Sign Group
+              has no coerce map from
+              Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+            Group of Roots of Unity
+              has coerce map from
+              Sign Group
+            Group of Roots of Unity
+              has coerce map from
+              Group of Roots of Unity
+            Group of Roots of Unity
+              has coerce map from
+              Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Rational Field modulo ZZ
+            Group of Roots of Unity
+              has no coerce map from
+              Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Rational Field modulo ZZ
+              has coerce map from
+              Sign Group
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Rational Field modulo ZZ
+              has coerce map from
+              Group of Roots of Unity
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Rational Field modulo ZZ
+              has coerce map from
+              Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Rational Field modulo ZZ
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Rational Field modulo ZZ
+              has no coerce map from
+              Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+              has coerce map from
+              Sign Group
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+              has coerce map from
+              Group of Roots of Unity
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+              has coerce map from
+              Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Rational Field modulo ZZ
+            Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+              has coerce map from
+              Unit Circle Group with Exponents in Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+        """
+        if isinstance(R, UnitCircleGroup):
+            return self.base().has_coerce_map_from(R.base())
+        if isinstance(R, SignGroup):
+            return True
+
+
+class RootOfUnity(UnitCirclePoint):
+    r"""
+    A root of unity (i.e. an element of :class:`RootsOfUnityGroup`)
+    which is `e^{2\pi\cdot\mathit{exponent}}` for a rational ``exponent``.
+    """
+
+    def exponent_numerator(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the numerator of the rational quotient in `[0,1)`
+        representing the exponent of this root of unity.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import RootsOfUnityGroup
+            sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup()
+            sage: a = U(exponent=2/3); a
+            zeta3^2
+            sage: a.exponent_numerator()
+            2
+        """
+        return self.exponent.numerator()
+
+    def exponent_denominator(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the denominator of the rational quotient in `[0,1)`
+        representing the exponent of this root of unity.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import RootsOfUnityGroup
+            sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup()
+            sage: a = U(exponent=2/3); a
+            zeta3^2
+            sage: a.exponent_denominator()
+            3
+        """
+        return self.exponent.denominator()
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a representation string of this root of unity.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import RootsOfUnityGroup
+            sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup()
+            sage: U(exponent=0)
+            1
+            sage: U(exponent=1/2)
+            -1
+            sage: U(exponent=1/4)
+            I
+            sage: U(exponent=3/4)
+            -I
+            sage: U(exponent=1/3)
+            zeta3
+            sage: U(exponent=2/3)
+            zeta3^2
+        """
+        from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+        if self.exponent == 0:
+            return '1'
+        if self.exponent == QQ((1, 2)):
+            return '-1'
+        if self.exponent == QQ((1, 4)):
+            return 'I'
+        if self.exponent == QQ((3, 4)):
+            return '-I'
+        num = self.exponent_numerator()
+        den = self.exponent_denominator()
+        zeta = 'zeta{}'.format(den)
+        if num == 1:
+            return zeta
+        return '{}^{}'.format(zeta, num)
+
+
+class RootsOfUnityGroup(UnitCircleGroup):
+    r"""
+    The group of all roots of unity.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``category`` -- a category
+
+    This is a specialized :class:`UnitCircleGroup` with base `\QQ`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import RootsOfUnityGroup
+        sage: U = RootsOfUnityGroup(); U
+        Group of Roots of Unity
+        sage: U(exponent=1/4)
+        I
+    """
+
+    Element = RootOfUnity
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall__(cls, category=None):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`RootsOfUnityGroup` for more information.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import RootsOfUnityGroup
+            sage: RootsOfUnityGroup().category()  # indirect doctest
+            Category of commutative groups
+        """
+        category = cls._determine_category_(category)
+        return super(AbstractArgumentGroup, cls).__classcall__(cls, category)
+
+    def __init__(self, category):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`RootsOfUnityGroup` for more information.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import RootsOfUnityGroup
+            sage: RootsOfUnityGroup().base()  # indirect doctest
+            Rational Field
+        """
+        from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+        super().__init__(base=QQ, category=category)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a representation string of this roots of unity group.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import RootsOfUnityGroup
