passagemath-flint 10.6.1rc10__cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage/rings/number_field/structure.py

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+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-flint
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.rings.number_field
+r"""
+Helper classes for structural embeddings and isomorphisms of number fields
+
+Consider the following fields `L` and `M`::
+
+    sage: L.<a> = QuadraticField(2)
+    sage: M.<a> = L.absolute_field()
+
+Both produce the same extension of `\QQ`. However, they should not be
+identical because `M` carries additional information::
+
+    sage: L.structure()
+    (Identity endomorphism of
+      Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 with a = 1.414213562373095?,
+     Identity endomorphism of
+      Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 with a = 1.414213562373095?)
+    sage: M.structure()
+    (Isomorphism given by variable name change map:
+       From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 2
+       To:   Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 with a = 1.414213562373095?,
+     Isomorphism given by variable name change map:
+       From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 with a = 1.414213562373095?
+       To:   Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 2)
+
+This used to cause trouble with caching and made (absolute) number fields not
+unique when they should have been. The underlying technical problem is that the
+morphisms returned by :meth:`structure` can only be defined once the fields in
+question have been created. Therefore, these morphisms cannot be part of a key
+which uniquely identifies a number field.
+
+The classes defined in this file encapsulate information about these structure
+morphisms which can be passed to the factory creating number fields. This makes
+it possible to distinguish number fields which only differ in terms of these
+structure morphisms::
+
+    sage: L is M
+    False
+    sage: N.<a> = L.absolute_field()
+    sage: M is N
+    True
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Julian Rueth (2014-04-03): initial version
+"""
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2014 Julian Rueth <julian.rueth@fsfe.org>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+
+
+class NumberFieldStructure(UniqueRepresentation):
+    r"""
+    Abstract base class encapsulating information about a number fields
+    relation to other number fields.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.rings.number_field.structure import NumberFieldStructure
+        sage: NumberFieldStructure(QQ)
+        <sage.rings.number_field.structure.NumberFieldStructure object at 0x...>
+
+    Instances are cached through
+    :class:`sage.structure.unique_representation.UniqueRepresentation`::
+
+        sage: NumberFieldStructure(QQ) is NumberFieldStructure(QQ)
+        True
+
+        sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: K.<i> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+        sage: L = K.change_names('j').change_names('i')
+        sage: K is L  # K and L differ in "structure", one is the "name-change" of the other
+        False
+        sage: NumberFieldStructure(L) is NumberFieldStructure(L)
+        True
+        sage: NumberFieldStructure(K) is NumberFieldStructure(L)
+        False
+        sage: from sage.rings.number_field.structure import NameChange
+        sage: KK.<j> = NumberField(x^2 + 1, structure=NameChange(K))
+        sage: LL.<j> = NumberField(x^2 + 1, structure=NameChange(L))
+        sage: KK is LL
+        False
+    """
+    def __init__(self, other):
+        """
+        Initialization.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.rings.number_field.structure import NumberFieldStructure
+            sage: type(NumberFieldStructure(QQ))
+            <class 'sage.rings.number_field.structure.NumberFieldStructure'>
+        """
+        self.other = other
+
+    def create_structure(self, field):
+        r"""
+        Return a tuple encoding structural information about ``field``.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Typically, the output is a pair of morphisms. The first one from
+        ``field`` to a field from which ``field`` has been constructed and the
+        second one its inverse. In this case, these morphisms are used as
+        conversion maps between the two fields.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.rings.number_field.structure import NumberFieldStructure
+            sage: NumberFieldStructure(QQ).create_structure(QQ)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError
+
+        The morphisms created by this method are used as conversion maps::
+
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: L.<j> = K.change_names()
+            sage: isinstance(L._structure, NumberFieldStructure)
+            True
+            sage: from_L, to_L = L.structure()
+            sage: L._convert_map_from_(K) is to_L
+            True
+            sage: L(i)
+            j
+            sage: K(j)
+            i
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class NameChange(NumberFieldStructure):
+    r"""
+    Structure for a number field created by a change in variable name.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``other`` -- the number field from which this field has been created
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.rings.number_field.structure import NameChange
+        sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+        sage: NameChange(K)
+        <sage.rings.number_field.structure.NameChange object at 0x...>
+
+    Check for memory leaks::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+        sage: u = id(NumberField(x^2 - 5,'a').absolute_field('b'))
+        sage: import gc
+        sage: gc.collect() #random
+        10
+        sage: [id(v) for v in gc.get_objects() if id(v) == u]
+        []
+    """
+    def create_structure(self, field):
+        r"""
+        Return a pair of isomorphisms which send the generator of ``field`` to
+        the generator of ``other`` and vice versa.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: CyclotomicField(5).absolute_field('a').structure() # indirect doctest
+            (Isomorphism given by variable name change map:
+              From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1
+              To:   Cyclotomic Field of order 5 and degree 4,
+             Isomorphism given by variable name change map:
+              From: Cyclotomic Field of order 5 and degree 4
+              To:   Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x + 1)
+        """
+        from . import maps
+        return maps.NameChangeMap(field, self.other), maps.NameChangeMap(self.other, field)
+
+
+class AbsoluteFromRelative(NumberFieldStructure):
+    r"""
+    Structure for an absolute number field created from a relative number
+    field.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``other`` -- the number field from which this field has been created
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.rings.number_field.structure import AbsoluteFromRelative
+        sage: K.<a> = QuadraticField(2)
+        sage: R.<x> = K[]
+        sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 - 3)
