passagemath-modules 10.6.31__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/quadratic_forms/quadratic_form__split_local_covering.py

@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+"""
+Split Local Covering
+"""
+#######################################################################
+# Routines that look for a split local covering for a given quadratic #
+# form in 4 variables.                                                #
+#######################################################################
+
+from copy import deepcopy
+
+from sage.quadratic_forms.extras import extend_to_primitive
+
+import sage.rings.abc
+from sage.rings.real_double import RDF
+from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace
+from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.arith.misc import GCD
+
+
+def cholesky_decomposition(self, bit_prec=53):
+    r"""
+    Give the Cholesky decomposition of this quadratic form `Q` as a real matrix
+    of precision ``bit_prec``.
+
+    RESTRICTIONS:
+
+        `Q` must be given as a :class:`QuadraticForm` defined over `\ZZ`, `\QQ`, or some
+        real field. If it is over some real field, then an error is raised if
+        the precision given is not less than the defined precision of the real
+        field defining the quadratic form!
+
+    REFERENCE:
+
+    - Cohen's "A Course in Computational Algebraic Number Theory" book, p 103.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``bit_prec`` -- a natural number (default: 53)
+
+    OUTPUT: an upper triangular real matrix of precision ``bit_prec``
+
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        If we only care about working over the real double field (``RDF``), then we
+        can use the method :meth:`cholesky` present for square matrices over that.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        There is a note in the original code reading
+
+        ::
+
+            Finds the Cholesky decomposition of a quadratic form -- as an upper-triangular matrix!
+            (It's assumed to be global, hence twice the form it refers to.)  <-- Python revision asks:  Is this true?!? =|
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,1,1])
+        sage: Q.cholesky_decomposition()
+        [ 1.00000000000000 0.000000000000000 0.000000000000000]
+        [0.000000000000000  1.00000000000000 0.000000000000000]
+        [0.000000000000000 0.000000000000000  1.00000000000000]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = QuadraticForm(QQ, 3, range(1,7)); Q
+        Quadratic form in 3 variables over Rational Field with coefficients:
+        [ 1 2 3 ]
+        [ * 4 5 ]
+        [ * * 6 ]
+        sage: Q.cholesky_decomposition()
+        [ 1.00000000000000  1.00000000000000  1.50000000000000]
+        [0.000000000000000  3.00000000000000 0.333333333333333]
+        [0.000000000000000 0.000000000000000  3.41666666666667]
+    """
+    # Check that the precision passed is allowed.
+    if isinstance(self.base_ring(), sage.rings.abc.RealField) and (self.base_ring().prec() < bit_prec):
+        raise RuntimeError("the precision requested is greater than that of the given quadratic form")
+
+    from sage.rings.real_mpfr import RealField
+
+    # 1. Initialization
+    n = self.dim()
+    R = RealField(bit_prec)
+    MS = MatrixSpace(R, n, n)
+    Q = MS(R(0.5)) * MS(self.matrix())               # Initialize the real symmetric matrix A with the matrix for Q(x) = x^t * A * x
+
+    # DIAGNOSTIC
+
+    # 2. Loop on i
+    for i in range(n):
+        for j in range(i + 1, n):
+            Q[j, i] = Q[i, j]             # Is this line redundant?
+            Q[i, j] = Q[i, j] / Q[i, i]
+
+        # 3. Main Loop
+        for k in range(i + 1, n):
+            for l in range(k, n):
+                Q[k, l] = Q[k, l] - Q[k, i] * Q[i, l]
+
+    # 4. Zero out the strictly lower-triangular entries
+    for i in range(n):
+        for j in range(i):
+            Q[i, j] = 0
+
+    return Q
+
+
+def vectors_by_length(self, bound):
+    r"""
+    Return a list of short vectors together with their values.
+
+    This is a naive algorithm which uses the Cholesky decomposition,
+    but does not use the LLL-reduction algorithm.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``bound`` -- integer `\geq 0`
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    - a list ``L`` of length (``bound`` + 1) whose entry ``L[i]`` is a list of
+      all vectors of length `i`.
