paradigma 0.1.5__py3-none-any.whl → 0.3.0__py3-none-any.whl

paradigma/feature_extraction.py

@@ -0,0 +1,703 @@
+from typing import List
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
+
+from scipy import signal, fft
+from scipy.integrate import cumulative_trapezoid
+from scipy.signal import find_peaks
+
+from paradigma.constants import DataColumns
+from paradigma.gait_analysis_config import IMUConfig
+
+
+def generate_statistics(
+        sensor_col: pd.Series,
+        statistic: str
+    ) -> list:
+    """Generate statistics for a single sensor and axis. The function is used with the apply function in pandas.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    sensor_col: pd.Series
+        The sensor column to be aggregated (e.g. x-axis of accelerometer)
+    statistic: str
+        The statistic to be computed [mean, std, max, min]
+        
+    Returns
+    -------
+    list
+        The aggregated statistics
+    """
+    if statistic == 'mean':
+        return [np.mean(x) for x in sensor_col]
+    elif statistic == 'std':
+        return [np.std(x) for x in sensor_col]
+    elif statistic == 'max':
+        return [np.max(x) for x in sensor_col]
+    elif statistic == 'min':
+        return [np.min(x) for x in sensor_col]
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Statistic not recognized.")
+
+
+def generate_std_norm(
+        df: pd.DataFrame,
+        cols: List[str],
+    ) -> pd.Series:
+    """Generate the standard deviation of the norm of the accelerometer axes.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    df: pd.DataFrame
+        The dataframe containing the accelerometer axes
+    cols: List[str]
+        The names of the columns containing the accelerometer axes
+        
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.Series
+        The standard deviation of the norm of the accelerometer axes
+    """
+    return df.apply(
+        lambda x: np.std(np.sqrt(sum(
+            [np.array([y**2 for y in x[col]]) for col in cols]
+        ))), axis=1)
+    
+
+def compute_fft(
+        values: list,
+        window_type: str = 'hann',
+        sampling_frequency: int = 100,
+    ) -> tuple:
+    """Compute the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of a signal.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    values: list
+        The values of the signal (e.g., accelerometer data) of a single window.
+    window_type: str
+        The type of window to be used for the FFT (default: 'hann')
+    sampling_frequency: int
+        The sampling frequency of the signal (default: 100)
+        
+    Returns
+    -------
+    tuple
+        The FFT values and the corresponding frequencies
+    """
+    w = signal.get_window(window_type, len(values), fftbins=False)
+    yf = 2*fft.fft(values*w)[:int(len(values)/2+1)]
+    xf = fft.fftfreq(len(values), 1/sampling_frequency)[:int(len(values)/2+1)]
+
+    return yf, xf
+    
+
+def signal_to_ffts(
+        sensor_col: pd.Series,
+        window_type: str = 'hann',
+        sampling_frequency: int = 100,
+    ) -> tuple:
+    """Compute the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of a signal per window (can probably be combined with compute_fft and simplified).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    sensor_col: pd.Series
+        The sensor column to be transformed (e.g. x-axis of accelerometer)
+    window_type: str
+        The type of window to be used for the FFT (default: 'hann')
+    sampling_frequency: int
+        The sampling frequency of the signal (default: 100)
+    
+    Returns
+    -------
+    tuple
+        Lists of FFT values and corresponding frequencies which can be concatenated as column to the dataframe
+    """
+    l_values_total = []
+    l_freqs_total = []
+    for row in sensor_col:
+        l_values, l_freqs = compute_fft(
+            values=row,
+            window_type=window_type,
+            sampling_frequency=sampling_frequency)
+        l_values_total.append(l_values)
+        l_freqs_total.append(l_freqs)
+
+    return l_freqs_total, l_values_total
+    
+
+def compute_power_in_bandwidth(
+        sensor_col: list,
+        fmin: float,
+        fmax: float,
+        sampling_frequency: int = 100,
+        window_type: str = 'hann',
+    ) -> float:
+    """Note: sensor_col is a single cell (which corresponds to a single window) of sensor_col, as it is used with apply function. 
