oxython 0.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

Cython/Compiler/Symtab.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3122 @@
+#
+#   Symbol Table
+#
+
+# uses @try_finally_contextmanager
+# cython: binding=True
+
+import re
+import copy
+import operator
+
+from ..Utils import try_finally_contextmanager
+from .Errors import warning, error, InternalError, performance_hint
+from .StringEncoding import EncodedString
+from . import Options, Naming
+from . import PyrexTypes
+from .PyrexTypes import py_object_type, unspecified_type
+from .TypeSlots import (
+    pyfunction_signature, pymethod_signature, richcmp_special_methods,
+    get_slot_table, get_property_accessor_signature)
+from . import DebugFlags
+
+from . import Code
+
+
+def c_safe_identifier(cname):
+    # There are some C limitations on struct entry names.
+    if ((cname[:2] == '__' and not (cname.startswith(Naming.pyrex_prefix)
+                                    or cname in ('__weakref__', '__dict__')))
+            or cname in Naming.reserved_cnames):
+        cname = Naming.pyrex_prefix + cname
+    return cname
+
+
+def punycodify_name(cname, mangle_with=None):
+    # if passed the mangle_with should be a byte string
+    # modified from  PEP489
+    if cname.isascii():
+        return cname
+
+    cname = cname.encode('punycode').replace(b'-', b'_').decode('ascii')
+    if mangle_with:
+        # sometimes it necessary to mangle unicode names alone where
+        # they'll be inserted directly into C, because the punycode
+        # transformation can turn them into invalid identifiers
+        cname = "%s_%s" % (mangle_with, cname)
+    elif cname.startswith(Naming.pyrex_prefix):
+        # a punycode name could also be a valid ascii variable name so
+        # change the prefix to distinguish
+        cname = cname.replace(Naming.pyrex_prefix,
+                              Naming.pyunicode_identifier_prefix, 1)
+
+    return cname
+
+
+class BufferAux:
+    writable_needed = False
+
+    def __init__(self, buflocal_nd_var, rcbuf_var):
+        self.buflocal_nd_var = buflocal_nd_var
+        self.rcbuf_var = rcbuf_var
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<BufferAux %r>" % self.__dict__
+
+
+class Entry:
+    # A symbol table entry in a Scope or ModuleNamespace.
+    #
+    # name             string     Python name of entity
+    # cname            string     C name of entity
+    # type             PyrexType  Type of entity
+    # doc              string     Doc string
+    # annotation       ExprNode   PEP 484/526 annotation
+    # init             string     Initial value
+    # visibility       'private' or 'public' or 'extern'
+    # is_builtin       boolean    Is an entry in the Python builtins dict
+    # is_cglobal       boolean    Is a C global variable
+    # is_pyglobal      boolean    Is a Python module-level variable
+    #                               or class attribute during
+    #                               class construction
+    # is_member        boolean    Is an assigned class member
+    # is_pyclass_attr  boolean    Is a name in a Python class namespace
+    # is_variable      boolean    Is a variable
+    # is_cfunction     boolean    Is a C function
+    # is_cmethod       boolean    Is a C method of an extension type
+    # is_builtin_cmethod boolean  Is a C method of a builtin type (implies is_cmethod)
+    # is_unbound_cmethod boolean  Is an unbound C method of an extension type
+    # is_final_cmethod   boolean  Is non-overridable C method
+    # is_inline_cmethod  boolean  Is inlined C method
+    # is_anonymous     boolean    Is a anonymous pyfunction entry
+    # is_type          boolean    Is a type definition
+    # is_cclass        boolean    Is an extension class
+    # is_cclass_var_rentry  boolean Is a var entry of an extension type
+    #                              (Hack! Only needed because most C globals are
+    #                               static variables while these live in the module scope.
+    #                               Remove when fixed.)
