paradigma 0.3.1__py3-none-any.whl → 0.4.0__py3-none-any.whl

paradigma/pipelines/gait_pipeline.py

@@ -0,0 +1,727 @@
+import numpy as np
+import os
+import pandas as pd
+from pathlib import Path
+from scipy.signal import periodogram
+from typing import List, Tuple
+import tsdf
+
+from paradigma.classification import ClassifierPackage
+from paradigma.constants import DataColumns, TimeUnit
+from paradigma.config import GaitConfig
+from paradigma.feature_extraction import pca_transform_gyroscope, compute_angle, remove_moving_average_angle, \
+    extract_angle_extremes, compute_range_of_motion, compute_peak_angular_velocity, compute_statistics, \
+    compute_std_euclidean_norm, compute_power_in_bandwidth, compute_dominant_frequency, compute_mfccs, \
+    compute_total_power
+from paradigma.segmenting import tabulate_windows, create_segments, discard_segments, categorize_segments, WindowedDataExtractor
+from paradigma.util import aggregate_parameter, merge_predictions_with_timestamps, read_metadata, write_df_data, get_end_iso8601
+
+
+def extract_gait_features(
+        df: pd.DataFrame,
+        config: GaitConfig
+    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Extracts gait features from accelerometer and gravity sensor data in the input DataFrame by computing temporal and spectral features.
+
+    This function performs the following steps:
+    1. Groups sequences of timestamps into windows, using accelerometer and gravity data.
+    2. Computes temporal domain features such as mean and standard deviation for accelerometer and gravity data.
+    3. Transforms the signals from the temporal domain to the spectral domain using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
+    4. Computes spectral domain features for the accelerometer data.
+    5. Combines both temporal and spectral features into a final DataFrame.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    df : pd.DataFrame
+        The input DataFrame containing gait data, which includes time, accelerometer, and gravity sensor data. The data should be
+        structured with the necessary columns as specified in the `config`.
+
+    onfig : GaitConfig
+        Configuration object containing parameters for feature extraction, including column names for time, accelerometer data, and
+        gravity data, as well as settings for windowing, and feature computation.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.DataFrame
+        A DataFrame containing extracted gait features, including temporal and spectral domain features. The DataFrame will have
+        columns corresponding to time, statistical features of the accelerometer and gravity data, and spectral features of the
+        accelerometer data.
+    
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - This function groups the data into windows based on timestamps and applies Fast Fourier Transform to compute spectral features.
+    - The temporal features are extracted from the accelerometer and gravity data, and include statistics like mean and standard deviation.
+    - The input DataFrame must include columns as specified in the `config` object for proper feature extraction.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If the input DataFrame does not contain the required columns as specified in the configuration or if any step in the feature extraction fails.
+    """
+    # Group sequences of timestamps into windows
+    windowed_cols = [DataColumns.TIME] + config.accelerometer_cols + config.gravity_cols
+    windowed_data = tabulate_windows(
+        df=df, 
+        columns=windowed_cols,
+        window_length_s=config.window_length_s,
+        window_step_length_s=config.window_step_length_s,
+        fs=config.sampling_frequency
+    )
+
+    extractor = WindowedDataExtractor(windowed_cols)
+
+    idx_time = extractor.get_index(DataColumns.TIME)
+    idx_acc = extractor.get_slice(config.accelerometer_cols)
+    idx_grav = extractor.get_slice(config.gravity_cols)
+
+    # Extract data
+    start_time = np.min(windowed_data[:, :, idx_time], axis=1)
+    windowed_acc = windowed_data[:, :, idx_acc]
+    windowed_grav = windowed_data[:, :, idx_grav]
+
+    df_features = pd.DataFrame(start_time, columns=[DataColumns.TIME])
+    
+    # Compute statistics of the temporal domain signals (mean, std) for accelerometer and gravity
+    df_temporal_features = extract_temporal_domain_features(
+        config=config, 
+        windowed_acc=windowed_acc,
+        windowed_grav=windowed_grav,
+        grav_stats=['mean', 'std']
+    )
+
+    # Combine temporal features with the start time
+    df_features = pd.concat([df_features, df_temporal_features], axis=1)
+
+    # Transform the accelerometer data to the spectral domain using FFT and extract spectral features
+    df_spectral_features = extract_spectral_domain_features(
+        config=config, 
+        sensor='accelerometer', 
+        windowed_data=windowed_acc
+    )
+
+    # Combine the spectral features with the previously computed temporal features
+    df_features = pd.concat([df_features, df_spectral_features], axis=1)
+
+    return df_features
+
+
+def detect_gait(
+        df: pd.DataFrame, 
+        clf_package: ClassifierPackage, 
+        parallel: bool=False
+    ) -> pd.Series:
+    """
+    Detects gait activity in the input DataFrame using a pre-trained classifier and applies a threshold to classify results.
