passagemath-flint 10.6.1rc10__cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage/rings/polynomial/polynomial_integer_dense_flint.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,1881 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-flint
+# distutils: libraries = NTL_LIBRARIES gmp
+# distutils: extra_compile_args = NTL_CFLAGS
+# distutils: include_dirs = NTL_INCDIR
+# distutils: library_dirs = NTL_LIBDIR
+# distutils: extra_link_args = NTL_LIBEXTRA
+# distutils: language = c++
+r"""
+Dense univariate polynomials over `\ZZ`, implemented using FLINT
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- David Harvey: rewrote to talk to NTL directly, instead of via ntl.pyx
+  (2007-09); a lot of this was based on Joel Mohler's recent rewrite of the NTL
+  wrapper
+- David Harvey: split off from polynomial_element_generic.py (2007-09)
+- Burcin Erocal: rewrote to use FLINT (2008-06-16)
+
+TESTS:
+
+We check that the buggy gcd is fixed (see :issue:`17816`)::
+
+    sage: R.<q> = ZZ[]
+    sage: X = 3*q^12 - 8*q^11 - 24*q^10 - 48*q^9 - 84*q^8 - 92*q^7 - 92*q^6 - 70*q^5 - 50*q^4 - 27*q^3 - 13*q^2 - 4*q - 1
+    sage: Y = q^13 - 2*q^12 + 2*q^10 - q^9
+    sage: gcd(X,Y)
+    1
+"""
+
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2007 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#       Copyright (C) 2008-2010 Burcin Erocal <burcin@erocal.org>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+from cysignals.memory cimport sig_free
+from cysignals.signals cimport sig_on, sig_off
+
+include "sage/libs/ntl/decl.pxi"
+
+from cpython.long cimport PyLong_AsLong
+from sage.libs.gmp.mpz cimport *
+from sage.arith.long cimport pyobject_to_long, is_small_python_int
+
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_element cimport Polynomial
+from sage.structure.element cimport Element
+from sage.structure.element import coerce_binop
+
+from sage.libs.ntl.ntl_ZZX cimport ntl_ZZX
+
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+
+from sage.structure.factorization import Factorization
+
+from sage.rings.fraction_field_element import FractionFieldElement
+from sage.arith.functions import lcm
+
+from sage.libs.flint.arb_fmpz_poly cimport arb_fmpz_poly_evaluate_arb, arb_fmpz_poly_evaluate_acb
+from sage.libs.flint.fmpz cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.fmpz_poly cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.fmpz_poly_sage cimport *
+from sage.libs.flint.types cimport ulong, fmpz_poly_t
+from sage.libs.flint.ntl_interface cimport fmpz_set_ZZ, fmpz_poly_set_ZZX, fmpz_poly_get_ZZX
+from sage.libs.ntl.ZZX cimport *
+from sage.rings.complex_arb cimport ComplexBall
+from sage.rings.integer cimport Integer, smallInteger
+from sage.rings.real_arb cimport RealBall
+from sage.rings.real_mpfr cimport RealNumber
+from sage.rings.real_mpfi cimport RealIntervalFieldElement
+
+from sage.rings.polynomial.evaluation_flint cimport fmpz_poly_evaluation_mpfr, fmpz_poly_evaluation_mpfi
+
+try:
+    from sage.libs.pari import pari
+    from cypari2.gen import Gen as pari_gen
+except ImportError:
+    pari_gen = ()
+
+
+cdef class Polynomial_integer_dense_flint(Polynomial):
+    r"""
+    A dense polynomial over the integers, implemented via FLINT.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: f = ZZ['x'].random_element()
+        sage: from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_integer_dense_flint import Polynomial_integer_dense_flint
+        sage: isinstance(f, Polynomial_integer_dense_flint)
+        True
+
+    .. automethod:: _add_
+    .. automethod:: _sub_
+    .. automethod:: _lmul_
+    .. automethod:: _rmul_
+    .. automethod:: _mul_
+    .. automethod:: _mul_trunc_
+    """
+
+    def __cinit__(self):
+        r"""
+        This calls the underlying FLINT fmpz_poly constructor
+        """
+        fmpz_poly_init(self._poly)
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        r"""
+        Call the underlying FLINT fmpz_poly destructor
+        """
+        fmpz_poly_clear(self._poly)
+
+    cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint _new(self):
+        r"""
+        Quickly create a new initialized ``Polynomial_integer_dense_flint``
+        with the correct parent and ``_is_gen == 0``.
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint x = Polynomial_integer_dense_flint.__new__(Polynomial_integer_dense_flint)
+        x._parent = self._parent
+        x._is_gen = 0
+        return x
+
+    cpdef Polynomial _new_constant_poly(self, a, Parent P):
+        r"""
+        Quickly create a new constant polynomial with value ``a`` in parent ``P``.
+
+        ASSUMPTION:
+
+        The given value has to be in the base ring of ``P``. This assumption is
+        not verified.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ[]
+            sage: x._new_constant_poly(2,R)
+            2
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint x = Polynomial_integer_dense_flint.__new__(Polynomial_integer_dense_flint)
+        x._parent = P
+        x._is_gen = 0
+        if not isinstance(a, Integer):
+            a = ZZ(a)
+        fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(x._poly, 0, (<Integer>a).value)
+        return x
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, x=None, check=True, is_gen=False,
+            construct=False):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: x
+            x
+
+        Construct from list and tuple::
+
+            sage: R([])
+            0
+            sage: R([1, -2, 3])
+            3*x^2 - 2*x + 1
+
+            sage: R(())
+            0
+            sage: R((1, -2, 3))
+            3*x^2 - 2*x + 1
+
+        Coercions from other rings are attempted automatically::
+
+            sage: R([1, -6/3, 3])
+            3*x^2 - 2*x + 1
+            sage: R([1, 5/2, 2])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no conversion of this rational to integer
+
+        Construct from constant::
+
+            sage: R(3)
+            3
+
+        Coercion from PARI polynomial::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.pari
+            sage: f = R([-1, 2, 5]); f
+            5*x^2 + 2*x - 1
+            sage: type(f)
+            <class 'sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_integer_dense_flint.Polynomial_integer_dense_flint'>
+            sage: type(pari(f))
+            <class 'cypari2.gen.Gen'>
+            sage: type(R(pari(f)))
+            <class 'sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_integer_dense_flint.Polynomial_integer_dense_flint'>
+            sage: R(pari(f))
+            5*x^2 + 2*x - 1
+
+        Coercion from NTL polynomial::
+
+            sage: f = ntl.ZZX([1, 2, 3])
+            sage: print(R(f))
+            3*x^2 + 2*x + 1
+
+        Coercion from dictionary::
+
+            sage: f = R({2: -4, 3: 47}); f
+            47*x^3 - 4*x^2
+
+        Coercion from fraction field element with trivial denominator::
+
+            sage: f = (x^3 - 1) / (x - 1)
+            sage: type(f)
+            <class 'sage.rings.fraction_field_element.FractionFieldElement'>
+            sage: g = R(f); g
+            x^2 + x + 1
+
+            sage: ZZ['x']({2^3: 1})
+            x^8
+        """
+        Polynomial.__init__(self, parent, is_gen=is_gen)
+
+        cdef Py_ssize_t degree
+        cdef Py_ssize_t i
+
+        if x is None:
+            return         # leave initialized to 0 polynomial.