+    # is_cpp_class     boolean    Is a C++ class
+    # is_const         boolean    Is a constant
+    # is_property      boolean    Is a property of an extension type:
+    # doc_cname        string or None  C const holding the docstring
+    # getter_cname     string          C func for getting property
+    # setter_cname     string          C func for setting or deleting property
+    # is_cproperty     boolean         Is an inline property of an external type
+    # is_self_arg      boolean    Is the "self" arg of an exttype method
+    # is_arg           boolean    Is the arg of a method
+    # is_local         boolean    Is a local variable
+    # in_closure       boolean    Is referenced in an inner scope
+    # in_subscope      boolean    Belongs to a generator expression scope
+    # is_readonly      boolean    Can't be assigned to
+    # func_cname       string     C func implementing Python func
+    # wrapperbase_cname [string]  C wrapperbase object name
+    # func_modifiers   [string]   C function modifiers ('inline')
+    # pos              position   Source position where declared
+    # namespace_cname  string     If is_pyglobal, the C variable
+    #                               holding its home namespace
+    # pymethdef_cname  string     PyMethodDef structure
+    # signature        Signature  Arg & return types for Python func
+    # as_variable      Entry      Alternative interpretation of extension
+    #                               type name or builtin C function as a variable
+    # xdecref_cleanup  boolean    Use Py_XDECREF for error cleanup
+    # in_cinclude      boolean    Suppress C declaration code
+    # enum_values      [Entry]    For enum types, list of values
+    # qualified_name   string     "modname.funcname" or "modname.classname"
+    #                               or "modname.classname.funcname"
+    # is_declared_generic  boolean  Is declared as PyObject * even though its
+    #                                 type is an extension type
+    # as_module        None       Module scope, if a cimported module
+    # is_inherited     boolean    Is an inherited attribute of an extension type
+    # pystring_cname   string     C name of Python version of string literal
+    # is_interned      boolean    For string const entries, value is interned
+    # is_identifier    boolean    For string const entries, value is an identifier
+    # used             boolean
+    # is_special       boolean    Is a special method or property accessor
+    #                               of an extension type
+    # defined_in_pxd   boolean    Is defined in a .pxd file (not just declared)
+    # api              boolean    Generate C API for C class or function
+    # utility_code     string     Utility code needed when this entry is used
+    #
+    # buffer_aux       BufferAux or None  Extra information needed for buffer variables
+    # inline_func_in_pxd boolean  Hacky special case for inline function in pxd file.
+    #                             Ideally this should not be necessary.
+    # might_overflow   boolean    In an arithmetic expression that could cause
+    #                             overflow (used for type inference).
+    # utility_code_definition     For some Cython builtins, the utility code
+    #                             which contains the definition of the entry.
+    #                             Currently only supported for CythonScope entries.
+    # error_on_uninitialized      Have Control Flow issue an error when this entry is
+    #                             used uninitialized
+    # cf_used          boolean    Entry is used
+    # is_fused_specialized boolean Whether this entry of a cdef or def function
+    #                              is a specialization
+    # is_cgetter       boolean    Is a c-level getter function
+    # is_cpp_optional  boolean    Entry should be declared as std::optional (cpp_locals directive)
+    # known_standard_library_import     Either None (default), an empty string (definitely can't be determined)
+    #                             or a string of "modulename.something.attribute"
+    #                             Used for identifying imports from typing/dataclasses etc
+    # pytyping_modifiers          Python type modifiers like "typing.ClassVar" but also "dataclasses.InitVar"
+    # enum_int_value  None or int  If known, the int that corresponds to this enum value
+    # specialiser  function or None  Callable to specialise a function to specific C arguments.
+
+    # TODO: utility_code and utility_code_definition serves the same purpose...