+
+    This function performs the following steps:
+    1. Loads the pre-trained classifier and scaling parameters from the specified directory.
+    2. Scales the relevant features in the input DataFrame (`df`) using the loaded scaling parameters.
+    3. Predicts the probability of gait activity for each sample in the DataFrame using the classifier.
+    4. Applies a threshold to the predicted probabilities to determine whether gait activity is present.
+    5. Returns predicted probabilities
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    df : pd.DataFrame
+        The input DataFrame containing features extracted from gait data. It must include the necessary columns 
+        as specified in the classifier's feature names.
+
+    clf_package : ClassifierPackage
+        The pre-trained classifier package containing the classifier, threshold, and scaler.
+
+    parallel : bool, optional, default=False
+        If `True`, enables parallel processing during classification. If `False`, the classifier uses a single core.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.Series
+        A Series containing the predicted probabilities of gait activity for each sample in the input DataFrame.
+    """
+    # Set classifier
+    clf = clf_package.classifier
+    if not parallel and hasattr(clf, 'n_jobs'):
+        clf.n_jobs = 1
+
+    feature_names_scaling = clf_package.scaler.feature_names_in_
+    feature_names_predictions = clf.feature_names_in_
+
+    # Apply scaling to relevant columns
+    scaled_features = clf_package.transform_features(df.loc[:, feature_names_scaling])
+
+    # Replace scaled features in a copy of the relevant features for prediction
+    X = df.loc[:, feature_names_predictions].copy()
+    X.loc[:, feature_names_scaling] = scaled_features
+
+    # Make prediction and add the probability of gait activity to the DataFrame
+    pred_gait_proba_series = clf_package.predict_proba(X)
+
+    return pred_gait_proba_series
+
+
+def extract_arm_activity_features(
+        config: GaitConfig,
+        df_timestamps: pd.DataFrame, 
+        df_predictions: pd.DataFrame,
+        threshold: float
+    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Extract features related to arm activity from a time-series DataFrame.
+
+    This function processes a DataFrame containing accelerometer, gravity, and gyroscope signals, 
+    and extracts features related to arm activity by performing the following steps:
+    1. Merges the gait predictions with timestamps by expanding overlapping windows into individual timestamps.
+    2. Computes the angle and velocity from gyroscope data.
+    3. Filters the data to include only predicted gait segments.
+    4. Groups the data into segments based on consecutive timestamps and pre-specified gaps.
+    5. Removes segments that do not meet predefined criteria.
+    6. Creates fixed-length windows from the time series data.
+    7. Extracts angle-related features, temporal domain features, and spectral domain features.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    config : GaitConfig
+        Configuration object containing column names and parameters for feature extraction.
+
+    df_timestamps : pd.DataFrame
+        A DataFrame containing the raw sensor data, including accelerometer, gravity, and gyroscope columns.
+
+    df_predictions : pd.DataFrame
+        A DataFrame containing the predicted probabilities for gait activity per window.
+
+    config : ArmActivityFeatureExtractionConfig
+        Configuration object containing column names and parameters for feature extraction.
+
+    path_to_classifier_input : str | Path
+        The path to the directory containing the classifier files and other necessary input files for feature extraction.
+    
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.DataFrame
+        A DataFrame containing the extracted arm activity features, including angle, velocity, 
+        temporal, and spectral features.
