passagemath-combinat 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_x86_64.whl

sage/algebras/quantum_groups/representations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.combinat sage.graphs sage.modules
+r"""
+Quantum Group Representations
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2018): initial version
+"""
+
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2018 Travis Scrimshaw <tcscrims at gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.combinat.free_module import CombinatorialFreeModule
+from sage.misc.lazy_attribute import lazy_attribute
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.q_numbers import q_int
+from sage.categories.crystals import Crystals
+from sage.categories.quantum_group_representations import QuantumGroupRepresentations
+
+
+class QuantumGroupRepresentation(CombinatorialFreeModule):
+    """
+    A representation of a quantum group whose basis is indexed
+    by the corresponding (combinatorial) crystal.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``C`` -- the crystal corresponding to the representation
+    - ``R`` -- the base ring
+    - ``q`` -- (default: the generator of ``R``) the parameter `q`
+      of the quantum group
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall__(cls, R, C, q=None):
+        """
+        Normalize input to ensure a unique representation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import MinusculeRepresentation
+            sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3], shape=[1,1])
+            sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+            sage: V1 = MinusculeRepresentation(R, C)
+            sage: V2 = MinusculeRepresentation(R, C, R.gen())
+            sage: V1 is V2
+            True
+        """
+        if q is None:
+            q = R.gen()
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, R, C, q)
+
+    def __init__(self, R, C, q):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import MinusculeRepresentation
+            sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3], shape=[1,1])
+            sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+            sage: V = MinusculeRepresentation(R, C)
+            sage: TestSuite(V).run()
+        """
+        self._q = q
+        self._d = C.cartan_type().symmetrizer()
+        cat = QuantumGroupRepresentations(R).WithBasis()
+        if C in Crystals().Finite():
+            cat = cat.FiniteDimensional()
+        CombinatorialFreeModule.__init__(self, R, C, category=cat)
+
+    def cartan_type(self):
+        """
+        Return the Cartan type of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import AdjointRepresentation
+            sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['C',3], shape=[1])
+            sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+            sage: V = AdjointRepresentation(R, C)
+            sage: V.cartan_type()
+            ['C', 3]
+        """
+        return self.basis().keys().cartan_type()
+
+    def K_on_basis(self, i, b, power=1):
+        r"""
+        Return the action of `K_i` on the basis element indexed by ``b``
+        to the power ``power``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- an element of the index set
+        - ``b`` -- an element of basis keys
+        - ``power`` -- (default: 1) the power of `K_i`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import MinusculeRepresentation
+            sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3], shape=[1,1])
+            sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+            sage: V = MinusculeRepresentation(R, C)
+            sage: [[V.K_on_basis(i, b) for i in V.index_set()] for b in C]
+            [[B[[[1], [2]]], q*B[[[1], [2]]], B[[[1], [2]]]],
+             [q*B[[[1], [3]]], 1/q*B[[[1], [3]]], q*B[[[1], [3]]]],
+             [1/q*B[[[2], [3]]], B[[[2], [3]]], q*B[[[2], [3]]]],
+             [q*B[[[1], [4]]], B[[[1], [4]]], 1/q*B[[[1], [4]]]],
+             [1/q*B[[[2], [4]]], q*B[[[2], [4]]], 1/q*B[[[2], [4]]]],
+             [B[[[3], [4]]], 1/q*B[[[3], [4]]], B[[[3], [4]]]]]
+            sage: [[V.K_on_basis(i, b, -1) for i in V.index_set()] for b in C]
+            [[B[[[1], [2]]], 1/q*B[[[1], [2]]], B[[[1], [2]]]],
+             [1/q*B[[[1], [3]]], q*B[[[1], [3]]], 1/q*B[[[1], [3]]]],
+             [q*B[[[2], [3]]], B[[[2], [3]]], 1/q*B[[[2], [3]]]],
+             [1/q*B[[[1], [4]]], B[[[1], [4]]], q*B[[[1], [4]]]],
+             [q*B[[[2], [4]]], 1/q*B[[[2], [4]]], q*B[[[2], [4]]]],
+             [B[[[3], [4]]], q*B[[[3], [4]]], B[[[3], [4]]]]]
+        """
+        WLR = self.basis().keys().weight_lattice_realization()
+        alc = WLR.simple_coroots()
+        return self.term(b, self._q**(b.weight().scalar(alc[i]) * self._d[i] * power))
+
+
+class CyclicRepresentation(QuantumGroupRepresentation):
+    """
+    A cyclic quantum group representation that is indexed by either a
+    highest weight crystal or Kirillov-Reshetikhin crystal.