+
+    inline_func_in_pxd = False
+    borrowed = 0
+    init = ""
+    annotation = None
+    visibility = 'private'
+    is_builtin = 0
+    is_cglobal = 0
+    is_pyglobal = 0
+    is_member = 0
+    is_pyclass_attr = 0
+    is_variable = 0
+    is_cfunction = 0
+    is_cmethod = 0
+    is_builtin_cmethod = False
+    is_unbound_cmethod = 0
+    is_final_cmethod = 0
+    is_inline_cmethod = 0
+    is_anonymous = 0
+    is_type = 0
+    is_cclass = 0
+    is_cclass_var_entry = False  # Remove when other cglobals are in the module scope
+    is_cpp_class = 0
+    is_const = 0
+    is_property = 0
+    is_cproperty = 0
+    doc_cname = None
+    getter_cname = None
+    setter_cname = None
+    is_self_arg = 0
+    is_arg = 0
+    is_local = 0
+    in_closure = 0
+    from_closure = 0
+    in_subscope = 0
+    is_declared_generic = 0
+    is_readonly = 0
+    pyfunc_cname = None
+    func_cname = None
+    func_modifiers = []
+    final_func_cname = None
+    doc = None
+    as_variable = None
+    xdecref_cleanup = 0
+    in_cinclude = 0
+    as_module = None
+    is_inherited = 0
+    pystring_cname = None
+    is_identifier = 0
+    is_interned = 0
+    used = 0
+    is_special = 0
+    defined_in_pxd = 0
+    is_implemented = 0
+    api = 0
+    utility_code = None
+    specialiser = None
+    is_overridable = 0
+    buffer_aux = None
+    prev_entry = None
+    might_overflow = 0
+    is_auto_typed = False      # oxython 'let auto': always infer the C type
+    fused_cfunction = None
+    is_fused_specialized = False
+    utility_code_definition = None
+    needs_property = False
+    in_with_gil_block = 0
+    from_cython_utility_code = None
+    error_on_uninitialized = False
+    cf_used = True
+    outer_entry = None
+    is_cgetter = False
+    is_cpp_optional = False
+    known_standard_library_import = None
+    pytyping_modifiers = None
+    enum_int_value = None
+    vtable_type = None
+
+    def __init__(self, name, cname, type, pos = None, init = None):
+        self.name = name
+        self.cname = cname
+        self.type = type
+        self.pos = pos
+        self.init = init
+        self.overloaded_alternatives = []
+        self.cf_assignments = []
+        self.cf_references = []
+        self.inner_entries = []
+        self.defining_entry = self
+
+    # Debug helper to find places where entry types are assigned.
+    if DebugFlags.debug_verbose_entry_types:
+        @property
+        def type(self):
+            return self.__dict__['type']
+
+        @type.setter
+        def type(self, new_type):
+            print(f"ENTRY {self.name}[{self.cname}] TYPE: {self.__dict__.get('type')} -> {new_type}")
+            self.__dict__['type'] = new_type
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(<%x>, name=%s, type=%s)" % (type(self).__name__, id(self), self.name, self.type)
+
+    def already_declared_here(self):
+        error(self.pos, "Previous declaration is here")
+
+    def redeclared(self, pos):
+        error(pos, "'%s' does not match previous declaration" % self.name)
+        self.already_declared_here()
+
+    def all_alternatives(self):
+        return [self] + self.overloaded_alternatives
+
+    def best_function_match(self, scope, arg_types, fail_if_empty=False, arg_is_lvalue_array=None):
+        func_entry = None
+        if self.specialiser is not None:
+            func_entry = self.specialiser(scope, arg_types)
+        if func_entry is None:
+            if self.type.is_fused:
+                functypes = self.type.get_all_specialized_function_types()
+                alternatives = [f.entry for f in functypes]
+            else:
+                alternatives = self.all_alternatives()
+            func_entry = PyrexTypes.best_match(
+                arg_types, alternatives, fail_if_empty=fail_if_empty, arg_is_lvalue_array=arg_is_lvalue_array)
+        return func_entry
+
+    def all_entries(self):
+        return [self] + self.inner_entries
+
+    def __lt__(left, right):
+        if isinstance(left, Entry) and isinstance(right, Entry):
+            return (left.name, left.cname) < (right.name, right.cname)
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    @property
+    def cf_is_reassigned(self):
+        return len(self.cf_assignments) > 1
+
+    def make_cpp_optional(self):
+        assert self.type.is_cpp_class
+        self.is_cpp_optional = True
+        assert not self.utility_code  # we're not overwriting anything?
+        self.utility_code_definition = Code.UtilityCode.load_cached("OptionalLocals", "CppSupport.cpp")
+
+    def declared_with_pytyping_modifier(self, modifier_name):
+        return modifier_name in self.pytyping_modifiers if self.pytyping_modifiers else False
+
+
+class InnerEntry(Entry):
+    """
+    An entry in a closure scope that represents the real outer Entry.