+    """
+    if not any(df_predictions[DataColumns.PRED_GAIT_PROBA] >= threshold):
+        raise ValueError("No gait detected in the input data.")
+    
+    # Merge gait predictions with timestamps
+    gait_preprocessing_config = GaitConfig(step='gait')
+    df = merge_predictions_with_timestamps(
+        df_ts=df_timestamps, 
+        df_predictions=df_predictions, 
+        pred_proba_colname=DataColumns.PRED_GAIT_PROBA,
+        window_length_s=gait_preprocessing_config.window_length_s,
+        fs=gait_preprocessing_config.sampling_frequency
+    )
+    
+    # Add a column for predicted gait based on a fitted threshold
+    df[DataColumns.PRED_GAIT] = (df[DataColumns.PRED_GAIT_PROBA] >= threshold).astype(int)
+
+    # Filter the DataFrame to only include predicted gait (1)
+    df = df.loc[df[DataColumns.PRED_GAIT]==1].reset_index(drop=True)
+
+    # Group consecutive timestamps into segments, with new segments starting after a pre-specified gap
+    df[DataColumns.SEGMENT_NR] = create_segments(
+        time_array=df[DataColumns.TIME], 
+        max_segment_gap_s=config.max_segment_gap_s
+    )
+
+    # Remove segments that do not meet predetermined criteria
+    df = discard_segments(
+        df=df,
+        segment_nr_colname=DataColumns.SEGMENT_NR,
+        min_segment_length_s=config.min_segment_length_s,
+        fs=config.sampling_frequency,
+        format='timestamps'
+    )
+
+    # Create windows of fixed length and step size from the time series per segment
+    windowed_data = []
+    df_grouped = df.groupby(DataColumns.SEGMENT_NR)
+    windowed_cols = (
+        [DataColumns.TIME] + 
+        config.accelerometer_cols + 
+        config.gravity_cols + 
+        config.gyroscope_cols
+    )
+
+    # Collect windows from all segments in a list for faster concatenation
+    for _, group in df_grouped:
+        windows = tabulate_windows(
+            df=group, 
+            columns=windowed_cols,
+            window_length_s=config.window_length_s,
+            window_step_length_s=config.window_step_length_s,
+            fs=config.sampling_frequency
+        )
+        if len(windows) > 0:  # Skip if no windows are created
+            windowed_data.append(windows)
+
+    # If no windows were created, raise an error
+    if not windowed_data:
+        print("No windows were created from the given data.")
+        return pd.DataFrame()
+
+    # Concatenate the windows into one array at the end
+    windowed_data = np.concatenate(windowed_data, axis=0)
+
+    # Slice columns for accelerometer, gravity, gyroscope, angle, and velocity
+    extractor = WindowedDataExtractor(windowed_cols)
+
+    idx_time = extractor.get_index(DataColumns.TIME)
+    idx_acc = extractor.get_slice(config.accelerometer_cols)
+    idx_grav = extractor.get_slice(config.gravity_cols)
+    idx_gyro = extractor.get_slice(config.gyroscope_cols)
+
+    # Extract data
+    start_time = np.min(windowed_data[:, :, idx_time], axis=1)
+    windowed_acc = windowed_data[:, :, idx_acc]
+    windowed_grav = windowed_data[:, :, idx_grav]
+    windowed_gyro = windowed_data[:, :, idx_gyro]
+
+    # Initialize DataFrame for features
+    df_features = pd.DataFrame(start_time, columns=[DataColumns.TIME])
+
+    # Extract temporal domain features (e.g., mean, std for accelerometer and gravity)
+    df_temporal_features = extract_temporal_domain_features(
+        config=config, 
+        windowed_acc=windowed_acc, 
+        windowed_grav=windowed_grav, 
+        grav_stats=['mean', 'std']
+    )
+    df_features = pd.concat([df_features, df_temporal_features], axis=1)
+
+    # Extract spectral domain features for accelerometer and gyroscope signals
+    for sensor_name, windowed_sensor in zip(['accelerometer', 'gyroscope'], [windowed_acc, windowed_gyro]):
+        df_spectral_features = extract_spectral_domain_features(
+            config=config, 
+            sensor=sensor_name, 
+            windowed_data=windowed_sensor
+        )
+        df_features = pd.concat([df_features, df_spectral_features], axis=1)
+
+    return df_features
+
+
+def filter_gait(
+        df: pd.DataFrame, 
+        clf_package: ClassifierPackage, 
+        parallel: bool=False
+    ) -> pd.Series:
+    """
+    Filters gait data to identify windows with no other arm activity using a pre-trained classifier.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    df : pd.DataFrame
+        The input DataFrame containing features extracted from gait data.
