passagemath-graphs 10.5.43__cp39-cp39-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

sage/combinat/cluster_algebra_quiver/mutation_type.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1556 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-graphs
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.graphs
+r"""
+Helper functions for mutation types of quivers
+
+This file contains helper functions for detecting the mutation type of
+a cluster algebra or quiver.
+
+For the compendium on the cluster algebra and quiver package see [MS2011]_
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Gregg Musiker
+- Christian Stump
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2011 Gregg Musiker <musiker@math.mit.edu>
+#                          Christian Stump <christian.stump@univie.ac.at>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from pathlib import Path
+import pickle
+
+from copy import copy
+
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_function
+from sage.misc.flatten import flatten
+from sage.graphs.digraph import DiGraph
+from sage.combinat.combination import Combinations
+from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.quiver_mutation_type import QuiverMutationType
+
+
+def is_mutation_finite(M, nr_of_checks=None):
+    r"""
+    Use a non-deterministic method by random mutations in various
+    directions. Can result in a wrong answer.
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        This method modifies the input matrix ``M``!
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``nr_of_checks`` -- number of mutations applied (default: ``None``);
+      standard is 500*(number of vertices of self)
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    A quiver is mutation infinite if and only if every edge label (a,-b) satisfy a*b > 4.
+    Thus, we apply random mutations in random directions
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type import is_mutation_finite
+
+        sage: Q = ClusterQuiver(['A',10])                                               # needs sage.modules
+        sage: M = Q.b_matrix()                                                          # needs sage.modules
+        sage: is_mutation_finite(M)                                                     # needs sage.modules
+        (True, None)
+
+        sage: # needs sage.modules
+        sage: Q = ClusterQuiver([(0,1),(1,2),(2,3),(3,4),(4,5),(5,6),(6,7),(7,8),(2,9)])
+        sage: M = Q.b_matrix()
+        sage: is_mutation_finite(M)  # random
+        (False, [9, 6, 9, 8, 9, 4, 0, 4, 5, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0, 7, 1, 9, 2, 5, 7, 8, 6, 3, 0, 2, 5, 4, 2, 6, 9, 2, 7, 3, 5, 3, 7, 9, 5, 9, 0, 2, 7, 9, 2, 4, 2, 1, 6, 9, 4, 3, 5, 0, 8, 2, 9, 5, 3, 7, 0, 1, 8, 3, 7, 2, 7, 3, 4, 8, 0, 4, 9, 5, 2, 8, 4, 8, 1, 7, 8, 9, 1, 5, 0, 8, 7, 4, 8, 9, 8, 0, 7, 4, 7, 1, 2, 8, 6, 1, 3, 9, 3, 9, 1, 3, 2, 4, 9, 5, 1, 2, 9, 4, 8, 5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 2, 5, 9, 4, 6, 2, 1, 4, 9, 6, 0, 9, 8, 0, 4, 7, 9, 2, 1, 6])
+
+    Check that :issue:`19495` is fixed::
+
+        sage: dg = DiGraph(); dg.add_vertex(0); S = ClusterSeed(dg); S                  # needs sage.modules
+        A seed for a cluster algebra of rank 1
+        sage: S.is_mutation_finite()                                                    # needs sage.modules
+        True
+    """
+    import random
+    n = M.ncols()
+    if n <= 2:
+        return True, None
+    if nr_of_checks is None:
+        nr_of_checks = 1000 * n
+    k = random.randint(0, n - 1)
+    path = []
+    for i in range(nr_of_checks):
+        # avoid mutating back in the same direction
+        next_k = random.randint(0, n - 2)
+        if next_k >= k:
+            next_k += 1
+        k = next_k
+        M.mutate(k)
+        path.append(k)
+        for i, j in M.nonzero_positions():
+            if i < j and M[i, j] * M[j, i] < -4:
+                return False, path
+    return True, None
+
+
+def _triangles(dg):
+    """
+    Return a list of all oriented triangles in the digraph ``dg``.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.modules
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type import _triangles
+        sage: Q = ClusterQuiver(['A',3])
+        sage: _triangles(Q.digraph())
+        []
+        sage: Q.mutate([0,1])
+        sage: _triangles(Q.digraph())
+        [([(2, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2)], True)]
+        sage: Q2 = ClusterQuiver(['A',[1,2],1])
+        sage: _triangles(Q2.digraph())
+        [([(1, 2), (1, 0), (2, 0)], False)]
+        sage: Q2.mutate(2)
+        sage: _triangles(Q2.digraph())
+        [([(1, 0), (0, 2), (2, 1)], True)]
+    """
+    E = dg.edges(sort=True, labels=False)
+    V = list(dg)
+    trians = []
+    flat_trians = []
+    for e in E:
+        v1, v2 = e
+        for v in V:
+            if v not in e:
+                if (v, v1) in E:
+                    if (v2, v) in E:
+                        flat_trian = sorted([v,v1,v2])
+                        if flat_trian not in flat_trians:
+                            flat_trians.append( flat_trian )
+                            trians.append( ( [(v,v1),(v1,v2),(v2,v)], True ) )
+                    elif (v, v2) in E:
+                        flat_trian = sorted([v,v1,v2])
+                        if flat_trian not in flat_trians:
+                            flat_trians.append( flat_trian )
+                            trians.append( ( [(v,v1),(v1,v2),(v,v2)], False ) )
+                if (v1, v) in E:
+                    if (v2, v) in E:
+                        flat_trian = sorted([v,v1,v2])
+                        if flat_trian not in flat_trians:
+                            flat_trians.append( flat_trian )
+                            trians.append( ( [(v1,v),(v1,v2),(v2,v)], False ) )
+                    elif (v, v2) in E:
+                        flat_trian = sorted([v,v1,v2])
+                        if flat_trian not in flat_trians:
+                            flat_trians.append( flat_trian )
+                            trians.append( ( [(v1,v),(v1,v2),(v,v2)], False ) )
+    return trians
+
+
+def _all_induced_cycles_iter(dg):
+    """
+    Return an iterator for all induced oriented cycles of length
+    greater than or equal to 4 in the digraph ``dg``.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.modules
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type import _all_induced_cycles_iter
+        sage: Q = ClusterQuiver(['A',[6,0],1]); Q
+        Quiver on 6 vertices of type ['D', 6]
+        sage: next(_all_induced_cycles_iter(Q.digraph()))
+        ([(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 0)], True)
+        sage: Q.mutate(0)
+        sage: next(_all_induced_cycles_iter(Q.digraph()))
+        ([(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 1)], True)
+        sage: Q2 = ClusterQuiver(['A',[2,3],1])
+        sage: next(_all_induced_cycles_iter(Q2.digraph()))
+        ([(1, 0), (1, 2), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 0)], False)
+    """
+    dg_new = DiGraph(dg)
+    E = dg_new.edges(sort=True)
+    for v1, v2, label in E:
+        dg_new.add_edge((v2, v1, label))
+    induced_sets = []
+    cycle_iter = dg_new.all_cycles_iterator(simple=True)
+    for cycle in cycle_iter:
+        if len(cycle) > 3:
+            cycle_set = set(cycle)
+            if not any(cycle_set.issuperset(induced_set) for induced_set in induced_sets):
+                induced_sets.append(cycle_set)
+                if len(cycle) > 4:
+                    sg = dg.subgraph(cycle)
+                    is_oriented = True
+                    V = list(sg)
+                    while is_oriented and V:
+                        v = V.pop()
+                        if not sg.in_degree(v) == 1:
+                            is_oriented = False
+                    yield (sg.edges(sort=True, labels=False), is_oriented)
+
+# a debug function
+
+
+def _false_return(s=False):
+    """
+    Return 'unknown'.
+
+    Written for potential debugging purposes.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type import _false_return
+        sage: _false_return()
+        'unknown'
+    """
+#    Uncomment these three lines for debugging purposes.
+#    if s:
+#        print('DEBUG: error %s' % s)
+    return 'unknown'
+
+
+def _reset_dg(dg, vertices, dict_in_out, del_vertices):
+    """
+    Delete the specified vertices (del_vertices) from the DiGraph dg,
+    and the lists vertices and dict_in_out.
+
+    Note that vertices and dict_in_out are the vertices of dg and a
+    dictionary of in- and out-degrees that depend on the digraph
+    ``dg`` but they are passed through as arguments so the function
+    can change their values.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.modules
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type import _reset_dg
+        sage: dg = ClusterQuiver(['A',[2,2],1]).digraph(); dg
+        Digraph on 4 vertices
+        sage: vertices = list(dg)
+        sage: dict_in_out = {}
+        sage: for v in vertices: dict_in_out[v] = (dg.in_degree(v), dg.out_degree(v), dg.degree(v))
+        sage: _reset_dg(dg,vertices, dict_in_out, [1])
+        sage: dg
+        Digraph on 3 vertices
+        sage: vertices
+        [0, 2, 3]
+        sage: dict_in_out
+        {0: (1, 0, 1), 2: (1, 0, 1), 3: (0, 2, 2)}
+    """
+    del_vertices = list(set(del_vertices))
+    for v in del_vertices:
+        if v in dg:
+            dg.delete_vertex(v)
+        else:
+            print(v)
+            print(dg.edges(sort=True))
+        vertices.remove(v)
+        del dict_in_out[v]
+    for v in vertices:
+        dict_in_out[v] = (dg.in_degree(v), dg.out_degree(v), dg.degree(v))
+
+
+def _check_special_BC_cases(dg, n, check_letter_list, check_twist_list,
+                            hope_letter_list, conn_vert_list=False):
+    """
+    Test if dg (on at most `n` vertices) is a quiver of type `A` or
+    `D` (as given in hope_letter_list) with conn_vert_list (if
+    given) as connecting vertices.
