passagemath-graphs 10.5.43__cp39-cp39-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

sage/combinat/posets/hasse_diagram.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3678 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-graphs
+r"""
+Hasse diagrams of posets
+
+{INDEX_OF_FUNCTIONS}
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2008 Peter Jipsen <jipsen@chapman.edu>
+#       Copyright (C) 2008 Franco Saliola <saliola@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+
+from sage.arith.misc import binomial
+from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_cython import IncreasingChains
+from sage.graphs.digraph import DiGraph
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.lazy_attribute import lazy_attribute
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.misc.rest_index_of_methods import gen_rest_table_index
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+
+lazy_import('sage.combinat.posets.hasse_cython_flint',
+            ['moebius_matrix_fast', 'coxeter_matrix_fast',
+             'chain_poly'])
+lazy_import('sage.matrix.constructor', 'matrix')
+lazy_import('sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_constructor', 'GF')
+
+
+class LatticeError(ValueError):
+    """
+    Helper exception class to forward elements without meet or
+    join to upper level, so that the user will see "No meet for
+    a and b" instead of "No meet for 1 and 2".
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fail, x, y) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize the exception.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import LatticeError
+            sage: error = LatticeError('join', 3, 8)
+            sage: error.x
+            3
+        """
+        ValueError.__init__(self, None)
+        self.fail = fail
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Return string representation of the exception.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import LatticeError
+            sage: error = LatticeError('meet', 15, 18)
+            sage: error.__str__()
+            'no meet for 15 and 18'
+        """
+        return f"no {self.fail} for {self.x} and {self.y}"
+
+
+class HasseDiagram(DiGraph):
+    """
+    The Hasse diagram of a poset. This is just a transitively-reduced,
+    directed, acyclic graph without loops or multiple edges.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+       We assume that ``range(n)`` is a linear extension of the poset.
+       That is, ``range(n)`` is the vertex set and a topological sort of
+       the digraph.
+
+    This should not be called directly, use Poset instead; all type
+    checking happens there.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+        sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,2],1:[3],2:[3],3:[]}); H
+        Hasse diagram of a poset containing 4 elements
+        sage: TestSuite(H).run()
+    """
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,2],1:[3],2:[3],3:[]})
+            sage: H._repr_()
+            'Hasse diagram of a poset containing 4 elements'
+        """
+        return "Hasse diagram of a poset containing %s elements" % self.order()
+
+    def linear_extension(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a linear extension.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,2],1:[3],2:[3],3:[]})
+            sage: H.linear_extension()
+            [0, 1, 2, 3]
+        """
+        # Recall: we assume range(n) is a linear extension.
+        return list(range(len(self)))
+
+    def linear_extensions(self):
+        r"""
+        Return an iterator over all linear extensions.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,2],1:[3],2:[3],3:[]})
+            sage: list(H.linear_extensions())                                           # needs sage.modules
+            [[0, 1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 1, 3]]
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.posets.linear_extension_iterator import linear_extension_iterator
+        return linear_extension_iterator(self)
+
+    def greedy_linear_extensions_iterator(self):
+        r"""
+        Return an iterator over greedy linear extensions of the Hasse diagram.
+
+        A linear extension `[e_1, e_2, \ldots, e_n]` is *greedy* if for
+        every `i` either `e_{i+1}` covers `e_i` or all upper covers
+        of `e_i` have at least one lower cover that is not in
+        `[e_1, e_2, \ldots, e_i]`.
+
+        Informally said a linear extension is greedy if it "always
+        goes up when possible" and so has no unnecessary jumps.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: N5 = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 2: [3], 1: [4], 3: [4]})
+            sage: for l in N5.greedy_linear_extensions_iterator():
+            ....:     print(l)
+            [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+            [0, 2, 3, 1, 4]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: list(HasseDiagram({}).greedy_linear_extensions_iterator())
+            [[]]
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: []})
+            sage: list(H.greedy_linear_extensions_iterator())
+            [[0]]
+        """
+        N = self.order()
+
+        def greedy_rec(H, linext):
+            if len(linext) == N:
+                yield linext
+
+            S = []
+            if linext:
+                S = [x for x in H.neighbor_out_iterator(linext[-1])
+                     if all(low in linext for low in H.neighbor_in_iterator(x))]
+            if not S:
+                S_ = set(self).difference(set(linext))
+                S = [x for x in S_
+                     if not any(low in S_
+                                for low in self.neighbor_in_iterator(x))]
+
+            for e in S:
+                yield from greedy_rec(H, linext + [e])
+
+        return greedy_rec(self, [])
+
+    def supergreedy_linear_extensions_iterator(self):
+        r"""
+        Return an iterator over supergreedy linear extensions of the Hasse diagram.
+
+        A linear extension `[e_1, e_2, \ldots, e_n]` is *supergreedy* if,
+        for every `i` and `j` where `i > j`, `e_i` covers `e_j` if for
+        every `i > k > j` at least one lower cover of `e_k` is not in
+        `[e_1, e_2, \ldots, e_k]`.
+
+        Informally said a linear extension is supergreedy if it "always
+        goes as high possible, and withdraw so less as possible".
+        These are also called depth-first linear extensions.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We show the difference between "only greedy" and supergreedy
+        extensions::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 2: [3, 4]})
+            sage: G_ext = list(H.greedy_linear_extensions_iterator())
+            sage: SG_ext = list(H.supergreedy_linear_extensions_iterator())
+            sage: [0, 2, 3, 1, 4] in G_ext
+            True
+            sage: [0, 2, 3, 1, 4] in SG_ext
+            False
+
+            sage: len(SG_ext)
+            4
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: list(HasseDiagram({}).supergreedy_linear_extensions_iterator())
+            [[]]
+            sage: list(HasseDiagram({0: [], 1: []}).supergreedy_linear_extensions_iterator())
+            [[0, 1], [1, 0]]
+        """
+        N = self.order()
+
+        def supergreedy_rec(H, linext):
+            k = len(linext)
+
+            if k == N:
+                yield linext
+
+            else:
+                S = []
+                while not S:
+                    if not k:  # Start from new minimal element
+                        S = [x for x in self.sources() if x not in linext]
+                    else:
+                        S = [x for x in self.neighbor_out_iterator(linext[k - 1])
+                             if x not in linext and
+                             all(low in linext
+                                 for low in self.neighbor_in_iterator(x))]
+                        k -= 1
+
+                for e in S:
+                    yield from supergreedy_rec(H, linext + [e])
+
+        return supergreedy_rec(self, [])
+
+    def is_linear_extension(self, lin_ext=None) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Test if an ordering is a linear extension.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,2],1:[3],2:[3],3:[]})
+            sage: H.is_linear_extension(list(range(4)))
+            True
+            sage: H.is_linear_extension([3,2,1,0])
+            False
+        """
+        if lin_ext is None or lin_ext == list(range(len(self))):
+            return all(x < y for x, y in self.cover_relations_iterator())
+        else:
+            return all(lin_ext.index(x) < lin_ext.index(y)
+                       for x, y in self.cover_relations_iterator())
+
+    def cover_relations_iterator(self):
+        r"""
+        Iterate over cover relations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2,3], 1:[3,4], 2:[5], 3:[5], 4:[5]})
+            sage: list(H.cover_relations_iterator())
+            [(0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)]
+        """
+        yield from self.edge_iterator(labels=False)
+
+    def cover_relations(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the list of cover relations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2,3], 1:[3,4], 2:[5], 3:[5], 4:[5]})
+            sage: H.cover_relations()
+            [(0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)]
+        """
+        return list(self.cover_relations_iterator())
+
+    def is_lequal(self, i, j) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if i is less than or equal to j in the poset, and
+        ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If the :meth:`lequal_matrix` has been computed, then this method is
+            redefined to use the cached data (see :meth:`_alternate_is_lequal`).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2], 1:[2], 2:[3], 3:[4], 4:[]})
+            sage: x,y,z = 0, 1, 4
+            sage: H.is_lequal(x,y)
+            False
+            sage: H.is_lequal(y,x)
+            False
+            sage: H.is_lequal(x,z)
+            True
+            sage: H.is_lequal(y,z)
+            True
+            sage: H.is_lequal(z,z)
+            True
+        """
+        return i == j or (i < j and j in self.breadth_first_search(i))
+
+    def is_less_than(self, x, y) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if ``x`` is less than but not equal to ``y`` in the
+        poset, and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2], 1:[2], 2:[3], 3:[4], 4:[]})
+            sage: x,y,z = 0, 1, 4
+            sage: H.is_less_than(x,y)
+            False
+            sage: H.is_less_than(y,x)
+            False
+            sage: H.is_less_than(x,z)
+            True
+            sage: H.is_less_than(y,z)
+            True
+            sage: H.is_less_than(z,z)
+            False
+        """
+        if x == y:
+            return False
+        return self.is_lequal(x, y)
+
+    def is_gequal(self, x, y) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if ``x`` is greater than or equal to ``y``, and
+        ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: Q = HasseDiagram({0:[2], 1:[2], 2:[3], 3:[4], 4:[]})
+            sage: x,y,z = 0,1,4
+            sage: Q.is_gequal(x,y)
+            False
+            sage: Q.is_gequal(y,x)
+            False
+            sage: Q.is_gequal(x,z)
+            False
+            sage: Q.is_gequal(z,x)
+            True
+            sage: Q.is_gequal(z,y)
+            True
+            sage: Q.is_gequal(z,z)
+            True
+        """
+        return self.is_lequal(y, x)
+
+    def is_greater_than(self, x, y) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if ``x`` is greater than but not equal to
+        ``y``, and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: Q = HasseDiagram({0:[2], 1:[2], 2:[3], 3:[4], 4:[]})
+            sage: x,y,z = 0,1,4
+            sage: Q.is_greater_than(x,y)
+            False
+            sage: Q.is_greater_than(y,x)
+            False
+            sage: Q.is_greater_than(x,z)
+            False
+            sage: Q.is_greater_than(z,x)
+            True
+            sage: Q.is_greater_than(z,y)
+            True
+            sage: Q.is_greater_than(z,z)
+            False
+        """
+        return self.is_less_than(y, x)
+
+    def minimal_elements(self):
+        """
+        Return a list of the minimal elements of the poset.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset({0:[3],1:[3],2:[3],3:[4],4:[]})
+            sage: P(0) in P.minimal_elements()
+            True
+            sage: P(1) in P.minimal_elements()
+            True
+            sage: P(2) in P.minimal_elements()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.sources()
+
+    def maximal_elements(self):
+        """
+        Return a list of the maximal elements of the poset.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset({0:[3],1:[3],2:[3],3:[4],4:[]})
+            sage: P.maximal_elements()
+            [4]
+        """
+        return self.sinks()
+
+    @cached_method
+    def bottom(self):
+        """
+        Return the bottom element of the poset, if it exists.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset({0:[3],1:[3],2:[3],3:[4],4:[]})
+            sage: P.bottom() is None
+            True
+            sage: Q = Poset({0:[1],1:[]})
+            sage: Q.bottom()
+            0
+        """
+        min_elms = self.minimal_elements()
+        if len(min_elms) == 1:
+            return min_elms[0]
+        return None
+
+    def has_bottom(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if the poset has a unique minimal element.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset({0:[3],1:[3],2:[3],3:[4],4:[]})
+            sage: P.has_bottom()
+            False
+            sage: Q = Poset({0:[1],1:[]})
+            sage: Q.has_bottom()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.bottom() is not None
+
+    def top(self):
+        """
+        Return the top element of the poset, if it exists.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset({0:[3],1:[3],2:[3],3:[4,5],4:[],5:[]})
+            sage: P.top() is None
+            True
+            sage: Q = Poset({0:[1],1:[]})
+            sage: Q.top()
+            1
+        """
+        max_elms = self.maximal_elements()
+        if len(max_elms) == 1:
+            return max_elms[0]
+        return None
+
+    def has_top(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if the poset contains a unique maximal element, and
+        ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset({0:[3],1:[3],2:[3],3:[4,5],4:[],5:[]})
+            sage: P.has_top()
+            False
+            sage: Q = Poset({0:[1],1:[]})
+            sage: Q.has_top()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.top() is not None
+
+    def is_bounded(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if the poset contains a unique maximal element and a
+        unique minimal element, and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset({0:[3],1:[3],2:[3],3:[4,5],4:[],5:[]})
+            sage: P.is_bounded()
+            False
+            sage: Q = Poset({0:[1],1:[]})
+            sage: Q.is_bounded()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.has_top() and self.has_bottom()
+
+    def is_chain(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if the poset is totally ordered, and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = Poset({0:[1],1:[2],2:[3],3:[4]})
+            sage: L.is_chain()
+            True
+            sage: V = Poset({0:[1,2]})
+            sage: V.is_chain()
+            False
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check :issue:`15330`::
+
+            sage: p = Poset(DiGraph({0:[1],2:[1]}))
+            sage: p.is_chain()
+            False
+        """
+        if self.cardinality() == 0:
+            return True
+        return (self.num_edges() + 1 == self.num_verts() and  # tree
+                all(d <= 1 for d in self.out_degree()) and
+                all(d <= 1 for d in self.in_degree()))
+
+    def is_antichain_of_poset(self, elms) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if ``elms`` is an antichain of the Hasse
+        diagram and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2, 3], 1: [4], 2: [4], 3: [4]})
+            sage: H.is_antichain_of_poset([1, 2, 3])
+            True
+            sage: H.is_antichain_of_poset([0, 2, 3])
+            False
+        """
+        from itertools import combinations
+        elms_sorted = sorted(set(elms))
+        return not any(self.is_lequal(a, b) for a, b in
+                       combinations(elms_sorted, 2))
+
+    def dual(self):
+        """
+        Return a poset that is dual to the given poset.