+            sage: RootsOfUnityGroup()  # indirect doctest
+            Group of Roots of Unity
+        """
+        return 'Group of Roots of Unity'
+
+    def _repr_short_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a short representation string of this roots of unity group.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import RootsOfUnityGroup
+            sage: RootsOfUnityGroup()._repr_short_()
+            'UU'
+        """
+        return 'UU'
+
+
+class ArgumentByElement(AbstractArgument):
+    r"""
+    An element of :class:`ArgumentByElementGroup`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``parent`` -- a SageMath parent
+
+    - ``element`` -- a nonzero element of the parent's base
+
+    - ``normalize`` -- boolean (default: ``True``)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, element, normalize=True):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`ArgumentByElement` for more information.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(CC)
+            sage: C(1+2*I)  # indirect doctest                                          # needs sage.symbolic
+            e^(I*arg(1.00000000000000 + 2.00000000000000*I))
+        """
+        super().__init__(parent, element, normalize=normalize)
+        if self._element_ == 0:
+            raise ValueError('{} is not allowed'.format(element))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _normalize_(element):
+        r"""
+        Normalize the given element.
+
+        This is the identity for :class:`ArgumentByElement`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``element`` -- an element of the parent's base
+
+        OUTPUT: an element
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElement
+            sage: ArgumentByElement._normalize_(3/2)
+            3/2
+        """
+        return element
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a representation string of this argument by element.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(CC)
+            sage: C(2+3*I)  # indirect doctest                                          # needs sage.symbolic
+            e^(I*arg(2.00000000000000 + 3.00000000000000*I))
+        """
+        return 'e^(I*arg({}))'.format(self._element_)
+
+    def _symbolic_(self, R=None):
+        r"""
+        Return this argument by element as a symbolic expression.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``R`` -- (a subring of) the symbolic ring or ``None``.
+          The output will be an element of ``R``. If ``None``,
+          then the symbolic ring is used.
+
+        OUTPUT: a symbolic expression
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(ZZ)
+            sage: C(-2)._symbolic_()                                                    # needs sage.symbolic
+            -1
+            sage: _.parent()                                                            # needs sage.symbolic
+            Symbolic Ring
+        """
+        from sage.functions.log import exp
+        from sage.functions.other import arg
+        from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+
+        if R is None:
+            R = SR
+
+        return exp(R('I') * arg(self._element_))
+
+    def _mul_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return the product of this argument by element with ``other``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(CC)
+            sage: C(I) * C(1 + I)  # indirect doctest                                   # needs sage.symbolic
+            e^(I*arg(-1.00000000000000 + 1.00000000000000*I))
+        """
+        P = self.parent()
+        return P.element_class(P, self._element_ * other._element_)
+
+    def __pow__(self, exponent):
+        r"""
+        Return the power of this argument by element
+        to the given ``exponent``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(CC)
+            sage: C(I)^5  # indirect doctest
+            e^(I*arg(1.00000000000000*I))
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Unit Circle Group with Argument of Elements in
+            Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
+            sage: C(1+I)^3  # indirect doctest
+            e^(I*arg(-2.00000000000000 + 2.00000000000000*I))
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Unit Circle Group with Argument of Elements in
+            Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
+
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(RR)
+            sage: C(0.42)^CC(2.4)
+            e^(I*arg(0.124680431591996))
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Unit Circle Group with Argument of Elements in
+            Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(QQ)
+            sage: a = C(-20)^x; a
+            (-1)^x
+            sage: a.parent()
+            Symbolic Ring
+        """
+        from sage.rings.abc import SymbolicRing
+
+        element = self._element_ ** exponent
+        parent = element.parent()
+        if isinstance(parent, SymbolicRing):
+            return self._symbolic_(parent) ** exponent
+        return self.parent()._create_element_in_extension_(element)
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inverse of this argument by element.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(CC)
+            sage: ~C(I)  # indirect doctest                                             # needs sage.symbolic
+            e^(I*arg(-1.00000000000000*I))
+        """
+        P = self.parent()
+        return P.element_class(P, ~self._element_)
+
+
+class ArgumentByElementGroup(AbstractArgumentGroup):
+    r"""
+    A group of (complex) arguments. The arguments are represented
+    by a the formal argument of an element, i.e.,
+    by `\mathrm{arg}(\mathit{element})`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``base`` -- a SageMath parent representing a subset of the complex plane