+
+    Since this is supposed to be run on a ``dg`` coming from a larger
+    quiver where vertices have already been removed (outside of the
+    connecting vertices), this program therefore recognizes the type
+    of the larger quiver as an `n`-vertex quiver of letter on
+    ``check_letter_list`` and twist on ``check_twist_list``.  This
+    method is utilized in _connected_mutation_type to test for types
+    BC, BB, CC, BD, or CD.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type import _check_special_BC_cases
+        sage: dg = DiGraph(1)
+        sage: _check_special_BC_cases(dg, 3, ['BC'], [1], ['A'], [[0]])
+        ['BC', 2, 1]
+        sage: dg = DiGraph(2); dg.add_edge([0,1])
+        sage: _check_special_BC_cases(dg, 4, ['BC'], [1], ['A'], [[0]])
+        ['BC', 3, 1]
+        sage: dg = DiGraph(2); dg.add_edge([0,1])
+        sage: _check_special_BC_cases(dg, 4, ['BB'], [1], ['A'], [[0,1]])
+        ['BB', 3, 1]
+        sage: _check_special_BC_cases(dg, 4, ['C', 'CD'], [None, None], ['A', 'D'], [ [], [0] ])
+        ['C', 4]
+        sage: dg.add_edges([[1, 2], [1, 3]])
+        sage: _check_special_BC_cases(dg, 4, ['C', 'CD'], [None, None], ['A', 'D'], [ [], [0] ])
+        ['CD', 3, 1]
+    """
+    # if dg is not connected, mutation type is not recognized.
+    if not dg.is_connected():
+        return 'unknown'
+    # divides into cases depending on whether or not a list 'conn_vert_list' of connecting vertices is given.
+    if conn_vert_list:
+        mut_type = _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD( dg, ret_conn_vert=True )
+        # when 'conn_vert_list' is given, the output of _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD is
+        # either 'unknown' or a pair (mut_type, conn_verts).  Then, it is tested if the vertices can be glued together as desired.
+        if not mut_type == 'unknown':
+            mut_type, conn_verts = mut_type
+    else:
+        # when conn_vert_list == False, the output of _connected_mutation_type _AAtildeD is simply 'unknown' or the mutation type.
+        # no 'connecting vertices' need to be computed.
+        mut_type = _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD( dg, ret_conn_vert=False )
+        conn_verts = []
+    # when the mutation type is recognized, program now tries more specifically to figure out 'letter' and 'twist'
+    if not mut_type == 'unknown':
+        for i in range( len( check_letter_list ) ):
+            check_letter = check_letter_list[i]
+            check_twist = check_twist_list[i]
+            hope_letter = hope_letter_list[i]
+            if conn_vert_list:
+                conn_vert = set(conn_vert_list[i])
+            else:
+                conn_vert = set()
+            # Now, tries to connect up the quiver components (keeping in mind ['D',3] - ['A',3] equivalence)
+            if hope_letter == 'D' and mut_type._letter == 'A' and mut_type._rank == 3 and not mut_type._twist:
+                hope_letter = 'A'
+                if conn_vert_list:
+                    conn_verts = list(set(dg).difference(conn_verts))
+            if mut_type._letter == hope_letter and not mut_type._twist and conn_vert.issubset(conn_verts):
+                if len(check_letter) > 1:
+                    check_twist = 1
+                if check_twist:
+                    n -= 1
+                return QuiverMutationType([check_letter, n, check_twist])
+    return 'unknown'
+
+
+def _connected_mutation_type(dg):
+    """
+    Assuming that ``dg`` is a connected digraph, checks the mutation
+    type of ``dg`` as a valued quiver.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.modules
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type import _connected_mutation_type
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.quiver import ClusterQuiver
+        sage: dg = ClusterQuiver(['A',3]).digraph(); _connected_mutation_type( dg )
+        ['A', 3]
+        sage: dg = ClusterQuiver(['D',7]).digraph(); _connected_mutation_type( dg )
+        ['D', 7]
+        sage: dg = ClusterQuiver(['BC',4,1]).digraph(); _connected_mutation_type( dg )
+        ['BC', 4, 1]
+    """
+    dg = DiGraph( dg )
+    # defining some shorthands
+    n = dg.order()
+    edges = dg.edges(sort=True)
+    vertices = list(dg)
+    # initializing lists of the edges with labels (2,-1) or (1,-2); (4,-1) or (1,-4); or (2,-2), respectively
+    exc_labels = []
+    exc_labels41 = []
+    double_edges = []
+    # letter = None
+
+    # replacing higher labels by multiple edges.  Multiple edges and acyclic is a sign that quiver is infinite mutation type with the exception of A_tilde where there might be one multiple edge with multiplicity 2.  Multiple edges is at least a sign that the quiver is of 'undetermined finite mutation type'.
+    dg.allow_multiple_edges( True )
+    for edge in edges:
+        label = edge[2]
+        if label not in [(1,-1),(2,-2),(1,-2),(2,-1),(4,-1),(1,-4)]:
+            # _false_return(i) is a simple function that simply returns 'unknown'.  For debugging purposes, it
+            # can also output 'DEBUG: error i' if desired.
+            # this command is used many times in this code, something times without the argument i.
+            return _false_return(2)
+        elif label == (2,-2):
+            dg.set_edge_label( edge[0], edge[1], 1 )
+            dg.add_edge( edge[0], edge[1], 1 )
+            double_edges.append( edge )
+            if len( double_edges ) > 1:
+                return _false_return()
+        elif label == (1,-1):
+            dg.set_edge_label( edge[0], edge[1], 1 )
+        elif label in [(2,-1),(1,-2)]:
+            exc_labels.append( edge )
+        elif label in [(1,-4),(4,-1)]:
+            exc_labels41.append( edge )
+
+    # creating a dictionary of in-, out- and total degrees
+    dict_in_out = {}
+    for v in vertices:
+        dict_in_out[v] = (dg.in_degree(v), dg.out_degree(v), dg.degree(v))
+
+    if len( exc_labels ) + len( exc_labels41 ) + len( double_edges ) > 4:
+        return _false_return()
+
+    # test for the labels (4,-1) and (1,-4) which can only appear in affine type BC
+    if exc_labels41:
+        # tests a two-vertex quiver to see if it is of type ['BC',1,1]
+        if len(exc_labels41) == 1 and dict_in_out[exc_labels41[0][0]][2] == dict_in_out[exc_labels41[0][1]][2] == 1:
+            return QuiverMutationType(['BC',1,1])
+        # test if quiver contains a triangle T with edges [ (0, 1, (2, -1)), (2, 0, (2,-1)), (1, 2, (1, -4)) ] or [ (0, 1, (1, -2)), (2, 0, (1,-2)), (1, 2, (4, -1)) ].
+        if len(exc_labels41) == 1 and len(exc_labels) == 2:
+            bool2 = exc_labels41[0][2] == (4,-1) and exc_labels[0][2] == exc_labels[1][2] == (1,-2)
+            bool3 = exc_labels41[0][2] == (1,-4) and exc_labels[0][2] == exc_labels[1][2] == (2,-1)
+            if bool2 or bool3:
+                v1, v2, label = exc_labels41[0]
+                label1, label2 = exc_labels
+                # delete the two vertices associated to the edge with label (1,-4) or (4,-1) and test if the rest of the quiver is of type A.
+                # the third vertex of the triangle T should be a connecting_vertex.