+
+        if isinstance(x, Polynomial):
+            if x.parent() is self.parent():
+                sig_on()
+                fmpz_poly_set(self._poly,
+                              (<Polynomial_integer_dense_flint>x)._poly)
+                sig_off()
+                return
+            else:
+                # coerce coefficients into Sage integers
+                x = [Integer(a) for a in x.list()]
+                check = False
+
+        elif isinstance(x, dict):
+            x = x.items()
+            degree = 0
+            # find max degree to allocate only once
+            for ii, a in x:
+                # mpoly dict style has tuple keys
+                i = ii[0] if type(ii) is tuple else ii
+                if i < 0:
+                    raise ValueError("Negative monomial degrees not allowed: %s" % i)
+                elif i > degree:
+                    degree = i
+            try:
+                sig_on()
+                fmpz_poly_realloc(self._poly, degree + 1)
+                sig_off()
+            except RuntimeError:
+                raise OverflowError("Cannot allocate memory!")
+            # now fill them in
+            for ii, a in x:
+                i = ii[0] if type(ii) is tuple else ii
+                if is_small_python_int(a):
+                    sig_on()
+                    fmpz_poly_set_coeff_si(self._poly, i, a)
+                    sig_off()
+                else:
+                    if not isinstance(a, Integer):
+                        a = ZZ(a)
+                    sig_on()
+                    fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(self._poly, i, (<Integer>a).value)
+                    sig_off()
+            return
+
+        elif isinstance(x, pari_gen):
+            x = [Integer(w) for w in x.list()]
+            check = False
+
+        elif isinstance(x, ntl_ZZX):    # coercion from ntl.pyx object
+            fmpz_poly_set_ZZX(self._poly, (<ntl_ZZX>x).x)
+            return
+
+        elif isinstance(x, FractionFieldElement) and \
+                 isinstance(x.numerator(), Polynomial_integer_dense_flint):
+            if x.denominator() == 1:
+                # fraction of the form f(x)/1
+                sig_on()
+                fmpz_poly_set(self._poly,
+                        (<Polynomial_integer_dense_flint>x.numerator())._poly)
+                sig_off()
+                return
+
+        elif not isinstance(x, (list, tuple)):
+            x = [x]   # constant polynomials
+
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_realloc(self._poly, len(x))
+        sig_off()
+        for i from 0 <= i < len(x):
+            a = x[i]
+            if is_small_python_int(a):
+                sig_on()
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_si(self._poly, i, a)
+                sig_off()
+            else:
+                if not isinstance(a, Integer):
+                    a = ZZ(a)
+                sig_on()
+                fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(self._poly, i, (<Integer>a).value)
+                sig_off()
+
+    def _eval_mpfr_(self, RealNumber a):
+        r"""
+        Evaluate this polynomial on the real number element ``a``.
+
+        This method uses Horner's rule and might not be appropriate for
+        polynomials of large degree.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ, implementation='FLINT')
+            sage: (x+1)._eval_mpfr_(RR(1.2))
+            2.20000000000000
+            sage: (x^2)._eval_mpfr_(RR(2.2))
+            4.84000000000000
+            sage: R.zero()._eval_mpfr_(RR(2.1))
+            0.000000000000000
+            sage: R.one()._eval_mpfr_(RR(2.1))
+            1.00000000000000
+
+            sage: p = x^3 - 2*x^2 + x -1
+            sage: p._eval_mpfr_(RR(1.3))
+            -0.883000000000000
+        """
+        cdef RealNumber res = a._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_evaluation_mpfr(res.value, self._poly, a.value)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def _eval_mpfi_(self, RealIntervalFieldElement a):
+        r"""
+        Evaluate this polynomial on the real interval ``a``.
+
+        This method uses Horner's rule and might not be appropriate for
+        polynomials of large degree.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ, implementation='FLINT')
+            sage: (x+1)._eval_mpfi_(RIF(1.5))
+            2.5000000000000000?
+            sage: (x^2)._eval_mpfi_(RIF(1.333,1.334))
+            1.78?
+            sage: R.zero()._eval_mpfi_(RIF(2.1))
+            0
+            sage: R.one()._eval_mpfi_(RIF(2.1))
+            1
+
+            sage: p = x^3 - x^2 - x - 1
+            sage: r = p.roots(RIF, multiplicities=False)[0]                             # needs sage.libs.linbox
+            sage: p._eval_mpfi_(r)                                                      # needs sage.libs.linbox
+            0.?e-27
+        """
+        cdef RealIntervalFieldElement res = a._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_evaluation_mpfi(res.value, self._poly, a.value)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    def __call__(self, *x, **kwds):
+        """
+        Call this polynomial with the given parameters, which can be
+        interpreted as polynomial composition or evaluation by this
+        method.
+
+        If the argument is not simply an integer (``int`` or
+        ``Integer``) a real number (``RealNumber``) a real interval
+        (``RealIntervalFieldElement``) or a polynomial (of the same type as
+        ``self``), the call is passed on to the generic implementation in the
+        ``Polynomial`` class.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The first example illustrates polynomial composition::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = t^2 - 1
+            sage: g = t + 1
+            sage: f(g)          # indirect doctest
+            t^2 + 2*t
+
+        Now we illustrate how a polynomial can be evaluated at an
+        integer::
+
+            sage: f(2)          # indirect doctest
+            3
+
+        TESTS:
+
+            sage: t(-sys.maxsize-1r) == t(-sys.maxsize-1)
+            True
+            sage: (t^2+3)(RealBallField(100)(1/3))
+            [3.1111111111111111111111111111...]