+    full_path_to_classifier_package : str | Path
+        The path to the pre-trained classifier file.
+    parallel : bool, optional, default=False
+        If `True`, enables parallel processing.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.Series
+        A Series containing the predicted probabilities.
+    """
+    if df.shape[0] == 0:
+        raise ValueError("No data found in the input DataFrame.")
+    
+    # Set classifier
+    clf = clf_package.classifier
+    if not parallel and hasattr(clf, 'n_jobs'):
+        clf.n_jobs = 1
+
+    feature_names_scaling = clf_package.scaler.feature_names_in_
+    feature_names_predictions = clf.feature_names_in_
+
+    # Apply scaling to relevant columns
+    scaled_features = clf_package.transform_features(df.loc[:, feature_names_scaling])
+
+    # Replace scaled features in a copy of the relevant features for prediction
+    X = df.loc[:, feature_names_predictions].copy()
+    X.loc[:, feature_names_scaling] = scaled_features
+
+    # Make predictions
+    pred_no_other_arm_activity_proba_series = clf_package.predict_proba(X)
+
+    return pred_no_other_arm_activity_proba_series
+
+
+def quantify_arm_swing(
+        df_timestamps: pd.DataFrame, 
+        df_predictions: pd.DataFrame, 
+        classification_threshold: float, 
+        window_length_s: float,
+        max_segment_gap_s: float, 
+        min_segment_length_s: float,
+        fs: int,
+        dfs_to_quantify: List[str] | str = ['unfiltered', 'filtered'],
+    ) -> Tuple[dict[str, pd.DataFrame], dict]:
+    """
+    Quantify arm swing parameters for segments of motion based on gyroscope data.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    df_timestamps : pd.DataFrame
+        A DataFrame containing the raw sensor data, including gyroscope columns.
+
+    df_predictions : pd.DataFrame
+        A DataFrame containing the predicted probabilities for no other arm activity per window.
+
+    classification_threshold : float
+        The threshold used to classify no other arm activity based on the predicted probabilities.
+
+    window_length_s : float
+        The length of the window used for feature extraction.
+
+    max_segment_gap_s : float
+        The maximum gap allowed between segments.
+
+    min_segment_length_s : float
+        The minimum length required for a segment to be considered valid.
+
+    fs : int
+        The sampling frequency of the sensor data.
+
+    dfs_to_quantify : List[str] | str, optional
+        The DataFrames to quantify arm swing parameters for. Options are 'unfiltered' and 'filtered', with 'unfiltered' being predicted gait, and 
+        'filtered' being predicted gait without other arm activities.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Tuple[dict, dict]
+        A tuple containing a dictionary with quantified arm swing parameters for dfs_to_quantify, 
+        and a dictionary containing metadata for each segment.
+    """
+    if not any(df_predictions[DataColumns.PRED_NO_OTHER_ARM_ACTIVITY_PROBA] >= classification_threshold):
+        raise ValueError("No gait without other arm activity detected in the input data.")
+    
+    if isinstance(dfs_to_quantify, str):
+        dfs_to_quantify = [dfs_to_quantify]
+    elif not isinstance(dfs_to_quantify, list):
+        raise ValueError("dfs_to_quantify must be either 'unfiltered', 'filtered', or a list containing both.")
+
+    valid_values = {'unfiltered', 'filtered'}
+    if set(dfs_to_quantify) - valid_values:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Invalid value in dfs_to_quantify: {dfs_to_quantify}. "
+            f"Valid options are 'unfiltered', 'filtered', or both in a list."