+
+    - ``category`` -- a category
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+        sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(CC); C
+        Unit Circle Group with Argument of Elements in
+        Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
+        sage: C(1 + 2*I)                                                                # needs sage.symbolic
+        e^(I*arg(1.00000000000000 + 2.00000000000000*I))
+    """
+
+    Element = ArgumentByElement
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a representation string of this argument by element group.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+            sage: ArgumentByElementGroup(CC)  # indirect doctest
+            Unit Circle Group with Argument of Elements in
+            Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
+        """
+        return 'Unit Circle Group with Argument of Elements in {}'.format(self.base())
+
+    def _repr_short_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a short representation string of this  argument by element group.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+            sage: ArgumentByElementGroup(CC)._repr_short_()
+            'Arg_CC'
+        """
+        from sage.rings.asymptotic.misc import parent_to_repr_short, repr_op
+        return repr_op('Arg', '_', parent_to_repr_short(self.base()))
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, data, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Construct an element out of the given data.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``data`` -- an object
+
+        - ``kwds`` -- are passed on to element
+
+        OUTPUT: a :class:`ArgumentByElement`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(CC)
+            sage: C(1 + 2*I)  # indirect doctest                                        # needs sage.symbolic
+            e^(I*arg(1.00000000000000 + 2.00000000000000*I))
+            sage: C(1)
+            e^(I*arg(1.00000000000000))
+            sage: C(-1)
+            e^(I*arg(-1.00000000000000))
+            sage: C(ZZ(-1))
+            e^(I*arg(-1.00000000000000))
+            sage: C(QQ(-1))
+            e^(I*arg(-1.00000000000000))
+            sage: C(int(-1))
+            e^(I*arg(-1.00000000000000))
+            sage: C('-1')
+            e^(I*arg(-1.00000000000000))
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: C(S(1))
+            e^(I*arg(1.00000000000000))
+            sage: C(S(-1))
+            e^(I*arg(-1.00000000000000))
+        """
+        from sage.structure.element import parent
+
+        if isinstance(data, int) and data == 0:
+            raise ValueError('no input specified')
+
+        elif isinstance(data, self.element_class):
+            if data.parent() == self:
+                return data
+            element = data._element_
+
+        elif data == '1':
+            element = 1
+
+        elif data == '-1':
+            element = -1
+
+        else:
+            P = parent(data)
+
+            if isinstance(P, SignGroup):
+                if data.is_one():
+                    element = 1
+                elif data.is_minus_one():
+                    element = -1
+
+            else:
+                element = data
+
+        return self.element_class(self, element, **kwds)
+
+    def _create_element_in_extension_(self, element):
+        r"""
+        Create an element in an extension of this
+        argument by element group which
+        is chosen according to the input ``element``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``element`` -- the element data
+
+        OUTPUT: an element
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(ZZ)
+            sage: C._create_element_in_extension_(2/3).parent()
+            Unit Circle Group with Argument of Elements in
+            Rational Field
+            sage: C._create_element_in_extension_(0.23).parent()
+            Unit Circle Group with Argument of Elements in
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(RR)
+            sage: C._create_element_in_extension_(CC(0.23)).parent()
+            Unit Circle Group with Argument of Elements in
+            Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
+        """
+        if element.parent() is self.base():
+            parent = self
+        else:
+            parent = ArgumentByElementGroup(element.parent())
+        return parent(element)
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, R):
+        r"""
+        Return whether ``R`` coerces into this argument by element group.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``R`` -- a parent
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentByElementGroup
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: C = ArgumentByElementGroup(ZZ)
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: C.has_coerce_map_from(S)  # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        if isinstance(R, SignGroup):
+            return True
+
+
+class Sign(AbstractArgument):
+    r"""
+    An element of :class:`SignGroup`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``parent`` -- a SageMath parent
+
+    - ``element`` -- a nonzero element of the parent's base
+
+    - ``normalize`` -- boolean (default: ``True``)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, element, normalize=True):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`Sign` for more information.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: S.an_element()  # indirect doctest
+            -1
+        """
+        super().__init__(parent, int(element), normalize=normalize)
+        if self._element_ not in (-1, 1):
+            raise ValueError('{} is not allowed '
+                             '(only -1 or 1 is)'.format(element))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _normalize_(element):
+        r"""
+        Normalize the given element.