+            sage: (t^2+3)(ComplexBallField(10)(i))                                      # needs sage.symbolic
+            2.00
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint f
+        cdef Integer a, z
+        cdef RealBall arb_a, arb_z
+        cdef ComplexBall acb_a, acb_z
+
+        cdef fmpz_t a_fmpz
+        cdef fmpz_t z_fmpz
+
+        if len(x) == 1:
+            x0 = x[0]
+            if isinstance(x, Polynomial_integer_dense_flint):
+                f = self._new()
+                sig_on()
+                fmpz_poly_compose(f._poly, self._poly,
+                                  (<Polynomial_integer_dense_flint> x0)._poly)
+                sig_off()
+                return f
+            if is_small_python_int(x0):
+                z = Integer.__new__(Integer)
+                sig_on()
+                fmpz_init(a_fmpz)
+                fmpz_init(z_fmpz)
+                fmpz_set_si(a_fmpz, PyLong_AsLong(x0))
+                fmpz_poly_evaluate_fmpz(z_fmpz, self._poly, a_fmpz)
+                fmpz_get_mpz(z.value, z_fmpz)
+                fmpz_clear(a_fmpz)
+                fmpz_clear(z_fmpz)
+                sig_off()
+                return z
+            if isinstance(x0, int):
+                x0 = Integer(x0)
+            if isinstance(x0, Integer):
+                a = <Integer> x0
+
+                if fmpz_poly_length(self._poly) == 0:
+                    return ZZ.zero()
+                if mpz_sgn(a.value) == 0:
+                    return self[0]
+
+                z = Integer.__new__(Integer)
+
+                sig_on()
+                fmpz_init(a_fmpz)
+                fmpz_init(z_fmpz)
+                fmpz_set_mpz(a_fmpz, a.value)
+                fmpz_poly_evaluate_fmpz(z_fmpz, self._poly, a_fmpz)
+                fmpz_get_mpz(z.value, z_fmpz)
+                fmpz_clear(a_fmpz)
+                fmpz_clear(z_fmpz)
+                sig_off()
+
+                return z
+
+            if isinstance(x0, RealNumber):
+                return self._eval_mpfr_(<RealNumber> x0)
+            if isinstance(x0, RealIntervalFieldElement):
+                return self._eval_mpfi_(<RealIntervalFieldElement> x0)
+            if isinstance(x0, RealBall):
+                arb_a = <RealBall> x0
+                arb_z = arb_a._new()
+                sig_on()
+                arb_fmpz_poly_evaluate_arb(arb_z.value, self._poly, arb_a.value, arb_a._parent._prec)
+                sig_off()
+                return arb_z
+            if isinstance(x0, ComplexBall):
+                acb_a = <ComplexBall> x0
+                acb_z = acb_a._new()
+                sig_on()
+                arb_fmpz_poly_evaluate_acb(acb_z.value, self._poly, acb_a.value, acb_a._parent._prec)
+                sig_off()
+                return acb_z
+
+        return Polynomial.__call__(self, *x, **kwds)
+
+    cpdef Integer content(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the greatest common divisor of the coefficients of this
+        polynomial. The sign is the sign of the leading coefficient.  The
+        content of the zero polynomial is zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: (2*x^2 - 4*x^4 + 14*x^7).content()
+            2
+            sage: x.content()
+            1
+            sage: R(1).content()
+            1
+            sage: R(0).content()
+            0
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: t = x^2+x+1
+            sage: t.content()
+            1
+            sage: (123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789*t).content()
+            123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
+
+        Verify that :issue:`13053` has been resolved::
+
+            sage: R(-1).content()
+            -1
+        """
+        if self.is_zero():
+            return ZZ.zero()
+
+        cdef fmpz_t c
+        fmpz_init(c)
+        fmpz_poly_get_coeff_fmpz(c, self._poly, fmpz_poly_degree(self._poly))
+        cdef int sign = fmpz_sgn(c)
+
+        fmpz_poly_content(c, self._poly)
+
+        cdef Integer z = Integer.__new__(Integer)
+        fmpz_get_mpz(z.value, c)
+        fmpz_clear(c)
+        return z if sign == 1 else -z
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        r"""
+        Used for pickling.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: loads(dumps(x)) == x
+            True
+            sage: f = 2*x + 3
+            sage: loads(dumps(f)) == f
+            True
+        """
+        return Polynomial_integer_dense_flint, \
+               (self.parent(), self.list(), False, self.is_gen())
+
+    cdef get_unsafe(self, Py_ssize_t n):
+        """
+        Return the `n`-th coefficient of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: f = 2*x^2 - 3
+            sage: f[0]
+            -3
+            sage: f[1]
+            0
+            sage: f[2]
+            2
+            sage: f[3]
+            0
+            sage: f[-1]
+            0
+            sage: f = 1 + x + 2*x^2 + 3*x^3 + 4*x^4 + 5*x^5
+            sage: f[:4]
+            3*x^3 + 2*x^2 + x + 1
+            sage: f[:100]
+            5*x^5 + 4*x^4 + 3*x^3 + 2*x^2 + x + 1
+        """
+        cdef Integer z = Integer.__new__(Integer)
+        fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(z.value, self._poly, n)
+        return z
+
+    def _repr(self, name=None, bint latex=False):
+        """
+        Return string representation of this polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ['x']
+            sage: (-x+1)^5
+            -x^5 + 5*x^4 - 10*x^3 + 10*x^2 - 5*x + 1
+            sage: ((-x+1)^5)._repr()
+            '-x^5 + 5*x^4 - 10*x^3 + 10*x^2 - 5*x + 1'
+            sage: ((-x+1)^5)._repr(name='y')
+            '-y^5 + 5*y^4 - 10*y^3 + 10*y^2 - 5*y + 1'
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = self.parent().variable_name()
+        cdef long i
+        cdef Integer coef = Integer.__new__(Integer)
+        cdef list all = []
+        for i from fmpz_poly_degree(self._poly) >= i >= 0:
+            fmpz_poly_get_coeff_mpz(coef.value, self._poly, i)
+            if coef:
+                if coef > 0:
+                    sign_str = '+'
+                    coeff_str = str(coef)
+                else:
+                    sign_str = '-'
+                    coeff_str = str(coef)[1:]
+                if i > 0:
+                    if coeff_str == '1':
+                        coeff_str = ''
+                    elif not latex:
+                        coeff_str = coeff_str + '*'
+                if i > 1:
+                    if latex:
+                        all.append(" %s %s%s^{%s}" % (sign_str,
+                            coeff_str, name, i))
+                    else:
+                        all.append(" %s %s%s^%s" % (sign_str,
+                            coeff_str, name, i))
+                elif i == 1:
+                    all.append(" %s %s%s" % (sign_str, coeff_str, name))
+                else:
+                    all.append(" %s %s" % (sign_str, coeff_str))
+        if len(all) == 0:
+            return '0'
+        leading = all[0]
+        if leading[1] == '+':
+            all[0] = leading[3:]
+        else:
+            all[0] = '-' + leading[3:]
+        return ''.join(all)
+
+    def _latex_(self, name=None):
+        """
+        Return the latex representation of this polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = ZZ['t']
+            sage: latex(t^10-t^2-5*t+1)
+            t^{10} - t^{2} - 5t + 1
+            sage: cyclotomic_polynomial(10^5)._latex_()