+
+    The crystal ``C`` must either allow ``C.module_generator()``,
+    otherwise it is assumed to be generated by ``C.module_generators[0]``.
+
+    This is meant as an abstract base class for
+    :class:`~sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representation.AdjointRepresentation`
+    and
+    :class:`~sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representation.MinusculeRepresentation`.
+    """
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import AdjointRepresentation
+            sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['C',3], shape=[1])
+            sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+            sage: AdjointRepresentation(R, C)
+            V((1, 0, 0))
+        """
+        try:
+            mg = self.basis().keys().module_generator()
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+            mg = self.basis().keys().module_generators[0]
+        return "V({})".format(mg.weight())
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a latex representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import AdjointRepresentation
+            sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['G',2], shape=[1])
+            sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+            sage: V = AdjointRepresentation(R, C)
+            sage: latex(V)
+            V\left( e_{0} - e_{2} \right)
+
+            sage: La = RootSystem(['E',7,1]).weight_space().fundamental_weights()
+            sage: K = crystals.ProjectedLevelZeroLSPaths(La[1])
+            sage: A = AdjointRepresentation(R, K)
+            sage: latex(A)
+            V\left( -2 \Lambda_{0} + \Lambda_{1} \right)
+        """
+        try:
+            mg = self.basis().keys().module_generator()
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+            mg = self.basis().keys().module_generators[0]
+        from sage.misc.latex import latex
+        return r"V\left( {} \right)".format(latex(mg.weight()))
+
+    @cached_method
+    def module_generator(self):
+        """
+        Return the module generator of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import AdjointRepresentation
+            sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['G',2], shape=[1,1])
+            sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+            sage: V = AdjointRepresentation(R, C)
+            sage: V.module_generator()
+            B[[[1], [2]]]
+
+            sage: K = crystals.KirillovReshetikhin(['D',4,2], 1,1)
+            sage: A = AdjointRepresentation(R, K)
+            sage: A.module_generator()
+            B[[[1]]]
+        """
+        try:
+            mg = self.basis().keys().module_generator()
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+            mg = self.basis().keys().module_generators[0]
+        return self.monomial(mg)
+
+
+class AdjointRepresentation(CyclicRepresentation):
+    r"""
+    An (generalized) adjoint representation of a quantum group.
+
+    We define an *(generalized) adjoint representation* `V` of a
+    quantum group `U_q` to be a cyclic `U_q`-module with a weight
+    space decomposition `V = \bigoplus_{\mu} V_{\mu}` such that
+    `\dim V_{\mu} \leq 1` unless `\mu = 0`. Moreover, we require
+    that there exists a basis `\{y_j | j \in J\}` for `V_0` such
+    that `e_i y_j = 0` for all `j \neq i \in I`.