+        ) 
+    
+    # Merge arm activity predictions with timestamps
+    df = merge_predictions_with_timestamps(
+        df_ts=df_timestamps, 
+        df_predictions=df_predictions, 
+        pred_proba_colname=DataColumns.PRED_NO_OTHER_ARM_ACTIVITY_PROBA,
+        window_length_s=window_length_s, 
+        fs=fs
+    )
+
+    # Add a column for predicted no other arm activity based on a fitted threshold
+    df[DataColumns.PRED_NO_OTHER_ARM_ACTIVITY] = (
+        df[DataColumns.PRED_NO_OTHER_ARM_ACTIVITY_PROBA] >= classification_threshold
+    ).astype(int)
+
+    # Group consecutive timestamps into segments, with new segments starting after a pre-specified gap.
+    # Segments are made based on predicted gait
+    df[DataColumns.SEGMENT_NR] = create_segments(
+        time_array=df[DataColumns.TIME], 
+        max_segment_gap_s=max_segment_gap_s
+    )
+
+    # Remove segments that do not meet predetermined criteria
+    df = discard_segments(
+        df=df,
+        segment_nr_colname=DataColumns.SEGMENT_NR,
+        min_segment_length_s=min_segment_length_s,
+        fs=fs,
+        format='timestamps'
+    )
+
+    if df.empty:
+        raise ValueError("No segments found in the input data.")
+
+    # If no arm swing data is remaining, return an empty dictionary
+    if df.loc[df[DataColumns.PRED_NO_OTHER_ARM_ACTIVITY]==1].empty:
+        
+        if 'filtered' in dfs_to_quantify and len(dfs_to_quantify) == 1:
+            raise ValueError("No gait without other arm activities to quantify.")
+        
+        dfs_to_quantify = [x for x in dfs_to_quantify if x != 'filtered']
+
+    df[DataColumns.SEGMENT_CAT] = categorize_segments(
+        df=df,
+        fs=fs
+    )
+
+    df[DataColumns.VELOCITY] = pca_transform_gyroscope(
+        df=df,
+        y_gyro_colname=DataColumns.GYROSCOPE_Y,
+        z_gyro_colname=DataColumns.GYROSCOPE_Z,
+        pred_colname=DataColumns.PRED_NO_OTHER_ARM_ACTIVITY
+    )
+
+    # Group and process segments
+    arm_swing_quantified = {}
+    segment_meta = {}
+
+    # If both unfiltered and filtered gait are to be quantified, start with the unfiltered data
+    # and subset to get filtered data afterwards.
+    dfs_to_quantify = sorted(dfs_to_quantify, reverse=True)
+
+    for df_name in dfs_to_quantify:    
+        if df_name == 'filtered':
+            # Filter the DataFrame to only include predicted no other arm activity (1)
+            df_focus = df.loc[df[DataColumns.PRED_NO_OTHER_ARM_ACTIVITY]==1].copy().reset_index(drop=True)
+
+            # Group consecutive timestamps into segments, with new segments starting after a pre-specified gap
+            # Now segments are based on predicted gait without other arm activity for subsequent processes
+            df_focus[DataColumns.SEGMENT_NR] = create_segments(
+                time_array=df[DataColumns.TIME], 
+                max_segment_gap_s=max_segment_gap_s
+            )
+        else:
+            df_focus = df.copy()
+
+        arm_swing_quantified[df_name] = []
+        segment_meta[df_name] = {}
+
+        for segment_nr, group in df_focus.groupby(DataColumns.SEGMENT_NR, sort=False):
+            segment_cat = group[DataColumns.SEGMENT_CAT].iloc[0]
+            time_array = group[DataColumns.TIME].to_numpy()
+            velocity_array = group[DataColumns.VELOCITY].to_numpy()
+
+            # Integrate the angular velocity to obtain an estimation of the angle
+            angle_array = compute_angle(
+                time_array=time_array,
+                velocity_array=velocity_array,
+            )
+
+            # Detrend angle using moving average
+            angle_array = remove_moving_average_angle(
+                angle_array=angle_array,
+                fs=fs,
+            )
+
+            segment_meta[df_name][segment_nr] = {
+                'time_s': len(angle_array) / fs,
+                DataColumns.SEGMENT_CAT: segment_cat
+            }
+
+            if angle_array.size > 0:  
+                angle_extrema_indices, _, _ = extract_angle_extremes(
+                    angle_array=angle_array,
+                    sampling_frequency=fs,