+            'x^{40000} - x^{30000} + x^{20000} - x^{10000} + 1'
+            sage: cyclotomic_polynomial(10^5)._latex_(name='y')
+            'y^{40000} - y^{30000} + y^{20000} - y^{10000} + 1'
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = self.parent().latex_variable_names()[0]
+        return self._repr(name=name, latex=True)
+
+    cpdef _add_(self, right):
+        r"""
+        Return ``self`` plus ``right``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: f = 2*x + 1
+            sage: g = -3*x^2 + 6
+            sage: f + g
+            -3*x^2 + 2*x + 7
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint x = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_add(x._poly, self._poly,
+                (<Polynomial_integer_dense_flint>right)._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        return x
+
+    cpdef _sub_(self, right):
+        r"""
+        Return ``self`` minus ``right``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: f = 2*x + 1
+            sage: g = -3*x^2 + 6
+            sage: f - g
+            3*x^2 + 2*x - 5
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint x = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_sub(x._poly, self._poly,
+                (<Polynomial_integer_dense_flint>right)._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        return x
+
+    cpdef _neg_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return negative of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: f = 2*x - 1
+            sage: -f
+            -2*x + 1
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint x = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_neg(x._poly, self._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        return x
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def quo_rem(self, Polynomial_integer_dense_flint right):
+        r"""
+        Attempts to divide ``self`` by ``right``, and return a quotient and remainder.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: f = R(range(10)); g = R([-1, 0, 1])
+            sage: q, r = f.quo_rem(g)
+            sage: q, r
+            (9*x^7 + 8*x^6 + 16*x^5 + 14*x^4 + 21*x^3 + 18*x^2 + 24*x + 20, 25*x + 20)
+            sage: q*g + r == f
+            True
+
+            sage: f = x^2
+            sage: f.quo_rem(0)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ZeroDivisionError: division by zero polynomial
+
+            sage: f = (x^2 + 3) * (2*x - 1)
+            sage: f.quo_rem(2*x - 1)
+            (x^2 + 3, 0)
+
+            sage: f = x^2
+            sage: f.quo_rem(2*x - 1)
+            (0, x^2)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: z = R(0)
+            sage: z.quo_rem(1)
+            (0, 0)
+            sage: z.quo_rem(x)
+            (0, 0)
+            sage: z.quo_rem(2*x)
+            (0, 0)
+
+        :issue:`383`, make sure things get coerced correctly::
+
+            sage: f = x+1; parent(f)
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Integer Ring
+            sage: g = x/2; parent(g)
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+            sage: f.quo_rem(g)
+            (2, 1)
+            sage: g.quo_rem(f)
+            (1/2, -1/2)
+            sage: parent(f.quo_rem(g)[0])
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+            sage: f.quo_rem(3)
+            (0, x + 1)
+            sage: (5*x+7).quo_rem(3)
+            (x + 2, 2*x + 1)
+        """
+        if right.is_zero():
+            raise ZeroDivisionError("division by zero polynomial")
+
+        if self.is_zero():
+            return self, self
+
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint qq = self._new()
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint rr = self._new()
+
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_divrem(qq._poly, rr._poly, self._poly, right._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        return qq, rr
+
+    cpdef bint is_zero(self) except -1:
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if ``self`` is equal to zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ[]
+            sage: R(0).is_zero()
+            True
+            sage: R(1).is_zero()
+            False
+            sage: x.is_zero()
+            False
+        """
+        return (fmpz_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1)
+
+    cpdef bint is_one(self) except -1:
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if ``self`` is equal to one.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ[]
+            sage: R(0).is_one()
+            False
+            sage: R(1).is_one()
+            True
+            sage: x.is_one()
+            False
+        """
+        return fmpz_poly_is_one(self._poly)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """
+        Check if ``self`` is not zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ[]
+            sage: bool(R(0))
+            False
+            sage: bool(R(1))
+            True
+            sage: bool(x)
+            True
+        """
+        return not (fmpz_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1)
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def gcd(self, right):
+        r"""
+        Return the GCD of ``self`` and ``right``.  The leading
+        coefficient need not be 1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: f = (6*x + 47) * (7*x^2 - 2*x + 38)
+            sage: g = (6*x + 47) * (3*x^3 + 2*x + 1)
+            sage: f.gcd(g)
+            6*x + 47
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint _right = <Polynomial_integer_dense_flint> right
+        if self.is_zero() or _right.is_one():
+            return right
+        elif self.is_one() or _right.is_zero():
+            return self
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint x = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_gcd(x._poly, self._poly,
+                (<Polynomial_integer_dense_flint>right)._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        return x
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def lcm(self, right):
+        """
+        Return the LCM of ``self`` and ``right``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: f = (6*x + 47) * (7*x^2 - 2*x + 38)
+            sage: g = (6*x + 47) * (3*x^3 + 2*x + 1)
+            sage: h = f.lcm(g); h
+            126*x^6 + 951*x^5 + 486*x^4 + 6034*x^3 + 585*x^2 + 3706*x + 1786
+            sage: h == (6*x + 47) * (7*x^2 - 2*x + 38) * (3*x^3 + 2*x + 1)
+            True
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`32033` has been fixed::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = ZZ[]
+            sage: lcm(R(0), R(0))
+            0
+        """
+        if self.is_zero() or right.is_zero():
+            P = self.parent()
+            return P.zero()
+        g = self.gcd(right)
+        return (self//g)*right
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def xgcd(self, right):
+        r"""
+        Return a triple `(g,s,t)` such that `g = s\cdot{}` ``self`` + `t\cdot{}` ``right`` and such
+        that `g` is the gcd of ``self`` and ``right`` up to a divisor of the
+        resultant of ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        As integer polynomials do not form a principal ideal domain, it is not
+        always possible given `a` and `b` to find a pair `s,t` such that
+        `gcd(a,b) = sa + tb`. Take `a=x+2` and `b=x+4` as an example for which the
+        gcd is `1` but the best you can achieve in the Bezout identity is `2`.