+    """
+    from_closure = True
+
+    def __init__(self, outer_entry, scope):
+        Entry.__init__(self, outer_entry.name,
+                       outer_entry.cname,
+                       outer_entry.type,
+                       outer_entry.pos)
+        self.outer_entry = outer_entry
+        self.scope = scope
+
+        # share state with (outermost) defining entry
+        outermost_entry = outer_entry
+        while outermost_entry.outer_entry:
+            outermost_entry = outermost_entry.outer_entry
+        self.defining_entry = outermost_entry
+        self.inner_entries = outermost_entry.inner_entries
+        self.cf_assignments = outermost_entry.cf_assignments
+        self.cf_references = outermost_entry.cf_references
+        self.overloaded_alternatives = outermost_entry.overloaded_alternatives
+        self.is_cpp_optional = outermost_entry.is_cpp_optional
+        self.inner_entries.append(self)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name.startswith('__'):
+            # we wouldn't have been called if it was there
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        return getattr(self.defining_entry, name)
+
+    def all_entries(self):
+        return self.defining_entry.all_entries()
+
+
+class Scope:
+    # name              string             Unqualified name
+    # outer_scope       Scope or None      Enclosing scope
+    # entries           {string : Entry}   Python name to entry, non-types
+    # const_entries     [Entry]            Constant entries
+    # type_entries      [Entry]            Struct/union/enum/typedef/exttype entries
+    # sue_entries       [Entry]            Struct/union/enum entries
+    # arg_entries       [Entry]            Function argument entries
+    # var_entries       [Entry]            User-defined variable entries
+    # pyfunc_entries    [Entry]            Python function entries
+    # cfunc_entries     [Entry]            C function entries
+    # c_class_entries   [Entry]            All extension type entries
+    # cname_to_entry    {string : Entry}   Temp cname to entry mapping
+    # return_type       PyrexType or None  Return type of function owning scope
+    # is_builtin_scope  boolean            Is the builtin scope of Python/Cython
+    # is_py_class_scope boolean            Is a Python class scope
+    # is_c_class_scope  boolean            Is an extension type scope
+    # is_local_scope    boolean            Is a local (i.e. function/method/generator) scope
+    # is_closure_scope  boolean            Is a closure scope
+    # is_generator_expression_scope boolean   A subset of closure scope used for generator expressions
+    # is_passthrough    boolean            Outer scope is passed directly
+    # is_cpp_class_scope  boolean          Is a C++ class scope
+    # is_property_scope boolean            Is a extension type property scope
+    # is_c_dataclass_scope     boolean or "frozen"  is a cython.dataclasses.dataclass
+    # scope_prefix      string             Disambiguator for C names
+    # in_cinclude       boolean            Suppress C declaration code
+    # qualified_name    string             "modname" or "modname.classname"
+    #                                        Python strings in this scope
+    # nogil             boolean            In a nogil section
+    # directives        dict               Helper variable for the recursive
+    #                                      analysis, contains directive values.
+    # is_internal       boolean            Is only used internally (simpler setup)
+    # scope_predefined_names  list of str   Class variable containing special names defined by
+    #                                      this type of scope (e.g. __builtins__, __qualname__)
+    # node_positions_to_offset  {pos: offset}  Mapping from node positions to line table offsets
+
+    is_builtin_scope = 0
+    is_py_class_scope = 0
+    is_c_class_scope = 0
+    is_closure_scope = 0
+    is_local_scope = False
+    is_generator_expression_scope = 0
+    is_comprehension_scope = 0
+    is_passthrough = 0
+    is_cpp_class_scope = 0
+    is_property_scope = 0
+    is_module_scope = 0
+    is_c_dataclass_scope = False
+    is_internal = 0
+    scope_prefix = ""
+    in_cinclude = 0
+    nogil = 0
+    fused_to_specific = None
+    return_type = None
+    scope_predefined_names = []
+    # Do ambiguous type names like 'int' and 'float' refer to the C types? (Otherwise, Python types.)
+    in_c_type_context = True
+    node_positions_to_offset = {}  # read-only fallback dict
+
+    def __init__(self, name, outer_scope, parent_scope):
+        # The outer_scope is the next scope in the lookup chain.
+        # The parent_scope is used to derive the qualified name of this scope.