+
+        This is the identity for :class:`Sign`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``element`` -- an element of the parent's base
+
+        OUTPUT: an element
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import Sign
+            sage: Sign._normalize_(True)
+            True
+        """
+        return element
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a representation string of this sign.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: S(1)
+            1
+            sage: S(-1)
+            -1
+        """
+        return repr(self._element_)
+
+    def _mul_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return the product of this sign with ``other``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: S(1) * S(-1)  # indirect doctest
+            -1
+        """
+        P = self.parent()
+        return P.element_class(P, self._element_ * other._element_)
+
+    def __pow__(self, exponent):
+        r"""
+        Return the power of this sign to the given ``exponent``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: S(-1)^4  # indirect doctest
+            1
+            sage: S(-1)^3  # indirect doctest
+            -1
+
+        Check that the results may live in other parents too::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: x = SR.var('x')
+            sage: elem = S(-1)^x; elem  # indirect doctest
+            (-1)^x
+            sage: elem.parent()
+            Symbolic Ring
+
+        """
+        result = self._element_ ** exponent
+        P = self.parent()
+        try:
+            return P.element_class(P, result)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            return result
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inverse of this sign.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: ~S(-1)  # indirect doctest
+            -1
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Sign Group
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _act_on_(self, other, is_left):
+        r"""
+        Return the action of this sign on ``other``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: S(-1) * 4
+            -4
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Integer Ring
+            sage: 4 * S(-1)
+            -4
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Integer Ring
+
+            sage: S(-1) * ZZ(4)
+            -4
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Integer Ring
+            sage: S(-1) * int(4)
+            -4
+            sage: type(_)
+            <class 'int'>
+            sage: S(-1) * QQ(4)
+            -4
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Rational Field
+            sage: S(-1) * RR(4)
+            -4.00000000000000
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+            sage: S(-1) * CC(4)
+            -4.00000000000000
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
+            sage: S(-1) * SR.var('x')                                                   # needs sage.symbolic
+            -x
+            sage: _.parent()                                                            # needs sage.symbolic
+            Symbolic Ring
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P = Permutation([1,2,3])
+            sage: S(-1) * P
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unsupported operand parent
+            for unary -: 'Standard permutations'
+        """
+        if self.is_one():
+            return other
+        if self.is_minus_one():
+            return -other
+
+    def is_one(self):
+        r"""
+        Return whether this sign is `1`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: S(-1).is_one()
+            False
+            sage: S(1).is_one()
+            True
+        """
+        return self._element_ == 1
+
+    def is_minus_one(self):
+        r"""
+        Return whether this sign is `-1`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: S(1).is_minus_one()
+            False
+            sage: S(-1).is_minus_one()
+            True
+        """
+        return self._element_ == -1
+
+
+class SignGroup(AbstractArgumentGroup):
+    r"""
+    A group of the signs `-1` and `1`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``category`` -- a category
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+        sage: S = SignGroup(); S
+        Sign Group
+        sage: S(-1)
+        -1
+    """
+
+    Element = Sign
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall__(cls, category=None):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`SignGroup` for more information.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: S.category()  # indirect doctest
+            Category of finite commutative groups
+        """
+        category = cls._determine_category_(category).Finite()
+        return super(AbstractArgumentGroup, cls).__classcall__(
+            cls, category)
+
+    def __init__(self, category):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`SignGroup` for more information.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: S.base()  # indirect doctest
+            <class 'int'>
+        """
+        super().__init__(base=int, category=category)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a representation string of the sign group.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: SignGroup()  # indirect doctest