+
+    For a base ring `R`, we construct an adjoint representation from
+    its (combinatorial) crystal `B` by `V = R \{v_b | b \in B\}` with
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \begin{aligned}
+        e_i v_b & = \begin{cases}
+            v_{e_i b} / [\varphi_i(e_i b)]_{q_i},
+                & \text{if } \operatorname{wt}(b) \neq 0, \\
+            v_{e_i b} + \sum_{j \neq i} [-A_{ij}]_{q_i} / [2]_{q_i} v_{y_j}
+                & \text{otherwise}
+            \end{cases} \\
+        f_i v_b & = \begin{cases}
+            v_{f_i b} / [\varepsilon_i(f_i b)]_{q_i},
+                & \text{if } \operatorname{wt}(b) \neq 0, \\
+            v_{f_i b} + \sum_{j \neq i} [-A_{ij}]_{q_i} / [2]_{q_i} v_{y_j}
+                & \text{otherwise}
+            \end{cases} \\
+        K_i v_b & = q^{\langle h_i, \operatorname{wt}(b) \rangle} v_b,
+        \end{aligned}
+
+    where `(A_{ij})_{i,j \in I}` is the Cartan matrix, and we
+    consider `v_0 := 0`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``C`` -- the crystal corresponding to the representation
+    - ``R`` -- the base ring
+    - ``q`` -- (default: the generator of ``R``) the parameter `q`
+      of the quantum group
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        This assumes that `q` is generic.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import AdjointRepresentation
+        sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+        sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['D',4], shape=[1,1])
+        sage: V = AdjointRepresentation(R, C)
+        sage: V
+        V((1, 1, 0, 0))
+        sage: v = V.an_element(); v
+        2*B[[[1], [2]]] + 2*B[[[1], [3]]] + 3*B[[[2], [3]]]
+        sage: v.e(2)
+        2*B[[[1], [2]]]
+        sage: v.f(2)
+        2*B[[[1], [3]]]
+        sage: v.f(4)
+        2*B[[[1], [-4]]] + 3*B[[[2], [-4]]]
+        sage: v.K(3)
+        2*B[[[1], [2]]] + 2*q*B[[[1], [3]]] + 3*q*B[[[2], [3]]]
+        sage: v.K(2,-2)
+        2/q^2*B[[[1], [2]]] + 2*q^2*B[[[1], [3]]] + 3*B[[[2], [3]]]
+
+        sage: La = RootSystem(['F',4,1]).weight_space().fundamental_weights()
+        sage: K = crystals.ProjectedLevelZeroLSPaths(La[4])
+        sage: A = AdjointRepresentation(R, K)
+        sage: A
+        V(-Lambda[0] + Lambda[4])
+
+    Sort the summands uniformly in Python 2 and Python 3::
+
+        sage: A.print_options(sorting_key=lambda x: str(x))
+        sage: v = A.an_element(); v
+        2*B[(-Lambda[0] + Lambda[3] - Lambda[4],)]
+         + 2*B[(-Lambda[0] + Lambda[4],)]
+         + 3*B[(Lambda[0] - Lambda[1] + Lambda[4],)]
+        sage: v.e(0)
+        2*B[(Lambda[0] - Lambda[1] + Lambda[3] - Lambda[4],)]
+         + 2*B[(Lambda[0] - Lambda[1] + Lambda[4],)]
+        sage: v.f(0)
+        3*B[(-Lambda[0] + Lambda[4],)]
+
+    REFERENCES:
+
+    - [OS2018]_
+    """
+    def __init__(self, R, C, q):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import AdjointRepresentation
+            sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['B',3], shape=[1,1])
+            sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+            sage: V = AdjointRepresentation(R, C)
+            sage: TestSuite(V).run()
+
+            sage: A = crystals.Tableaux(['A',2], shape=[2,1])
+            sage: VA = AdjointRepresentation(R, A)
+            sage: TestSuite(VA).run()
+
+            sage: K1 = crystals.KirillovReshetikhin(['C',3,1], 1,1)
+            sage: A1 = AdjointRepresentation(R, K1)
+            sage: TestSuite(A1).run()
+            sage: K2 = crystals.KirillovReshetikhin(['C',2,1], 1,2)
+            sage: A2 = AdjointRepresentation(R, K2)
+            sage: TestSuite(A2).run()
+        """
+        self._WLR_zero = C.weight_lattice_realization().zero()
+        CyclicRepresentation.__init__(self, R, C, q)
+        ct = C.cartan_type()
+        if ct.is_finite() and ct.type() == 'A':
+            def test_zero(x):
+                wt = x.weight()
+                return all(wt.scalar(ac) == 0
+                           for ac in self._WLR_zero.parent().simple_coroots())
+            self._check_zero_wt = test_zero
+        else:
+            self._check_zero_wt = lambda x: x.weight() == self._WLR_zero
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def _zero_elts(self):
+        r"""
+        Find all of the elements of weight `0` in the basis keys.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import AdjointRepresentation
+            sage: K = crystals.KirillovReshetikhin(['D',4,1], 2,1)
+            sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+            sage: V = AdjointRepresentation(R, K)