+        self.name = name
+        self.outer_scope = outer_scope
+        self.parent_scope = parent_scope
+        mangled_name = "%d%s_" % (len(name), name.replace('.', '_dot_'))
+        qual_scope = self.qualifying_scope()
+        if qual_scope:
+            self.qualified_name = qual_scope.qualify_name(name)
+            self.scope_prefix = qual_scope.scope_prefix + mangled_name
+        else:
+            self.qualified_name = EncodedString(name)
+            self.scope_prefix = mangled_name
+        self.entries = {}
+        self.subscopes = set()
+        self.const_entries = []
+        self.type_entries = []
+        self.sue_entries = []
+        self.arg_entries = []
+        self.var_entries = []
+        self.pyfunc_entries = []
+        self.cfunc_entries = []
+        self.c_class_entries = []
+        self.defined_c_classes = []
+        self.imported_c_classes = {}
+        self.cname_to_entry = {}
+        self.identifier_to_entry = {}
+        self.num_to_entry = {}
+        self.obj_to_entry = {}
+        self.buffer_entries = []
+        self.lambda_defs = []
+        self.id_counters = {}
+        for var_name in self.scope_predefined_names:
+            self.declare_var(EncodedString(var_name), py_object_type, pos=None)
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
+        return self
+
+    def merge_in(self, other, merge_unused=True, allowlist=None):
+        # Use with care...
+        entries = []
+        for name, entry in other.entries.items():
+            if not allowlist or name in allowlist:
+                if entry.used or merge_unused:
+                    entries.append((name, entry))
+
+        self.entries.update(entries)
+
+        for attr in ('const_entries',
+                     'type_entries',
+                     'sue_entries',
+                     'arg_entries',
+                     'var_entries',
+                     'pyfunc_entries',
+                     'cfunc_entries',
+                     'c_class_entries'):
+            self_entries = getattr(self, attr)
+            names = {e.name for e in self_entries}
+            for entry in getattr(other, attr):
+                if (entry.used or merge_unused) and entry.name not in names:
+                    self_entries.append(entry)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "<%s %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.qualified_name)
+
+    def qualifying_scope(self):
+        return self.parent_scope
+
+    def mangle(self, prefix, name = None):
+        if name:
+            return punycodify_name("%s%s%s" % (prefix, self.scope_prefix, name))
+        else:
+            return self.parent_scope.mangle(prefix, self.name)
+
+    def mangle_internal(self, name):
+        # Mangle an internal name so as not to clash with any
+        # user-defined name in this scope.
+        prefix = "%s%s_" % (Naming.pyrex_prefix, name)
+        return self.mangle(prefix)
+        #return self.parent_scope.mangle(prefix, self.name)
+
+    def mangle_class_private_name(self, name):
+        if self.parent_scope:
+            return self.parent_scope.mangle_class_private_name(name)
+        return name
+
+    def next_id(self, name=None):
+        # Return a cname fragment that is unique for this module
+        counters = self.global_scope().id_counters
+        try:
+            count = counters[name] + 1
+        except KeyError:
+            count = 0
+        counters[name] = count
+        if name:
+            if not count:
+                # unique names don't need a suffix, reoccurrences will get one
+                return name
+            return '%s%d' % (name, count)
+        else:
+            return '%d' % count
+
+    @property
+    def context(self):
+        return self.global_scope().context
+
+    def global_scope(self):
+        """ Return the module-level scope containing this scope. """
+        return self.outer_scope.global_scope()
+
+    def builtin_scope(self):
+        """ Return the module-level scope containing this scope. """
+        return self.outer_scope.builtin_scope()
+
+    def iter_local_scopes(self):
+        yield self
+        if self.subscopes:
+            yield from sorted(self.subscopes, key=operator.attrgetter('scope_prefix'))
+
+    @try_finally_contextmanager
+    def new_c_type_context(self, in_c_type_context=None):
+        old_c_type_context = self.in_c_type_context
+        if in_c_type_context is not None:
+            self.in_c_type_context = in_c_type_context
+        yield
+        self.in_c_type_context = old_c_type_context
+
+    def handle_already_declared_name(self, name, cname, type, pos, visibility, copy_entry=False):
+        """
+        Returns an entry or None
+
+        If it returns an entry, it makes sense for "declare" to keep using that
+        entry and not to declare its own.
+
+        May be overridden (e.g. for builtin scope,
+        which always allows redeclarations)
+        """
+        entry = None
+        entries = self.entries
+        old_entry = entries[name]
+
+        # Reject redeclared C++ functions only if they have a compatible type signature.