+    Probably we want a smarter way of doing this.
+    
+    Computes the power in a specific frequency band for a specified sensor and axis.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    sensor_col: list
+        The sensor column to be transformed (e.g. x-axis of accelerometer). This corresponds to a single window, which is a single row of the dataframe, 
+        and contains values of individual timestamps composing the window.
+    fmin: float
+        The lower bound of the frequency band
+    fmax: float
+        The upper bound of the frequency band
+    sampling_frequency: int
+        The sampling frequency of the signal (default: 100)
+    window_type: str
+        The type of window to be used for the FFT (default: 'hann')
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    float
+        The power in the specified frequency band    
+    """
+    fxx, pxx = signal.periodogram(sensor_col, fs=sampling_frequency, window=window_type)
+    ind_min = np.argmax(fxx > fmin) - 1
+    ind_max = np.argmax(fxx > fmax) - 1
+    return np.log10(np.trapz(pxx[ind_min:ind_max], fxx[ind_min:ind_max]))
+
+
+def compute_perc_power(
+        sensor_col: list,
+        fmin_band: float,
+        fmax_band: float,
+        fmin_total: float = 0,
+        fmax_total: float = 100,
+        sampling_frequency: int = 100,
+        window_type: str = 'hann'
+    ) -> float:
+    """Note: sensor_col is a single cell (which corresponds to a single window) of sensor_col, as it is used with apply function.
+
+    Computes the percentage of power in a specific frequency band for a specified sensor and axis.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    sensor_col: list
+        The sensor column to be transformed (e.g. x-axis of accelerometer). This corresponds to a single window, which is a single row of the dataframe
+    fmin_band: float
+        The lower bound of the frequency band
+    fmax_band: float
+        The upper bound of the frequency band
+    fmin_total: float
+        The lower bound of the frequency spectrum (default: 0)
+    fmax_total: float
+        The upper bound of the frequency spectrum (default: 100)
+    sampling_frequency: int
+        The sampling frequency of the signal (default: 100)
+    window_type: str
+        The type of window to be used for the FFT (default: 'hann')
+    
+    Returns
+    -------
+    float
+        The percentage of power in the specified frequency band
+    """
+    angle_power_band = compute_power_in_bandwidth(
+        sensor_col=sensor_col,
+        fmin=fmin_band,
+        fmax=fmax_band,
+        sampling_frequency=sampling_frequency,
+        window_type=window_type
+        )
+    
+    angle_power_total = compute_power_in_bandwidth(
+        sensor_col=sensor_col,
+        fmin=fmin_total,
+        fmax=fmax_total,
+        sampling_frequency=sampling_frequency,
+        window_type=window_type
+        )
+    
+    return angle_power_band / angle_power_total
+
+
+def get_dominant_frequency(
+        signal_ffts: list,
+        signal_freqs: list,
+        fmin: float,
+        fmax: float
+        ) -> float:
+    """Note: signal_ffts and signal_freqs are single cells (which corresponds to a single window) of signal_ffts and signal_freqs, as it is used with apply function.