+                    max_frequency_activity=1.75
+                )
+
+                if len(angle_extrema_indices) > 1:  # Requires at minimum 2 peaks
+                    try:
+                        rom = compute_range_of_motion(
+                            angle_array=angle_array,
+                            extrema_indices=angle_extrema_indices,
+                        )
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        # Handle the error, set RoM to NaN, and log the error
+                        print(f"Error computing range of motion for segment {segment_nr}: {e}")
+                        rom = np.array([np.nan])
+
+                    try:
+                        pav = compute_peak_angular_velocity(
+                            velocity_array=velocity_array,
+                            angle_extrema_indices=angle_extrema_indices
+                        )
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        # Handle the error, set pav to NaN, and log the error
+                        print(f"Error computing peak angular velocity for segment {segment_nr}: {e}")
+                        pav = np.array([np.nan])
+
+                    df_params_segment = pd.DataFrame({
+                        DataColumns.SEGMENT_NR: segment_nr,
+                        DataColumns.RANGE_OF_MOTION: rom,
+                        DataColumns.PEAK_VELOCITY: pav
+                    })
+
+                    arm_swing_quantified[df_name].append(df_params_segment)
+
+        arm_swing_quantified[df_name] = pd.concat(arm_swing_quantified[df_name], ignore_index=True)
+            
+    return {df_name: arm_swing_quantified[df_name] for df_name in dfs_to_quantify}, segment_meta
+
+
+def aggregate_arm_swing_params(df_arm_swing_params: pd.DataFrame, segment_meta: dict, aggregates: List[str] = ['median']) -> dict:
+    """
+    Aggregate the quantification results for arm swing parameters.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    df_arm_swing_params : pd.DataFrame
+        A dataframe containing the arm swing parameters to be aggregated
+
+    segment_meta : dict
+        A dictionary containing metadata for each segment.
+        
+    aggregates : List[str], optional
+        A list of aggregation methods to apply to the quantification results.
+        
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict
+        A dictionary containing the aggregated quantification results for arm swing parameters.
+    """
+    arm_swing_parameters = [DataColumns.RANGE_OF_MOTION, DataColumns.PEAK_VELOCITY]
+
+    uq_segment_cats = set([segment_meta[x][DataColumns.SEGMENT_CAT] for x in df_arm_swing_params[DataColumns.SEGMENT_NR].unique()])
+
+    aggregated_results = {}
+    for segment_cat in uq_segment_cats:
+        cat_segments = [x for x in segment_meta.keys() if segment_meta[x][DataColumns.SEGMENT_CAT] == segment_cat]
+
+        aggregated_results[segment_cat] = {
+            'time_s': sum([segment_meta[x]['time_s'] for x in cat_segments])
+        }
+
+        df_arm_swing_params_cat = df_arm_swing_params[df_arm_swing_params[DataColumns.SEGMENT_NR].isin(cat_segments)]
+        
+        for arm_swing_parameter in arm_swing_parameters:
+            for aggregate in aggregates:
+                aggregated_results[segment_cat][f'{aggregate}_{arm_swing_parameter}'] = aggregate_parameter(df_arm_swing_params_cat[arm_swing_parameter], aggregate)
+
+    aggregated_results['all_segment_categories'] = {
+        'time_s': sum([segment_meta[x]['time_s'] for x in segment_meta.keys()])
+    }
+
+    for arm_swing_parameter in arm_swing_parameters:
+        for aggregate in aggregates:
+            aggregated_results['all_segment_categories'][f'{aggregate}_{arm_swing_parameter}'] = aggregate_parameter(df_arm_swing_params[arm_swing_parameter], aggregate)
+
+    return aggregated_results
+
+
+def extract_temporal_domain_features(
+        config, 
+        windowed_acc: np.ndarray, 
+        windowed_grav: np.ndarray, 
+        grav_stats: List[str] = ['mean']
+        ) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Compute temporal domain features for the accelerometer signal.