+
+        This means that it has the same elements but opposite order.
+        The elements are renumbered to ensure that ``range(n)``
+        is a linear extension.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = posets.IntegerPartitions(4)                                       # needs sage.combinat
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram; H                                               # needs sage.combinat
+            Hasse diagram of a poset containing 5 elements
+            sage: H.dual()                                                              # needs sage.combinat
+            Hasse diagram of a poset containing 5 elements
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H = posets.IntegerPartitions(4)._hasse_diagram                        # needs sage.combinat
+            sage: H.is_isomorphic( H.dual().dual() )                                    # needs sage.combinat
+            True
+            sage: H.is_isomorphic( H.dual() )                                           # needs sage.combinat
+            False
+        """
+        H = self.reverse(immutable=False)
+        H.relabel(perm=list(range(H.num_verts() - 1, -1, -1)), inplace=True)
+        return HasseDiagram(H)
+
+    def _precompute_intervals(self):
+        """
+        Precompute all intervals of the poset.
+
+        This will significantly speed up computing congruences. On the
+        other hand, it will cost much more memory. Currently this is
+        a hidden feature. See the example below for how to use it.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B4 = posets.BooleanLattice(4)
+            sage: B4.is_isoform()  # Slow                                               # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            True
+            sage: B4._hasse_diagram._precompute_intervals()
+            sage: B4 = posets.BooleanLattice(4)
+            sage: B4.is_isoform()  # Faster now                                         # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            True
+        """
+        n = self.order()
+        v_up = (frozenset(self.depth_first_search(v)) for v in range(n))
+        v_down = [frozenset(self.depth_first_search(v, neighbors=self.neighbor_in_iterator))
+                  for v in range(n)]
+        self._intervals = [[sorted(up.intersection(down)) for down in v_down]
+                           for up in v_up]
+
+    def interval(self, x, y):
+        r"""
+        Return a list of the elements `z` of ``self`` such that
+        `x \leq z \leq y`.
+
+        The order is that induced by the ordering in ``self.linear_extension``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- any element of the poset
+
+        - ``y`` -- any element of the poset
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            The method :meth:`_precompute_intervals()` creates a cache
+            which is used if available, making the function very fast.
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`interval_iterator`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: uc = [[1,3,2],[4],[4,5,6],[6],[7],[7],[7],[]]
+            sage: dag = DiGraph(dict(zip(range(len(uc)),uc)))
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram(dag)
+            sage: I = set([2,5,6,4,7])
+            sage: I == set(H.interval(2,7))
+            True
+        """
+        try:
+            # when the intervals have been precomputed
+            return self._intervals[x][y]
+        except AttributeError:
+            return list(self.interval_iterator(x, y))
+
+    def interval_iterator(self, x, y):
+        r"""
+        Return an iterator of the elements `z` of ``self`` such that
+        `x \leq z \leq y`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- any element of the poset
+
+        - ``y`` -- any element of the poset
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`interval`
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This becomes much faster when first calling :meth:`_leq_storage`,
+            which precomputes the principal upper ideals.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: uc = [[1,3,2],[4],[4,5,6],[6],[7],[7],[7],[]]
+            sage: dag = DiGraph(dict(zip(range(len(uc)),uc)))
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram(dag)
+            sage: I = set([2,5,6,4,7])
+            sage: I == set(H.interval_iterator(2,7))
+            True
+        """
+        for z in range(x, y + 1):
+            if self.is_lequal(x, z) and self.is_lequal(z, y):
+                yield z
+
+    closed_interval = interval
+
+    def open_interval(self, x, y):
+        """
+        Return a list of the elements `z` of ``self`` such that `x < z < y`.
+
+        The order is that induced by the ordering in ``self.linear_extension``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: uc = [[1,3,2],[4],[4,5,6],[6],[7],[7],[7],[]]
+            sage: dag = DiGraph(dict(zip(range(len(uc)),uc)))
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram(dag)
+            sage: set([5,6,4]) == set(H.open_interval(2,7))
+            True
+            sage: H.open_interval(7,2)
+            []
+        """
+        ci = self.interval(x, y)
+        if not ci:
+            return []
+        else:
+            return ci[1:-1]
+
+    def rank_function(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the (normalized) rank function of the poset,
+        if it exists.
+
+        A *rank function* of a poset `P` is a function `r`
+        that maps elements of `P` to integers and satisfies:
+        `r(x) = r(y) + 1` if `x` covers `y`. The function `r`
+        is normalized such that its minimum value on every
+        connected component of the Hasse diagram of `P` is
+        `0`. This determines the function `r` uniquely (when
+        it exists).
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a lambda function, if the poset admits a rank function
+        - ``None``, if the poset does not admit a rank function
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset([[1,3,2],[4],[4,5,6],[6],[7],[7],[7],[]])
+            sage: P.rank_function() is not None
+            True
+            sage: P = Poset(([1,2,3,4],[[1,4],[2,3],[3,4]]), facade = True)
+            sage: P.rank_function() is not None
+            True
+            sage: P = Poset(([1,2,3,4,5],[[1,2],[2,3],[3,4],[1,5],[5,4]]), facade = True)
+            sage: P.rank_function() is not None
+            False
+            sage: P = Poset(([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8],[[1,4],[2,3],[3,4],[5,7],[6,7]]), facade = True)
+            sage: f = P.rank_function(); f is not None
+            True
+            sage: f(5)
+            0
+            sage: f(2)
+            0
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P = Poset([[1,3,2],[4],[4,5,6],[6],[7],[7],[7],[]])
+            sage: r = P.rank_function()
+            sage: for u,v in P.cover_relations_iterator():
+            ....:     if r(v) != r(u) + 1:
+            ....:         print("Bug in rank_function!")
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: Q = Poset([[1,2],[4],[3],[4],[]])
+            sage: Q.rank_function() is None
+            True
+
+        test for issue :issue:`14006`::
+
+            sage: H = Poset()._hasse_diagram
+            sage: s = dumps(H)
+            sage: f = H.rank_function()
+            sage: s = dumps(H)
+        """
+        if self._rank is None:
+            return None
+        # the rank function is just the getitem of the list
+        return self._rank.__getitem__
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def _rank(self):
+        r"""
+        Build the rank function of the poset, if it exists, i.e.
+        an array ``d`` where ``d[object] = self.rank_function()(object)``
+
+        A *rank function* of a poset `P` is a function `r`
+        that maps elements of `P` to integers and satisfies:
+        `r(x) = r(y) + 1` if `x` covers `y`. The function `r`
+        is normalized such that its minimum value on every
+        connected component of the Hasse diagram of `P` is
+        `0`. This determines the function `r` uniquely (when
+        it exists).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = Poset()._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H._rank
+            []
+            sage: H = Poset([[1,3,2],[4],[4,5,6],[6],[7],[7],[7],[]])._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H._rank
+            [0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 3]
+            sage: H = Poset(([1,2,3,4,5],[[1,2],[2,3],[3,4],[1,5],[5,4]]))._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H._rank is None
+            True
+        """
+        # rank[i] is the rank of point i. It is equal to None until the rank of
+        # i is computed
+        rank = [None] * self.order()
+        not_found = set(self.vertex_iterator())
+        while not_found:
+            y = not_found.pop()
+            rank[y] = 0  # We set some vertex to have rank 0
+            component = {y}
+            queue = {y}
+            while queue:
+                # look at the neighbors of y and set the ranks;
+                # then look at the neighbors of the neighbors ...
+                y = queue.pop()
+                for x in self.neighbor_out_iterator(y):
+                    if rank[x] is None:
+                        rank[x] = rank[y] + 1
+                        queue.add(x)
+                        component.add(x)
+                for x in self.neighbor_in_iterator(y):
+                    if rank[x] is None:
+                        rank[x] = rank[y] - 1
+                        queue.add(x)
+                        component.add(x)
+                    elif rank[x] != rank[y] - 1:
+                        return None
+            # Normalize the ranks of vertices in the connected component
+            # so that smallest is 0:
+            m = min(rank[j] for j in component)
+            for j in component:
+                rank[j] -= m
+            not_found.difference_update(component)
+        # now, all ranks are set.
+        return rank
+
+    def rank(self, element=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the rank of ``element``, or the rank of the poset if
+        ``element`` is ``None``. (The rank of a poset is the length of
+        the longest chain of elements of the poset.)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,3,2],1:[4],2:[4,5,6],3:[6],4:[7],5:[7],6:[7],7:[]})
+            sage: H.rank(5)
+            2
+            sage: H.rank()
+            3
+            sage: Q = HasseDiagram({0:[1,2],1:[3],2:[],3:[]})
+            sage: Q.rank()
+            2
+            sage: Q.rank(1)
+            1
+        """
+        if element is None:
+            return len(self.level_sets()) - 1
+        else:
+            return self.rank_function()(element)
+
+    def is_ranked(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if the poset is ranked, and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        A poset is *ranked* if it admits a rank function. For more information
+        about the rank function, see :meth:`~rank_function`
+        and :meth:`~is_graded`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset([[1],[2],[3],[4],[]])
+            sage: P.is_ranked()
+            True
+            sage: Q = Poset([[1,5],[2,6],[3],[4],[],[6,3],[4]])
+            sage: Q.is_ranked()
+            False
+        """
+        return bool(self.rank_function())
+
+    def covers(self, x, y):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if y covers x and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = Poset([[1,5],[2,6],[3],[4],[],[6,3],[4]])
+            sage: Q.covers(Q(1),Q(6))
+            True
+            sage: Q.covers(Q(1),Q(4))
+            False
+        """
+        return self.has_edge(x, y)
+
+    def upper_covers_iterator(self, element):
+        r"""
+        Return the list of elements that cover ``element``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,3,2],1:[4],2:[4,5,6],3:[6],4:[7],5:[7],6:[7],7:[]})
+            sage: list(H.upper_covers_iterator(0))
+            [1, 2, 3]
+            sage: list(H.upper_covers_iterator(7))
+            []
+        """
+        yield from self.neighbor_out_iterator(element)
+
+    def lower_covers_iterator(self, element):
+        r"""
+        Return the list of elements that are covered by ``element``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,3,2],1:[4],2:[4,5,6],3:[6],4:[7],5:[7],6:[7],7:[]})
+            sage: list(H.lower_covers_iterator(0))
+            []
+            sage: list(H.lower_covers_iterator(4))
+            [1, 2]
+        """
+        yield from self.neighbor_in_iterator(element)
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the number of elements in the poset.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Poset([[1,2,3],[4],[4],[4],[]]).cardinality()
+            5
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        For a time, this function was named ``size()``, which
+        would override the same-named method of the underlying
+        digraph. :issue:`8735` renamed this method to ``cardinality()``
+        with a deprecation warning. :issue:`11214` removed the warning
+        since code for graphs was raising the warning inadvertently.
+        This tests that ``size()`` for a Hasse diagram returns the
+        number of edges in the digraph. ::
+
+            sage: L = posets.BooleanLattice(5)
+            sage: H = L.hasse_diagram()
+            sage: H.size()
+            80
+            sage: H.size() == H.num_edges()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.order()
+
+    def moebius_function(self, i, j):  # dumb algorithm
+        r"""
+        Return the value of the Möbius function of the poset
+        on the elements ``i`` and ``j``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset([[1,2,3],[4],[4],[4],[]])
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H.moebius_function(0,4)
+            2
+            sage: for u,v in P.cover_relations_iterator():
+            ....:     if P.moebius_function(u,v) != -1:
+            ....:         print("Bug in moebius_function!")
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._moebius_function_values[(i, j)]
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._moebius_function_values = {}
+            return self.moebius_function(i, j)
+        except KeyError:
+            if i == j:
+                self._moebius_function_values[(i, j)] = 1
+            elif i > j:
+                self._moebius_function_values[(i, j)] = 0
+            else:
+                ci = self.interval(i, j)
+                if not ci:
+                    self._moebius_function_values[(i, j)] = 0
+                else:
+                    self._moebius_function_values[(i, j)] = -sum(self.moebius_function(i, k) for k in ci[:-1])
+        return self._moebius_function_values[(i, j)]
+
+    def bottom_moebius_function(self, j):
+        r"""
+        Return the value of the Möbius function of the poset
+        on the elements ``zero`` and ``j``, where ``zero`` is
+        ``self.bottom()``, the unique minimal element of the poset.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset({0: [1,2]})
+            sage: hasse = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: hasse.bottom_moebius_function(1)
+            -1
+            sage: hasse.bottom_moebius_function(2)
+            -1
+            sage: P = Poset({0: [1,3], 1:[2], 2:[4], 3:[4]})
+            sage: hasse = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: for i in range(5):
+            ....:   print(hasse.bottom_moebius_function(i))
+            1
+            -1
+            0
+            -1
+            1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P = Poset({0:[2], 1:[2]})
+            sage: hasse = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: hasse.bottom_moebius_function(1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the poset does not have a bottom element
+        """
+        zero = self.bottom()
+        if zero is None:
+            raise ValueError("the poset does not have a bottom element")
+        # if the value has already been computed, either by self.moebius_function
+        # or by self.bottom_moebius_function, then just use the cached value.
+        try:
+            return self._moebius_function_values[(zero, j)]
+        # if the dict has not been initialized, do that and try again
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._moebius_function_values = {}
+            return self.bottom_moebius_function(j)
+        # if mu(zero, j) has not already been computed, we'll get a key error.
+        except KeyError:
+            if zero == j:
+                self._moebius_function_values[(zero, j)] = 1
+            # since zero is the minimal element, we can ignore the case that zero > j,
+            # and move on to computing the interval, which is exactly the order ideal.
+            else:
+                # do the depth_first_search over order_ideal, because we don't care
+                # about sorting the elements of the order ideal.