+            Sign Group
+        """
+        return 'Sign Group'
+
+    def _repr_short_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a short representation string of this sign group.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: S._repr_short_()
+            'Signs'
+        """
+        return 'Signs'
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a short representation string of this sign group.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: S.an_element()
+            -1
+        """
+        return self.element_class(self, -1)
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, data):
+        r"""
+        Construct an element out of the given data.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``data`` -- an object
+
+        OUTPUT: a :class:`Sign`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import SignGroup
+            sage: S = SignGroup()
+            sage: S(1)  # indirect doctest
+            1
+            sage: S(-1)  # indirect doctest
+            -1
+        """
+        if isinstance(data, int) and data == 0:
+            raise ValueError('no input specified')
+
+        elif isinstance(data, self.element_class):
+            if data.parent() == self:
+                return data
+            element = data._element_
+
+        else:
+            element = data
+
+        return self.element_class(self, element)
+
+
+class ArgumentGroupFactory(UniqueFactory):
+    r"""
+    A factory for creating argument groups.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``data`` -- an object
+
+      The factory will analyze ``data`` and interpret it as
+      ``specification`` or ``domain``.
+
+    - ``specification`` -- string
+
+      The following is possible:
+
+      - ``'Signs'`` give the :class:`SignGroup`
+
+      - ``'UU'`` give the :class:`RootsOfUnityGroup`
+
+      - ``'UU_P'``, where ``'P'`` is
+        a string representing a SageMath parent which is interpreted as
+        ``exponents``
+
+      - ``'Arg_P'``, where ``'P'`` is
+        a string representing a SageMath parent which is interpreted as
+        ``domain``
+
+    - ``domain`` -- a SageMath parent representing a subset of the complex plane;
+      an instance of :class:`ArgumentByElementGroup` will be created with the given
+      ``domain``
+
+    - ``exponents`` -- a SageMath parent representing a subset of the reals;
+      an instance of :class`UnitCircleGroup` will be created with the given
+      ``exponents``
+
+    Exactly one of ``data``, ``specification``, ``exponents`` has to be provided.
+
+    Further keyword parameters will be carried on to the initialization of
+    the group.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentGroup
+
+        sage: ArgumentGroup('UU')                                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        Group of Roots of Unity
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        sage: ArgumentGroup(ZZ)
+        Sign Group
+        sage: ArgumentGroup(QQ)
+        Sign Group
+        sage: ArgumentGroup('UU_QQ')
+        Group of Roots of Unity
+        sage: ArgumentGroup(AA)
+        Sign Group
+
+        sage: ArgumentGroup(RR)                                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        Sign Group
+        sage: ArgumentGroup('Arg_RR')                                                   # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        Sign Group
+        sage: ArgumentGroup(RIF)                                                        # needs sage.rings.real_interval_field
+        Sign Group
+        sage: ArgumentGroup(RBF)                                                        # needs sage.libs.flint
+        Sign Group
+
+        sage: ArgumentGroup(CC)                                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        Unit Circle Group with Exponents in
+        Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+        sage: ArgumentGroup('Arg_CC')                                                   # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        Unit Circle Group with Exponents in
+        Real Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+        sage: ArgumentGroup(CIF)                                                        # needs sage.rings.real_interval_field
+        Unit Circle Group with Exponents in
+        Real Interval Field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+        sage: ArgumentGroup(CBF)                                                        # needs sage.libs.flint
+        Unit Circle Group with Exponents in
+        Real ball field with 53 bits of precision modulo ZZ
+
+        sage: ArgumentGroup(CyclotomicField(3))                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        Unit Circle Group with Argument of Elements in
+        Cyclotomic Field of order 3 and degree 2
+    """
+    def create_key_and_extra_args(self,
+                                  data=None,
+                                  specification=None,
+                                  domain=None,
+                                  exponents=None,
+                                  **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Normalize the input.