+            sage: V._zero_elts
+            {0: [], 1: [[2], [-2]], 2: [[3], [-3]],
+             3: [[4], [-4]], 4: [[-4], [4]]}
+        """
+        C = self.basis().keys()
+        ret = {}
+        for x in C:
+            if self._check_zero_wt(x):
+                for i in C.index_set():
+                    if x.epsilon(i) > 0:
+                        ret[i] = x
+                        break
+        return ret
+
+    def e_on_basis(self, i, b):
+        r"""
+        Return the action of `e_i` on the basis element indexed by ``b``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- an element of the index set
+        - ``b`` -- an element of basis keys
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import AdjointRepresentation
+            sage: K = crystals.KirillovReshetikhin(['D',3,2], 1,1)
+            sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+            sage: V = AdjointRepresentation(R, K)
+            sage: mg0 = K.module_generators[0]; mg0
+            []
+            sage: mg1 = K.module_generators[1]; mg1
+            [[1]]
+            sage: V.e_on_basis(0, mg0)
+            ((q^2+1)/q)*B[[[-1]]]
+            sage: V.e_on_basis(0, mg1)
+            B[[]]
+            sage: V.e_on_basis(1, mg0)
+            0
+            sage: V.e_on_basis(1, mg1)
+            0
+            sage: V.e_on_basis(2, mg0)
+            0
+            sage: V.e_on_basis(2, mg1)
+            0
+
+            sage: K = crystals.KirillovReshetikhin(['D',4,3], 1,1)
+            sage: V = AdjointRepresentation(R, K)
+            sage: V.e_on_basis(0, K.module_generator())
+            B[[]] + (q/(q^2+1))*B[[[0]]]
+        """
+        C = self.basis().keys()
+        x = b.e(i)
+        if x is None:
+            return self.zero()
+        I = {j: pos for pos,j in enumerate(C.index_set())}
+        if self._check_zero_wt(x):
+            A = C.cartan_type().cartan_matrix()
+            return self.monomial(x) + sum(self.term(self._zero_elts[j],
+                                                    q_int(-A[I[i],I[j]], self._q**self._d[i])
+                                                    / q_int(2, self._q**self._d[j]))
+                                          for j in C.index_set()
+                                          if A[I[i],I[j]] < 0 and j in self._zero_elts)
+        return self.term(x, q_int(x.phi(i), self._q**self._d[i]))
+
+    def f_on_basis(self, i, b):
+        r"""
+        Return the action of `f_i` on the basis element indexed by ``b``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- an element of the index set
+        - ``b`` -- an element of basis keys
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import AdjointRepresentation
+            sage: K = crystals.KirillovReshetikhin(['D',3,2], 1,1)
+            sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+            sage: V = AdjointRepresentation(R, K)
+            sage: mg0 = K.module_generators[0]; mg0
+            []
+            sage: mg1 = K.module_generators[1]; mg1
+            [[1]]
+            sage: V.f_on_basis(0, mg0)
+            ((q^2+1)/q)*B[[[1]]]
+            sage: V.f_on_basis(0, mg1)
+            0
+            sage: V.f_on_basis(1, mg0)
+            0
+            sage: V.f_on_basis(1, mg1)
+            B[[[2]]]
+            sage: V.f_on_basis(2, mg0)
+            0
+            sage: V.f_on_basis(2, mg1)
+            0
+
+            sage: K = crystals.KirillovReshetikhin(['D',4,3], 1,1)
+            sage: V = AdjointRepresentation(R, K)
+            sage: lw = K.module_generator().to_lowest_weight([1,2])[0]
+            sage: V.f_on_basis(0, lw)
+            B[[]] + (q/(q^2+1))*B[[[0]]]
+        """
+        C = self.basis().keys()
+        x = b.f(i)
+        if x is None:
+            return self.zero()
+        I = {j: pos for pos,j in enumerate(C.index_set())}
+        if self._check_zero_wt(x):
+            A = C.cartan_type().cartan_matrix()
+            return self.monomial(x) + sum(self.term(self._zero_elts[j],
+                                                    q_int(-A[I[i],I[j]],
+                                                    self._q**self._d[i])
+                                                    / q_int(2, self._q**self._d[j]))
+                                          for j in C.index_set()
+                                          if A[I[i],I[j]] < 0 and j in self._zero_elts)
+        return self.term(x, q_int(x.epsilon(i), self._q**self._d[i]))
+
+
+class MinusculeRepresentation(CyclicRepresentation):
+    r"""
+    A minuscule representation of a quantum group.