+    
+    Computes the dominant frequency in a specific frequency band.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    signal_ffts: list
+        The FFT values of the signal of a single window
+    signal_freqs: list
+        The corresponding frequencies of the FFT values
+    fmin: int
+        The lower bound of the frequency band
+    fmax: int
+        The upper bound of the frequency band
+    
+    Returns
+    -------
+    float
+        The dominant frequency in the specified frequency band
+    """
+    valid_indices = np.where((signal_freqs>fmin) & (signal_freqs<fmax))
+    signal_freqs_adjusted = signal_freqs[valid_indices]
+    signal_ffts_adjusted = signal_ffts[valid_indices]
+
+    idx = np.argmax(np.abs(signal_ffts_adjusted))
+    return np.abs(signal_freqs_adjusted[idx])
+    
+
+def compute_power(
+        df: pd.DataFrame,
+        fft_cols: list
+    ) -> pd.Series:
+    """Compute the power of the FFT values.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    df: pd.DataFrame
+        The dataframe containing the FFT values
+    fft_cols: list
+        The names of the columns containing the FFT values
+    
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.Series
+        The power of the FFT values
+    """
+    for col in fft_cols:
+        df['{}_power'.format(col)] = df[col].apply(lambda x: np.square(np.abs(x)))
+
+    return df.apply(lambda x: sum([np.array([y for y in x[col+'_power']]) for col in fft_cols]), axis=1)
+    
+
+def generate_cepstral_coefficients(
+        total_power_col: pd.Series,
+        window_length_s: int,
+        sampling_frequency: int = 100,
+        low_frequency: int = 0,
+        high_frequency: int = 25,
+        n_filters: int = 20,
+        n_coefficients: int = 12,
+        ) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """Generate cepstral coefficients from the total power of the signal.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    total_power_col: pd.Series
+        The total power of the signal, extracted using compute_power
+    window_length_s: int
+        The number of seconds a window constitutes
+    sampling_frequency: int
+        The sampling frequency of the data (default: 100)
+    low_frequency: int
+        The lower bound of the frequency band (default: 0)
+    high_frequency: int
+        The upper bound of the frequency band (default: 25)
+    n_filters: int
+        The number of DCT filters (default: 20)
+    n_coefficients: int
+        The number of coefficients to extract (default: 12)
+    
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.DataFrame
+        A dataframe with a single column corresponding to a single cepstral coefficient
+    """
+    window_length = window_length_s * sampling_frequency
+    
+    # compute filter points
+    freqs = np.linspace(low_frequency, high_frequency, num=n_filters+2)
+    filter_points = np.floor((window_length + 1) / sampling_frequency * freqs).astype(int)  
+
+    # construct filterbank
+    filters = np.zeros((len(filter_points)-2, int(window_length/2+1)))
+    for j in range(len(filter_points)-2):
+        filters[j, filter_points[j] : filter_points[j+1]] = np.linspace(0, 1, filter_points[j+1] - filter_points[j])
+        filters[j, filter_points[j+1] : filter_points[j+2]] = np.linspace(1, 0, filter_points[j+2] - filter_points[j+1])
+
+    # filter signal
+    power_filtered = [np.dot(filters, x) for x in total_power_col]
+    log_power_filtered = [10.0 * np.log10(x) for x in power_filtered]
+
+    # generate cepstral coefficients
+    dct_filters = np.empty((n_coefficients, n_filters))
+    dct_filters[0, :] = 1.0 / np.sqrt(n_filters)
+
+    samples = np.arange(1, 2 * n_filters, 2) * np.pi / (2.0 * n_filters)
+
+    for i in range(1, n_coefficients):
+        dct_filters[i, :] = np.cos(i * samples) * np.sqrt(2.0 / n_filters)
+
+    cepstral_coefs = [np.dot(dct_filters, x) for x in log_power_filtered]
+
+    return pd.DataFrame(np.vstack(cepstral_coefs), columns=['cc_{}'.format(j+1) for j in range(n_coefficients)])
+
+
+def pca_transform_gyroscope(
+        df: pd.DataFrame,
+        y_gyro_colname: str,
+        z_gyro_colname: str,
+        pred_gait_colname: str,
+) -> pd.Series:
+    """Apply principal component analysis (PCA) on the y-axis and z-axis of the raw gyroscope signal
+    to extract the velocity. PCA is applied to the predicted gait timestamps only to maximize the similarity
+    to the velocity in the arm swing direction. 