+                ci = self._backend.depth_first_search(j, reverse=True)
+                next(ci)  # throw out the first element, which is j
+                self._moebius_function_values[(zero, j)] = -sum(self.bottom_moebius_function(k) for k in ci)
+        return self._moebius_function_values[(zero, j)]
+
+    def moebius_function_matrix(self, algorithm='cython'):
+        r"""
+        Return the matrix of the Möbius function of this poset.
+
+        This returns the matrix over `\ZZ` whose ``(x, y)`` entry
+        is the value of the Möbius function of ``self`` evaluated on
+        ``x`` and ``y``, and redefines :meth:`moebius_function` to use it.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``algorithm`` -- ``'recursive'``, ``'matrix'`` or ``'cython'``
+          (default)
+
+        This uses either the recursive formula, a generic matrix inversion
+        or a specific matrix inversion coded in Cython.
+
+        OUTPUT: a dense matrix for the algorithm ``cython``, a sparse matrix otherwise
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            The result is cached in :meth:`_moebius_function_matrix`.
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`lequal_matrix`, :meth:`coxeter_transformation`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,3,2],1:[4],2:[4,5,6],3:[6],4:[7],5:[7],6:[7],7:[]})
+            sage: H.moebius_function_matrix()                                           # needs sage.libs.flint sage.modules
+            [ 1 -1 -1 -1  1  0  1  0]
+            [ 0  1  0  0 -1  0  0  0]
+            [ 0  0  1  0 -1 -1 -1  2]
+            [ 0  0  0  1  0  0 -1  0]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  1  0  0 -1]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  0  1  0 -1]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  0  0  1 -1]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.flint sage.modules
+            sage: H.moebius_function_matrix().is_immutable()
+            True
+            sage: hasattr(H,'_moebius_function_matrix')
+            True
+            sage: H.moebius_function == H._moebius_function_from_matrix
+            True
+            sage: H = posets.TamariLattice(3)._hasse_diagram
+            sage: M = H.moebius_function_matrix('matrix'); M
+            [ 1 -1 -1  0  1]
+            [ 0  1  0  0 -1]
+            [ 0  0  1 -1  0]
+            [ 0  0  0  1 -1]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  1]
+            sage: _ = H.__dict__.pop('_moebius_function_matrix')
+            sage: H.moebius_function_matrix('cython') == M
+            True
+            sage: _ = H.__dict__.pop('_moebius_function_matrix')
+            sage: H.moebius_function_matrix('recursive') == M
+            True
+            sage: _ = H.__dict__.pop('_moebius_function_matrix')
+            sage: H.moebius_function_matrix('banana')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: unknown algorithm
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self, '_moebius_function_matrix'):
+            if algorithm == 'recursive':
+                n = self.cardinality()
+                gt = self._leq_storage
+                greater_than = [sorted(gt[i]) for i in range(n)]
+                m = {}
+                for i in range(n - 1, -1, -1):
+                    m[(i, i)] = ZZ.one()
+                    available = []
+                    for k in greater_than[i]:
+                        if k != i:
+                            available.append(k)
+                            m[(i, k)] = -ZZ.sum(m[(j, k)]
+                                                for j in available
+                                                if k in greater_than[j])
+                M = matrix(ZZ, n, n, m, sparse=True)  # noqa: F821
+            elif algorithm == "matrix":
+                M = self.lequal_matrix().inverse_of_unit()
+            elif algorithm == "cython":
+                M = moebius_matrix_fast(self._leq_storage)  # noqa: F821
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("unknown algorithm")
+            self._moebius_function_matrix = M
+            self._moebius_function_matrix.set_immutable()
+            self.moebius_function = self._moebius_function_from_matrix
+        return self._moebius_function_matrix
+
+    # Redefine self.moebius_function
+    def _moebius_function_from_matrix(self, i, j):
+        r"""
+        Return the value of the Möbius function of the poset
+        on the elements ``i`` and ``j``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset([[1,2,3],[4],[4],[4],[]])
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H.moebius_function(0,4) # indirect doctest
+            2
+            sage: for u,v in P.cover_relations_iterator():
+            ....:     if P.moebius_function(u,v) != -1:
+            ....:         print("Bug in moebius_function!")
+
+        This uses ``self._moebius_function_matrix``, as computed by
+        :meth:`moebius_function_matrix`.
+        """
+        return self._moebius_function_matrix[i, j]
+
+    @cached_method
+    def coxeter_transformation(self, algorithm='cython'):
+        r"""
+        Return the matrix of the Auslander-Reiten translation acting on
+        the Grothendieck group of the derived category of modules on the
+        poset, in the basis of simple modules.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``algorithm`` -- ``'cython'`` (default) or ``'matrix'``
+
+        This uses either a specific matrix code in Cython, or generic matrices.
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`lequal_matrix`, :meth:`moebius_function_matrix`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.flint sage.modules
+            sage: P = posets.PentagonPoset()._hasse_diagram
+            sage: M = P.coxeter_transformation(); M
+            [ 0  0  0  0 -1]
+            [ 0  0  0  1 -1]
+            [ 0  1  0  0 -1]
+            [-1  1  1  0 -1]
+            [-1  1  0  1 -1]
+            sage: P.__dict__['coxeter_transformation'].clear_cache()
+            sage: P.coxeter_transformation(algorithm='matrix') == M
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.flint sage.modules
+            sage: P = posets.PentagonPoset()._hasse_diagram
+            sage: M = P.coxeter_transformation()
+            sage: M**8 == 1
+            True
+            sage: P.__dict__['coxeter_transformation'].clear_cache()
+            sage: P.coxeter_transformation(algorithm='banana')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: unknown algorithm
+        """
+        if algorithm == 'matrix':
+            return - self.lequal_matrix() * self.moebius_function_matrix().transpose()
+        elif algorithm == 'cython':
+            return coxeter_matrix_fast(self._leq_storage)  # noqa: F821
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("unknown algorithm")
+
+    def order_filter(self, elements):
+        r"""
+        Return the order filter generated by a list of elements.
+
+        `I` is an order filter if, for any `x` in `I` and `y` such that
+        `y \ge x`, then `y` is in `I`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = posets.BooleanLattice(4)._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H.order_filter([3,8])
+            [3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
+        """
+        return sorted(self.depth_first_search(elements))
+
+    def principal_order_filter(self, i):
+        """
+        Return the order filter generated by ``i``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = posets.BooleanLattice(4)._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H.principal_order_filter(2)
+            [2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15]
+        """
+        return self.order_filter([i])
+
+    def order_ideal(self, elements):
+        r"""
+        Return the order ideal generated by a list of elements.
+
+        `I` is an order ideal if, for any `x` in `I` and `y` such that
+        `y \le x`, then `y` is in `I`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = posets.BooleanLattice(4)._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H.order_ideal([7,10])
+            [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10]
+        """
+        return sorted(self.depth_first_search(elements,
+                                              neighbors=self.neighbor_in_iterator))
+
+    def order_ideal_cardinality(self, elements):
+        r"""
+        Return the cardinality of the order ideal generated by ``elements``.
+
+        `I` is an order ideal if, for any `x` in `I` and `y` such that
+        `y \le x`, then `y` is in `I`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = posets.BooleanLattice(4)._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H.order_ideal_cardinality([7,10])
+            10
+        """
+        seen = set()
+        q = deque(elements)
+        size = 0
+        while q:
+            v = q.popleft()
+            if v in seen:
+                continue
+            size += 1
+            seen.add(v)
+            q.extend(self.neighbor_in_iterator(v))
+
+        return ZZ(size)
+
+    def principal_order_ideal(self, i):
+        """
+        Return the order ideal generated by `i`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = posets.BooleanLattice(4)._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H.principal_order_ideal(6)
+            [0, 2, 4, 6]
+        """
+        return self.order_ideal([i])
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def _leq_storage(self):
+        """
+        Store the comparison relation as a list of Python sets.
+
+        The `i`-th item in the list is the set of elements greater than `i`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = posets.DiamondPoset(7)._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H._leq_storage
+            [{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, {1, 6}, {2, 6}, {3, 6}, {4, 6}, {5, 6}, {6}]
+        """
+        n = self.order()
+        greater_than = [{i} for i in range(n)]
+        for i in range(n - 1, -1, -1):
+            gt = greater_than[i]
+            for j in self.neighbor_out_iterator(i):
+                gt = gt.union(greater_than[j])
+            greater_than[i] = gt
+
+        # Redefine self.is_lequal
+        self.is_lequal = self._alternate_is_lequal
+
+        return greater_than
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def _leq_matrix_boolean(self):
+        r"""
+        Compute a boolean matrix whose ``(i,j)`` entry is 1 if ``i``
+        is less than ``j`` in the poset, and 0 otherwise; and
+        redefines ``__lt__`` to use this matrix.
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`_leq_matrix`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset([[1,3,2],[4],[4,5,6],[6],[7],[7],[7],[]])
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: M = H._leq_matrix_boolean; M                                          # needs sage.modules
+            [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]
+            [0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1]
+            [0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1]
+            [0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1]
+            sage: M.base_ring()                                                         # needs sage.modules
+            Finite Field of size 2
+        """
+        n = self.order()
+        R = GF(2)  # noqa: F821
+        one = R.one()
+        greater_than = self._leq_storage
+        D = {(i, j): one for i in range(n) for j in greater_than[i]}
+        M = matrix(R, n, n, D, sparse=True)  # noqa: F821
+        M.set_immutable()
+        return M
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def _leq_matrix(self):
+        r"""
+        Compute an integer matrix whose ``(i,j)`` entry is 1 if ``i``
+        is less than ``j`` in the poset, and 0 otherwise.
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`_leq_matrix_boolean`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset([[1,3,2],[4],[4,5,6],[6],[7],[7],[7],[]])
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: M = H._leq_matrix; M                                                  # needs sage.modules
+            [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]
+            [0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1]
+            [0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1]
+            [0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1]
+            sage: M.base_ring()                                                         # needs sage.modules
+            Integer Ring
+        """
+        n = self.order()
+        greater_than = self._leq_storage
+        D = {(i, j): 1 for i in range(n) for j in greater_than[i]}
+        return matrix(ZZ, n, n, D, sparse=True, immutable=True)  # noqa: F821
+
+    def lequal_matrix(self, boolean=False):
+        r"""
+        Return a matrix whose ``(i,j)`` entry is 1 if ``i`` is less
+        than ``j`` in the poset, and 0 otherwise; and redefines
+        ``__lt__`` to use the boolean version of this matrix.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``boolean`` -- flag (default: ``False``); whether to
+          return a matrix with coefficients in `\GF(2)` or in `\ZZ`
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`moebius_function_matrix`, :meth:`coxeter_transformation`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = Poset([[1,3,2],[4],[4,5,6],[6],[7],[7],[7],[]])
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: M = H.lequal_matrix(); M                                              # needs sage.modules
+            [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]
+            [0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1]
+            [0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1]
+            [0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1]
+            sage: M.base_ring()                                                         # needs sage.modules
+            Integer Ring
+
+            sage: P = posets.DiamondPoset(6)
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: M = H.lequal_matrix(boolean=True)                                     # needs sage.modules
+            sage: M.base_ring()                                                         # needs sage.modules
+            Finite Field of size 2
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H.lequal_matrix().is_immutable()                                      # needs sage.modules
+            True
+        """
+        if boolean:
+            return self._leq_matrix_boolean
+        else:
+            return self._leq_matrix
+
+    def _alternate_is_lequal(self, i, j):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if ``i`` is less than or equal to ``j`` in
+        ``self``, and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If the :meth:`lequal_matrix` has been computed, then
+            :meth:`is_lequal` is redefined to use the cached data.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2], 1:[2], 2:[3], 3:[4], 4:[]})
+            sage: H.lequal_matrix()                                                     # needs sage.modules
+            [1 0 1 1 1]
+            [0 1 1 1 1]
+            [0 0 1 1 1]
+            [0 0 0 1 1]
+            [0 0 0 0 1]
+            sage: x,y,z = 0, 1, 4
+            sage: H._alternate_is_lequal(x,y)
+            False
+            sage: H._alternate_is_lequal(y,x)
+            False
+            sage: H._alternate_is_lequal(x,z)
+            True
+            sage: H._alternate_is_lequal(y,z)
+            True
+            sage: H._alternate_is_lequal(z,z)
+            True
+        """
+        return j in self._leq_storage[i]
+
+    def prime_elements(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the join-prime and meet-prime elements of the bounded poset.
+
+        An element `x` of a poset `P` is join-prime if the subposet
+        induced by `\{y \in P \mid y \not\ge x\}` has a top element.
+        Meet-prime is defined dually.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            The poset is expected to be bounded, and this is *not* checked.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A pair `(j, m)` where `j` is a list of join-prime elements
+        and `m` is a list of meet-prime elements.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [3], 2: [4], 3: [4]})
+            sage: H.prime_elements()
+            ([1, 2], [2, 3])
+        """
+        n = self.order()
+        join_primes = []
+        meet_primes = []
+
+        def add_elements(e):
+            upset = frozenset(self.depth_first_search(e))
+            # The complement of the upper set of a join-prime must have
+            # a top element. Maximal elements of the complement are those
+            # covered by only elements in the upper set. If there is only
+            # one maximal element, it is a meet-prime and 'e' is a
+            # join-prime.
+            meet_prime = None
+            for u in upset:
+                for m in self.neighbor_in_iterator(u):
+                    if (m not in upset and
+                        all(u_ in upset for u_ in
+                            self.neighbor_out_iterator(m))):
+                        if meet_prime is not None:
+                            return
+                        meet_prime = m
+            join_primes.append(e)
+            meet_primes.append(meet_prime)
+
+        for e in range(n):
+            # Join-primes are join-irreducibles, only check those.