+
+    REFERENCES:
+
+    This is a slightly modified version of Cohn's Algorithm
+    2.7.5 in "A Course in Computational Number Theory", with the
+    increment step moved around and slightly re-indexed to allow clean
+    looping.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        We could speed this up for very skew matrices by using LLL
+        first, and then changing coordinates back, but for our purposes
+        the simpler method is efficient enough.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,1])
+        sage: Q.vectors_by_length(5)                                                    # needs sage.symbolic
+        [[[0, 0]],
+         [[0, -1], [-1, 0]],
+         [[-1, -1], [1, -1]],
+         [],
+         [[0, -2], [-2, 0]],
+         [[-1, -2], [1, -2], [-2, -1], [2, -1]]]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q1 = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,3,5,7])
+        sage: Q1.vectors_by_length(5)                                                   # needs sage.symbolic
+        [[[0, 0, 0, 0]],
+         [[-1, 0, 0, 0]],
+         [],
+         [[0, -1, 0, 0]],
+         [[-1, -1, 0, 0], [1, -1, 0, 0], [-2, 0, 0, 0]],
+         [[0, 0, -1, 0]]]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = QuadraticForm(ZZ, 4, [1,1,1,1, 1,0,0, 1,0, 1])
+        sage: list(map(len, Q.vectors_by_length(2)))                                    # needs sage.symbolic
+        [1, 12, 12]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = QuadraticForm(ZZ, 4, [1,-1,-1,-1, 1,0,0, 4,-3, 4])
+        sage: list(map(len, Q.vectors_by_length(3)))                                    # needs sage.symbolic
+        [1, 3, 0, 3]
+    """
+    # pari uses eps = 1e-6 ; nothing bad should happen if eps is too big
+    # but if eps is too small, roundoff errors may knock off some
+    # vectors of norm = bound (see #7100)
+    eps = RDF(1e-6)
+    bound = ZZ(max(bound, 0))  # bound is an integer
+    Theta_Precision = bound + eps
+    n = self.dim()
+
+    # Make the vector of vectors which have a given value
+    # (So theta_vec[i] will have all vectors v with Q(v) = i.)
+    theta_vec = [[] for i in range(bound + 1)]
+
+    # Initialize Q with zeros and Copy the Cholesky array into Q
+    Q = self.cholesky_decomposition()
+
+    # 1. Initialize
+    T = n * [RDF(0)]    # Note: We index the entries as 0 --> n-1
+    U = n * [RDF(0)]
+    i = n - 1
+    T[i] = RDF(Theta_Precision)
+    U[i] = RDF(0)
+
+    L = n * [0]
+    x = n * [0]
+
+    # 2. Compute bounds
+    Z = (T[i] / Q[i][i]).sqrt(extend=False)
+    L[i] = (Z - U[i]).floor()
+    x[i] = (-Z - U[i]).ceil()
+
+    done_flag = False
+    Q_val = 0  # WARNING: Still need a good way of checking overflow for this value...
+
+    # Big loop which runs through all vectors
+    while not done_flag:
+
+        # 3b. Main loop -- try to generate a complete vector x (when i=0)
+        while (i > 0):
+            T[i - 1] = T[i] - Q[i][i] * (x[i] + U[i]) * (x[i] + U[i])
+            i = i - 1
+            U[i] = 0
+            for j in range(i + 1, n):
+                U[i] = U[i] + Q[i][j] * x[j]
+
+            # Now go back and compute the bounds...
+            # 2. Compute bounds
+            Z = (T[i] / Q[i][i]).sqrt(extend=False)
+            L[i] = (Z - U[i]).floor()
+            x[i] = (-Z - U[i]).ceil()
+
+            # carry if we go out of bounds -- when Z is so small that
+            # there aren't any integral vectors between the bounds
+            # Note: this ensures T[i-1] >= 0 in the next iteration
+            while (x[i] > L[i]):
+                i += 1
+                x[i] += 1
+
+        # 4. Solution found (This happens when i = 0)
+        Q_val_double = Theta_Precision - T[0] + Q[0][0] * (x[0] + U[0]) * (x[0] + U[0])
+        Q_val = Q_val_double.round()
+
+        # SANITY CHECK: Roundoff Error is < 0.001
+        if abs(Q_val_double - Q_val) > 0.001:
+            print(" x = ", x)
+            print(" Float = ", Q_val_double, "   Long = ", Q_val)
+            raise RuntimeError("The roundoff error is bigger than 0.001, so we should use more precision somewhere...")
+
+        if Q_val <= bound:
+            theta_vec[Q_val].append(deepcopy(x))
+
+        # 5. Check if x = 0, for exit condition. =)
+        j = 0
+        done_flag = True
+        while j < n:
+            if x[j] != 0:
+                done_flag = False
+            j += 1
+
+        # 3a. Increment (and carry if we go out of bounds)
+        x[i] += 1
+        while i < n - 1 and x[i] > L[i]:
+            i += 1
+            x[i] += 1
+
+    return theta_vec
+
+
+def complementary_subform_to_vector(self, v):
+    r"""
+    Find the `(n-1)`-dimensional quadratic form orthogonal to the vector `v`.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        This is usually not a direct summand!