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    df: pd.DataFrame
+        The dataframe containing the gyroscope data
+    y_gyro_colname: str
+        The column name of the y-axis of the gyroscope
+    z_gyro_colname: str
+        The column name of the z-axis of the gyroscope
+    pred_gait_colname: str
+        The column name of the predicted gait boolean
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.Series
+        The first principal component corresponding to the angular velocity in the arm swing direction
+    """
+    pca = PCA(n_components=2, svd_solver='auto', random_state=22)
+    pca.fit([(i,j) for i,j in zip(df.loc[df[pred_gait_colname]==1, y_gyro_colname], df.loc[df[pred_gait_colname]==1, z_gyro_colname])])
+    yz_gyros = pca.transform([(i,j) for i,j in zip(df[y_gyro_colname], df[z_gyro_colname])])
+
+    velocity = [x[0] for x in yz_gyros]
+
+    return pd.Series(velocity)
+
+
+def compute_angle(
+        velocity_col: pd.Series,
+        time_col: pd.Series,
+    ) -> pd.Series:
+    """Apply cumulative trapezoidal integration to extract the angle from the velocity.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    velocity_col: pd.Series
+        The angular velocity (gyroscope) column to be integrated
+    time_col: pd.Series
+        The time column corresponding to the angular velocity
+        
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.Series
+        An estimation of the angle extracted from the angular velocity
+    """
+    angle_col = cumulative_trapezoid(velocity_col, time_col, initial=0)
+    return pd.Series([x*-1 if x<0 else x for x in angle_col])
+
+
+def remove_moving_average_angle(
+        angle_col: pd.Series,
+        sampling_frequency: int = 100,
+    ) -> pd.Series:
+    """Remove the moving average from the angle to account for potential drift in the signal.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    angle_col: pd.Series
+        The angle column to be processed, obtained using compute_angle
+    sampling_frequency: int
+        The sampling frequency of the data (default: 100)
+        
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.Series
+        The estimated angle without potential drift
+    """
+    angle_ma = angle_col.rolling(window=int(2*(sampling_frequency*0.5)+1), min_periods=1, center=True, closed='both').mean()
+    
+    return pd.Series(angle_col - angle_ma)
+
+
+def extract_angle_extremes(
+        df: pd.DataFrame,
+        angle_colname: str,
+        dominant_frequency_colname: str,
+        sampling_frequency: int = 100,
+    ) -> pd.Series:
+    """Extract the peaks of the angle (minima and maxima) from the smoothed angle signal that adhere to a set of specific requirements.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    df: pd.DataFrame
+        The dataframe containing the angle signal
+    angle_colname: str
+        The name of the column containing the smoothed angle signal
+    dominant_frequency_colname: str
+        The name of the column containing the dominant frequency
+    sampling_frequency: int
+        The sampling frequency of the data (default: 100)
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.Series
+        The extracted angle extremes (peaks)
+    """
+    # determine peaks
+    df['angle_maxima'] = df.apply(lambda x: find_peaks(x[angle_colname], distance=sampling_frequency * 0.6 / x[dominant_frequency_colname], prominence=2)[0], axis=1)
+    df['angle_minima'] = df.apply(lambda x: find_peaks([-x for x in x[angle_colname]], distance=sampling_frequency * 0.6 / x[dominant_frequency_colname], prominence=2)[0], axis=1) 
+
+    df['angle_new_minima'] = df['angle_minima'].copy()
+    df['angle_new_maxima'] = df['angle_maxima'].copy()
+
+    for index, _ in df.iterrows():
+        i_pks = 0                                       # iterable to keep track of consecutive min-min and max-max versus min-max
+        n_min = df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'].size  # number of minima in window
+        n_max = df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'].size  # number of maxima in window
+
+        if n_min > 0 and n_max > 0: 
+            # if the first minimum occurs before the first maximum, start with the minimum
+            if df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'][0] > df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'][0]: 
+                # only continue if there are enough minima and maxima to perform operations
+                while i_pks < df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'].size - 1 and i_pks < df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'].size: 
+
+                    # if the next minimum comes before the next maximum, we have two minima in a row, and should keep the larger one
+                    if df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'][i_pks+1] < df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'][i_pks]: 