+            if self.in_degree(e) == 1:
+                add_elements(e)
+
+        return join_primes, meet_primes
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def _meet(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the matrix of meets of ``self``.
+
+        The ``(x,y)``-entry of this matrix is the meet of ``x`` and
+        ``y`` in ``self`` if the meet exists; and `-1` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,3,2],1:[4],2:[4,5,6],3:[6],4:[7],5:[7],6:[7],7:[]})
+            sage: H._meet                                                               # needs sage.modules
+            [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+            [0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1]
+            [0 0 2 0 2 2 2 2]
+            [0 0 0 3 0 0 3 3]
+            [0 1 2 0 4 2 2 4]
+            [0 0 2 0 2 5 2 5]
+            [0 0 2 3 2 2 6 6]
+            [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7]
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2,3],1:[2,3]})
+            sage: H._meet                                                               # needs sage.modules
+            [ 0 -1  0  0]
+            [-1  1  1  1]
+            [ 0  1  2 -1]
+            [ 0  1 -1  3]
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,2],1:[3,4],2:[3,4]})
+            sage: H._meet                                                               # needs sage.modules
+            [ 0  0  0  0  0]
+            [ 0  1  0  1  1]
+            [ 0  0  2  2  2]
+            [ 0  1  2  3 -1]
+            [ 0  1  2 -1  4]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: L = LatticePoset({0:[1,2,3],1:[4],2:[4],3:[4]})                       # needs sage.modules
+            sage: P = L.dual()                                                          # needs sage.modules
+            sage: P.meet(2,3)                                                           # needs sage.modules
+            4
+        """
+        self._meet_semilattice_failure = ()
+        n = self.cardinality()
+        if n == 0:
+            return matrix(0)  # noqa: F821
+        meet = [[-1 for x in range(n)] for x in range(n)]
+        lc = [self.neighbors_in(x) for x in range(n)]  # Lc = lower covers
+
+        for x in range(n):
+            meet[x][x] = x
+            for y in range(x):
+                T = [meet[y][z] for z in lc[x] if meet[y][z] != -1]
+                if not T:
+                    q = -1
+                else:
+                    q = max(T)
+                    for z in T:
+                        if meet[z][q] != z:
+                            q = -1
+                            break
+                meet[x][y] = q
+                meet[y][x] = q
+                if q == -1:
+                    self._meet_semilattice_failure += ((x, y),)
+        return matrix(ZZ, meet)  # noqa: F821
+
+    def meet_matrix(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the matrix of meets of ``self``, when ``self`` is a
+        meet-semilattice; raise an error otherwise.
+
+        The ``(x,y)``-entry of this matrix is the meet of ``x`` and
+        ``y`` in ``self``.
+
+        This algorithm is modelled after the algorithm of Freese-Jezek-Nation
+        (p217). It can also be found on page 140 of [Gec81]_.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If ``self`` is a meet-semilattice, then the return of this method
+            is the same as :meth:`_meet`. Once the matrix has been computed,
+            it is stored in :meth:`_meet`. Delete this attribute if you want to
+            recompute the matrix.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,3,2],1:[4],2:[4,5,6],3:[6],4:[7],5:[7],6:[7],7:[]})
+            sage: H.meet_matrix()                                                       # needs sage.modules
+            [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+            [0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1]
+            [0 0 2 0 2 2 2 2]
+            [0 0 0 3 0 0 3 3]
+            [0 1 2 0 4 2 2 4]
+            [0 0 2 0 2 5 2 5]
+            [0 0 2 3 2 2 6 6]
+            [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7]
+
+        REFERENCE:
+
+        .. [Gec81] Fundamentals of Computation Theory
+          Gecseg, F.
+          Proceedings of the 1981 International Fct-Conference
+          Szeged, Hungaria, August 24-28, vol 117
+          Springer-Verlag, 1981
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2,3],1:[2,3]})
+            sage: H.meet_matrix()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: not a meet-semilattice: no bottom element
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,2],1:[3,4],2:[3,4]})
+            sage: H.meet_matrix()                                                       # needs sage.modules
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            LatticeError: no meet for ...
+        """
+        n = self.cardinality()
+        if (n != 0) and (not self.has_bottom()):
+            raise ValueError("not a meet-semilattice: no bottom element")
+        # call the attribute to build the matrix and _meet_semilattice_failure
+        mt = self._meet
+        if self._meet_semilattice_failure:
+            x, y = self._meet_semilattice_failure[0]
+            raise LatticeError('meet', x, y)
+        return mt
+
+    def is_meet_semilattice(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if ``self`` has a meet operation, and
+        ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,3,2],1:[4],2:[4,5,6],3:[6],4:[7],5:[7],6:[7],7:[]})
+            sage: H.is_meet_semilattice()                                               # needs sage.modules
+            True
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,2],1:[3],2:[3],3:[]})
+            sage: H.is_meet_semilattice()                                               # needs sage.modules
+            True
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2,3],1:[2,3]})
+            sage: H.is_meet_semilattice()                                               # needs sage.modules
+            False
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,2],1:[3,4],2:[3,4]})
+            sage: H.is_meet_semilattice()                                               # needs sage.modules
+            False
+        """
+        try:
+            self.meet_matrix()
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def _join(self):
+        r"""
+        Compute a matrix whose ``(x,y)``-entry is the join of ``x``
+        and ``y`` in ``self`` if the join exists; and `-1` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,3,2],1:[4],2:[4,5,6],3:[6],4:[7],5:[7],6:[7],7:[]})
+            sage: H._join                                                               # needs sage.modules
+            [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7]
+            [1 1 4 7 4 7 7 7]
+            [2 4 2 6 4 5 6 7]
+            [3 7 6 3 7 7 6 7]
+            [4 4 4 7 4 7 7 7]
+            [5 7 5 7 7 5 7 7]
+            [6 7 6 6 7 7 6 7]
+            [7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7]
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2,3],1:[2,3]})
+            sage: H._join                                                               # needs sage.modules
+            [ 0 -1  2  3]
+            [-1  1  2  3]
+            [ 2  2  2 -1]
+            [ 3  3 -1  3]
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2,3],1:[2,3],2:[4],3:[4]})
+            sage: H._join                                                               # needs sage.modules
+            [ 0 -1  2  3  4]
+            [-1  1  2  3  4]
+            [ 2  2  2  4  4]
+            [ 3  3  4  3  4]
+            [ 4  4  4  4  4]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: L = LatticePoset({0:[1,2,3],1:[4],2:[4],3:[4]})                       # needs sage.modules
+            sage: P = L.dual()                                                          # needs sage.modules
+            sage: P.join(2,3)                                                           # needs sage.modules
+            0
+        """
+        self._join_semilattice_failure = ()
+        n = self.cardinality()
+        if n == 0:
+            return matrix(0)  # noqa: F821
+        join = [[-1 for x in range(n)] for x in range(n)]
+        uc = [self.neighbors_out(x) for x in range(n)]  # uc = upper covers
+
+        for x in range(n - 1, -1, -1):
+            join[x][x] = x
+            for y in range(n - 1, x, -1):
+                T = [join[y][z] for z in uc[x] if join[y][z] != -1]
+                if not T:
+                    q = -1
+                else:
+                    q = min(T)
+                    for z in T:
+                        if join[z][q] != z:
+                            q = -1
+                            break
+                join[x][y] = q
+                join[y][x] = q
+                if q == -1:
+                    self._join_semilattice_failure += ((x, y),)
+
+        return matrix(ZZ, join)  # noqa: F821
+
+    def join_matrix(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the matrix of joins of ``self``, when ``self`` is a
+        join-semilattice; raise an error otherwise.
+
+        The ``(x,y)``-entry of this matrix is the join of ``x`` and
+        ``y`` in ``self``.
+
+        This algorithm is modelled after the algorithm of Freese-Jezek-Nation
+        (p217). It can also be found on page 140 of [Gec81]_.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If ``self`` is a join-semilattice, then the return of this method
+            is the same as :meth:`_join`. Once the matrix has been computed,
+            it is stored in :meth:`_join`. Delete this attribute if you want
+            to recompute the matrix.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,3,2],1:[4],2:[4,5,6],3:[6],4:[7],5:[7],6:[7],7:[]})
+            sage: H.join_matrix()                                                       # needs sage.modules
+            [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7]
+            [1 1 4 7 4 7 7 7]
+            [2 4 2 6 4 5 6 7]
+            [3 7 6 3 7 7 6 7]
+            [4 4 4 7 4 7 7 7]
+            [5 7 5 7 7 5 7 7]
+            [6 7 6 6 7 7 6 7]
+            [7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2,3],1:[2,3]})
+            sage: H.join_matrix()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: not a join-semilattice: no top element
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2,3],1:[2,3],2:[4],3:[4]})
+            sage: H.join_matrix()                                                       # needs sage.modules
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            LatticeError: no join for ...
+        """
+        n = self.cardinality()
+        if (n != 0) and (not self.has_top()):
+            raise ValueError("not a join-semilattice: no top element")
+        # call the attribute to build the matrix and _join_semilattice_failure
+        jn = self._join
+        if self._join_semilattice_failure:
+            x, y = self._join_semilattice_failure[0]
+            raise LatticeError('join', x, y)
+        return jn
+
+    def is_join_semilattice(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if ``self`` has a join operation, and
+        ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,3,2],1:[4],2:[4,5,6],3:[6],4:[7],5:[7],6:[7],7:[]})
+            sage: H.is_join_semilattice()                                               # needs sage.modules
+            True
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2,3],1:[2,3]})
+            sage: H.is_join_semilattice()                                               # needs sage.modules
+            False
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[2,3],1:[2,3],2:[4],3:[4]})
+            sage: H.is_join_semilattice()                                               # needs sage.modules
+            False
+        """
+        try:
+            self.join_matrix()
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def find_nonsemidistributive_elements(self, meet_or_join):
+        r"""
+        Check if the lattice is semidistributive or not.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``meet_or_join`` -- string ``'meet'`` or ``'join'``
+          to decide if to check for join-semidistributivity or
+          meet-semidistributivity
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - ``None`` if the lattice is semidistributive OR
+        - tuple ``(u, e, x, y)`` such that
+          `u = e \vee x = e \vee y` but `u \neq e \vee (x \wedge y)`
+          if ``meet_or_join=='join'`` and
+          `u = e \wedge x = e \wedge y` but `u \neq e \wedge (x \vee y)`
+          if ``meet_or_join=='meet'``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1, 2], 1:[3, 4], 2:[4, 5], 3:[6],
+            ....:                   4:[6], 5:[6]})
+            sage: H.find_nonsemidistributive_elements('join') is None                   # needs sage.modules
+            False
+            sage: H.find_nonsemidistributive_elements('meet') is None                   # needs sage.modules
+            True
+        """
+        if meet_or_join == 'join':
+            M1 = self.join_matrix()
+            M2 = self.meet_matrix()
+        elif meet_or_join == 'meet':
+            M1 = self.meet_matrix()
+            M2 = self.join_matrix()
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("meet_or_join must be 'join' or 'meet'")
+
+        n = self.order()
+
+        for e in range(n):
+            for x in range(n):
+                u = M1[e, x]
+                for y in range(x):
+                    if u == M1[e, y] and u != M1[e, M2[x, y]]:
+                        return (u, e, x, y)
+
+        return None
+
+    def vertical_decomposition(self, return_list=False):
+        """
+        Return vertical decomposition of the lattice.
+
+        This is the backend function for vertical decomposition
+        functions of lattices.
+
+        The property of being vertically decomposable is defined for lattices.
+        This is *not* checked, and the function works with any bounded poset.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``return_list`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``False`` (the
+          default), return an element that is not the top neither the bottom
+          element of the lattice, but is comparable to all elements of the
+          lattice, if the lattice is vertically decomposable and ``None``
+          otherwise. If ``True``, return list of decomposition elements.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = posets.BooleanLattice(4)._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H.vertical_decomposition() is None
+            True
+            sage: P = Poset( ([1,2,3,6,12,18,36], attrcall("divides")) )
+            sage: P._hasse_diagram.vertical_decomposition()
+            3
+            sage: P._hasse_diagram.vertical_decomposition(return_list=True)
+            [3]
+        """
+        n = self.cardinality()
+        if n < 3:
+            if return_list:
+                return []
+            else:
+                return None
+        result = []  # Never take the bottom element to list.
+        m = 0
+        for i in range(n - 1):
+            for j in self.outgoing_edge_iterator(i):
+                m = max(m, j[1])
+            if m == i + 1:
+                if not return_list:
+                    if m < n - 1:
+                        return m
+                    else:
+                        return None
+                result.append(m)
+        result.pop()  # Remove the top element.
+        return result
+
+    def is_complemented(self) -> int | None:
+        """
+        Return an element of the lattice that has no complement.
+
+        If the lattice is complemented, return ``None``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1, 2], 1:[3], 2:[3], 3:[4]})
+            sage: H.is_complemented()                                                   # needs sage.modules
+            1
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1, 2, 3], 1:[4], 2:[4], 3:[4]})
+            sage: H.is_complemented() is None                                           # needs sage.modules
+            True
+        """
+        mt = self.meet_matrix()
+        jn = self.join_matrix()
+        top = self.cardinality() - 1
+        has_complement = [False] * top
+
+        for i in range(1, top):
+            if has_complement[i]:
+                continue
+            for j in range(top, 0, -1):
+                if jn[i, j] == top and mt[i, j] == 0:
+                    has_complement[j] = True
+                    break
+            else:
+                return i
+
+        return None
+
+    def pseudocomplement(self, element):
+        """
+        Return the pseudocomplement of ``element``, if it exists.