+                if label1[1] == label2[0] and label2[1] == v1 and v2 == label1[0] and dict_in_out[v1][2] == dict_in_out[v2][2] == 2:
+                    _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v1,v2] )
+                    return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'], [1], ['A'], [[label1[1]]] )
+                elif label1[0] == label2[1] and label1[1] == v1 and v2 == label2[0] and dict_in_out[v1][2] == dict_in_out[v2][2] == 2:
+                    _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v1,v2] )
+                    return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'], [1], ['A'], [[label1[0]]] )
+                else:
+                    return _false_return()
+            else:
+                return _false_return()
+        else:
+            return _false_return()
+
+    # the program now performs further tests in the case that there are no edges of type (1,-4) nor (4,-1)
+
+    # first test for affine type C: if there are 4 exceptional labels, test if both belong to triangles with leaves
+    if len( exc_labels ) == 4:
+        exc_labels12 = [labl for labl in exc_labels if labl[2] == (1, -2)]
+        exc_labels21 = [labl for labl in exc_labels if labl[2] == (2, -1)]
+        # check that we have two labels of one kind and one label of the other
+        if len( exc_labels12 ) != 2 or len( exc_labels21 ) != 2:
+            return _false_return()
+
+        label121 = exc_labels12[0]
+        label122 = exc_labels12[1]
+        label211 = exc_labels21[0]
+        label212 = exc_labels21[1]
+
+        # affine type B
+        if label211[1] == label121[0] and label212[1] == label122[0]:
+            pass
+        elif label212[1] == label121[0] and label211[1] == label122[0]:
+            label211, label212 = label212, label211
+        # affine type C
+        elif label121[1] == label211[0] and label122[1] == label212[0]:
+            pass
+        elif label122[1] == label211[0] and label121[1] == label212[0]:
+            label211, label212 = label212, label211
+        # affine type BC
+        elif label121[1] == label211[0] and label212[1] == label122[0]:
+            pass
+        elif label121[1] == label212[0] and label211[1] == label122[0]:
+            label211, label212 = label212, label211
+        elif label122[1] == label211[0] and label212[1] == label121[0]:
+            label121, label122 = label122, label121
+        elif label122[1] == label212[0] and label211[1] == label121[0]:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return _false_return()
+
+        # tests for which configuration the two (1,-2) and two (2,-1) edges are in.
+        bool1 = dg.has_edge(label121[1],label211[0],1) and dict_in_out[label211[1]][0] == dict_in_out[label211[1]][1] == 1
+        bool2 = dg.has_edge(label122[1],label212[0],1) and dict_in_out[label212[1]][0] == dict_in_out[label212[1]][1] == 1
+        bool12 = not ( label121[1] == label122[1] and label211[0] == label212[0] )
+        bool3 = dg.has_edge(label211[1],label121[0],1) and dict_in_out[label121[1]][0] == dict_in_out[label121[1]][1] == 1
+        bool4 = dg.has_edge(label212[1],label122[0],1) and dict_in_out[label122[1]][0] == dict_in_out[label122[1]][1] == 1
+        bool34 = not ( label211[1] == label212[1] and label121[0] == label122[0] )
+        bool5 = dg.has_edge(label211[1],label121[0],1) and dict_in_out[label121[1]][0] == dict_in_out[label121[1]][1] == 1
+        bool6 = dg.has_edge(label122[1],label212[0],1) and dict_in_out[label212[1]][0] == dict_in_out[label212[1]][1] == 1
+        bool56 = not ( label211[1] == label122[1] and label121[0] == label212[0] )
+        bool7 = dg.has_edge(label212[1],label122[0],1) and dict_in_out[label122[1]][0] == dict_in_out[label122[1]][1] == 1
+        bool8 = dg.has_edge(label121[1],label211[0],1) and dict_in_out[label211[1]][0] == dict_in_out[label211[1]][1] == 1
+        bool78 = not ( label212[1] == label121[1] and label122[0] == label211[0] )
+
+        nb1 = len( set(dg.neighbors(label121[1])).intersection(dg.neighbors(label211[0])) ) <= 1
+        nb2 = len( set(dg.neighbors(label122[1])).intersection(dg.neighbors(label212[0])) ) <= 1
+        nb3 = len( set(dg.neighbors(label211[1])).intersection(dg.neighbors(label121[0])) ) <= 1
+        nb4 = len( set(dg.neighbors(label212[1])).intersection(dg.neighbors(label122[0])) ) <= 1
+
+        if bool1 and bool2 and bool12 and nb1 and nb2:
+            v1,v2 = label211[1],label212[1]
+            _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v1,v2] )
+            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CC'], [1], ['A'] )
+        if bool3 and bool4 and bool34 and nb3 and nb4:
+            v1,v2 = label121[1],label122[1]
+            _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v1,v2] )
+            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BB'], [1], ['A'] )
+        elif bool5 and bool6 and bool56 and nb2 and nb3:
+            v1,v2 = label121[1],label212[1]
+            _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v1,v2] )
+            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'], [1], ['A'] )
+        elif bool7 and bool8 and bool78 and nb1 and nb4:
+            v1,v2 = label122[1],label211[1]
+            _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v1,v2] )
+            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'], [1], ['A'] )
+        else:
+            return _false_return()
+
+    # first test for affine type C: if there are three exceptional labels, we must be in both cases below of the same construction
+    elif len( exc_labels ) == 3:
+        exc_labels12 = [labl for labl in exc_labels if labl[2] == (1, -2)]
+        exc_labels21 = [labl for labl in exc_labels if labl[2] == (2, -1)]
+        # check that we have two labels of one kind and one label of the other
+        if exc_labels12 == [] or exc_labels21 == []:
+            return _false_return()
+        if len( exc_labels12 ) == 2:
+            label1,label2 = exc_labels12
+            label3 = exc_labels21[0]
+            if dict_in_out[label2[0]][2] == 1 or dict_in_out[label2[1]][2] == 1:
+                label1, label2 = label2, label1
+            if dict_in_out[label1[0]][2] == 1:
+                if label2[1] == label3[0] and dict_in_out[label2[1]][2] == 2 and dg.has_edge(label3[1],label2[0],1):
+                    v1,v2 = label3[1],label2[0]
+                    _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [label2[1]] )
+                    if len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v2)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v1)) ) > 0:
+                        return _false_return()
+                    elif len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v1)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v2)) ) > 0:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'],[1],['A'],[[v1,v2]] )
+                    else:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'],[1],['A'] )
+                elif label3[1] == label2[0] and dict_in_out[label3[1]][2] == 2 and dg.has_edge(label2[1],label3[0],1):
+                    v1,v2 = label2[1],label3[0]
+                    _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [label3[1]] )
+                    if len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v2)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v1)) ) > 0:
+                        return _false_return()
+                    elif len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v1)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v2)) ) > 0:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CC'],[1],['A'],[[v1,v2]] )
+                    else:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CC'],[1],['A'] )
+                else:
+                    return _false_return()
+            elif dict_in_out[label1[1]][2] == 1:
+                if label3[1] == label2[0] and dict_in_out[label3[1]][2] == 2 and dg.has_edge(label2[1],label3[0],1):
+                    v1,v2 = label2[1],label3[0]
+                    _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [label3[1]] )
+                    if len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v2)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v1)) ) > 0:
+                        return _false_return()
+                    elif len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v1)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v2)) ) > 0:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'],[1],['A'],[[v1,v2]] )
+                    else:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'],[1],['A'] )
+                elif label2[1] == label3[0] and dict_in_out[label2[1]][2] == 2 and dg.has_edge(label3[1],label2[0],1):
+                    v1,v2 = label3[1],label2[0]
+                    _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [label2[1]] )
+                    if len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v2)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v1)) ) > 0:
+                        return _false_return()
+                    elif len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v1)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v2)) ) > 0:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BB'],[1],['A'],[[v1,v2]] )
+                    else:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BB'],[1],['A'] )
+                else:
+                    return _false_return()
+            elif label1[1] == label2[1] == label3[0] and dict_in_out[label1[1]][2] == 3 and dg.has_edge(label3[1],label1[0],1) and dg.has_edge(label3[1],label2[0],1) and dict_in_out[label2[0]][2] == dict_in_out[label1[0]][2] == 2:
+                _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [label1[1]] )
+                return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BD'],[1],['D'] )
+            elif label1[0] == label2[0] == label3[1] and dict_in_out[label1[0]][2] == 3 and dg.has_edge(label1[1],label3[0],1) and dg.has_edge(label2[1],label3[0],1) and dict_in_out[label2[1]][2] == dict_in_out[label1[1]][2] == 2:
+                _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [label1[0]] )
+                return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CD'],[1],['D'] )
+            else:
+                return _false_return()
+        elif len( exc_labels21 ) == 2:
+            label1,label2 = exc_labels21
+            label3 = exc_labels12[0]
+            if dict_in_out[label2[0]][2] == 1 or dict_in_out[label2[1]][2] == 1:
+                label1, label2 = label2, label1
+            if dict_in_out[label1[1]][2] == 1:
+                if label2[1] == label3[0] and dict_in_out[label2[1]][2] == 2 and dg.has_edge(label3[1],label2[0],1):
+                    v1, v2 = label3[1], label2[0]
+                    _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [label2[1]] )
+                    if len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v2)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v1)) ) > 0:
+                        return _false_return()
+                    elif len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v1)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v2)) ) > 0:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CC'],[1],['A'],[[v1,v2]] )
+                    else:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CC'],[1],['A'] )
+                elif label3[1] == label2[0] and dict_in_out[label3[1]][2] == 2 and dg.has_edge(label2[1],label3[0],1):
+                    v1, v2 = label2[1], label3[0]
+                    _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [label3[1]] )
+                    if len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v2)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v1)) ) > 0:
+                        return _false_return()
+                    elif len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v1)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v2)) ) > 0:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'],[1],['A'],[[v1,v2]] )
+                    else:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'],[1],['A'] )
+                else:
+                    return _false_return()
+            elif dict_in_out[label1[0]][2] == 1:
+                if label3[1] == label2[0] and dict_in_out[label3[1]][2] == 2 and dg.has_edge(label2[1],label3[0],1):
+                    v1, v2 = label2[1], label3[0]
+                    _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [label3[1]] )
+                    if len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v2)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v1)) ) > 0:
+                        return _false_return()
+                    elif len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v1)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v2)) ) > 0:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BB'],[1],['A'],[[v1,v2]] )
+                    else:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BB'],[1],['A'] )
+                elif label2[1] == label3[0] and dict_in_out[label2[1]][2] == 2 and dg.has_edge(label3[1],label2[0],1):
+                    v1, v2 = label3[1], label2[0]
+                    _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [label2[1]] )
+                    if len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v2)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v1)) ) > 0:
+                        return _false_return()
+                    elif len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v1)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v2)) ) > 0:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'],[1],['A'],[[v1,v2]] )
+                    else:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'],[1],['A'] )
+                else:
+                    return _false_return()
+            elif label1[0] == label2[0] == label3[1] and dict_in_out[label1[0]][2] == 3 and dg.has_edge(label1[1],label3[0],1) and dict_in_out[label1[1]][2] == 2 and dg.has_edge(label2[1],label3[0],1) and dict_in_out[label2[1]][2] == 2:
+                _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [label3[1]] )
+                return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BD'],[1],['D'] )
+            elif label1[1] == label2[1] == label3[0] and dict_in_out[label3[0]][2] == 3 and dg.has_edge(label3[1],label1[0],1) and dict_in_out[label1[0]][2] == 2 and dg.has_edge(label3[1],label2[0],1) and dict_in_out[label2[0]][2] == 2:
+                _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [label3[0]] )
+                return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CD'],[1],['D'] )
+            else:
+                return _false_return()
+
+    # first test for finite types B and C: if there are two exceptional labels, they must belong to an oriented triangle and the vertex between must be a leaf
+    # first test for affine type C: if there are two exceptional labels, they must belong to leaves
+    # first test for affine type B: if there are two exceptional labels, they must be...