+
+        If ``self`` and ``right`` are coprime as polynomials over the
+        rationals, then ``g`` is guaranteed to be the resultant of
+        ``self`` and ``right``, as a constant polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+
+            sage: (x + 2).xgcd(x + 4)
+            (2, -1, 1)
+            sage: (x + 2).resultant(x + 4)
+            2
+            sage: (x + 2).gcd(x + 4)
+            1
+
+            sage: F = (x^2 + 2)*x^3; G = (x^2 + 2) * (x - 3)
+            sage: g, u, v = F.xgcd(G)
+            sage: g, u, v
+            (27*x^2 + 54, 1, -x^2 - 3*x - 9)
+            sage: u*F + v*G
+            27*x^2 + 54
+
+            sage: zero = P(0)
+            sage: x.xgcd(zero)
+            (x, 1, 0)
+            sage: zero.xgcd(x)
+            (x, 0, 1)
+
+            sage: F = (x - 3)^3; G = (x - 15)^2
+            sage: g, u, v = F.xgcd(G)
+            sage: g, u, v
+            (2985984, -432*x + 8208, 432*x^2 + 864*x + 14256)
+            sage: u*F + v*G
+            2985984
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`17675` is fixed::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ['x']
+            sage: R(2).xgcd(R(2))
+            (2, 0, 1)
+            sage: R.zero().xgcd(R(2))
+            (2, 0, 1)
+            sage: R(2).xgcd(R.zero())
+            (2, 1, 0)
+        """
+        # trivial cases first
+        if self.is_zero():
+            return (right, Integer(0), Integer(1))
+        elif right.is_zero():
+            return (self, Integer(1), Integer(0))
+        elif self.is_constant() and right.is_constant():
+            # this case is needed as the behavior of the function fmpz_poly_xgcd
+            # in FLINT is not defined with constant input
+            return self.constant_coefficient().xgcd(right.constant_coefficient())
+
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint ss = self._new()
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint tt = self._new()
+        cdef fmpz_t r
+        fmpz_init(r)
+
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_xgcd(r, ss._poly, tt._poly, self._poly,
+                (<Polynomial_integer_dense_flint>right)._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        cdef Integer rr = Integer.__new__(Integer)
+        fmpz_get_mpz(rr.value, r)
+        fmpz_clear(r)
+
+        if rr.is_zero():
+            f = self.base_extend(QQ)
+            g, u, v = f.xgcd(right.base_extend(QQ))
+            d = lcm([g.denominator(), u.denominator(), v.denominator()])
+            R = self.parent()
+            return R(d*g), R(d*u), R(d*v)
+        else:
+            return self._parent(rr), ss, tt
+
+    cpdef _mul_(self, right):
+        r"""
+        Return ``self`` multiplied by ``right``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: (x - 2)*(x^2 - 8*x + 16)
+            x^3 - 10*x^2 + 32*x - 32
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint x = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_mul(x._poly, self._poly,
+                (<Polynomial_integer_dense_flint>right)._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        return x
+
+    cpdef Polynomial _mul_trunc_(self, Polynomial right, long n):
+        r"""
+        Truncated multiplication.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`_mul_` for standard multiplication
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
+            sage: p1 = 1 + x + x^2 + x^4
+            sage: p2 = -2 + 3*x^2 + 5*x^4
+            sage: p1._mul_trunc_(p2, 4)
+            3*x^3 + x^2 - 2*x - 2
+            sage: (p1*p2).truncate(4)
+            3*x^3 + x^2 - 2*x - 2
+            sage: p1._mul_trunc_(p2, 6)
+            5*x^5 + 6*x^4 + 3*x^3 + x^2 - 2*x - 2
+        """
+        if n <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("length must be > 0")
+
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint x = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_mullow(x._poly, self._poly,
+                    (<Polynomial_integer_dense_flint>right)._poly,
+                    n)
+        sig_off()
+        return x
+
+    cpdef _lmul_(self, Element right):
+        r"""
+        Return ``self`` multiplied by ``right``, where ``right`` is a scalar (integer).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: x*3
+            3*x
+            sage: (2*x^2 + 4)*3
+            6*x^2 + 12
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint x = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_scalar_mul_mpz(x._poly, self._poly, (<Integer>right).value)
+        sig_off()
+        return x
+
+    cpdef _rmul_(self, Element right):
+        r"""
+        Return ``self`` multiplied by ``right``, where right is a scalar (integer).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: 3*x
+            3*x
+            sage: 3*(2*x^2 + 4)
+            6*x^2 + 12
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint x = self._new()
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_scalar_mul_mpz(x._poly, self._poly, (<Integer>right).value)
+        sig_off()
+        return x
+
+    def __pow__(Polynomial_integer_dense_flint self, exp, mod):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ[]
+            sage: r = 2*x + 2
+            sage: r^0
+            1
+            sage: r^2
+            4*x^2 + 8*x + 4
+            sage: r^-2
+            1/(4*x^2 + 8*x + 4)
+
+            sage: x^(2^20)
+            x^1048576
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: z = R(0)
+            sage: z^0
+            1
+            sage: z^1
+            0
+            sage: z^-1
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ZeroDivisionError: negative exponent in power of zero
+
+        Check that :issue:`18278` is fixed::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ[]
+            sage: x^(1/2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: not a 2nd power
+
+            sage: x^(2^100)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            OverflowError: Sage Integer too large to convert to C long
+
+        Test fractional powers (:issue:`20086`)::
+
+            sage: P.<R> = ZZ[]
+            sage: (R^3 + 6*R^2 + 12*R + 8)^(1/3)
+            R + 2
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in R over Integer Ring
+            sage: P(4)^(1/2)
+            2
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in R over Integer Ring
+
+            sage: (R^2 + 3)^(1/2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: 3 is not a 2nd power
+
+            Ring in R over Integer Ring
+            sage: P(2)^P(2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion from Univariate Polynomial
+            Ring in R over Integer Ring to Rational Field
+            sage: (R + 1)^P(2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion from Univariate Polynomial
+            Ring in R over Integer Ring to Rational Field
+            sage: (R + 1)^R
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion from Univariate Polynomial
+            Ring in R over Integer Ring to Rational Field
+            sage: 2^R
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no canonical coercion from Univariate Polynomial
+            Ring in R over Integer Ring to Rational Field
+
+        Check that using third argument raises an error::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ, implementation='FLINT')
+            sage: pow(x, 2, x)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: pow() with a modulus is not implemented for this ring
+        """
+        cdef long nn
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint res
+
+        if mod is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "pow() with a modulus is not implemented for this ring"
+            )
+
+        try:
+            nn = pyobject_to_long(exp)
+        except TypeError:
+            n = QQ.coerce(exp)
+            num = n.numerator()
+            den = n.denominator()
+
+            if fmpz_poly_degree(self._poly) == 0:
+                return self.parent()(self[0].nth_root(den) ** num)
+
+            return self.nth_root(den) ** num
+
+        else:
+            res = self._new()
+
+            if self.is_zero():
+                if nn == 0:
+                    fmpz_poly_set_coeff_si(res._poly, 0, 1)
+                    return res
+                elif nn < 0:
+                    raise ZeroDivisionError("negative exponent in power of zero")
+                else:
+                    return res
+            if nn < 0:
+                sig_on()
+                fmpz_poly_pow(res._poly, self._poly, -nn)
+                sig_off()
+                return ~res
+            else:
+                if self is self._parent.gen():
+                    sig_on()
+                    fmpz_poly_set_coeff_ui(res._poly, nn, 1)
+                    sig_off()
+                else:
+                    sig_on()
+                    fmpz_poly_pow(res._poly, self._poly, nn)
+                    sig_off()
+                return res
+
+    cpdef Polynomial _power_trunc(self, unsigned long n, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Truncated power.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ[]
+            sage: (x**2 - x + 1).power_trunc(100, 5)
+            4411275*x^4 - 171600*x^3 + 5050*x^2 - 100*x + 1
+            sage: R.zero().power_trunc(0, 1)
+            1
+
+            sage: x._power_trunc(2, -1)
+            0
+            sage: parent(_) is R
+            True
+        """
+        if prec <= 0:
+            # NOTE: flint crashes for prec < 0
+            return self._parent.zero()
+
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint res
+        res = self._new()
+        fmpz_poly_pow_trunc(res._poly, self._poly, n, prec)
+        return res
+
+    def __floordiv__(Polynomial_integer_dense_flint self, right):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ[]
+            sage: (x^2+1)//x
+            x
+            sage: (5*x^2+1)//(2*x)
+            2*x
+
+        Divide by a scalar.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: (5*x^3 + 5*x + 10)//5
+            x^3 + x + 2
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: x//0
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
+
+            sage: (x^2 + 13*x + 169) // 13
+            x + 13
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint _right
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint res
+        if not isinstance(right, Polynomial_integer_dense_flint):
+            if isinstance(right, Integer):
+                if (<Integer> right).is_zero():
+                    raise ZeroDivisionError("division by zero")
+                else:
+                    res = self._new()
+                    sig_on()
+                    fmpz_poly_scalar_fdiv_mpz(res._poly, self._poly,
+                            (<Integer> right).value)
+                    sig_off()
+                return res
+            elif right in ZZ:
+                res = self._new()
+                sig_on()
+                fmpz_poly_scalar_fdiv_mpz(res._poly, self._poly,
+                        (<Integer>ZZ(right)).value)
+                sig_off()
+                return res
+            else:
+                right = self._parent(right)
+        _right = <Polynomial_integer_dense_flint> right
+        if _right.is_zero():
+            raise ZeroDivisionError("division by zero")
+        elif _right.is_one():
+            # quite typical when removing gcds...