+
+        The pseudocomplement is the greatest element whose
+        meet with given element is the bottom element. It may
+        not exist, and then the function returns ``None``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``element`` -- an element of the lattice
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        An element of the Hasse diagram, i.e. an integer, or
+        ``None`` if the pseudocomplement does not exist.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [3], 2: [4], 3: [4]})
+            sage: H.pseudocomplement(2)                                                 # needs sage.modules
+            3
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2, 3], 1: [4], 2: [4], 3: [4]})
+            sage: H.pseudocomplement(2) is None                                         # needs sage.modules
+            True
+        """
+        e = self.order() - 1
+        mt = self.meet_matrix()
+        while mt[e, element] != 0:
+            e -= 1
+        e1 = e
+        while e1 > 0:
+            if mt[e1, element] == 0 and not self.is_lequal(e1, e):
+                return None
+            e1 -= 1
+        return e
+
+    def orthocomplementations_iterator(self):
+        r"""
+        Return an iterator over orthocomplementations of the lattice.
+
+        OUTPUT: an iterator that gives plain list of integers
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,2], 1:[3,4], 3:[5], 4:[5], 2:[6,7],
+            ....:                   6:[8], 7:[8], 5:[9], 8:[9]})
+            sage: list(H.orthocomplementations_iterator())                              # needs sage.groups
+            [[9, 8, 5, 6, 7, 2, 3, 4, 1, 0], [9, 8, 5, 7, 6, 2, 4, 3, 1, 0]]
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        As ``DiamondPoset(2*n+2)`` has `(2n)!/(n!2^n)` different
+        orthocomplementations, the complexity of listing all of
+        them is necessarily `O(n!)`.
+
+        An orthocomplemented lattice is self-dual, so that for example
+        orthocomplement of an atom is a coatom. This function
+        basically just computes list of possible orthocomplementations
+        for every element (i.e. they must be complements and "duals"),
+        and then tries to fit them all.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Special and corner cases::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram()  # Empty
+            sage: list(H.orthocomplementations_iterator())                              # needs sage.groups
+            [[]]
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[]})  # One element
+            sage: list(H.orthocomplementations_iterator())                              # needs sage.groups
+            [[0]]
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1]})  # Two elements
+            sage: list(H.orthocomplementations_iterator())                              # needs sage.groups
+            [[1, 0]]
+
+        Trivial cases: odd number of elements, not self-dual, not complemented::
+
+            sage: H = posets.DiamondPoset(5)._hasse_diagram
+            sage: list(H.orthocomplementations_iterator())                              # needs sage.groups
+            []
+            sage: H = posets.ChainPoset(4)._hasse_diagram
+            sage: list(H.orthocomplementations_iterator())                              # needs sage.groups
+            []
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram( ([[0, 1], [0, 2], [0, 3], [1, 4], [1, 8], [4, 6], [4, 7], [6, 9], [7, 9], [2, 5], [3, 5], [5, 8], [8, 9]]) )
+            sage: list(H.orthocomplementations_iterator())                              # needs sage.groups
+            []
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1, 2, 3], 1: [4], 2:[4], 3: [5], 4:[5]})
+            sage: list(H.orthocomplementations_iterator())                              # needs sage.groups
+            []
+
+        Complemented, self-dual and even number of elements, but
+        not orthocomplemented::
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram( ([[0, 1], [1, 2], [2, 3], [0, 4], [4, 5], [0, 6], [3, 7], [5, 7], [6, 7]]) )
+            sage: list(H.orthocomplementations_iterator())                              # needs sage.groups
+            []
+
+        Unique orthocomplementations; second is not uniquely complemented,
+        but has only one orthocomplementation::
+
+            sage: H = posets.BooleanLattice(4)._hasse_diagram  # Uniquely complemented
+            sage: len(list(H.orthocomplementations_iterator()))                         # needs sage.groups
+            1
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1, 2], 1:[3], 2:[4], 3:[5], 4:[5]})
+            sage: len([_ for _ in H.orthocomplementations_iterator()])                  # needs sage.groups
+            1
+
+        "Lengthening diamond" must keep the number of orthocomplementations::
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram( ([[0, 1], [0, 2], [0, 3], [0, 4], [1, 5], [2, 5], [3, 5], [4, 5]]) )
+            sage: n = len([_ for _ in H.orthocomplementations_iterator()]); n           # needs sage.groups
+            3
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram('M]??O?@??C??OA???OA??@?A??C?A??O??')
+            sage: len([_ for _ in H.orthocomplementations_iterator()]) == n             # needs sage.groups
+            True
+
+        This lattice has an unique "possible orthocomplement" for every
+        element, but they can not be fit together; orthocomplement pairs
+        would be 0-11, 1-7, 2-4, 3-10, 5-9 and 6-8, and then orthocomplements
+        for chain 0-1-6-11 would be 11-7-8-0, which is not a chain::
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram('KTGG_?AAC?O?o?@?@?E?@?@??')
+            sage: list(H.orthocomplementations_iterator())                              # needs sage.groups
+            []
+        """
+        n = self.order()
+
+        # Special cases first
+        if n == 0:
+            yield []
+            return
+        if n == 1:
+            yield [0]
+            return
+        if n % 2:
+            return
+
+        dual_isomorphism = self.is_isomorphic(self.reverse(), certificate=True)[1]
+        if dual_isomorphism is None:  # i.e. if the lattice is not self-dual.
+            return
+
+        # We compute possible orthocomplements, i.e. elements
+        # with "dual position" and complement to each other.
+
+        orbits = self.automorphism_group(return_group=False, orbits=True)
+
+        orbit_number = [None] * n
+        for ind, orbit in enumerate(orbits):
+            for e in orbit:
+                orbit_number[e] = ind
+
+        mt = self.meet_matrix()
+        jn = self.join_matrix()
+
+        items = ((e, dual_isomorphism[e]) for e in range(n))
+
+        # Fix following after issue #20727
+        comps = [[x for x in range(n)
+                  if mt[e, x] == 0 and jn[e, x] == n - 1 and
+                  x in orbits[orbit_number[dual_e]]]
+                 for e, dual_e in items]
+
+        # Fitting is done by this recursive function:
+        def recursive_fit(orthocomplements, unbinded):
+            if not unbinded:
+                yield orthocomplements
+            else:
+                next_to_fit = unbinded[0]
+                possible_values = [x for x in comps[next_to_fit]
+                                   if x not in orthocomplements]
+                for x in self.lower_covers_iterator(next_to_fit):
+                    if orthocomplements[x] is not None:
+                        possible_values = [y for y in possible_values if self.has_edge(y, orthocomplements[x])]
+                for x in self.upper_covers_iterator(next_to_fit):
+                    if orthocomplements[x] is not None:
+                        possible_values = [y for y in possible_values if self.has_edge(orthocomplements[x], y)]
+
+                for e in possible_values:
+
+                    new_binded = orthocomplements[:]
+                    new_binded[next_to_fit] = e
+                    new_binded[e] = next_to_fit
+
+                    new_unbinded = unbinded[1:]  # Remove next_to_fit
+                    new_unbinded.remove(e)
+
+                    yield from recursive_fit(new_binded, new_unbinded)
+
+        start = [None] * n
+        # A little optimization
+        for e in range(n):
+            if not comps[e]:  # Not any possible orthocomplement
+                return
+            if len(comps[e]) == 1:  # Do not re-fit this every time
+                e_ = comps[e][0]
+                # Every element might have one possible orthocomplement,
+                # but so that they don't fit together. Must check that.
+                for lc in self.lower_covers_iterator(e):
+                    if not (start[lc] is None or self.has_edge(e_, start[lc])):
+                        return
+                if start[e_] is None:
+                    start[e] = e_
+                    start[e_] = e
+        start_unbinded = [e for e in range(n) if start[e] is None]
+
+        yield from recursive_fit(start, start_unbinded)
+
+    def find_nonsemimodular_pair(self, upper):
+        """
+        Return pair of elements showing the lattice is not modular.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``upper`` -- boolean; if ``True``, test whether the lattice is
+          upper semimodular. Otherwise test whether the lattice is
+          lower semimodular.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        ``None``, if the lattice is semimodular. Pair `(a, b)` violating
+        semimodularity otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1, 2], 1:[3, 4], 2:[4, 5], 3:[6], 4:[6], 5:[6]})
+            sage: H.find_nonsemimodular_pair(upper=True) is None
+            True
+            sage: H.find_nonsemimodular_pair(upper=False)
+            (5, 3)
+
+            sage: H_ = HasseDiagram(H.reverse().relabel(lambda x: 6-x, inplace=False))
+            sage: H_.find_nonsemimodular_pair(upper=True)
+            (3, 1)
+            sage: H_.find_nonsemimodular_pair(upper=False) is None
+            True
+        """
+        neighbors = self.neighbors_out if upper else self.neighbors_in
+
+        n = self.order()
+        for e in range(n):
+            covers = neighbors(e)
+            covers_len = len(covers)
+            if covers_len < 2:
+                continue
+            for a_i in range(covers_len):
+                a = covers[a_i]
+                covers_a = neighbors(a)
+                for b_i in range(a_i):
+                    b = covers[b_i]
+                    if not any(j in covers_a for j in neighbors(b)):
+                        return (a, b)
+        return None
+
+    def antichains_iterator(self):
+        r"""
+        Return an iterator over the antichains of the poset.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            The algorithm is based on Freese-Jezek-Nation p. 226.
+            It does a depth first search through the set of all
+            antichains organized in a prefix tree.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.modules
+            sage: P = posets.PentagonPoset()
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H.antichains_iterator()
+            <generator object ...antichains_iterator at ...>
+            sage: list(H.antichains_iterator())
+            [[], [4], [3], [2], [1], [1, 3], [1, 2], [0]]
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1,2],1:[4],2:[3],3:[4]})
+            sage: list(H.antichains_iterator())
+            [[], [4], [3], [2], [1], [1, 3], [1, 2], [0]]
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[],1:[],2:[]})
+            sage: list(H.antichains_iterator())
+            [[], [2], [1], [1, 2], [0], [0, 2], [0, 1], [0, 1, 2]]
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0:[1],1:[2],2:[3],3:[4]})
+            sage: list(H.antichains_iterator())
+            [[], [4], [3], [2], [1], [0]]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H = Poset()._hasse_diagram
+            sage: list(H.antichains_iterator())                                         # needs sage.modules
+            [[]]
+        """
+        # NOTE: Ordering of antichains as a prefix tree is crucial for
+        # congruences_iterator() to work. Change it, if you change this.
+
+        # Complexity note:
+        # antichains_queues never grows longer than self.cardinality().
+        # Indeed, if a appears before b in antichains_queues, then
+        # the largest element of a is strictly smaller than that of b.
+        antichains_queues = [([], list(range(self.cardinality() - 1, -1, -1)))]
+        leq = self.lequal_matrix()
+        while antichains_queues:
+            (antichain, queue) = antichains_queues.pop()
+            # Invariant:
+            #  - the elements of antichain are independent
+            #  - the elements of queue are independent from those of antichain
+            yield antichain
+            while queue:
+                x = queue.pop()
+                new_antichain = antichain + [x]
+                new_queue = [t for t in queue if not (leq[t, x] or leq[x, t])]
+                antichains_queues.append((new_antichain, new_queue))
+
+    def are_incomparable(self, i, j):
+        """
+        Return whether ``i`` and ``j`` are incomparable in the poset.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i``, ``j`` -- vertices of this Hasse diagram
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.modules
+            sage: P = posets.PentagonPoset()
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H.are_incomparable(1,2)
+            True
+            sage: V = H.vertices(sort=True)
+            sage: [ (i,j) for i in V for j in V if H.are_incomparable(i,j)]
+            [(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (3, 1)]
+        """
+        if i == j:
+            return False
+        if i > j:
+            i, j = j, i
+        mat = self._leq_matrix_boolean
+        return not mat[i, j]
+
+    def are_comparable(self, i, j):
+        """
+        Return whether ``i`` and ``j`` are comparable in the poset.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i``, ``j`` -- vertices of this Hasse diagram
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.modules
+            sage: P = posets.PentagonPoset()
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H.are_comparable(1,2)
+            False
+            sage: V = H.vertices(sort=True)
+            sage: [ (i,j) for i in V for j in V if H.are_comparable(i,j)]
+            [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 4),
+             (2, 0), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 0), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4),
+             (4, 0), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4)]
+        """
+        if i == j:
+            return True
+        if i > j:
+            i, j = j, i
+        mat = self._leq_matrix_boolean
+        return bool(mat[i, j])
+
+    def antichains(self, element_class=list):
+        """
+        Return all antichains of ``self``, organized as a prefix tree.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``element_class`` -- (default: ``list``) an iterable type
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.modules
+            sage: P = posets.PentagonPoset()
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: A = H.antichains()
+            sage: list(A)
+            [[], [0], [1], [1, 2], [1, 3], [2], [3], [4]]
+            sage: A.cardinality()
+            8
+            sage: [1,3] in A
+            True
+            sage: [1,4] in A
+            False
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.modules
+            sage: TestSuite(A).run()
+            sage: A = Poset()._hasse_diagram.antichains()
+            sage: list(A)
+            [[]]
+            sage: TestSuite(A).run()
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.subsets_pairwise import PairwiseCompatibleSubsets
+        return PairwiseCompatibleSubsets(self.vertices(sort=True),
+                                         self.are_incomparable,
+                                         element_class=element_class)
+
+    def chains(self, element_class=list, exclude=None, conversion=None):
+        """
+        Return all chains of ``self``, organized as a prefix tree.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``element_class`` -- (default: ``list``) an iterable type
+
+        - ``exclude`` -- elements of the poset to be excluded
+          (default: ``None``)
+
+        - ``conversion`` -- (default: ``None``) used to pass
+          the list of elements of the poset in their fixed order
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The enumerated set (with a forest structure given by prefix
+        ordering) consisting of all chains of ``self``, each of
+        which is given as an ``element_class``.