+        cpp_override_allowed = False
+        if type.is_cfunction and old_entry.type.is_cfunction and self.is_cpp():
+            # If we redefine a C++ class method which is either inherited
+            # or automatically generated (base constructor), then it's fine.
+            # Otherwise, we shout.
+            for alt_entry in old_entry.all_alternatives():
+                if type.compatible_signature_with(alt_entry.type):
+                    if name == '<init>' and not type.args:
+                        # Cython pre-declares the no-args constructor - allow later user definitions.
+                        cpp_override_allowed = True
+                    elif alt_entry.is_inherited:
+                        # Note that we can override an inherited method with a compatible but not exactly equal signature, as in C++.
+                        cpp_override_allowed = True
+                    if cpp_override_allowed:
+                        entry = alt_entry
+                        if copy_entry:
+                            entry = copy.copy(alt_entry)
+
+                        # A compatible signature doesn't mean the exact same signature,
+                        # so we're taking the new signature for the entry.
+                        entry.type = type
+                        entry.is_inherited = False
+                        # Updating the entry attributes which can be modified in the method redefinition.
+                        entry.cname = cname
+                        entry.pos = pos
+                    break
+            else:
+                cpp_override_allowed = True
+
+        if cpp_override_allowed:
+            # C++ function/method overrides with different signatures are ok.
+            pass
+        elif entries[name].is_inherited:
+            # Likewise ignore inherited classes.
+            pass
+        else:
+            if visibility == 'extern':
+                # Silenced outside of "cdef extern" blocks, until we have a safe way to
+                # prevent pxd-defined cpdef functions from ending up here.
+                warning(pos, "'%s' redeclared " % name, 1 if self.in_cinclude else 0)
+            elif visibility != 'ignore':
+                error(pos, "'%s' redeclared " % name)
+                self.entries[name].already_declared_here()
+            return None
+
+        return entry
+
+
+    def declare(self, name, cname, type, pos, visibility, shadow = 0, is_type = 0, create_wrapper = 0):
+        # Create new entry, and add to dictionary if
+        # name is not None. Reports a warning if already
+        # declared.
+        if type.is_buffer and not isinstance(self, LocalScope):  # and not is_type:
+            error(pos, 'Buffer types only allowed as function local variables')
+        if not self.in_cinclude and cname and re.match("^_[_A-Z]+$", cname):
+            # See https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Reserved-Names.html#Reserved-Names
+            warning(pos, "'%s' is a reserved name in C." % cname, -1)
+
+        entries = self.entries
+        entry = None
+        if name and name in entries and not shadow:
+            entry = self.handle_already_declared_name(name, cname, type, pos, visibility)
+
+        if not entry:
+            entry = Entry(name, cname, type, pos = pos)
+            entry.in_cinclude = self.in_cinclude
+            entry.create_wrapper = create_wrapper
+
+            if name:
+                entry.qualified_name = self.qualify_name(name)
+                if not shadow:
+                    if name in entries and self.is_cpp() and type.is_cfunction and not entries[name].is_cmethod:
+                        # Which means: function or cppclass method is already present
+                        entries[name].overloaded_alternatives.append(entry)
+                    else:
+                        entries[name] = entry
+
+        if type.is_memoryviewslice:
+            entry.init = type.default_value
+
+        entry.scope = self
+        entry.visibility = visibility
+        return entry
+
+    def qualify_name(self, name):
+        return EncodedString("%s.%s" % (self.qualified_name, name))
+
+    def declare_const(self, name, type, value, pos, cname = None, visibility = 'private', api = 0, create_wrapper = 0):
+        # Add an entry for a named constant.
+        if not cname:
+            if self.in_cinclude or (visibility == 'public' or api):
+                cname = name
+            else:
+                cname = self.mangle(Naming.enum_prefix, name)
+        entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, visibility, create_wrapper = create_wrapper)
+        entry.is_const = 1
+        entry.value_node = value
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_type(self, name, type, pos,
+            cname = None, visibility = 'private', api = 0, defining = 1,
+            shadow = 0, template = 0):
+        # Add an entry for a type definition.