+            return self
+        else:
+            res = self._new()
+            sig_on()
+            fmpz_poly_div(res._poly, self._poly, _right._poly)
+            sig_off()
+            return res
+
+    cpdef Polynomial inverse_series_trunc(self, long prec):
+        r"""
+        Return a polynomial approximation of precision ``prec`` of the inverse
+        series of this polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
+            sage: p = 1 + x + 2*x^2
+            sage: q5 = p.inverse_series_trunc(5)
+            sage: q5
+            -x^4 + 3*x^3 - x^2 - x + 1
+            sage: p*q5
+            -2*x^6 + 5*x^5 + 1
+
+            sage: (x-1).inverse_series_trunc(5)
+            -x^4 - x^3 - x^2 - x - 1
+
+            sage: q100 = p.inverse_series_trunc(100)
+            sage: (q100 * p).truncate(100)
+            1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: ZZ['x'].zero().inverse_series_trunc(4)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term is zero
+            sage: ZZ['x'](2).inverse_series_trunc(4)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: constant term 2 is not a unit
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ)
+            sage: (x+1).inverse_series_trunc(0)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the precision must be positive, got 0
+        """
+        if prec <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("the precision must be positive, got {}".format(prec))
+
+        if fmpz_poly_degree(self._poly) == -1:
+            raise ValueError("constant term is zero")
+        cdef fmpz_t c = fmpz_poly_get_coeff_ptr(self._poly, 0)
+        if fmpz_cmp_si(c, 1) and fmpz_cmp_si(c, -1):
+            raise ValueError("constant term {} is not a unit".format(self[0]))
+
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint res = self._new()
+        if prec <= 0:
+            return res
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_inv_series(res._poly, self._poly, prec)
+        sig_off()
+        return res
+
+    cpdef _unsafe_mutate(self, long n, value):
+        r"""
+        Set coefficient of `x^n` to value.
+
+        This is very unsafe, because Sage polynomials are supposed to be
+        immutable.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: f = 2*x^2 + 3; f
+            2*x^2 + 3
+            sage: f._unsafe_mutate(1, 42); f
+            2*x^2 + 42*x + 3
+
+            sage: f._unsafe_mutate(1, int(5)); f
+            2*x^2 + 5*x + 3
+            sage: f._unsafe_mutate(1, Zmod(15)(7)); f
+            2*x^2 + 7*x + 3
+        """
+        if n < 0:
+            raise IndexError("n must be >= 0")
+        if isinstance(value, int):
+            sig_on()
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_si(self._poly, n, value)
+            sig_off()
+        elif isinstance(value, Integer):
+            sig_on()
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(self._poly, n, (<Integer>value).value)
+            sig_off()
+        else:
+            value = Integer(value)
+            sig_on()
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_mpz(self._poly, n, (<Integer>value).value)
+            sig_off()
+
+    def real_root_intervals(self):
+        """
+        Return isolating intervals for the real roots of this
+        polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+        We compute the roots of the characteristic polynomial of some
+        Salem numbers::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: f = 1 - x^2 - x^3 - x^4 + x^6
+            sage: f.real_root_intervals()                                               # needs sage.libs.linbox
+            [((1/2, 3/4), 1), ((1, 3/2), 1)]
+        """
+
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.real_roots import real_roots
+
+        return real_roots(self)
+
+    #     def __copy__(self):
+    #         f = Polynomial_integer_dense(self.parent())
+    #         f._poly = self._poly.copy()
+    #         return f
+
+    def degree(self, gen=None):
+        """
+        Return the degree of this polynomial.