+
+        If ``conversion`` is given, then the chains are converted
+        to chain of elements of this list.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.modules
+            sage: P = posets.PentagonPoset()
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: A = H.chains()
+            sage: list(A)
+            [[], [0], [0, 1], [0, 1, 4], [0, 2], [0, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3, 4], [0, 2, 4],
+             [0, 3], [0, 3, 4], [0, 4], [1], [1, 4], [2], [2, 3], [2, 3, 4], [2, 4],
+             [3], [3, 4], [4]]
+            sage: A.cardinality()
+            20
+            sage: [1,3] in A
+            False
+            sage: [1,4] in A
+            True
+
+        One can exclude some vertices::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.modules
+            sage: list(H.chains(exclude=[4, 3]))
+            [[], [0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1], [2]]
+
+        The ``element_class`` keyword determines how the chains are
+        being returned::
+
+            sage: P = Poset({1: [2, 3], 2: [4]})
+            sage: list(P._hasse_diagram.chains(element_class=tuple))
+            [(), (0,), (0, 1), (0, 1, 2), (0, 2), (0, 3), (1,), (1, 2), (2,), (3,)]
+            sage: list(P._hasse_diagram.chains())
+            [[], [0], [0, 1], [0, 1, 2], [0, 2], [0, 3], [1], [1, 2], [2], [3]]
+
+        (Note that taking the Hasse diagram has renamed the vertices.) ::
+
+            sage: list(P._hasse_diagram.chains(element_class=tuple, exclude=[0]))
+            [(), (1,), (1, 2), (2,), (3,)]
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`antichains`
+        """
+        return IncreasingChains(self._leq_storage, element_class, exclude, conversion)
+
+    def chain_polynomial(self):
+        """
+        Return the chain polynomial of the poset.
+
+        The coefficient of `q^k` is the number of chains of `k`
+        elements in the poset. List of coefficients of this polynomial
+        is also called a *f-vector* of the poset.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = posets.ChainPoset(3)
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: t = H.chain_polynomial(); t                                           # needs sage.libs.flint
+            q^3 + 3*q^2 + 3*q + 1
+        """
+        return chain_poly(self._leq_storage)._sage_('q')  # noqa: F821
+
+    def is_linear_interval(self, t_min, t_max) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return whether the interval ``[t_min, t_max]`` is linear.
+
+        This means that this interval is a total order.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+            sage: # needs sage.modules
+            sage: P = posets.PentagonPoset()
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: H.is_linear_interval(0, 4)
+            False
+            sage: H.is_linear_interval(0, 3)
+            True
+            sage: H.is_linear_interval(1, 3)
+            False
+            sage: H.is_linear_interval(1, 1)
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P = posets.TamariLattice(3)
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram
+            sage: D = H._leq_storage
+            sage: a, b = H.bottom(), H.top()
+            sage: H.is_linear_interval(a, b)
+            False
+            sage: H.is_linear_interval(a, a)
+            True
+        """
+        if '_leq_storage' in self.__dict__:
+            if not self.is_lequal(t_min, t_max):  # very quick check
+                return False
+            t = t_max
+            while t != t_min:
+                found = False
+                for u in self.neighbor_in_iterator(t):
+                    if self.is_lequal(t_min, u):
+                        if not found:
+                            found = True
+                            t = u
+                        else:
+                            return False
+            return True
+
+        # fall back to default implementation
+        it = self.all_paths_iterator([t_min], [t_max],
+                                     simple=True, trivial=True)
+        try:
+            next(it)
+        except StopIteration:  # not comparable
+            return False
+        try:
+            next(it)
+        except StopIteration:  # one path
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def diamonds(self) -> tuple:
+        r"""
+        Return the list of diamonds of ``self``.
+
+        A diamond is the following subgraph of the Hasse diagram::
+
+                    z
+                   / \
+                  x   y
+                   \ /
+                    w
+
+        Thus each edge represents a cover relation in the Hasse diagram.
+        We represent his as the tuple `(w, x, y, z)`.
+
+        OUTPUT: a tuple with
+
+        - a list of all diamonds in the Hasse Diagram,
+        - a boolean checking that every `w,x,y` that form a ``V``, there is a
+          unique element `z`, which completes the diamond.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1,2], 1: [3], 2: [3], 3: []})
+            sage: H.diamonds()
+            ([(0, 1, 2, 3)], True)
+
+            sage: P = posets.YoungDiagramPoset(Partition([3, 2, 2]))                    # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            sage: H = P._hasse_diagram                                                  # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            sage: H.diamonds()                                                          # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            ([(0, 1, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5, 6)], False)
+        """
+        diamonds = []
+        all_diamonds_completed = True
+        for w in self.vertices(sort=True):
+            covers = self.neighbors_out(w)
+            for i, x in enumerate(covers):
+                for y in covers[i + 1:]:
+                    zs = self.common_upper_covers([x, y])
+                    if len(zs) != 1:
+                        all_diamonds_completed = False
+                    diamonds.extend((w, x, y, z) for z in zs)
+        return (diamonds, all_diamonds_completed)
+
+    def common_upper_covers(self, vertices):
+        r"""
+        Return the list of all common upper covers of ``vertices``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1,2], 1: [3], 2: [3], 3: []})
+            sage: H.common_upper_covers([1, 2])
+            [3]
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.poset_examples import Posets
+            sage: H = Posets.YoungDiagramPoset(Partition([3, 2, 2]))._hasse_diagram     # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            sage: H.common_upper_covers([4, 5])                                         # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            [6]
+        """
+        covers = set(self.neighbor_out_iterator(vertices.pop()))
+        for v in vertices:
+            covers = covers.intersection(self.neighbor_out_iterator(v))
+        return list(covers)
+
+    def common_lower_covers(self, vertices):
+        r"""
+        Return the list of all common lower covers of ``vertices``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1,2], 1: [3], 2: [3], 3: []})
+            sage: H.common_lower_covers([1, 2])
+            [0]
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.poset_examples import Posets
+            sage: H = Posets.YoungDiagramPoset(Partition([3, 2, 2]))._hasse_diagram     # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            sage: H.common_lower_covers([4, 5])                                         # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            [3]
+        """
+        covers = set(self.neighbor_in_iterator(vertices.pop()))
+        for v in vertices:
+            covers = covers.intersection(self.neighbor_in_iterator(v))
+        return list(covers)
+
+    def _trivial_nonregular_congruence(self):
+        """
+        Return a pair of elements giving "trivial" non-regular congruence.
+
+        This returns a pair `a, b` such that `b` covers only `a` and
+        `a` is covered by only `b`, and either `a` has one lower cover
+        or `b` has one upper cover.  If no such pair exists, return
+        ``None``.
+
+        This pair gives a trivial non-regular congruence.
+
+        The Hasse diagram is expected to be bounded.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [4], 2: [3], 3: [4]})
+            sage: H._trivial_nonregular_congruence()
+            (2, 3)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [3], 2: [3]})
+            sage: H._trivial_nonregular_congruence() is None
+            True
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [3], 2: [3], 3: [4]})
+            sage: H._trivial_nonregular_congruence()
+            (3, 4)
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1], 1: [2, 3], 2: [4], 3: [4]})
+            sage: H._trivial_nonregular_congruence()
+            (0, 1)
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1]})
+            sage: H._trivial_nonregular_congruence() is None
+            True
+        """
+        n = self.order()
+        if n == 2:
+            return None
+        if self.out_degree(0) == 1:
+            return (0, 1)
+        if self.in_degree(n - 1) == 1:
+            return (n - 2, n - 1)
+        for v in range(1, n - 1):
+            if self.in_degree(v) == 1 and self.out_degree(v) == 1:
+                v_ = next(self.neighbor_out_iterator(v))
+                if self.in_degree(v_) == 1 and self.out_degree(v_) == 1:
+                    return (v, v_)
+        return None
+
+    def sublattices_iterator(self, elms, min_e):
+        """
+        Return an iterator over sublattices of the Hasse diagram.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``elms`` -- elements already in sublattice; use set() at start
+        - ``min_e`` -- smallest new element to add for new sublattices
+
+        OUTPUT: list of sublattices as sets of integers
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1:[3], 2:[3]})
+            sage: it = H.sublattices_iterator(set(), 0); it
+            <generator object ...sublattices_iterator at ...>
+            sage: next(it)                                                              # needs sage.modules
+            set()
+            sage: next(it)                                                              # needs sage.modules
+            {0}
+        """
+        yield elms
+        mt = self.meet_matrix()
+        jn = self.join_matrix()
+        for e in range(min_e, self.cardinality()):
+            if e in elms:
+                continue
+            current_set = set(elms)
+            gens = {e}
+            while gens:
+                g = gens.pop()
+                if g < e and g not in elms:
+                    break
+                if g in current_set:
+                    continue
+                for x in current_set:
+                    gens.add(mt[x, g])
+                    gens.add(jn[x, g])
+                current_set.add(g)
+            else:
+                yield from self.sublattices_iterator(current_set, e + 1)
+
+    def maximal_sublattices(self):
+        """
+        Return maximal sublattices of the lattice.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = posets.PentagonPoset()                                            # needs sage.modules
+            sage: ms = L._hasse_diagram.maximal_sublattices()                           # needs sage.modules
+            sage: sorted(ms, key=sorted)                                                # needs sage.modules
+            [{0, 1, 2, 4}, {0, 1, 3, 4}, {0, 2, 3, 4}]
+        """
+        jn = self.join_matrix()
+        mt = self.meet_matrix()
+
+        def sublattice(elms, e):
+            """
+            Helper function to get sublattice generated by list
+            of elements.
+            """
+            gens_remaining = {e}
+            current_set = set(elms)
+
+            while gens_remaining:
+                g = gens_remaining.pop()
+                if g in current_set:
+                    continue
+                for x in current_set:
+                    gens_remaining.add(jn[x, g])
+                    gens_remaining.add(mt[x, g])
+                current_set.add(g)
+
+            return current_set
+
+        N = self.cardinality()
+        elms = [0]
+        sublats = [{0}]
+        result = []
+        skip = -1
+
+        while True:
+            # First try to append an element
+            found_element_to_append = False
+            e = elms[-1]
+            while e != skip:
+                e += 1
+                if e == N:
+                    maybe_found = sublats[-1]
+                    if not any(maybe_found.issubset(x) for x in result):
+                        result.append(sublats[-1])
+                    break
+                if e in sublats[-1]:
+                    continue
+                # Let's try to add 'e' and see what happens.
+                sl = sublattice(sublats[-1], e)
+                if len(sl) < N:
+                    # Skip this, if it generated a back-reference.
+                    new_elms = sl.difference(sublats[-1])
+                    if not any(x < e for x in new_elms):
+                        found_element_to_append = True
+                        break
+                # Now sl is whole lattice, so we continue and try
+                # appending another element.
+
+            if found_element_to_append:
+                elms.append(e)
+                sublats.append(sl)
+                continue
+
+            # Can not append. Try to increment last element.
+            e = elms.pop()
+            sublats.pop()
+
+            last_element_increment = True
+            while True:
+                e += 1
+                if e == N:
+                    last_element_increment = False
+                    break
+                if e in sublats[-1]:
+                    continue
+                sl = sublattice(sublats[-1], e)
+                if len(sl) == N:
+                    continue
+
+                new_elms = sl.difference(set(sublats[-1]))
+                if any(x < e for x in new_elms):
+                    continue
+
+                elms.append(e)
+                sublats.append(sl)
+                break
+
+            if not last_element_increment:
+                # Can not append nor increment. "Backtracking".
+                skip = elms[-1]
+                if skip == 0:
+                    break
+
+        # Special case to handle at last.
+        if self.out_degree(0) == 1:
+            result.append(set(range(1, N)))
+
+        return result
+
+    def frattini_sublattice(self):
+        """
+        Return the list of elements of the Frattini sublattice of the lattice.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = posets.PentagonPoset()._hasse_diagram                             # needs sage.modules
+            sage: H.frattini_sublattice()                                               # needs sage.modules
+            [0, 4]
+        """
+        # Just a direct computation, no optimization at all.
+        n = self.cardinality()
+        if n == 0 or n == 2:
+            return []
+        if n == 1:
+            return [0]
+        max_sublats = self.maximal_sublattices()
+        return [e for e in range(self.cardinality()) if
+                all(e in ms for ms in max_sublats)]
+
+    def kappa_dual(self, a):
+        r"""
+        Return the minimum element smaller than the element covering
+        ``a`` but not smaller than ``a``.
+
+        Define `\kappa^*(a)` as the minimum element of
+        `(\downarrow a_*) \setminus (\downarrow a)`, where `a_*` is the element
+        covering `a`. It is always a join-irreducible element, if it exists.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            Element ``a`` is expected to be meet-irreducible, and
+            this is *not* checked.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``a`` -- a join-irreducible element of the lattice
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The element `\kappa^*(a)` or ``None`` if there
+        is not a unique smallest element with given constraints.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [3, 4], 2: [4, 5], 3: [6], 4: [6], 5: [6]})
+            sage: H.kappa_dual(3)
+            2
+            sage: H.kappa_dual(4) is None
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1]})
+            sage: H.kappa_dual(0)
+            1
+        """
+        uc = next(self.neighbor_out_iterator(a))
+        if self.in_degree(uc) == 1:
+            return uc
+        lt_a = set(self.depth_first_search(a, neighbors=self.neighbor_in_iterator))
+        tmp = set(self.depth_first_search(uc, neighbors=lambda v: [v_ for v_ in self.neighbor_in_iterator(v) if v_ not in lt_a]))
+        result = None
+        for e in tmp:
+            if all(x not in tmp for x in self.neighbor_in_iterator(e)):
+                if result:
+                    return None
+                result = e
+        return result
+
+    def skeleton(self):
+        """
+        Return the skeleton of the lattice.