+    elif len( exc_labels ) == 2:
+        label1, label2 = exc_labels
+        if label1[1] == label2[0]:
+            pass
+        elif label2[1] == label1[0]:
+            label1, label2 = label2, label1
+        else:
+            # the exceptional case in affine type BC_2 is checked
+            if label2[2] == (1, -2) and label1[2] == (2, -1):
+                label1, label2 = label2, label1
+            if label1[2] == (1, -2) and label2[2] == (2, -1):
+                if label1[1] == label2[1] and dict_in_out[label1[1]][2] == 2 and dict_in_out[label1[0]][2] == 1 and dict_in_out[label2[0]][2] == 1:
+                    return QuiverMutationType(['BC',2,1])
+                elif label1[0] == label2[0] and dict_in_out[label1[0]][2] == 2 and dict_in_out[label1[1]][2] == 1 and dict_in_out[label2[1]][2] == 1:
+                    return QuiverMutationType(['BC',2,1])
+            # the cases in affine type B/C are checked where the exceptional labels connect to leaves
+            v11, v12, label1 = label1
+            v21, v22, label2 = label2
+            if dict_in_out[v11][2] == 1:
+                in_out1 = 'out'
+            elif dict_in_out[v12][2] == 1:
+                in_out1 = 'in'
+            else:
+                return _false_return()
+            if dict_in_out[v21][2] == 1:
+                in_out2 = 'out'
+            elif dict_in_out[v22][2] == 1:
+                in_out2 = 'in'
+            else:
+                return _false_return()
+            if label1 == label2:
+                if in_out1 == in_out2 == 'in':
+                    if label1 == (1,-2):
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BB'],[1],['A'] )
+                    else:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CC'],[1],['A'] )
+                elif in_out1 == in_out2 == 'out':
+                    if label1 == (1,-2):
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CC'],[1],['A'] )
+                    else:
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BB'],[1],['A'] )
+                else:
+                    return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'],[1],['A'] )
+            else:
+                if in_out1 == in_out2:
+                    return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'],[1],['A'] )
+                else:
+                    if label1 == (1,-2):
+                        if in_out1 == 'in':
+                            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BB'],[1],['A'] )
+                        else:
+                            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CC'],[1],['A'] )
+                    else:
+                        if in_out1 == 'in':
+                            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CC'],[1],['A'] )
+                        else:
+                            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BB'],[1],['A'] )
+
+        v1,v,label1 = label1
+        v,v2,label2 = label2
+        if dg.has_multiple_edges():
+            if all( edge == (v2,v1,1) for edge in dg.multiple_edges() ):
+                if dict_in_out[v2][2] == dict_in_out[v1][2] == 3:
+                    _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v1,v2] )
+                    if label1 == (1,-2) and label2 == (2,-1):
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CC'],[1],['A'],[[v]] )
+                    elif label1 == (2,-1) and label2 == (1,-2):
+                        return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BB'],[1],['A'],[[v]] )
+                    else:
+                        return _false_return()
+                elif dict_in_out[v][0] == dict_in_out[v][1] == 1:
+                    dg.remove_multiple_edges()
+                    dg = DiGraph( dg )
+                    _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v] )
+                    if dict_in_out[v1][0] == dict_in_out[v1][1] == dict_in_out[v2][0] == dict_in_out[v2][1] == 1 and next(dg.neighbor_out_iterator(v1)) == next(dg.neighbor_in_iterator(v2)):
+                        if label1 == (2,-1) and label2 == (1,-2):
+                            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CD'],[1],['A'] )
+                        elif label1 == (1,-2) and label2 == (2,-1):
+                            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BD'],[1],['A'] )
+                    else:
+                        return _false_return()
+                else:
+                    return _false_return()
+            else:
+                return _false_return()
+        elif not dict_in_out[v][0] == 1 or not dict_in_out[v][1] == 1:
+            return _false_return()
+        else:
+            if dg.has_edge(v2,v1,1):
+                nr_same_neighbors = len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v1)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v2)) )
+                nr_other_neighbors = len( set(dg.neighbors_out(v2)).intersection(dg.neighbors_in(v1)) )
+                nr_contained_cycles = len([ cycle for cycle, is_oriented in _all_induced_cycles_iter( dg ) if v1 in flatten(cycle) and v2 in flatten(cycle) ] )
+                if nr_same_neighbors + nr_other_neighbors + nr_contained_cycles > 2:
+                    return _false_return()
+                if label1 == (2,-1) and label2 == (1,-2):
+                    if n == 4 and (nr_same_neighbors == 2 or nr_other_neighbors == 1):
+                        return QuiverMutationType(['CD',n-1,1])
+                    # checks for affine A
+                    if nr_same_neighbors + nr_other_neighbors > 1:
+                        mt_tmp = _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['C','CD'],[None,None],['A','D'],[[],[v]] )
+                    else:
+                        _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v] )
+                        mt_tmp = _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['C','CD'],[None,None],['A','D'] )
+                    if mt_tmp == 'unknown':
+                        dg.delete_edges([[v2,v1],[v1,v],[v,v2]])
+                        dg.add_edges([[v1,v2,1],[v,v1,1],[v2,v,1]])
+                        if nr_same_neighbors + nr_other_neighbors > 1:
+                            #_reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v] )
+                            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CD'],[None],['D'],[[v]] )
+                        else:
+                            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CD'],[None],['D'] )
+                    else:
+                        return mt_tmp
+                elif label1 == (1,-2) and label2 == (2,-1):
+                    if n == 4 and (nr_same_neighbors == 2 or nr_other_neighbors == 1):
+                        return QuiverMutationType(['BD',n-1,1])
+                    # checks for affine A
+                    if nr_same_neighbors + nr_other_neighbors > 1:
+                        mt_tmp = _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['B','BD'],[None,None],['A','D'],[[],[v]] )
+                    else:
+                        _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v] )
+                        mt_tmp = _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['B','BD'],[None,None],['A','D'] )
+                    if mt_tmp == 'unknown':
+                        dg.delete_edges([[v2,v1],[v1,v],[v,v2]])
+                        dg.add_edges([[v1,v2,1],[v,v1,1],[v2,v,1]])
+                        if nr_same_neighbors + nr_other_neighbors > 1:
+                            #_reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v] )
+                            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BD'],[None],['D'],[[v]] )
+                        else:
+                            return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BD'],[None],['D'] )
+                    else:
+                        return mt_tmp
+                else:
+                    return _false_return()
+            elif dict_in_out[v1][2] == 1 and dict_in_out[v2][2] == 1:
+                if label1 == (1,-2) and label2 == (1,-2):
+                    return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'],[1],['A'] )
+                elif label1 == (2,-1) and label2 == (2,-1):
+                    return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BC'],[1],['A'] )
+                elif label1 == (1,-2) and label2 == (2,-1):
+                    return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CC'],[1],['A'] )
+                elif label1 == (2,-1) and label2 == (1,-2):
+                    return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BB'],[1],['A'] )
+                else:
+                    return _false_return()
+            elif dict_in_out[v][0] == dict_in_out[v][1] == 1 and dict_in_out[v1][0] == dict_in_out[v1][1] == 1 and dict_in_out[v2][0] == dict_in_out[v2][1] == 1:
+                _reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v] )
+                if n == 4 and ( label1, label2 ) == ( (2,-1), (1,-2) ):
+                    return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CD'],[1],['A'] )
+                elif n > 4 and ( label1, label2 ) == ( (2,-1), (1,-2) ):
+                    return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['CD'],[1],['D'] )
+                elif n == 4 and ( label1, label2 ) == ( (1,-2), (2,-1) ):
+                    return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BD'],[1],['A'] )
+                elif n > 4 and ( label1, label2 ) == ( (1,-2), (2,-1) ):
+                    return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['BD'],[1],['D'] )
+                else:
+                    return _false_return()
+            else:
+                return _false_return()
+
+    # second tests for finite types B and C: if there is only one exceptional label, it must belong to a leaf
+    # also tests for affine type B: this exceptional label must belong to a leaf of a type D quiver
+    elif len( exc_labels ) == 1:
+        label = exc_labels[0]
+        v_out = label[0]
+        v_in = label[1]
+        label = label[2]
+        if label == (1,-2):
+            if dict_in_out[ v_in ][0] == 1 and dict_in_out[ v_in ][1] == 0:
+                #_reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v_in] )
+                return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['B','BD'],[None,1],['A','D'],[[v_in],[v_in]] )
+            elif dict_in_out[ v_out ][0] == 0 and dict_in_out[ v_out ][1] == 1:
+                #_reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v_out] )
+                return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['C','CD'],[None,1],['A','D'],[[v_out],[v_out]] )
+            else:
+                return _false_return()
+        elif label == (2,-1):
+            if dict_in_out[ v_out ][0] == 0 and dict_in_out[ v_out ][1] == 1:
+                #_reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v_out] )
+                return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['B','BD'],[None,1],['A','D'],[[v_out],[v_out]] )
+            elif dict_in_out[ v_in ][0] == 1 and dict_in_out[ v_in ][1] == 0:
+                #_reset_dg( dg, vertices, dict_in_out, [v_in] )
+                return _check_special_BC_cases( dg, n, ['C','CD'],[None,1],['A','D'],[[v_in],[v_in]] )
+            else:
+                return _false_return()
+
+    # if no edges of type (1,-2) nor (2,-1), then tests for type A, affine A, or D.