+
+    A quantum group representation `V` is *minuscule* if it is
+    cyclic, there is a weight space decomposition
+    `V = \bigoplus_{\mu} V_{\mu}` with `\dim V_{\mu} \leq 1`,
+    and `e_i^2 V = 0` and `f_i^2 V = 0`.
+
+    For a base ring `R`, we construct a minuscule representation from
+    its (combinatorial) crystal `B` by `V = R \{v_b | b \in B\}` with
+    `e_i v_b = v_{e_i b}`, `f_i v_b = v_{f_i b}`, and
+    `K_i v_b = q^{\langle h_i, \operatorname{wt}(b) \rangle} v_b`,
+    where we consider `v_0 := 0`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``C`` -- the crystal corresponding to the representation
+    - ``R`` -- the base ring
+    - ``q`` -- (default: the generator of ``R``) the parameter `q`
+      of the quantum group
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        This assumes that `q` is generic.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import MinusculeRepresentation
+        sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+        sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['B',3], shape=[1/2,1/2,1/2])
+        sage: V = MinusculeRepresentation(R, C)
+        sage: V
+        V((1/2, 1/2, 1/2))
+        sage: v = V.an_element(); v
+        2*B[[+++, []]] + 2*B[[++-, []]] + 3*B[[+-+, []]]
+        sage: v.e(3)
+        2*B[[+++, []]]
+        sage: v.f(1)
+        3*B[[-++, []]]
+        sage: v.f(3)
+        2*B[[++-, []]] + 3*B[[+--, []]]
+        sage: v.K(2)
+        2*B[[+++, []]] + 2*q^2*B[[++-, []]] + 3/q^2*B[[+-+, []]]
+        sage: v.K(3, -2)
+        2/q^2*B[[+++, []]] + 2*q^2*B[[++-, []]] + 3/q^2*B[[+-+, []]]
+
+        sage: K = crystals.KirillovReshetikhin(['D',4,2], 3,1)
+        sage: A = MinusculeRepresentation(R, K)
+        sage: A
+        V(-Lambda[0] + Lambda[3])
+        sage: v = A.an_element(); v
+        2*B[[+++, []]] + 2*B[[++-, []]] + 3*B[[+-+, []]]
+        sage: v.f(0)
+        0
+        sage: v.e(0)
+        2*B[[-++, []]] + 2*B[[-+-, []]] + 3*B[[--+, []]]
+
+    REFERENCES:
+
+    - [OS2018]_
+    """
+    def e_on_basis(self, i, b):
+        r"""
+        Return the action of `e_i` on the basis element indexed by ``b``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- an element of the index set
+        - ``b`` -- an element of basis keys
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import MinusculeRepresentation
+            sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3], shape=[1,1])
+            sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+            sage: V = MinusculeRepresentation(R, C)
+            sage: lw = C.lowest_weight_vectors()[0]
+            sage: V.e_on_basis(1, lw)
+            0
+            sage: V.e_on_basis(2, lw)
+            B[[[2], [4]]]
+            sage: V.e_on_basis(3, lw)
+            0
+            sage: hw = C.highest_weight_vectors()[0]
+            sage: all(V.e_on_basis(i, hw) == V.zero() for i in V.index_set())
+            True
+        """
+        x = b.e(i)
+        if x is None:
+            return self.zero()
+        return self.monomial(x)
+
+    def f_on_basis(self, i, b):
+        r"""
+        Return the action of `f_i` on the basis element indexed by ``b``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- an element of the index set
+        - ``b`` -- an element of basis keys
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.quantum_groups.representations import MinusculeRepresentation
+            sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3], shape=[1,1])
+            sage: R = ZZ['q'].fraction_field()
+            sage: V = MinusculeRepresentation(R, C)
+            sage: hw = C.highest_weight_vectors()[0]
+            sage: V.f_on_basis(1, hw)
+            0
+            sage: V.f_on_basis(2, hw)
+            B[[[1], [3]]]
+            sage: V.f_on_basis(3, hw)
+            0
+            sage: lw = C.lowest_weight_vectors()[0]
+            sage: all(V.f_on_basis(i, lw) == V.zero() for i in V.index_set())
+            True
+        """
+        x = b.f(i)
+        if x is None:
+            return self.zero()
+        return self.monomial(x)