+
+        The lattice is expected to be pseudocomplemented and non-empty.
+
+        The skeleton of the lattice is the subposet induced by
+        those elements that are the pseudocomplement to at least one
+        element.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        List of elements such that the subposet induced by them is
+        the skeleton of the lattice.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [3, 4], 2: [4],
+            ....:                   3: [5], 4: [5]})
+            sage: H.skeleton()                                                          # needs sage.modules
+            [5, 2, 0, 3]
+        """
+        p_atoms = []
+        for atom in self.neighbor_out_iterator(0):
+            p_atom = self.pseudocomplement(atom)
+            if p_atom is None:
+                raise ValueError("lattice is not pseudocomplemented")
+            p_atoms.append(p_atom)
+        n = len(p_atoms)
+        mt = self.meet_matrix()
+        pos = [0] * n
+        meets = [self.order() - 1] * n
+        result = [self.order() - 1]
+        i = 0
+
+        while i >= 0:
+            new_meet = mt[meets[i - 1], p_atoms[pos[i]]]
+            result.append(new_meet)
+            if pos[i] == n - 1:
+                i -= 1
+                pos[i] += 1
+            else:
+                meets[i] = new_meet
+                pos[i + 1] = pos[i] + 1
+                i += 1
+
+        return result
+
+    def is_convex_subset(self, S) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if `S` is a convex subset of the poset,
+        and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        A subset `S` is *convex* in the poset if `b \in S` whenever
+        `a, c \in S` and `a \le b \le c`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: B3 = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2, 4], 1: [3, 5], 2: [3, 6],
+            ....:                    3: [7], 4: [5, 6], 5: [7], 6: [7]})
+            sage: B3.is_convex_subset([1, 3, 5, 4])  # Also connected
+            True
+            sage: B3.is_convex_subset([1, 3, 4])  # Not connected
+            True
+
+            sage: B3.is_convex_subset([0, 1, 2, 3, 6])  # No, 0 < 4 < 6
+            False
+            sage: B3.is_convex_subset([0, 1, 2, 7])  # No, 1 < 3 < 7.
+            False
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: B3.is_convex_subset([])
+            True
+            sage: B3.is_convex_subset([6])
+            True
+        """
+        if not S:  # S is empty set
+            return True
+        s_max = max(S)
+        ok = set()  # Already checked elements not less than any element is S.
+
+        for a in S:
+            for b in self.neighbor_out_iterator(a):
+                if b >= s_max or b in S:
+                    continue
+                # Now b not in S, b > a and a in S.
+
+                def neighbors(v_):
+                    return [v for v in self.neighbor_out_iterator(v_)
+                            if v <= s_max and v not in ok]
+                for c in self.depth_first_search(b, neighbors=neighbors):
+                    if c in S:  # Now c in S, b not in S, a in S, a < b < c.
+                        return False
+                    ok.add(c)  # Do not re-check this for being our b.
+
+        return True
+
+    def neutral_elements(self):
+        """
+        Return the list of neutral elements of the lattice.
+
+        An element `a` in a lattice is neutral if the sublattice
+        generated by `a`, `x` and `y` is distributive for every
+        `x`, `y` in the lattice.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [4], 2: [3], 3: [4, 5],
+            ....:                   4: [6], 5: [6]})
+            sage: sorted(H.neutral_elements())                                          # needs sage.modules
+            [0, 4, 6]
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Basically we just check the distributivity against all element
+        pairs `x, y` to see if element `a` is neutral or not.
+
+        If we found that `a, x, y` is not a distributive triple, we add
+        all three to list of non-neutral elements. If we found `a` to
+        be neutral, we add it to list of neutral elements. When testing
+        we skip already found neutral elements, as they can't be our `x`
+        or `y`.
+
+        We skip `a, x, y` as trivial if it is a chain. We do that by
+        letting `x` to be a non-comparable to `a`; `y` can be any element.
+
+        We first try to found `x` and `y` from elements not yet tested,
+        so that we could get three birds with one stone.
+
+        And last, the top and bottom elements are always neutral and
+        need not be tested.
+        """
+        n = self.order()
+        if n < 5:
+            return set(range(n))
+
+        todo = set(range(1, n - 1))
+        neutrals = {0, n - 1}
+        notneutrals = set()
+        all_elements = set(range(n))
+
+        mt = self.meet_matrix()
+        jn = self.join_matrix()
+
+        def is_neutral(a):
+            noncomp = all_elements.difference(self.depth_first_search(a))
+            noncomp.difference_update(self.depth_first_search(a, neighbors=self.neighbor_in_iterator))
+
+            for x in noncomp.intersection(todo):
+                meet_ax = mt[a, x]
+                join_ax = jn[a, x]
+                for y in todo:
+                    if (mt[mt[join_ax, jn[a, y]], jn[x, y]] !=
+                            jn[jn[meet_ax, mt[a, y]], mt[x, y]]):
+                        notneutrals.add(x)
+                        notneutrals.add(y)
+                        return False
+                for y in notneutrals:
+                    if (mt[mt[join_ax, jn[a, y]], jn[x, y]] !=
+                            jn[jn[meet_ax, mt[a, y]], mt[x, y]]):
+                        notneutrals.add(x)
+                        return False
+            for x in noncomp.difference(todo):
+                meet_ax = mt[a, x]
+                join_ax = jn[a, x]
+                for y in todo:
+                    if (mt[mt[join_ax, jn[a, y]], jn[x, y]] !=
+                            jn[jn[meet_ax, mt[a, y]], mt[x, y]]):
+                        notneutrals.add(y)
+                        return False
+                for y in notneutrals:
+                    if (mt[mt[join_ax, jn[a, y]], jn[x, y]] !=
+                            jn[jn[meet_ax, mt[a, y]], mt[x, y]]):
+                        return False
+            return True
+
+        while todo:
+            e = todo.pop()
+            if is_neutral(e):
+                neutrals.add(e)
+            else:
+                notneutrals.add(e)
+
+        return neutrals
+
+    def kappa(self, a):
+        r"""
+        Return the maximum element greater than the element covered
+        by ``a`` but not greater than ``a``.
+
+        Define `\kappa(a)` as the maximum element of
+        `(\uparrow a_*) \setminus (\uparrow a)`, where `a_*` is the element
+        covered by `a`. It is always a meet-irreducible element, if it exists.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            Element ``a`` is expected to be join-irreducible, and
+            this is *not* checked.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``a`` -- a join-irreducible element of the lattice
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The element `\kappa(a)` or ``None`` if there
+        is not a unique greatest element with given constraints.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2, 3], 1: [4], 2: [4, 5], 3: [5], 4: [6], 5: [6]})
+            sage: H.kappa(1)
+            5
+            sage: H.kappa(2) is None
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1]})
+            sage: H.kappa(1)
+            0
+        """
+        lc = next(self.neighbor_in_iterator(a))
+        if self.out_degree(lc) == 1:
+            return lc
+        gt_a = set(self.depth_first_search(a))
+        tmp = set(self.depth_first_search(lc, neighbors=lambda v: [v_ for v_ in self.neighbor_out_iterator(v) if v_ not in gt_a]))
+        result = None
+        for e in tmp:
+            if all(x not in tmp for x in self.neighbor_out_iterator(e)):
+                if result:
+                    return None
+                result = e
+        return result
+
+    def atoms_of_congruence_lattice(self):
+        r"""
+        Return atoms of the congruence lattice.
+
+        In other words, return "minimal non-trivial" congruences:
+        A congruence is minimal if the only finer (as a partition
+        of set of elements) congruence is the trivial congruence
+        where every block contains only one element.
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`congruence`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        List of congruences, every congruence as
+        :class:`sage.combinat.set_partition.SetPartition`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: N5 = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [4], 2: [3], 3:[4]})
+            sage: N5.atoms_of_congruence_lattice()                                      # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            [{{0}, {1}, {2, 3}, {4}}]
+            sage: Hex = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [3], 2: [4], 3: [5], 4: [5]})
+            sage: Hex.atoms_of_congruence_lattice()                                     # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            [{{0}, {1}, {2, 4}, {3}, {5}}, {{0}, {1, 3}, {2}, {4}, {5}}]
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Every atom is a join-irreducible. Every join-irreducible of
+        `\mathrm{Con}(L)` is a principal congruence generated by a
+        meet-irreducible element and the only element covering it (and also
+        by a join-irreducible element and the only element covered by it).
+        Hence we check those principal congruences to find the minimal ones.
+        """
+        # Note: A lattice L if subdirectly reducible (i.e. is a sublattice
+        # of a Cartesian product of two smaller lattices) iff Con(L) has
+        # at least two atoms. That's were this is used for.
+
+        from sage.combinat.set_partition import SetPartitions
+
+        # Get smaller set, meet- or join-irreducibles
+        join_irreducibles = [v for v in self if self.in_degree(v) == 1]
+        meet_irreducibles = [v for v in self if self.out_degree(v) == 1]
+        if len(join_irreducibles) < len(meet_irreducibles):
+            irr = [(v, next(self.neighbor_in_iterator(v))) for v in join_irreducibles]
+        else:
+            irr = [(next(self.neighbor_out_iterator(v)), v) for v in meet_irreducibles]
+
+        S = SetPartitions(range(self.order()))
+        min_congruences = []
+        already_tried = []
+
+        while irr:
+            next_pair = irr.pop()
+            cong = self.congruence([next_pair], stop_pairs=already_tried)
+            already_tried.append(next_pair)
+            if cong is not None:
+                cong = S(cong)
+                min_congruences = [c for c in min_congruences if c != cong and not S.is_less_than(cong, c)]
+                if not any(S.is_less_than(c, cong) for c in min_congruences):
+                    min_congruences.append(cong)
+
+        return min_congruences
+
+    def congruence(self, parts, start=None, stop_pairs=None):
+        """
+        Return the congruence ``start`` "extended" by ``parts``.
+
+        ``start`` is assumed to be a valid congruence of the lattice,
+        and this is *not* checked.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``parts`` -- list of lists; congruences to add
+        - ``start`` -- a disjoint set; already computed congruence (or ``None``)
+        - ``stop_pairs`` -- list of pairs; list of pairs for stopping computation
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        ``None``, if the congruence generated by ``start`` and ``parts``
+        together contains a block that has elements `a, b` so that ``(a, b)``
+        is in the list ``stop_pairs``. Otherwise the least congruence that
+        contains a block whose subset is `p` for every `p` in ``parts`` or
+        ``start``, given as :class:`sage.sets.disjoint_set.DisjointSet_class`.
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Use the quadrilateral argument from page 120 of [Dav1997]_.
+
+        Basically we take one block from todo-list, search quadrilateral
+        blocks up and down against the block, and then complete them to
+        closed intervals and add to todo-list.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [3], 2: [4], 3: [4]})
+            sage: cong = H.congruence([[0, 1]]); cong                                   # needs sage.modules
+            {{0, 1, 3}, {2, 4}}
+            sage: H.congruence([[0, 2]], start=cong)                                    # needs sage.modules
+            {{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}}
+
+            sage: H.congruence([[0, 1]], stop_pairs=[(1, 3)]) is None                   # needs sage.modules
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram('HT@O?GO?OE?G@??')
+            sage: H.congruence([[0, 1]]).number_of_subsets()                            # needs sage.modules
+            1
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram('HW_oC?@@O@?O@??')
+            sage: H.congruence([[0, 1]]).number_of_subsets()                            # needs sage.modules
+            1
+
+        Check :issue:`21861`::
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [3], 2: [4], 3: [4]})
+            sage: tmp = H.congruence([[1, 3]])                                          # needs sage.modules
+            sage: tmp.number_of_subsets()                                               # needs sage.modules
+            4
+            sage: H.congruence([[0, 1]], start=tmp).number_of_subsets()                 # needs sage.modules
+            2
+            sage: tmp.number_of_subsets()                                               # needs sage.modules
+            4
+        """
+        from sage.sets.disjoint_set import DisjointSet
+        from copy import copy
+
+        if stop_pairs is None:
+            stop_pairs = []
+
+        n = self.order()
+        mt = self.meet_matrix()
+        jn = self.join_matrix()
+
+        def fill_to_interval(S):
+            """
+            Return the smallest interval containing elements in the set S.
+            """
+            m = n - 1
+            for e in S:
+                m = mt[m, e]
+            j = 0
+            for e in S:
+                j = jn[j, e]
+            return self.interval(m, j)
+
+        cong = copy(start) if start else DisjointSet(n)
+        t = -1
+
+        while t != cong.number_of_subsets():
+            for part in parts:
+                if part:  # Skip empty parts
+                    c = part[0]
+                    for e in fill_to_interval(part):
+                        cong.union(e, c)
+            t = cong.number_of_subsets()
+
+            # Following is needed for cases like
+            # posets.BooleanLattice(3).congruence([(0,1), (0,2), (0,4)])
+            for c in list(cong):
+                r = c[0]
+                for v in fill_to_interval(c):
+                    cong.union(r, v)
+
+        todo = {cong.find(e) for part in parts for e in part}
+
+        while todo:
+
+            # First check if we should stop now.
+            for a, b in stop_pairs:
+                if cong.find(a) == cong.find(b):
+                    return None
+
+            # We take one block and try to find as big interval
+            # as possible to unify as a new block by the quadrilateral
+            # argument.