+
+    This function calculates various statistical features for the gravity signal 
+    and computes the standard deviation of the accelerometer's Euclidean norm.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    config : object
+        Configuration object containing the accelerometer and gravity column names.
+    windowed_acc : numpy.ndarray
+        A 2D numpy array of shape (N, M) where N is the number of windows and M is 
+        the number of accelerometer values per window.
+    windowed_grav : numpy.ndarray
+        A 2D numpy array of shape (N, M) where N is the number of windows and M is 
+        the number of gravity signal values per window.
+    grav_stats : list of str, optional
+        A list of statistics to compute for the gravity signal (default is ['mean']).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.DataFrame
+        A DataFrame containing the computed features, with each row corresponding 
+        to a window and each column representing a specific feature.
+    """
+    # Compute gravity statistics (e.g., mean, std, etc.)
+    feature_dict = {}
+    for stat in grav_stats:
+        stats_result = compute_statistics(data=windowed_grav, statistic=stat)
+        for i, col in enumerate(config.gravity_cols):
+            feature_dict[f'{col}_{stat}'] = stats_result[:, i]
+
+    # Compute standard deviation of the Euclidean norm of the accelerometer signal
+    feature_dict['accelerometer_std_norm'] = compute_std_euclidean_norm(data=windowed_acc)
+
+    return pd.DataFrame(feature_dict)
+
+
+def extract_spectral_domain_features(
+        windowed_data: np.ndarray,
+        config, 
+        sensor: str, 
+    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Compute spectral domain features for a sensor's data.
+
+    This function computes the periodogram, extracts power in specific frequency bands, 
+    calculates the dominant frequency, and computes Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) 
+    for a given sensor's windowed data.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    windowed_data : numpy.ndarray
+        A 2D numpy array where each row corresponds to a window of sensor data.
+
+    config : object
+        Configuration object containing settings such as sampling frequency, window type, 
+        frequency bands, and MFCC parameters.
+
+    sensor : str
+        The name of the sensor (e.g., 'accelerometer', 'gyroscope').
+    
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.DataFrame
+        A DataFrame containing the computed spectral features, with each row corresponding 
+        to a window and each column representing a specific feature.
+    """
+    # Initialize a dictionary to hold the results
+    feature_dict = {}
+
+    # Compute periodogram (power spectral density)
+    freqs, psd = periodogram(
+        x=windowed_data, 
+        fs=config.sampling_frequency, 
+        window=config.window_type, 
+        axis=1
+    )
+
+    # Compute power in specified frequency bands
+    for band_name, band_freqs in config.d_frequency_bandwidths.items():
+        band_powers = compute_power_in_bandwidth(
+            freqs=freqs,
+            psd=psd, 
+            fmin=band_freqs[0],
+            fmax=band_freqs[1],
+            include_max=False
+        )
+        for i, col in enumerate(config.axes):
+            feature_dict[f'{sensor}_{col}_{band_name}'] = band_powers[:, i]
+
+    # Compute dominant frequency for each axis
+    dominant_frequencies = compute_dominant_frequency(
+        freqs=freqs, 
+        psd=psd, 
+        fmin=config.spectrum_low_frequency, 
+        fmax=config.spectrum_high_frequency
+    )
+
+    # Add dominant frequency features to the feature_dict
+    for axis, freq in zip(config.axes, dominant_frequencies.T):
+        feature_dict[f'{sensor}_{axis}_dominant_frequency'] = freq
+
+    # Compute total power in the PSD
+    total_power_psd = compute_total_power(psd)
+
+    # Compute MFCCs
+    mfccs = compute_mfccs(
+        total_power_array=total_power_psd,
+        config=config,
+        multiplication_factor=4
+    )
+
+    # Combine the MFCCs into the features DataFrame
+    mfcc_colnames = [f'{sensor}_mfcc_{x}' for x in range(1, config.mfcc_n_coefficients + 1)]
+    for i, colname in enumerate(mfcc_colnames):
+        feature_dict[colname] = mfccs[:, i]
+
+    return pd.DataFrame(feature_dict)