+
+        The zero polynomial has degree `-1`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: x.degree()
+            1
+            sage: (x^2).degree()
+            2
+            sage: R(1).degree()
+            0
+            sage: R(0).degree()
+            -1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: type(x.degree())
+            <class 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
+        """
+        return smallInteger(fmpz_poly_degree(self._poly))
+
+    def pseudo_divrem(self, B):
+        r"""
+        Write ``A = self``.  This function computes polynomials `Q` and `R`
+        and an integer `d` such that
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+             \mathop{\mathrm{lead}}(B)^d A = B Q + R
+
+        where R has degree less than that of B.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``B`` -- a polynomial over `\ZZ`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - ``Q``, ``R`` -- polynomials
+        - ``d`` -- nonnegative integer
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ['x']
+            sage: A = R(range(10))
+            sage: B = 3*R([-1, 0, 1])
+            sage: Q, R, d = A.pseudo_divrem(B)
+            sage: Q, R, d
+            (9*x^7 + 8*x^6 + 16*x^5 + 14*x^4 + 21*x^3 + 18*x^2 + 24*x + 20, 75*x + 60, 1)
+            sage: B.leading_coefficient()^d * A == B*Q + R
+            True
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint Q = self._new(), R = self._new(), _B = B
+        cdef ulong d
+        fmpz_poly_pseudo_divrem(Q._poly, R._poly, &d, self._poly, _B._poly)
+        return Q, R, Integer(d)
+
+    def discriminant(self, proof=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the discriminant of ``self``, which is by definition
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            (-1)^{m(m-1)/2} \mathop{\mathrm{resultant}}(a, a')/\mathop{\mathrm{lc}}(a),
+
+        where `m = \mathop{\mathrm{deg}}(a)`, and `\mathop{\mathrm{lc}}(a)` is
+        the leading coefficient of a. If ``proof`` is False (the default is
+        True), then this function may use a randomized strategy that errors
+        with probability no more than `2^{-80}`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = 3*x^3 + 2*x + 1
+            sage: f.discriminant()
+            -339
+            sage: f.discriminant(proof=False)
+            -339
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Confirm that :issue:`17603` has been applied::
+
+            sage: f.disc()
+            -339
+        """
+        cdef ZZX_c ntl_poly
+        cdef ZZ_c* temp
+        fmpz_poly_get_ZZX(ntl_poly, self._poly)
+
+        temp = ZZX_discriminant(&ntl_poly, proof)
+        cdef Integer x = Integer.__new__(Integer)
+        ZZ_to_mpz(x.value, temp)
+        del temp
+
+        return x
+
+    # Alias for discriminant
+    disc = discriminant
+
+    def __pari__(self, variable=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: t = PolynomialRing(ZZ,"t").gen()
+            sage: f = t^3 + 3*t - 17
+            sage: pari(f)                                                               # needs sage.libs.pari
+            t^3 + 3*t - 17
+            sage: f.__pari__(variable='y')                                              # needs sage.libs.pari
+            y^3 + 3*y - 17
+        """
+        if variable is None:
+            variable = self.parent().variable_name()
+        return pari(self.list()).Polrev(variable)
+
+    def squarefree_decomposition(Polynomial_integer_dense_flint self):
+        """
+        Return the square-free decomposition of ``self``.  This is
+        a partial factorization of ``self`` into square-free, relatively
+        prime polynomials.
+
+        This is a wrapper for the NTL function ``SquareFreeDecomp``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: p = (x-1)^2 * (x-2)^2 * (x-3)^3 * (x-4)
+            sage: p.squarefree_decomposition()
+            (x - 4) * (x^2 - 3*x + 2)^2 * (x - 3)^3
+            sage: p = 37 * (x-1)^2 * (x-2)^2 * (x-3)^3 * (x-4)
+            sage: p.squarefree_decomposition()
+            (37) * (x - 4) * (x^2 - 3*x + 2)^2 * (x - 3)^3
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Verify that :issue:`13053` has been resolved::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ, implementation='FLINT')
+            sage: f=-x^2
+            sage: f.squarefree_decomposition()
+            (-1) * x^2
+        """
+        cdef ZZX_c** v
+        cdef long* e
+        cdef long i, n
+        cdef fmpz_poly_t ppart
+        cdef ZZX_c ntl_poly
+        cdef Integer z
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint fac
+
+        # the sign of the content is the sign of the leading coefficient
+        z = self.content()
+        if not z.is_one():
+            fmpz_poly_init(ppart)
+
+            # the primitive part returned by FLINT has positive leading
+            # coefficient
+            fmpz_poly_primitive_part(ppart, self._poly)
+
+            fmpz_poly_get_ZZX(ntl_poly, ppart)
+            fmpz_poly_clear(ppart)
+        else:
+            fmpz_poly_get_ZZX(ntl_poly, self._poly)
+
+        # input is primitive, with positive leading coefficient
+        ZZX_squarefree_decomposition(&v, &e, &n, &ntl_poly)
+
+        F = []
+        for i from 0 <= i < n:
+            fac = self._new()
+            fmpz_poly_set_ZZX(fac._poly, v[i][0])
+            F.append( (fac,e[i]) )
+            del v[i]
+        sig_free(v)
+        sig_free(e)
+
+        return Factorization(F, unit=z, sort=False)
+
+    def _factor_pari(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = (x^2-2)*(x^5-3)^2
+            sage: f._factor_pari()                                                      # needs sage.libs.pari
+            (x^2 - 2) * (x^5 - 3)^2
+            sage: (1234567898765432123456789876543212345678987*f)._factor_pari()        # needs sage.libs.pari
+            1234567898765432123456789876543212345678987 * (x^2 - 2) * (x^5 - 3)^2
+        """
+        return Polynomial.factor(self) # uses pari for integers over ZZ
+
+    def _factor_ntl(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = (x^2-2)*(x^5-3)^2
+            sage: f._factor_ntl()
+            (x^2 - 2) * (x^5 - 3)^2
+            sage: (12345678987654321234567898765432123456789876*f)._factor_ntl()
+            12345678987654321234567898765432123456789876 * (x^2 - 2) * (x^5 - 3)^2
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint fac_py
+        cdef fmpz_t tcontent
+        cdef ZZX_c ntl_poly
+        cdef ZZ_c content
+        cdef vec_pair_ZZX_long_c factors
+        cdef long i
+        cdef int sig_me = fmpz_poly_degree(self._poly)
+
+        fmpz_poly_get_ZZX(ntl_poly, self._poly)
+
+        if sig_me > 10:
+            sig_on()
+        ZZX_factor(content, factors, ntl_poly, 0, 0)
+        if sig_me > 10:
+            sig_off()
+
+        results = []
+        unit = None
+
+        if ZZ_sign(content) < 0:
+            unit = Integer(-1)
+            ZZ_abs(content, content)
+
+        if not ZZ_IsOne(content):
+            fac_py = self._new()
+            fmpz_init(tcontent)
+            fmpz_set_ZZ(tcontent, content)
+            fmpz_poly_set_coeff_fmpz(fac_py._poly, 0, tcontent)
+            results.append( (fac_py,1) )
+            fmpz_clear(tcontent)
+
+        for i from 0 <= i < factors.length():
+            fac_py = self._new()
+            fmpz_poly_set_ZZX(fac_py._poly, factors.RawGet(i).a)
+            results.append( (fac_py,factors.RawGet(i).b) )
+        return Factorization(results, unit = unit)
+
+    def factor(self):
+        """
+        This function overrides the generic polynomial factorization to
+        make a somewhat intelligent decision to use PARI or NTL based on
+        some benchmarking.
+
+        Note: This function factors the content of the polynomial,
+        which can take very long if it's a really big integer.  If you
+        do not need the content factored, divide it out of your
+        polynomial before calling this function.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = x^4 - 1
+            sage: f.factor()
+            (x - 1) * (x + 1) * (x^2 + 1)
+            sage: f = 1 - x
+            sage: f.factor()
+            (-1) * (x - 1)
+            sage: f.factor().unit()
+            -1
+            sage: f = -30*x; f.factor()
+            (-1) * 2 * 3 * 5 * x
+        """
+        cdef long deg = fmpz_poly_degree(self._poly)
+        # it appears that pari has a window from about degrees 30 and 300
+        # in which it beats NTL.