+            block = sorted(cong.root_to_elements_dict()[cong.find(todo.pop())])
+
+            b = block[-1]
+            for a in block:  # Quadrilateral up
+                for c in self.neighbor_out_iterator(a):
+                    if c not in block:
+                        d = jn[c, b]
+                        if cong.find(d) != cong.find(c):
+                            break
+                else:
+                    continue
+                break
+
+            else:  # Not found, so...
+                a = block[0]
+                for b in reversed(block):  # ...quadrilateral down
+                    for d in self.neighbor_in_iterator(b):
+                        if d not in block:
+                            c = mt[d, a]
+                            if cong.find(c) != cong.find(d):
+                                break
+                    else:
+                        continue
+                    break
+                else:  # Nothing found
+                    continue
+
+            # Something was found, so we put this block back to todo
+            # together with just found new block.
+            todo.add(a)
+            todo.add(c)
+
+            # Now the interval [c, d] will be of the same block.
+            # It may "crab" other blocks within, and that can be
+            # recursive process. In particular it may also combine to
+            # [a, b] block we just used.
+            while c is not None:
+                newblock = cong.find(c)
+                for i in self.interval(c, d):
+                    cong.union(newblock, i)
+                C = cong.root_to_elements_dict()[cong.find(newblock)]
+                mins = [i for i in C if all(i_ not in C for i_ in self.neighbor_in_iterator(i))]
+                maxs = [i for i in C if all(i_ not in C for i_ in self.neighbor_out_iterator(i))]
+                c = None  # To stop loop, if this is not changed below.
+                if len(mins) > 1 or len(maxs) > 1:
+                    c = n - 1
+                    for m in mins:
+                        c = mt[c, m]
+                    d = 0
+                    for m in maxs:
+                        d = jn[d, m]
+
+            # This removes duplicates from todo.
+            todo = {cong.find(x) for x in todo}
+
+        return cong
+
+    def find_nontrivial_congruence(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a pair that generates non-trivial congruence or
+        ``None`` if there is not any.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [5], 2: [3, 4], 3: [5], 4: [5]})
+            sage: H.find_nontrivial_congruence()                                        # needs sage.modules
+            {{0, 1}, {2, 3, 4, 5}}
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2, 3], 1: [4], 2: [4], 3: [4]})
+            sage: H.find_nontrivial_congruence() is None                                # needs sage.modules
+            True
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        See https://www.math.hawaii.edu/~ralph/Preprints/conlat.pdf:
+
+        If `\Theta` is a join irreducible element of a `\mathrm{Con}(L)`,
+        then there is at least one join-irreducible `j` and one
+        meet-irreducible `m` such that `\Theta` is both the principal
+        congruence generated by `(j^*, j)`, where `j^*` is the unique
+        lower cover of `j`, and the principal congruence generated by
+        `(m, m^*)`, where `m^*` is the unique upper cover of `m`.
+
+        So, we only check join irreducibles or meet irreducibles,
+        whichever is a smaller set. To optimize more we stop computation
+        whenever it finds a pair that we know to generate one-element
+        congruence.
+        """
+        join_irreducibles = [v for v in self if self.in_degree(v) == 1]
+        meet_irreducibles = [v for v in self if self.out_degree(v) == 1]
+        if len(join_irreducibles) < len(meet_irreducibles):
+            irr = [(v, next(self.neighbor_in_iterator(v))) for v in join_irreducibles]
+        else:
+            irr = [(next(self.neighbor_out_iterator(v)), v) for v in meet_irreducibles]
+        irr.sort(key=lambda x: x[0] - x[1])
+        tried = []
+        for pair in irr:
+            cong = self.congruence([pair], stop_pairs=tried)
+            if cong is not None and cong.number_of_subsets() > 1:
+                return cong
+            tried.append(pair)
+        return None
+
+    def principal_congruences_poset(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the poset of join-irreducibles of the congruence lattice.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A pair `(P, D)` where `P` is a poset and `D` is a dictionary.
+
+        Elements of `P` are pairs `(x, y)` such that `x` is an element
+        of the lattice and `y` is an element covering it. In the poset
+        `(a, b)` is less than `(c, d)` iff the principal congruence
+        generated by `(a, b)` is refinement of the principal congruence
+        generated by `(c, d)`.
+
+        `D` is a dictionary from pairs `(x, y)` to the congruence
+        (given as DisjointSet) generated by the pair.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: N5 = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [4], 2: [3], 3: [4]})
+            sage: P, D = N5.principal_congruences_poset()                               # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            sage: P                                                                     # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            Finite poset containing 3 elements
+            sage: P.bottom()                                                            # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            (2, 3)
+            sage: D[(2, 3)]                                                             # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            {{0}, {1}, {2, 3}, {4}}
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.set_partition import SetPartition, SetPartitions
+        from sage.combinat.posets.posets import Poset
+
+        n = self.order()
+
+        # Select smaller set, meet- or join-irreducibles
+        if self.in_degree_sequence().count(1) > self.out_degree_sequence().count(1):
+            irr = [(e, next(self.neighbor_out_iterator(e))) for e in range(n) if self.out_degree(e) == 1]
+        else:
+            irr = [(next(self.neighbor_in_iterator(e)), e) for e in range(n) if self.in_degree(e) == 1]
+
+        D = {}
+        P = {}
+        uniq_congs = set()
+        for ab in irr:
+            cong = self.congruence([ab])
+            cong_ = SetPartition(cong)
+            if cong_ not in uniq_congs:
+                uniq_congs.add(cong_)
+                D[ab] = cong
+                P[ab] = cong_
+
+        # TODO: Make a function that creates the poset from a set
+        # by comparison function with minimal number of comparisons.
+
+        T = SetPartitions(n)
+        P = DiGraph([D, lambda a, b: T.is_less_than(P[a], P[b])])
+        return (Poset(P), D)
+
+    def congruences_iterator(self):
+        """
+        Return an iterator over all congruences of the lattice.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram('GY@OQ?OW@?O?')
+            sage: it = H.congruences_iterator(); it
+            <generator object ...>
+            sage: sorted([cong.number_of_subsets() for cong in it])                     # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            [1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8]
+        """
+        from sage.sets.disjoint_set import DisjointSet
+
+        P, congs = self.principal_congruences_poset()
+        for a in P.antichains_iterator():
+            achain = tuple(a)
+            n = len(achain)
+            if n == 0:
+                yield DisjointSet(self.order())
+            if n == 1:
+                # We have congs[(x,y)], but we want congs[((x,y))].
+                congs[achain] = congs[a[0]]
+                yield congs[achain[0]]
+            if n > 1:
+                c = congs[achain[:-1]]
+                c = self.congruence([achain[-1]], start=c)
+                yield c
+                congs[achain] = c
+
+    def is_congruence_normal(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if the lattice can be constructed from the one-element
+        lattice with Day doubling constructions of convex subsets.
+
+        Subsets to double does not need to be lower nor upper pseudo-intervals.
+        On the other hand they must be convex, i.e. doubling a non-convex but
+        municipal subset will give a lattice that returns ``False`` from
+        this function.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram('IX?Q@?AG?OG?W?O@??')
+            sage: H.is_congruence_normal()                                              # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            True
+
+        The 5-element diamond is the smallest non-example::
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2, 3], 1: [4], 2: [4], 3: [4]})
+            sage: H.is_congruence_normal()                                              # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            False
+
+        This is done by doubling a non-convex subset::
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram('OQC?a?@CO?G_C@?GA?O??_??@?BO?A_?G??C??_?@???')
+            sage: H.is_congruence_normal()                                              # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            False
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: HasseDiagram().is_congruence_normal()                                 # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            True
+            sage: HasseDiagram({0: []}).is_congruence_normal()                          # needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+            True
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        See http://www.math.hawaii.edu/~jb/inflation.pdf
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.set_partition import SetPartition
+
+        n = self.order()
+        congs_ji: dict[SetPartition, list] = {}
+
+        for ji in range(n):
+            if self.in_degree(ji) == 1:
+                cong = SetPartition(self.congruence([[ji, next(self.neighbor_in_iterator(ji))]]))  # type:ignore
+                if cong not in congs_ji:
+                    congs_ji[cong] = []
+                congs_ji[cong].append(ji)
+
+        for mi in range(n):
+            if self.out_degree(mi) == 1:
+                cong = SetPartition(self.congruence([[mi, next(self.neighbor_out_iterator(mi))]]))  # type:ignore
+                if any(self.is_lequal(ji, mi) for ji in congs_ji[cong]):
+                    return False
+
+        return True
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _glue_spectra(a_spec, b_spec, orientation):
+        r"""
+        Return the `a`-spectrum of a poset by merging ``a_spec`` and ``b_spec``.
+
+        ``a_spec`` and ``b_spec`` are the `a`-spectrum and `b`-spectrum of two different
+        posets (see :meth:`atkinson` for the definition of `a`-spectrum).
+
+        The orientation determines whether `a < b` or `b < a` in the combined poset.
+
+        This is a helper method for :meth:`atkinson`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``a_spec`` -- list; the `a`-spectrum of a poset `P`
+
+        - ``b_spec`` -- list; the `b`-spectrum of a poset `Q`
+
+        - ``orientation`` -- boolean; ``True`` if `a < b`, ``False`` otherwise
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The `a`-spectrum (or `b`-spectrum, depending on orientation),
+        returned as a list, of the poset which is a disjoint union
+        of `P` and `Q`, together with the additional
+        covering relation `a < b`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: Pdata = [0, 1, 2, 0]
+            sage: Qdata = [1, 1, 0]
+            sage: HasseDiagram._glue_spectra(Pdata, Qdata, True)
+            [0, 20, 28, 18, 0, 0, 0]
+
+            sage: Pdata = [0, 0, 2]
+            sage: Qdata = [0, 1]
+            sage: HasseDiagram._glue_spectra(Pdata, Qdata, False)
+            [0, 0, 0, 0, 8]
+        """
+        new_a_spec = []
+
+        if not orientation:
+            a_spec, b_spec = b_spec, a_spec
+
+        p = len(a_spec)
+        q = len(b_spec)
+
+        for r in range(1, p + q + 1):
+            new_a_spec.append(0)
+            for i in range(max(1, r - q), min(p, r) + 1):
+                k_val = binomial(r - 1, i - 1) * binomial(p + q - r, p - i)
+                if orientation:
+                    inner_sum = sum(b_spec[j - 1] for j in range(r - i + 1, len(b_spec) + 1))
+                else:
+                    inner_sum = sum(b_spec[j - 1] for j in range(1, r - i + 1))
+                new_a_spec[-1] = new_a_spec[-1] + (a_spec[i - 1] * k_val * inner_sum)
+
+        return new_a_spec
+
+    def _split(self, a, b):
+        r"""
+        Return the two connected components obtained by deleting the covering
+        relation `a < b` from a Hasse diagram that is a tree.
+
+        This is a helper method for :meth:`FinitePoset.atkinson`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``a`` -- an element of the poset
+        - ``b`` -- an element of the poset which covers ``a``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A list containing two posets which are the connected components
+        of this poset after deleting the covering relation `a < b`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1, 2], 1: [], 2: []})
+            sage: H._split(0, 1)
+            [Hasse diagram of a poset containing 2 elements, Hasse diagram of a poset containing 1 elements]
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1], 1: [2], 2: [3], 3: [4], 4: []})
+            sage: H._split(1, 2)
+            [Hasse diagram of a poset containing 2 elements, Hasse diagram of a poset containing 3 elements]
+
+        TESTS::
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1,2,3], 1: [4, 5], 2: [4, 6], 3: [5, 6], 4: [7], 5: [7], 6: [7], 7: []})
+            sage: H._split(0, 1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: wrong number of connected components after the covering relation is deleted
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [1], 1: [], 2: []})
+            sage: H._split(0, 1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: wrong number of connected components after the covering relation is deleted
+        """
+        split_hasse = self.copy(self)
+        split_hasse.delete_edge(a, b)
+        components = split_hasse.connected_components_subgraphs()
+        if not len(components) == 2:
+            raise ValueError("wrong number of connected components after the covering relation is deleted")
+
+        c1, c2 = components
+        if a in c2:
+            c1, c2 = c2, c1
+
+        return [c1, c2]
+
+    def _spectrum_of_tree(self, a):
+        r"""
+        Return the `a`-spectrum of a poset whose underlying graph is a tree.
+
+        This is a helper method for :meth:`FinitePoset.atkinson`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``a`` -- an element of the poset
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The `a`-spectrum of this poset, returned as a list.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.posets.hasse_diagram import HasseDiagram
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [2], 1: [2], 2: [3, 4], 3: [], 4: []})
+            sage: H._spectrum_of_tree(0)
+            [2, 2, 0, 0, 0]
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [2], 1: [2], 2: [3, 4], 3: [], 4: []})
+            sage: H._spectrum_of_tree(2)
+            [0, 0, 4, 0, 0]
+
+            sage: H = HasseDiagram({0: [2], 1: [2], 2: [3, 4], 3: [], 4: []})
+            sage: H._spectrum_of_tree(3)
+            [0, 0, 0, 2, 2]
+        """
+        upper_covers = self.neighbors_out(a)
+        lower_covers = self.neighbors_in(a)
+        if not upper_covers and not lower_covers:
+            return [1]
+        if upper_covers:
+            b = upper_covers[0]
+            orientation = True
+        else:
+            (a, b) = (lower_covers[0], a)
+            orientation = False
+        P, Q = self._split(a, b)
+        a_spec = P._spectrum_of_tree(a)
+        b_spec = Q._spectrum_of_tree(b)
+        return HasseDiagram._glue_spectra(a_spec, b_spec, orientation)
+
+
+__doc__ = __doc__.format(INDEX_OF_FUNCTIONS=gen_rest_table_index(HasseDiagram))