+                        # if the next minimum is smaller than the current minimum, keep the next minimum and discard the current minimum
+                        if df.loc[index, angle_colname][df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'][i_pks+1]] < df.loc[index, angle_colname][df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'][i_pks]]:
+                            df.at[index, 'angle_new_minima'] = np.delete(df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'], i_pks)
+                        # otherwise, keep the current minimum and discard the next minimum
+                        else:
+                            df.at[index, 'angle_new_minima'] = np.delete(df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'], i_pks+1)
+                        i_pks -= 1
+
+                    # if the current maximum comes before the current minimum, we have two maxima in a row, and should keep the larger one
+                    if i_pks >= 0 and df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'][i_pks] > df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'][i_pks]:
+                        # if the current maximum is smaller than the previous maximum, keep the previous maximum and discard the current maximum
+                        if df.loc[index, angle_colname][df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'][i_pks]] < df.loc[index, angle_colname][df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'][i_pks-1]]:
+                            df.at[index, 'angle_new_maxima'] = np.delete(df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'], i_pks) 
+                        # otherwise, keep the current maximum and discard the previous maximum
+                        else:
+                            df.at[index, 'angle_new_maxima'] = np.delete(df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'], i_pks-1) 
+                        i_pks -= 1
+                    i_pks += 1
+
+            # or if the first maximum occurs before the first minimum, start with the maximum
+            elif df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'][0] < df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'][0]: 
+                # only continue if there are enough minima and maxima to perform operations
+                while i_pks < df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'].size and i_pks < df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'].size-1:
+                    # if the next maximum comes before the current minimum, we have two maxima in a row, and should keep the larger one
+                    if df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'][i_pks] > df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'][i_pks+1]:
+                        # if the next maximum is smaller than the current maximum, keep the next maximum and discard the current maximum
+                        if df.loc[index, angle_colname][df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'][i_pks+1]] > df.loc[index, angle_colname][df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'][i_pks]]:
+                            df.at[index, 'angle_new_maxima'] = np.delete(df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'], i_pks) 
+                        # otherwise, keep the current maximum and discard the next maximum
+                        else:
+                            df.at[index, 'angle_new_maxima'] = np.delete(df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'], i_pks+1) 
+                        i_pks -= 1
+
+                    # if the current minimum comes before the current maximum, we have two minima in a row, and should keep the larger one
+                    if i_pks > 0 and df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'][i_pks] < df.loc[index, 'angle_new_maxima'][i_pks]:
+                        # if the current minimum is smaller than the previous minimum, keep the previous minimum and discard the current minimum
+                        if df.loc[index, angle_colname][df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'][i_pks]] < df.loc[index, angle_colname][df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'][i_pks-1]]:
+                            df.at[index, 'angle_new_minima'] = np.delete(df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'], i_pks-1) 
+                        # otherwise, keep the current minimum and discard the previous minimum                        
+                        else:
+                            df.at[index, 'angle_new_minima'] = np.delete(df.loc[index, 'angle_new_minima'], i_pks) 
+                        i_pks -= 1
+                    i_pks += 1
+
+    # for some peculiar reason, if a single item remains in the row for angle_new_minima or
+    # angle_new_maxima, it could be either a scalar or a vector.