+        c = self.content()
+        g = self // c
+        if deg < 30 or deg > 300:
+            return c.factor() * g._factor_ntl()
+        else:
+            return c.factor() * g._factor_pari()
+
+    def factor_mod(self, p):
+        """
+        Return the factorization of ``self`` modulo the prime `p`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- prime
+
+        OUTPUT: factorization of ``self`` reduced modulo `p`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.pari
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ['x']
+            sage: f = -3*x*(x-2)*(x-9) + x
+            sage: f.factor_mod(3)
+            x
+            sage: f = -3 * x * (x - 2) * (x - 9)
+            sage: f.factor_mod(3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ArithmeticError: factorization of 0 is not defined
+            sage: f = 2 * x * (x - 2) * (x - 9)
+            sage: f.factor_mod(7)
+            (2) * x * (x + 5)^2
+        """
+        from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_constructor import FiniteField
+        p = Integer(p)
+        if not p.is_prime():
+            raise ValueError("p must be prime")
+        if not any(c % p for c in self.coefficients()):
+            raise ArithmeticError("factorization of 0 is not defined")
+        f = self.__pari__()
+        G = f.factormod(p)
+        k = FiniteField(p)
+        R = k[self.parent().variable_name()]
+        return R(1)._factor_pari_helper(G, unit=R(self).leading_coefficient())
+
+    def factor_padic(self, p, prec=10):
+        """
+        Return `p`-adic factorization of ``self`` to given precision.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- prime
+
+        - ``prec`` -- integer; the precision
+
+        OUTPUT: factorization of ``self`` over the completion at `p`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
+            sage: f = x^2 + 1
+            sage: f.factor_padic(5, 4)                                                  # needs sage.rings.padics
+            ((1 + O(5^4))*x + 2 + 5 + 2*5^2 + 5^3 + O(5^4))
+            * ((1 + O(5^4))*x + 3 + 3*5 + 2*5^2 + 3*5^3 + O(5^4))
+
+        A more difficult example::
+
+            sage: f = 100 * (5*x + 1)^2 * (x + 5)^2
+            sage: f.factor_padic(5, 10)                                                 # needs sage.rings.padics
+            (4 + O(5^10)) * (5 + O(5^11))^2 * ((1 + O(5^10))*x + 5 + O(5^10))^2
+            * ((5 + O(5^10))*x + 1 + O(5^10))^2
+        """
+        from sage.rings.padics.factory import Zp
+
+        p = Integer(p)
+        prec = Integer(prec)
+
+        # Parent field for coefficients and polynomial
+        K = Zp(p, prec, type='capped-rel')
+        R = K[self.parent().variable_name()]
+
+        # Factor the *exact* polynomial using factorpadic()
+        G = self._pari_with_name().factorpadic(p, prec)
+
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.padics.polynomial_padic import _pari_padic_factorization_to_sage
+        return _pari_padic_factorization_to_sage(G, R, self.leading_coefficient())
+
+    cpdef list list(self, bint copy=True):
+        """
+        Return a new copy of the list of the underlying
+        elements of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(ZZ,'x').0
+            sage: f = x^3 + 3*x - 17
+            sage: f.list()
+            [-17, 3, 0, 1]
+            sage: f = PolynomialRing(ZZ,'x')(0)
+            sage: f.list()
+            []
+        """
+        return [self.get_unsafe(i) for i in range(self.degree()+1)]
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def resultant(self, other, proof=True):
+        """
+        Return the resultant of ``self`` and ``other``, which must lie in the same
+        polynomial ring.
+
+        If ``proof=False`` (the default is ``proof=True``), then this function may
+        use a randomized strategy that errors with probability no more than
+        `2^{-80}`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a polynomial
+
+        OUTPUT: an element of the base ring of the polynomial ring
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(ZZ,'x').0
+            sage: f = x^3 + x + 1;  g = x^3 - x - 1
+            sage: r = f.resultant(g); r
+            -8
+            sage: r.parent() is ZZ
+            True
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, Polynomial_integer_dense_flint):
+            other = self.parent()(other)
+        elif self.parent() is not other.parent():
+            raise TypeError
+
+        cdef fmpz_t res
+        fmpz_init(res)
+        cdef Integer x = Integer.__new__(Integer)
+
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_resultant(res, self._poly,
+                (<Polynomial_integer_dense_flint>other)._poly)
+        sig_off()
+        fmpz_get_mpz(x.value, res)
+        fmpz_clear(res)
+        return x
+
+    def reverse(self, degree=None):
+        """
+        Return a polynomial with the coefficients of this polynomial reversed.
+
+        If an optional degree argument is given the coefficient list will be
+        truncated or zero padded as necessary before computing the reverse.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = ZZ[]
+            sage: p = R([1,2,3,4]); p
+            4*x^3 + 3*x^2 + 2*x + 1
+            sage: p.reverse()
+            x^3 + 2*x^2 + 3*x + 4
+            sage: p.reverse(degree=6)
+            x^6 + 2*x^5 + 3*x^4 + 4*x^3
+            sage: p.reverse(degree=2)
+            x^2 + 2*x + 3
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p.reverse(degree=1.5r)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: degree argument must be a nonnegative integer, got 1.5
+
+        Check that this implementation is compatible with the generic one::
+
+            sage: p = R([0,1,0,2])
+            sage: all(p.reverse(d) == Polynomial.reverse(p, d)
+            ....:     for d in [None, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
+            True
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint res = self._new()
+        cdef unsigned long d
+        if degree is not None:
+            if degree < 0:
+                raise ValueError("degree argument must be a nonnegative integer, got %s" % (degree))
+            d = degree
+            if d != degree:
+                raise ValueError("degree argument must be a nonnegative integer, got %s" % (degree))
+            # FLINT expects length
+            fmpz_poly_reverse(res._poly, self._poly, d+1)
+        else:
+            fmpz_poly_reverse(res._poly, self._poly,
+                    fmpz_poly_length(self._poly))
+        return res
+
+    def revert_series(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return a polynomial `f` such that `f(` ``self`` `(x)) =` ``self`` `(f(x)) = x` (mod `x^n`).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = t - t^3 + t^5
+            sage: f.revert_series(6)
+            2*t^5 + t^3 + t
+
+            sage: f.revert_series(-1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: argument n must be a nonnegative integer, got -1
+
+            sage: g = - t^3 + t^5
+            sage: g.revert_series(6)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: self must have constant coefficient 0 and a unit for coefficient t^1
+        """
+        cdef Polynomial_integer_dense_flint res = self._new()
+        cdef unsigned long m
+        if n < 0:
+            raise ValueError("argument n must be a nonnegative integer, got {}".format(n))
+        m = n
+        if not self[0].is_zero() or not self[1].is_unit():
+            raise ValueError("self must have constant coefficient 0 and a unit for coefficient {}^1".format(self.parent().gen()))
+
+        sig_on()
+        fmpz_poly_revert_series(res._poly, self._poly, m)
+        sig_off()
+
+        return res