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        There is a minor difference in the cancellation
+        code here (form the C++ version) since the notation ``Q[i,j]`` indexes
+        coefficients of the quadratic polynomial here, not the symmetric
+        matrix.  Also, it produces a better splitting now, for the full
+        lattice (as opposed to a sublattice in the C++ code) since we
+        now extend `v` to a unimodular matrix.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``v`` -- list of ``self.dim()`` integers
+
+    OUTPUT: a :class:`QuadraticForm` over `\ZZ`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q1 = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,3,5,7])
+        sage: Q1.complementary_subform_to_vector([1,0,0,0])                             # needs sage.libs.pari
+        Quadratic form in 3 variables over Integer Ring with coefficients:
+        [ 7 0 0 ]
+        [ * 5 0 ]
+        [ * * 3 ]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q1.complementary_subform_to_vector([1,1,0,0])                             # needs sage.libs.pari
+        Quadratic form in 3 variables over Integer Ring with coefficients:
+        [ 7 0 0 ]
+        [ * 5 0 ]
+        [ * * 12 ]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q1.complementary_subform_to_vector([1,1,1,1])                             # needs sage.libs.pari
+        Quadratic form in 3 variables over Integer Ring with coefficients:
+        [ 880 -480 -160 ]
+        [ * 624 -96 ]
+        [ * * 240 ]
+    """
+    n = self.dim()
+
+    # Copy the quadratic form
+    Q = deepcopy(self)
+
+    # Find the first nonzero component of v, and call it nz  (Note: 0 <= nz < n)
+    nz = 0
+    while nz < n and v[nz] == 0:
+        nz += 1
+
+    # Abort if v is the zero vector
+    if nz == n:
+        raise TypeError("v cannot be the zero vector")
+
+    # Make the change of basis matrix
+    new_basis = extend_to_primitive(matrix(ZZ, n, 1, v))
+
+    # Change Q (to Q1) to have v as its nz-th basis vector
+    Q1 = Q(new_basis)
+
+    # Pick out the value Q(v) of the vector
+    d = Q1[0, 0]
+
+    # For each row/column, perform elementary operations to cancel them out.
+    for i in range(1, n):
+
+        # Check if the (i,0)-entry is divisible by d,
+        # and stretch its row/column if not.
+        if Q1[i, 0] % d:
+            Q1 = Q1.multiply_variable(d / GCD(d, Q1[i, 0] // 2), i)
+
+        # Now perform the (symmetric) elementary operations to cancel out the (i,0) entries/
+        Q1 = Q1.add_symmetric(-(Q1[i, 0] // 2) / (GCD(d, Q1[i, 0] // 2)), i, 0)
+
+    # Check that we're done!
+    done_flag = True
+    for i in range(1, n):
+        if Q1[0, i] != 0:
+            done_flag = False
+
+    if not done_flag:
+        raise RuntimeError("There is a problem cancelling out the matrix entries! =O")
+
+    # Return the complementary matrix
+    return Q1.extract_variables(range(1, n))
+
+
+def split_local_cover(self):
+    r"""
+    Try to find subform of the given (positive definite quaternary)
+    quadratic form `Q` of the form
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        d\cdot x^2 + T(y,z,w)
+
+    where `d > 0` is as small as possible.
+
+    This is done by exhaustive search on small vectors, and then
+    comparing the local conditions of its sum with its complementary
+    lattice and the original quadratic form `Q`.
+
+    OUTPUT: a :class:`QuadraticForm` over `\ZZ`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q1 = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [7,5,3])
+        sage: Q1.split_local_cover()                                                    # needs sage.symbolic
+        Quadratic form in 3 variables over Integer Ring with coefficients:
+        [ 3 0 0 ]
+        [ * 5 0 ]
+        [ * * 7 ]
+    """
+    from sage.quadratic_forms.quadratic_form import QuadraticForm
+
+    # 0. If a split local cover already exists, then return it.
+    if hasattr(self, "__split_local_cover"):
+        if isinstance(self.__split_local_cover, QuadraticForm):  # Here the computation has been done.
+            return self.__split_local_cover
+        elif self.__split_local_cover in ZZ:    # Here it indexes the values already tried!
+            current_length = self.__split_local_cover + 1
+            Length_Max = current_length + 5
+    else:
+        current_length = 1
+        Length_Max = 6
+
+    # 1. Find a range of new vectors
+    all_vectors = self.vectors_by_length(Length_Max)
+    current_vectors = all_vectors[current_length]
+
+    # Loop until we find a split local cover...
+    while True:
+
+        # 2. Check if any of the primitive ones produce a split local cover
+        for v in current_vectors:
+            Q = QuadraticForm(ZZ, 1, [current_length]) + self.complementary_subform_to_vector(v)
+            if Q.local_representation_conditions() == self.local_representation_conditions():
+                self.__split_local_cover = Q
+                return Q
+
+        # 3. Save what we have checked and get more vectors.
+        self.__split_local_cover = current_length
+        current_length += 1
+        if current_length >= len(all_vectors):
+            Length_Max += 5
+            all_vectors = self.vectors_by_length(Length_Max)
+        current_vectors = all_vectors[current_length]