+        sage: AbsoluteFromRelative(L)
+        <sage.rings.number_field.structure.AbsoluteFromRelative object at 0x...>
+    """
+    def create_structure(self, field):
+        r"""
+        Return a pair of isomorphisms which go from ``field`` to ``other`` and
+        vice versa.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: K.<a> = QuadraticField(2)
+            sage: R.<x> = K[]
+            sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 - 3)
+            sage: M.<c> = L.absolute_field()
+            sage: M.structure() # indirect doctest
+            (Isomorphism map:
+              From: Number Field in c with defining polynomial x^4 - 10*x^2 + 1
+              To:   Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 - 3 over its base field, Isomorphism map:
+              From: Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 - 3 over its base field
+              To:   Number Field in c with defining polynomial x^4 - 10*x^2 + 1)
+        """
+        from . import maps
+        return maps.MapAbsoluteToRelativeNumberField(field, self.other), maps.MapRelativeToAbsoluteNumberField(self.other, field)
+
+
+class RelativeFromAbsolute(NumberFieldStructure):
+    r"""
+    Structure for a relative number field created from an absolute number
+    field.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``other`` -- the (absolute) number field from which this field has been
+      created
+
+    - ``gen`` -- the generator of the intermediate field
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.rings.number_field.structure import RelativeFromAbsolute
+        sage: RelativeFromAbsolute(QQ, 1/2)
+        <sage.rings.number_field.structure.RelativeFromAbsolute object at 0x...>
+    """
+    def __init__(self, other, gen):
+        r"""
+        Initialization.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.rings.number_field.structure import RelativeFromAbsolute
+            sage: type(RelativeFromAbsolute(QQ, 1/2))
+            <class 'sage.rings.number_field.structure.RelativeFromAbsolute'>
+        """
+        NumberFieldStructure.__init__(self, other)
+        self.gen = gen
+
+    def create_structure(self, field):
+        r"""
+        Return a pair of isomorphisms which go from ``field`` to ``other`` and
+        vice versa.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``field`` -- a relative number field
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: K.<a> = QuadraticField(2)
+            sage: M.<b,a_> = K.relativize(-a)
+            sage: M.structure() # indirect doctest
+            (Relative number field morphism:
+               From: Number Field in b with defining polynomial x + a_ over its base field
+               To:   Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 with a = 1.414213562373095?
+               Defn: -a_ |--> a
+                     a_ |--> -a, Ring morphism:
+               From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 with a = 1.414213562373095?
+               To:   Number Field in b with defining polynomial x + a_ over its base field
+               Defn: a |--> -a_)
+        """
+        # other     field
+        #    \       /
+        #     \   Q(gen)
+        #      \ /
+        #       Q
+        other = self.other
+        gen = self.gen
+
+        # the isomorphism from left to right is easy since the generators of
+        # other and field are the same
+        other_to_field = other.hom([field.gen(0)], field, check=True)
+        assert other_to_field(gen) == field(field.base_field().gen())
+
+        # to go from right to left, we first define a map from Q(gen) to other
+        base_map = field.base_field().hom([gen], other)
+        # and extend it to a map from field
+        field_to_other = field.Hom(other)([other.gen()], base_map=base_map, check=True)
+
+        return field_to_other, other_to_field
+
+
+class RelativeFromRelative(NumberFieldStructure):
+    r"""
+    Structure for a relative number field created from another relative number
+    field.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``other`` -- the relative number field used in the construction, see
+      :meth:`create_structure`; there this field will be called ``field_``
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.rings.number_field.structure import RelativeFromRelative
+        sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+        sage: R.<x> = K[]
+        sage: L.<a> = K.extension(x^2 - 2)
+        sage: RelativeFromRelative(L)
+        <sage.rings.number_field.structure.RelativeFromRelative object at 0x...>
+    """
+    def create_structure(self, field):
+        r"""
+        Return a pair of isomorphisms which go from ``field`` to the relative
+        number field (called ``other`` below) from which ``field`` has been
+        created and vice versa.
+
+        The isomorphism is created via the relative number field ``field_``
+        which is identical to ``field`` but is equipped with an isomorphism to
+        an absolute field which was used in the construction of ``field``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``field`` -- a relative number field
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: R.<x> = K[]
+            sage: L.<a> = K.extension(x^2 - 2)
+            sage: M.<b,a> = L.relativize(a)
+            sage: M.structure() # indirect doctest
+            (Relative number field morphism:
+              From: Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 - 2*a*x + 3 over its base field
+              To:   Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 over its base field
+              Defn: b |--> a - i
+                    a |--> a, Relative number field morphism:
+              From: Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 over its base field
+              To:   Number Field in b with defining polynomial x^2 - 2*a*x + 3 over its base field
+              Defn: a |--> a
+                    i |--> -b + a)
+        """
+        # other and field_ are relative number fields which are isomorphic via
+        # an absolute number field abs.
+        # field and field_ are identical except that field_.structure() returns
+        # the isomorphism with abs and field returns an isomorphism with other
+        # (which we construct in this method).
+        #
+        #       f      g         h
+        # other -> abs -> field_ -> field
+        field_ = self.other
+        g_, g = field_.structure()
+        abs = g.domain()
+        f_, f = abs.structure()
+        other = f.domain()
+        h = lambda x: field._element_constructor_(x.list())
+        h_ = lambda x: field_._element_constructor_(x.list())
+
+        # First, we construct the isomorphism from other to field by embedding
+        # other.base_field() into field.
+        gf = g*f
+        base = other.base_field()
+        base_to_field = base.Hom(field)([h(gf(other.gen(1)))])
+        other_to_field = other.Hom(field)([h(gf(other.gen()))], base_map=base_to_field)
+
+        # And its inverse, essentially the same construction:
+        f_g_ = f_*g_
+        base = field.base_field()
+        base_to_other = base.Hom(other)([f_g_(h_(field.gen(1)))])
+        field_to_other = field.Hom(other)([f_g_(h_(field.gen()))], base_map=base_to_other)
+
+        return field_to_other, other_to_field