+    return _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD(dg)
+
+
+def _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD(dg, ret_conn_vert=False):
+    """
+    Return mutation type of ClusterQuiver(dg) for DiGraph dg if it is
+    of type finite A, affine A, or finite D.
+
+    For all other types (including affine D), outputs 'unknown'
+
+    See [BPRS2009]_ and [Vat2008]_ (by Vatne) for theoretical details.
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        Improve this algorithm to also recognize affine D.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``ret_conn_vert`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``,
+      returns 'connecting vertices', technical information that is
+      used in the algorithm
+
+    A brief description of the algorithm::
+
+         Looks for a long_cycle (of length >= 4) in the digraph dg.  If there is more than one than the mutation_type is 'unknown'.
+         Otherwise, checks if each edge of long_cycle connects to a type A quiver.  If so, then ClusterQuiver(dg) is of type D or affine A.
+
+         If there is no long_cycle, then checks that there are no multiple edges, all triangles are oriented,
+         no vertices of valence higher than 4, that vertices of valence 4 are incident to two oriented triangles,
+         and that a vertex of valence 3 has exactly two incident arrows as part of an oriented triangle.
+         All these checks ensures that ClusterQuiver(dg) is of type A except for three exceptions that are also checked.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.modules
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type import _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD
+        sage: Q = ClusterQuiver(['A',[7,0],1]); Q.mutate([0,1,4])
+        sage: _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD(Q.digraph(),ret_conn_vert=True)
+        [['D', 7], [0, 4]]
+        sage: Q2 = ClusterQuiver(['A',[5,2],1]); Q2.mutate([4,5])
+        sage: _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD(Q2.digraph() )
+        ['A', [2, 5], 1]
+        sage: Q3 = ClusterQuiver(['E',6]); Q3.mutate([5,2,1])
+        sage: _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD(Q3.digraph(),ret_conn_vert=True)
+        'unknown'
+    """
+    # naming the vertices
+    vertices = list(dg)
+    n = dg.order()
+
+    # Test if ClusterQuiver(dg) is of type D_n Type 1, i.e. A_{n-2} plus two leaves
+    if n > 3:
+        # check if any vertices have a neighborhood with two leaves.  If so, prune the two leaves and retest on this smaller digraph.
+        # note that this step is unnecessary for digraphs with fewer than four vertices.
+        for v in vertices:
+            dead_neighbors = [ v_n for v_n in dg.neighbors(v) if dg.degree(v_n) == 1 ]
+            if len( dead_neighbors ) >= 2:
+                dg_tmp = DiGraph( dg )
+                dg_tmp.delete_vertices( dead_neighbors[:2] )
+                type_tmp = _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD( dg_tmp, ret_conn_vert=True )
+                if type_tmp == 'unknown':
+                    return _false_return()
+                # if smaller digraph is of finite A type with v as a 'connecting vertex', then glueing back the two leaves yields type finite D.
+                if type_tmp[0].letter() == 'A' and type_tmp[0].is_finite():
+                    if v in type_tmp[1]:
+                        type_tmp[1].remove(v)
+                        if n == 4:
+                            type_tmp[1].extend(dead_neighbors[:2])
+                        if ret_conn_vert:
+                            return [ QuiverMutationType( ['D',n] ), type_tmp[1] ]
+                        else:
+                            return QuiverMutationType( ['D',n] )
+                    # note that if v is not a 'connecting vertex' then we make no conclusion either way.
+                else:
+                    return _false_return(3)
+        # Test if ClusterQuiver(dg) is of type D_n Type 2 or 3, i.e. two type A quivers plus a 4-cycle or triangulated square glued together
+        # at 'connecting vertices'.
+
+        # Exception 1 (Type 2 of D_n)
+        exception_graph1 = DiGraph()
+        exception_graph1.add_edges([(0,1),(1,2),(2,3),(3,0)])
+
+        # Exception 2 (Type 3 of D_n)
+        exception_graph2 = DiGraph()
+        exception_graph2.add_edges([(0,1),(1,2),(0,3),(3,2),(2,0)])
+
+        # Let c_1 be a pair of 2-valent vertices and c_2 be a pair of two other vertices.
+        # If together, they make an induced 4-cycle and deleting c_1 yields two connected components,
+        # then retest of both components.  If still connected after deleting c_1, then return 'unknown'.
+
+        # If on the other hand, (c1 and c2) is isomorphic to a triangulated square, then
+        # delete c1.  This ensures that c2 is an edge of the triangulated square, and we delete
+        # it regardless of orientation.  Then check if the digraph has exactly two connected
+        # components, and again this testing method is rerun on both components.
+
+        for c1 in Combinations( [ vertex for vertex in vertices if dg.degree(vertex) == 2], 2 ):
+            del_vertices = list( vertices )
+            del_vertices.remove( c1[0] )
+            del_vertices.remove( c1[1] )
+            for c2 in Combinations( del_vertices, 2 ):
+                comb = c1 + c2
+                sg = dg.subgraph( comb )
+
+                # Exception 1 case (4-cycle):
+                edges = sg.edges(sort=True, labels=False)
+                if (c1[0], c1[1]) not in edges and (c1[1], c1[0]) not in edges and sg.is_isomorphic(exception_graph1):
+                    dg_tmp = DiGraph(dg)
+                    dg_tmp.delete_vertices(c1)
+
+                    components = dg_tmp.connected_components(sort=False)
+                    # if not len(components) == 2:
+                    if len(components) != 2:
+                        return _false_return(4)
+                    else:
+                        dg_tmp1 = dg_tmp.subgraph( components[0] )
+                        type_tmp1 = _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD( dg_tmp1, ret_conn_vert=True )
+                        dg_tmp2 = dg_tmp.subgraph( components[1] )
+                        type_tmp2 = _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD( dg_tmp2, ret_conn_vert=True )
+
+                        if type_tmp1 == 'unknown' or type_tmp2 == 'unknown':
+                            return _false_return()
+
+                        # Assuming that the two components are recognized, initialize this in a format it can be returned as output
+                        type_tmp = []
+                        type_tmp.append( [ type_tmp1[0], type_tmp2[0] ] )
+                        type_tmp[0].sort(key=str)
+                        type_tmp.append( type_tmp1[1] + type_tmp2[1] )
+                        type_tmp[1].sort(key=str)
+
+                        # Need to make sure the two vertices in c2 are both 'connecting vertices'.