+    for col in ['angle_new_minima', 'angle_new_maxima']:
+        df.loc[df.apply(lambda x: type(x[col].tolist())==int, axis=1), col] = df.loc[df.apply(lambda x: type(x[col].tolist())==int, axis=1), col].apply(lambda x: [x])
+
+    df['angle_extrema_values'] = df.apply(lambda x: [x[angle_colname][i] for i in np.concatenate([x['angle_new_minima'], x['angle_new_maxima']])], axis=1) 
+
+    return
+
+
+def extract_range_of_motion(
+        angle_extrema_values_col: pd.Series,
+    ) -> pd.Series:
+    """Extract the range of motion from the angle extrema values.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    angle_extrema_values_col: pd.Series
+        The column containing the angle extrema values
+    
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.Series
+        The range of motion
+    """
+    angle_amplitudes = np.empty((len(angle_extrema_values_col), 0)).tolist()
+
+    # for each window
+    for i, extrema_values in enumerate(angle_extrema_values_col):
+        l_amplitudes = []
+        # for each extremum contained in the window
+        for j, value in enumerate(extrema_values):
+            # if the extremum is not the last one in the list of extrema
+            if j < len(extrema_values)-1:
+                # if the current extremum is a maximum and the next one is a minimum, or vice versa
+                if (value > 0 and extrema_values[j+1] < 0) or (value < 0 and extrema_values[j+1] > 0):
+                    # compute the amplitude as the sum of the absolute values of the two extrema
+                    l_amplitudes.append(np.sum(np.abs(value) + np.abs(extrema_values[j+1])))
+                # or if the extrema are both positive or both negative, and the current extremum is closer to 0
+                elif np.abs(value) < np.abs(extrema_values[j+1]):
+                    # compute the amplitude as the difference between the two extrema
+                    l_amplitudes.append(np.subtract(np.abs(extrema_values[j+1]), np.abs(value)))
+                # or if the extrema are both positive and negative, and the current extremum is further away from 0
+                else:
+                    # compute the amplitude as the difference between the two extrema
+                    l_amplitudes.append(np.subtract(np.abs(value), np.abs(extrema_values[j+1])))
+
+        angle_amplitudes[i].append([x for x in l_amplitudes])
+
+    return [y for item in angle_amplitudes for y in item]
+
+
+def extract_peak_angular_velocity(
+        df: pd.DataFrame,
+        velocity_colname: str,
+        angle_minima_colname: str,
+        angle_maxima_colname: str,
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """Extract the forward and backward peak angular velocity from the angular velocity.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    df: pd.DataFrame
+        The dataframe containing the angular velocity
+    velocity_colname: str
+        The column name of the angular velocity
+    angle_minima_colname: str
+        The column name of the column containing the angle minima
+    angle_maxima_colname: str
+        The column name of the column containing the angle maxima
+        
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.DataFrame
+        The dataframe with the forward and backward peak angular velocity
+    """
+    df['forward_peak_ang_vel'] = np.empty((len(df), 0)).tolist()
+    df['backward_peak_ang_vel'] = np.empty((len(df), 0)).tolist()
+
+    # for each window
+    for index, row in df.iterrows():
+        # the peak angular velocity can only be computed if there is at least one minimum and one maximum in the window
+        if len(row[angle_minima_colname]) > 0 and len(row[angle_maxima_colname]) > 0:
+            # combine the minima and maxima
+            l_extrema_indices = np.sort(np.concatenate((row[angle_minima_colname], row[angle_maxima_colname])))
+            # for each peak
+            for j, peak_index in enumerate(l_extrema_indices):
+                # if the peak is a maximum and there is another peak after it
+                if peak_index in row[angle_maxima_colname] and j < len(l_extrema_indices) - 1:
+                    # compute the forward peak angular velocity, defined by the maximum negative angular velocity between the two peaks
+                    df.loc[index, 'forward_peak_ang_vel'].append(np.abs(min(row[velocity_colname][l_extrema_indices[j]:l_extrema_indices[j+1]])))
+                # if the peak is a minimum and there is another peak after it
+                elif peak_index in row[angle_minima_colname] and j < len(l_extrema_indices) - 1:
+                    # compute the backward peak angular velocity, defined by the maximum positive angular velocity between the two peaks
+                    df.loc[index, 'backward_peak_ang_vel'].append(np.abs(max(row[velocity_colname][l_extrema_indices[j]:l_extrema_indices[j+1]])))
+    
+    return
+
+
+def extract_temporal_domain_features(config: IMUConfig, df_windowed:pd.DataFrame, l_gravity_stats=['mean', 'std']) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Compute temporal domain features for the accelerometer signal. The features are added to the dataframe. Therefore the original dataframe is modified, and the modified dataframe is returned.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+
+    config: GaitFeatureExtractionConfig
+        The configuration object containing the parameters for the feature extraction
+    
+    df_windowed: pd.DataFrame
+        The dataframe containing the windowed accelerometer signal
+
+    l_gravity_stats: list, optional
+        The statistics to be computed for the gravity component of the accelerometer signal (default: ['mean', 'std'])
+    
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pd.DataFrame
+        The dataframe with the added temporal domain features.