+
+        See :class:`ArgumentGroupFactory` for a description and examples.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentGroup
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: ArgumentGroup(specification='UU')
+            Group of Roots of Unity
+            sage: ArgumentGroup('UU') is ArgumentGroup(exponents=QQ)  # indirect doctest
+            True
+            sage: ArgumentGroup('Arg_CC') is ArgumentGroup(exponents=RR)  # indirect doctest
+            True
+            sage: ArgumentGroup('Arg_CC') is ArgumentGroup(domain=CC)  # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+        from sage.misc.misc import exactly_one_is_true
+        from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+
+        try:
+            from sage.rings.qqbar import AA
+        except ImportError:
+            AA = None
+
+        if not exactly_one_is_true(
+                (data is not None,
+                 specification is not None,
+                 domain is not None,
+                 exponents is not None)):
+            raise ValueError(
+                'input ambiguous: ' +
+                ', '.join('{}={}'.format(s, v) for s, v in
+                          [('data', data), ('specification', specification),
+                           ('domain', domain), ('exponents', exponents)]
+                          if v is not None))
+
+        if data is not None:
+            if isinstance(data, str):
+                specification = data
+            else:
+                domain = data
+
+        if specification is not None:
+            if specification == 'UU':
+                return (RootsOfUnityGroup, ()), kwds
+            if specification == 'Signs':
+                return (SignGroup, ()), kwds
+            elif specification.startswith('UU_'):
+                from sage.rings.asymptotic.misc import repr_short_to_parent
+                exponents = repr_short_to_parent(specification[3:])
+            elif specification.startswith('Arg_') or specification.startswith('arg_'):
+                from sage.rings.asymptotic.misc import repr_short_to_parent
+                domain = repr_short_to_parent(specification[4:])
+            else:
+                raise ValueError('unknown specification {}'.format(specification))
+
+        if domain is not None:
+            if domain in (ZZ, QQ, AA) \
+               or isinstance(domain, (sage.rings.abc.RealField,
+                                      sage.rings.abc.RealIntervalField,
+                                      sage.rings.abc.RealBallField)):
+                return (SignGroup, ()), kwds
+            elif isinstance(domain, (sage.rings.abc.ComplexField,
+                                     sage.rings.abc.ComplexIntervalField,
+                                     sage.rings.abc.ComplexBallField)):
+                return (UnitCircleGroup, (domain._real_field(),)), kwds
+            else:
+                return (ArgumentByElementGroup, (domain,)), kwds
+
+        elif exponents is not None:
+            if exponents == ZZ:
+                return (SignGroup, ()), kwds
+            elif exponents == QQ:
+                return (RootsOfUnityGroup, ()), kwds
+            else:
+                return (UnitCircleGroup, (exponents,)), kwds
+
+    def create_object(self, version, key, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Create an object from the given arguments.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups import ArgumentGroup
+            sage: ArgumentGroup('UU')  # indirect doctest                               # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            Group of Roots of Unity
+        """
+        cls, args = key
+        return cls(*args, **kwds)
+
+
+ArgumentGroup = ArgumentGroupFactory('sage.groups.misc_gps.argument_groups.ArgumentGroup')
+r"""
+A factory for argument groups.
+
+This is an instance of :class:`ArgumentGroupFactory` whose documentation
+provides more details.
+"""