+                        if not set(c2).issubset(type_tmp[1]):
+                            return _false_return(5)
+
+                        if type_tmp[0][0].letter() == 'A' and type_tmp[0][0].is_finite() and type_tmp[0][1].letter() == 'A' and type_tmp[0][1].is_finite():
+                            if ret_conn_vert:
+                                type_tmp[1].extend(c1)
+                                #type_tmp[1].remove(c2[0])
+                                #type_tmp[1].remove(c2[1])
+                                return [ QuiverMutationType( ['D',n] ), type_tmp[1] ]
+                            else:
+                                return QuiverMutationType( ['D',n] )
+
+                # Exception 2 case (triangulated square):
+                if sg.is_isomorphic( exception_graph2 ):
+                    dg_tmp = DiGraph( dg )
+                    dg_tmp.delete_vertices( c1 )
+                    if tuple( c2 ) in dg_tmp.edges(sort=True, labels=False):
+                        dg_tmp.delete_edge( tuple( c2 ) )
+                    else:
+                        c2.reverse()
+                        dg_tmp.delete_edge( tuple( c2 ) )
+                    components = dg_tmp.connected_components(sort=False)
+                    if len(components) != 2:
+                        return _false_return(7)
+                    else:
+                        dg_tmp1 = dg_tmp.subgraph( components[0] )
+                        type_tmp1 = _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD( dg_tmp1, ret_conn_vert=True )
+
+                        if type_tmp1 == 'unknown':
+                            return _false_return()
+                        dg_tmp2 = dg_tmp.subgraph( components[1] )
+                        type_tmp2 = _connected_mutation_type_AAtildeD( dg_tmp2, ret_conn_vert=True )
+
+                        # Assuming that the two components are recognized, initialize this in
+                        # a format it can be returned as output (just as above)
+                        type_tmp = []
+                        type_tmp.append( [ type_tmp1[0], type_tmp2[0] ] )
+                        type_tmp[0].sort(key=str)
+                        type_tmp.append( type_tmp1[1] + type_tmp2[1] )
+                        type_tmp[1].sort(key=str)
+                        if type_tmp2 == 'unknown':
+                            return _false_return()
+                        if not set(c2).issubset(type_tmp[1]) and len( set(type_tmp[1]).intersection(c2) ) == 1:
+                            return _false_return(5.5)
+                        if type_tmp[0][0].letter() == 'A' and type_tmp[0][0].is_finite() and type_tmp[0][1].letter() == 'A' and type_tmp[0][1].is_finite():
+                            if ret_conn_vert:
+                                type_tmp[1].remove(c2[0])
+                                type_tmp[1].remove(c2[1])
+                                #type_tmp[1].extend(c1)
+                                return [ QuiverMutationType( ['D',n] ), type_tmp[1] ]
+                            else:
+                                return QuiverMutationType( ['D',n] )
+
+    # The following tests are done regardless of the number of vertices in dg.
+    # If there are 1, 2, or 3 vertices in dg, we would have skipped above tests and gone directly here.
+
+    # Initialize a long_cycle.
+    long_cycle = False
+
+    # test that there is no triple-edge or higher multiplicity and that there is at most one double-edge.
+    if dg.has_multiple_edges():
+        multiple_edges = dg.multiple_edges(labels=False)
+        if len(multiple_edges) > 2:
+            return _false_return(14)
+        elif len(multiple_edges) == 2:
+            # we think of the double-edge as a long_cycle, an unoriented 2-cycle.
+            long_cycle = [multiple_edges, ['A', n - 1, 1]]
+
+    # creating a dictionary of in-, out- and total degrees
+    dict_in_out = {}
+    for v in vertices:
+        dict_in_out[v] = (dg.in_degree(v), dg.out_degree(v), dg.degree(v))
+
+    # computing the absolute degree of dg
+    abs_deg = max( [ x[2] for x in list( dict_in_out.values() ) ] )
+
+    # edges = dg.edges(sort=True, labels=False )
+
+    # test that no vertex has valency more than 4
+    if abs_deg > 4:
+        return _false_return(16)
+    else:
+        # constructing all oriented and unoriented triangles
+        trians = _triangles( dg )
+        oriented_trians = [ trian[0] for trian in trians if trian[1] ]
+        unoriented_trians = [ trian[0] for trian in trians if not trian[1] ]
+
+        oriented_trian_edges = []
+        for oriented_trian in oriented_trians:
+            oriented_trian_edges.extend( oriented_trian )
+
+        # test that no edge is in more than two oriented triangles
+        multiple_trian_edges = []
+        for edge in oriented_trian_edges:
+            count = oriented_trian_edges.count(edge)
+            if count > 2:
+                return _false_return(17)
+            elif count == 2:
+                multiple_trian_edges.append( edge )
+        multiple_trian_edges = list(set(multiple_trian_edges))
+
+        # test that there at most three edges appearing in exactly two oriented triangles
+        count = len(multiple_trian_edges)
+        if count >= 4:
+            return _false_return(321)
+        # if two edges appearing in exactly two oriented triangles, test that the two edges together
+        # determine a unique triangle
+        elif count > 1:
+            test_triangles = [[tuple(trian) for trian in oriented_trians
+                               if edge in trian]
+                              for edge in multiple_trian_edges]
+            unique_triangle = set.intersection(*map(set, test_triangles))
+            if len(unique_triangle) != 1:
+                return _false_return(19)
+            else:
+                # if a long_cycle had previously been found, this unique oriented triangle is a second long_cycle, a contradiction.
+                if long_cycle:
+                    return _false_return(20)
+                else:
+                    unique_triangle = unique_triangle.pop()
+                    long_cycle = [ unique_triangle, QuiverMutationType( ['D',n] ) ]
+        # if one edge appearing in exactly two oriented triangles, test that it is not a double-edge and then
+        # test that either the third or fourth vertices (from the oriented triangles) is of degree 2.
+        # Then initializes the long_cycle as this triangle including the degree 2 vertex, as long as no other long_cycles.
+        elif count == 1 and not dg.has_multiple_edges() and multiple_trian_edges[0] not in dg.multiple_edges():
+            multiple_trian_edge = multiple_trian_edges[0]
+            neighbors = list(set(dg.neighbors( multiple_trian_edge[0] )).intersection(dg.neighbors( multiple_trian_edge[1] )))
+            if dg.degree( neighbors[0] ) == 2:
+                unique_triangle = [ multiple_trian_edge, ( multiple_trian_edge[1], neighbors[0] ), ( neighbors[0], multiple_trian_edge[0] ) ]
+            elif dg.degree( neighbors[1] ) == 2:
+                unique_triangle = [ multiple_trian_edge, ( multiple_trian_edge[1], neighbors[1] ), ( neighbors[1], multiple_trian_edge[0] ) ]
+            else:
+                return _false_return(201)
+
+            if long_cycle:
+                # if a long_cycle had previously been found, then the specified oriented triangle is a second long_cycle, a contradiction.
+                return _false_return(202)
+            else:
+                long_cycle = [ unique_triangle, QuiverMutationType( ['D',n] ) ]
+
+        # there can be at most 1 unoriented triangle and this triangle is the exceptional circle of type A_tilde
+        if unoriented_trians:
+            if len(unoriented_trians) == 1:
+                if long_cycle:
+                    return _false_return(21)
+                else:
+                    long_cycle = [ unoriented_trians[0], ['A',n-1,1] ]
+            else:
+                return _false_return(22)
+
+        for v in vertices:
+            w = dict_in_out[v]
+            if w[2] == 4:
+                # if a vertex has valency 4 than the 4 neighboring edges must be contained in 2 oriented triangles
+                if w[0] != 2:
+                    return _false_return(23)
+                else:
+                    in_neighbors = dg.neighbors_in( v )
+                    out_neighbors = dg.neighbors_out( v )
+                    if len( out_neighbors ) == 1:
+                        out_neighbors.extend(out_neighbors)
+                    if len( in_neighbors ) == 1:
+                        in_neighbors.extend(in_neighbors)
+
+                    if (in_neighbors[0], v) not in oriented_trian_edges:
+                        return _false_return(24)
+                    elif (in_neighbors[1], v) not in oriented_trian_edges:
+                        return _false_return(25)
+                    elif (v, out_neighbors[0]) not in oriented_trian_edges:
+                        return _false_return(26)
+                    elif (v, out_neighbors[1]) not in oriented_trian_edges:
+                        return _false_return(27)
+
+            # if a vertex has valency 3 than 2 of its neighboring edges must be contained in an oriented triangle and the remaining must not
+            elif w[2] == 3:
+                if w[0] == 1:
+                    in_neighbors = dg.neighbors_in( v )
+                    out_neighbors = dg.neighbors_out( v )
+                    if (in_neighbors[0],v) not in oriented_trian_edges:
+                        return _false_return(28)
+                    elif len( out_neighbors ) == 1:
+                        if (v,out_neighbors[0]) not in oriented_trian_edges:
+                            return _false_return(29)
+                    else:
+                        if (v,out_neighbors[0]) in oriented_trian_edges and (v,out_neighbors[1]) in oriented_trian_edges:
+                            if not long_cycle:
+                                return _false_return(30)
+                            if not long_cycle[1] == QuiverMutationType(['D',n]):
+                                return _false_return(31)
+                            if (v, out_neighbors[0]) not in long_cycle[0] and (v, out_neighbors[1]) not in long_cycle[0]:
+                                return _false_return(32)
+                        if (v,out_neighbors[0]) not in oriented_trian_edges and (v,out_neighbors[1]) not in oriented_trian_edges:
+                            return _false_return(33)
+                elif w[0] == 2:
+                    in_neighbors = dg.neighbors_in( v )
+                    out_neighbors = dg.neighbors_out( v )
+                    if (v, out_neighbors[0]) not in oriented_trian_edges:
+                        return _false_return(34)
+                    elif len( in_neighbors ) == 1:
+                        if (in_neighbors[0],v) not in oriented_trian_edges:
+                            return _false_return(35)
+                    else:
+                        if (in_neighbors[0],v) in oriented_trian_edges and (in_neighbors[1],v) in oriented_trian_edges:
+                            if not long_cycle:
+                                return _false_return(36)
+                            if not long_cycle[1] == QuiverMutationType(['D',n]):
+                                return _false_return(37)
+                            if (in_neighbors[0], v) not in long_cycle[0] and (in_neighbors[1], v) not in long_cycle[0]:
+                                return _false_return(38)
+                        if (in_neighbors[0], v) not in oriented_trian_edges and (in_neighbors[1], v) not in oriented_trian_edges:
+                            return _false_return(39)
+                else:
+                    return _false_return(40)
+
+    # there can exist at most one larger oriented or unoriented induced cycle
+    # if it is oriented, we are in finite type D, otherwise we are in affine type A
+
+    # Above code found long_cycles would be an unoriented 2-cycle or an oriented triangle.