+    """
+    
+    # compute the mean and standard deviation of the gravity component of the acceleration signal for each axis
+    for col in config.l_gravity_cols:
+        for stat in l_gravity_stats:
+            df_windowed[f'{col}_{stat}'] = generate_statistics(
+                sensor_col=df_windowed[col],
+                statistic=stat
+                )
+
+    # compute the standard deviation of the Euclidean norm of the three axes
+    df_windowed['std_norm_acc'] = generate_std_norm(
+        df=df_windowed,
+        cols=config.l_accelerometer_cols
+        )
+    
+    return df_windowed
+
+
+def extract_spectral_domain_features(config, df_windowed, sensor, l_sensor_colnames):
+
+    for col in l_sensor_colnames:
+
+        # transform the temporal signal to the spectral domain using the fast fourier transform
+        df_windowed[f'{col}_freqs'], df_windowed[f'{col}_fft'] = signal_to_ffts(
+            sensor_col=df_windowed[col],
+            window_type=config.window_type,
+            sampling_frequency=config.sampling_frequency
+            )
+
+        # compute the power in distinct frequency bandwidths
+        for bandwidth, frequencies in config.d_frequency_bandwidths.items():
+            df_windowed[col+'_'+bandwidth] = df_windowed.apply(lambda x: compute_power_in_bandwidth(
+                sensor_col=x[col],
+                fmin=frequencies[0],
+                fmax=frequencies[1],
+                sampling_frequency=config.sampling_frequency,
+                window_type=config.window_type,
+                ), axis=1
+            )
+
+        # compute the dominant frequency, i.e., the frequency with the highest power
+        df_windowed[col+'_dominant_frequency'] = df_windowed.apply(lambda x: get_dominant_frequency(
+            signal_ffts=x[col+'_fft'], 
+            signal_freqs=x[col+'_freqs'],
+            fmin=config.spectrum_low_frequency,
+            fmax=config.spectrum_high_frequency
+            ), axis=1
+        )
+
+    # compute the power summed over the individual axes to obtain the total power per frequency bandwidth
+    for bandwidth in config.d_frequency_bandwidths.keys():
+        df_windowed['total_'+bandwidth] = df_windowed.apply(lambda x: sum(x[y+'_'+bandwidth] for y in l_sensor_colnames), axis=1)
+
+    # compute the power summed over the individual frequency bandwidths to obtain the total power
+    df_windowed['total_power'] = compute_power(
+        df=df_windowed,
+        fft_cols=[f'{col}_fft' for col in l_sensor_colnames])
+
+    # compute the cepstral coefficients of the total power signal
+    cc_cols = generate_cepstral_coefficients(
+        total_power_col=df_windowed['total_power'],
+        window_length_s=config.window_length_s,
+        sampling_frequency=config.sampling_frequency,
+        low_frequency=config.spectrum_low_frequency,
+        high_frequency=config.spectrum_high_frequency,
+        n_filters=config.n_dct_filters_cc,
+        n_coefficients=config.n_coefficients_cc
+        )
+
+    df_windowed = pd.concat([df_windowed, cc_cols], axis=1)
+
+    df_windowed = df_windowed.rename(columns={f'cc_{cc_nr}': f'cc_{cc_nr}_{sensor}' for cc_nr in range(1,config.n_coefficients_cc+1)}).rename(columns={'window_start': 'time'})
+
+    return df_windowed