+    # The method _all_induced_cycles_iter only looks for induced cycles on 4 or more vertices.
+
+    for cycle, is_oriented in _all_induced_cycles_iter( dg ):
+        # if there already was a long_cycle and we found another one, then have a contradiction.
+        if long_cycle:
+            return _false_return(41)
+        # otherwise, we obtain cases depending on whether or not the found long_cycle is oriented.
+        elif is_oriented:
+            long_cycle = [ cycle, QuiverMutationType(['D',n]) ]
+        else:
+            long_cycle = [ cycle, ['A',n-1,1] ]
+    # if we haven't found a "long_cycle", we are in finite type A
+    if not long_cycle:
+        long_cycle = [[], QuiverMutationType(['A', n])]
+
+    # The 'connected vertices' are now computed.
+    # Attention: 0-1-2 in type A_3 has connecting vertices 0 and 2, while in type D_3 it has connecting vertex 1;
+    # this is not caught here.
+    if ret_conn_vert:
+        connecting_vertices = []
+        o_trian_verts = flatten( oriented_trian_edges )
+        long_cycle_verts = flatten( long_cycle[0] )
+        for v in vertices:
+            w = dict_in_out[v]
+            # if the quiver consists of only one vertex, it is of type A_1 and the vertex is a connecting vertex
+            if w[2] == 0:
+                connecting_vertices.append( v )
+            # if a vertex is a leaf in a type A quiver, it is a connecting vertex
+            elif w[2] == 1:
+                connecting_vertices.append( v )
+            # if a vertex is of valence two and contained in an oriented 3-cycle, it is a connecting vertex
+            elif w[0] == 1 and w[1] == 1:
+                if v in o_trian_verts and v not in long_cycle_verts:
+                    connecting_vertices.append( v )
+
+    # post-parsing 1: if we are in the affine type A case, the two parameters for the non-oriented long cycle are computed
+    if isinstance(long_cycle[1], list) and len( long_cycle[1] ) == 3 and long_cycle[1][0] == 'A' and long_cycle[1][2] == 1:
+        tmp = list( long_cycle[0] )
+        e = tmp.pop()
+        cycle = [e]
+        v = e[1]
+        while tmp:
+            e = next(x for x in tmp if v in x)
+            if v == e[0]:
+                cycle.append(e)
+                v = e[1]
+            else:
+                v = e[0]
+            tmp.remove( e )
+
+        tmp = list( cycle )
+        if len( long_cycle[0] ) == 2:
+            edge = long_cycle[0][0]
+            sg = DiGraph( dg )
+            sg. delete_vertices(edge)
+            connected_components = sg.connected_components(sort=False)
+            cycle = []
+            if connected_components:
+                cycle.append( ( edge[0], edge[1], len( connected_components[0] ) + 1 ) )
+            else:
+                cycle.append( ( edge[0], edge[1], 1 ) )
+        else:
+            for edge in tmp:
+                sg = DiGraph( dg )
+                sg. delete_vertices(edge)
+                connected_components = sg.connected_components(sort=False)
+                if len( connected_components ) == 2:
+                    #if len( list_intersection( [ connected_components[0], list_substract( long_cycle[0], [edge] )[0] ] ) ) > 0:
+                    if len( set(connected_components[0]).intersection( set(long_cycle[0]).difference([edge]).pop() ) ) > 0:
+                        cycle.remove(edge)
+                        cycle.append( (edge[0],edge[1], len( connected_components[1] ) + 1 ) )
+                    else:
+                        cycle.remove(edge)
+                        cycle.append( (edge[0],edge[1], len( connected_components[0] ) + 1 ) )
+                else:
+                    cycle.remove(edge)
+                    cycle.append( (edge[0],edge[1], 1 ) )
+        r = sum(x[2] for x in cycle)
+        r = max(r, n - r)
+        if ret_conn_vert:
+            return [ QuiverMutationType( ['A',[r,n-r],1] ), connecting_vertices ]
+        else:
+            return QuiverMutationType( ['A',[r,n-r],1] )
+
+    # post-parsing 2: if we are in another type, it is returned
+    else:
+        if ret_conn_vert:
+            return [ long_cycle[1], connecting_vertices ]
+        else:
+            return long_cycle[1]
+
+
+@cached_function
+def load_data(n, user=True):
+    r"""
+    Load a dict with keys being tuples representing exceptional
+    QuiverMutationTypes, and with values being lists or sets
+    containing all mutation equivalent quivers as dig6 data.
+
+    We check
+
+    - the data stored by the user (unless ``user=False`` was given)
+    - and the data installed by the optional package ``database_mutation_class``.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``user`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); whether to look at user
+      data. If not, only consider the optional package.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type import load_data
+        sage: load_data(2) # random - depends on the data the user has stored
+        {('G', 2): [('AO', (((0, 1), (1, -3)),)), ('AO', (((0, 1), (3, -1)),))]}
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    We test data from the ``database_mutation_class`` optional package::
+
+        sage: load_data(2, user=False)      # optional - database_mutation_class
+        {('G', 2): [('AO', (((0, 1), (1, -3)),)), ('AO', (((0, 1), (3, -1)),))]}
+        sage: D = load_data(3, user=False)  # optional - database_mutation_class
+        sage: sorted(D.items())             # optional - database_mutation_class
+        [(('G', 2, -1),
+          [('BH?', (((1, 2), (1, -3)),)),
+           ('BGO', (((2, 1), (3, -1)),)),
+           ('BW?', (((0, 1), (3, -1)),)),
+           ('BP?', (((0, 1), (1, -3)),)),
+           ('BP_', (((0, 1), (1, -3)), ((2, 0), (3, -1)))),
+           ('BP_', (((0, 1), (3, -1)), ((1, 2), (1, -3)), ((2, 0), (2, -2))))]),
+         (('G', 2, 1),
+          [('BH?', (((1, 2), (3, -1)),)),
+           ('BGO', (((2, 1), (1, -3)),)),
+           ('BW?', (((0, 1), (1, -3)),)),
+           ('BP?', (((0, 1), (3, -1)),)),
+           ('BKO', (((1, 0), (3, -1)), ((2, 1), (1, -3)))),
+           ('BP_', (((0, 1), (2, -2)), ((1, 2), (1, -3)), ((2, 0), (3, -1))))])]
+    """
+    from sage.env import DOT_SAGE, SAGE_SHARE
+
+    # we check
+    # - if the data is stored by the user, and if this is not the case
+    # - if the data is stored by the optional package install
+    paths = [Path(SAGE_SHARE)]
+    if user:
+        paths.append(Path(DOT_SAGE))
+    data = {}
+    for path in paths:
+        file = path / 'cluster_algebra_quiver' / f'mutation_classes_{n}.dig6'
+        try:
+            with open(file, 'rb') as fobj:
+                data_new = pickle.load(fobj)
+        except (OSError, FileNotFoundError, pickle.UnpicklingError):
+            # File does not exist, corrupt pickle, wrong Python version...
+            pass
+        else:
+            data.update(data_new)
+    return data
+
+
+def _mutation_type_from_data(n, dig6, compute_if_necessary=True):
+    r"""
+    Return the mutation type from the given dig6 data by looking into
+    the precomputed mutation types
+
+    Attention: it is assumed that dig6 is the dig6 data of the
+    canonical form of the given quiver!
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.modules
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_class import _digraph_to_dig6
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type import _mutation_type_from_data
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.quiver import ClusterQuiver
+        sage: dg = ClusterQuiver(['F',4]).canonical_label().digraph()
+        sage: dig6 = _digraph_to_dig6(dg,hashable=True); dig6
+        ('CCo?', (((1, 3), (2, -1)),))
+        sage: _mutation_type_from_data(4,dig6)
+        ['F', 4]
+    """
+    # we try to load the data from a library
+    data = load_data(n)
+    # if this didn't work, we construct all exceptional quivers with n vertices
+    if compute_if_necessary and data == {}:
+        from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.quiver_mutation_type import save_quiver_data
+        save_quiver_data(n, up_to=False, types='Exceptional', verbose=False)
+        load_data.clear_cache()
+        data = load_data(n)
+    # finally, we check if the given quiver is in one of the exceptional mutation classes
+    for mutation_type in data:
+        if dig6 in data[ mutation_type ]:
+            return QuiverMutationType( mutation_type )
+    return 'unknown'
+
+
+def _mutation_type_test(n):
+    """
+    Test all quivers (of the given types) of rank n to check that
+    mutation_type() works.
+
+    Affine type D does not return ``True`` since this test is not implemented.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type import _mutation_type_test
+
+        sage: _mutation_type_test(2) # long time
+        True ('A', (1, 1), 1)
+        True ('A', 2)
+        True ('B', 2)
+        True ('BC', 1, 1)
+        True ('G', 2)
+
+        sage: _mutation_type_test(3) # long time
+        True ('A', (2, 1), 1)
+        True ('A', 3)
+        True ('B', 3)
+        True ('BB', 2, 1)
+        True ('BC', 2, 1)
+        True ('C', 3)
+        True ('CC', 2, 1)
+        True ('G', 2, -1)
+        True ('G', 2, 1)
+
+        sage: _mutation_type_test(4) # not tested
+        True ('A', (2, 2), 1)
+        True ('A', (3, 1), 1)
+        True ('A', 4)
+        True ('B', 4)
+        True ('BB', 3, 1)
+        True ('BC', 3, 1)
+        True ('BD', 3, 1)
+        True ('C', 4)
+        True ('CC', 3, 1)
+        True ('CD', 3, 1)
+        True ('D', 4)
+        True ('F', 4)
+        True ('G', 2, (1, 1))
+        True ('G', 2, (1, 3))
+        True ('G', 2, (3, 3))
+
+        sage: _mutation_type_test(5) # not tested
+        True ('A', (3, 2), 1)
+        True ('A', (4, 1), 1)
+        True ('A', 5)
+        True ('B', 5)
+        True ('BB', 4, 1)
+        True ('BC', 4, 1)
+        True ('BD', 4, 1)
+        True ('C', 5)
+        True ('CC', 4, 1)
+        True ('CD', 4, 1)
+        False ('D', 4, 1)
+        True ('D', 5)
+        True ('F', 4, -1)
+        True ('F', 4, 1)
+    """
+    from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.quiver_mutation_type import _construct_classical_mutation_classes
+    from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_class import _dig6_to_digraph
+    from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.quiver import ClusterQuiver
+    data = _construct_classical_mutation_classes( n )
+    keys = data.keys()
+    for mutation_type in sorted(keys, key=str):
+        mt = QuiverMutationType( mutation_type )
+        print(all( ClusterQuiver(_dig6_to_digraph(dig6)).mutation_type() == mt for dig6 in data[mutation_type]), mutation_type)
+    from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.quiver_mutation_type import _construct_exceptional_mutation_classes
+    data = _construct_exceptional_mutation_classes( n )
+    keys = data.keys()
+    for mutation_type in sorted(keys, key=str):
+        mt = QuiverMutationType( mutation_type )
+        print(all( ClusterQuiver(_dig6_to_digraph(dig6)).mutation_type() == mt for dig6 in data[mutation_type]), mutation_type)
+
+
+def _random_tests(mt, k, mut_class=None, nr_mut=5):
+    """
+    Provide random tests to find bugs in the mutation type methods.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``mt`` something that can be turned into a ``QuiverMutationType``
+    - ``k`` -- integer; the number of tests performed for each quiver of rank ``n``
+    - ``mut_class`` -- if given, this mutation class is used
+    - ``nr_mut`` -- integer (default: 5); the number of mutations performed before
+      testing
+
+    The idea of this random test is to start with a mutation type
+    and compute its mutation class (or have this class given). Now,
+    every quiver in this mutation class is slightly changed in order
+    to obtain a matrix of the same type or something very similar.
+    Now, the new type is computed and checked if it stays stable for
+    ``nr_mut``'s many mutations.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type import _random_tests
+        sage: _random_tests( ['A',3], 1)                                                # needs sage.modules
+        testing ['A', 3]
+    """
+    from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.quiver import ClusterQuiver
+    from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_class import _dig6_to_matrix, _matrix_to_digraph, _digraph_mutate, _edge_list_to_matrix
+    import random
+    if mut_class is None:
+        mut_class = ClusterQuiver(mt).mutation_class(data_type='dig6')
+    print("testing " + str(mt))
+    for dig6 in mut_class:
+        M_const = _dig6_to_matrix( dig6 )
+        nz = [ (i,j) for i,j in M_const.nonzero_positions() if i > j ]
+        # performing k tests on the matrix M_const
+        for i in range(k):
+            M = copy( M_const )
+            # every pair M[i,j],M[j,i] is possibly changed
+            # while the property of being skew-symmetrizable is kept
+            for i,j in nz:
+                a,b = M[i,j],M[j,i]
+                skew_sym = False
+                while not skew_sym:
+                    ran = random.randint(1, 2)
+                    if ran == 1:
+                        M[i, j], M[j, i] = -M[j, i], -M[i, j]
+                    elif ran == 2:
+                        ran2 = random.randint(1, 8)
+                        if ran2 == 1:
+                            c, d = 1, -1
+                        elif ran2 == 2:
+                            c, d = 1, -2
+                        elif ran2 == 3:
+                            c, d = 2, -1
+                        elif ran2 == 4:
+                            c, d = 1, -3
+                        elif ran2 == 5:
+                            c, d = 3, -1
+                        elif ran2 == 6:
+                            c, d = 2, -2
+                        elif ran2 == 7:
+                            c, d = 1, -4
+                        elif ran2 == 8:
+                            c, d = 4, -1
+                        M[i, j], M[j, i] = c, d
+                    if M.is_skew_symmetrizable(positive=True):
+                        skew_sym = True
+                    else:
+                        M[i, j], M[j, i] = a, b
+            # we now have a new matrix M
+            # and a new digraph db
+            dg = _matrix_to_digraph(M)
+            mt = _connected_mutation_type(dg)
+            mut = -1
+            # we perform nr_mut many mutations
+            for k in range(nr_mut):
+                # while making sure that we do not mutate back
+                mut_tmp = mut
+                while mut == mut_tmp:
+                    mut = random.randint(0, dg.order() - 1)
+                dg_new = _digraph_mutate(dg, mut)
+                mt_new = _connected_mutation_type(dg_new)
+                if mt != mt_new:
+                    print("FOUND ERROR!")
+                    print(_edge_list_to_matrix(dg.edges(sort=True),
+                                               list(range(dg.order())), []))
+                    print("has mutation type " + str(mt) + " while it has mutation type " + str(mt_new) + " after mutating at " + str(mut) + ":")
+                    print(_edge_list_to_matrix(dg_new.edges(sort=True),
+                                               list(range(dg.order())), []))
+                    return dg, dg_new
+                else:
+                    dg = dg_new
+
+
+def _random_multi_tests(n, k, nr_mut=5):
+    """
+    Provide multiple random tests to find bugs in the mutation type methods.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``n`` -- integer; the rank of the mutation types to test
+    - ``k`` -- integer; the number of tests performed for each quiver of rank ``n``
+    - ``nr_mut`` -- integer (default: 5); the number of mutations performed before testing
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.mutation_type import _random_multi_tests
+        sage: _random_multi_tests(2,1)  # not tested
+        testing ('A', (1, 1), 1)
+        testing ('A', 2)
+        testing ('B', 2)
+        testing ('BC', 1, 1)
+
+        sage: _random_multi_tests(3,1)  # not tested
+        testing ('A', (2, 1), 1)
+        testing ('A', 3)
+        testing ('B', 3)
+        testing ('BB', 2, 1)
+        testing ('BC', 2, 1)
+        testing ('C', 3)
+        testing ('CC', 2, 1)
+
+        sage: _random_multi_tests(4,1)  # not tested
+        testing ('A', (2, 2), 1)
+        testing ('A', (3, 1), 1)
+        testing ('A', 4)
+        testing ('B', 4)
+        testing ('BB', 3, 1)
+        testing ('BC', 3, 1)
+        testing ('BD', 3, 1)
+        testing ('C', 4)
+        testing ('CC', 3, 1)
+        testing ('CD', 3, 1)
+        testing ('D', 4)
+    """
+    from sage.combinat.cluster_algebra_quiver.quiver_mutation_type import _construct_classical_mutation_classes
+    mutation_classes = _construct_classical_mutation_classes(n)
+    for mutation_type in sorted(mutation_classes, key=str):
+        _random_tests(mutation_type, k,
+                      mut_class=mutation_classes[mutation_type], nr_mut=nr_mut)