+        if not cname:
+            cname = name
+        entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, visibility, shadow,
+                             is_type=True)
+        entry.is_type = 1
+        entry.api = api
+        if defining:
+            self.type_entries.append(entry)
+
+        # don't replace an entry that's already set
+        if not template and getattr(type, "entry", None) is None:
+            type.entry = entry
+
+        # here we would set as_variable to an object representing this type
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_typedef(self, name, base_type, pos, cname = None,
+                        visibility = 'private', api = 0):
+        if not cname:
+            if self.in_cinclude or (visibility != 'private' or api):
+                cname = name
+            else:
+                cname = self.mangle(Naming.type_prefix, name)
+        try:
+            if self.is_cpp_class_scope:
+                namespace = self.outer_scope.lookup(self.name).type
+            else:
+                namespace = None
+            type = PyrexTypes.create_typedef_type(name, base_type, cname,
+                                                  (visibility == 'extern'),
+                                                  namespace)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            error(pos, e.args[0])
+            type = PyrexTypes.error_type
+        entry = self.declare_type(name, type, pos, cname,
+                                  visibility = visibility, api = api)
+        type.qualified_name = entry.qualified_name
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_struct_or_union(self, name, kind, scope,
+                                typedef_flag, pos, cname = None,
+                                visibility = 'private', api = 0,
+                                packed = False):
+        # Add an entry for a struct or union definition.
+        if not cname:
+            if self.in_cinclude or (visibility == 'public' or api):
+                cname = name
+            else:
+                cname = self.mangle(Naming.type_prefix, name)
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if not entry:
+            in_cpp = self.is_cpp()
+            type = PyrexTypes.CStructOrUnionType(
+                name, kind, scope, typedef_flag, cname, packed,
+                in_cpp = in_cpp)
+            entry = self.declare_type(name, type, pos, cname,
+                visibility = visibility, api = api,
+                defining = scope is not None)
+            self.sue_entries.append(entry)
+            type.entry = entry
+        else:
+            if not (entry.is_type and entry.type.is_struct_or_union
+                    and entry.type.kind == kind):
+                warning(pos, "'%s' redeclared  " % name, 0)
+            elif scope and entry.type.scope:
+                warning(pos, "'%s' already defined  (ignoring second definition)" % name, 0)
+            else:
+                self.check_previous_typedef_flag(entry, typedef_flag, pos)
+                self.check_previous_visibility(entry, visibility, pos)
+                if scope:
+                    entry.type.scope = scope
+                    self.type_entries.append(entry)
+        if self.is_cpp_class_scope:
+            entry.type.namespace = self.outer_scope.lookup(self.name).type
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_cpp_class(self, name, scope,
+            pos, cname = None, base_classes = (),
+            visibility = 'extern', templates = None):
+        if cname is None:
+            if self.in_cinclude or (visibility != 'private'):
+                cname = name
+            else:
+                cname = self.mangle(Naming.type_prefix, name)
+        base_classes = list(base_classes)
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if not entry:
+            type = PyrexTypes.CppClassType(
+                name, scope, cname, base_classes, templates = templates)
+            entry = self.declare_type(name, type, pos, cname,
+                visibility = visibility, defining = scope is not None)
+            self.sue_entries.append(entry)
+        else:
+            if not (entry.is_type and entry.type.is_cpp_class):
+                error(pos, "'%s' redeclared " % name)
+                entry.already_declared_here()
+                return None
+            elif scope and entry.type.scope:
+                warning(pos, "'%s' already defined  (ignoring second definition)" % name, 0)
+            else:
+                if scope:
+                    entry.type.scope = scope
+                    self.type_entries.append(entry)
+            if base_classes:
+                if entry.type.base_classes and entry.type.base_classes != base_classes:
+                    error(pos, "Base type does not match previous declaration")
+                    entry.already_declared_here()
+                else:
+                    entry.type.base_classes = base_classes
+            if templates or entry.type.templates:
+                if templates != entry.type.templates:
+                    error(pos, "Template parameters do not match previous declaration")
+                    entry.already_declared_here()
+
+        def declare_inherited_attributes(entry, base_classes):
+            for base_class in base_classes:
+                if base_class is PyrexTypes.error_type:
+                    continue
+                if base_class.scope is None:
+                    error(pos, "Cannot inherit from incomplete type")
+                else:
+                    declare_inherited_attributes(entry, base_class.base_classes)
+                    entry.type.scope.declare_inherited_cpp_attributes(base_class)
+        if scope:
+            declare_inherited_attributes(entry, base_classes)
+            scope.declare_var(name="this", cname="this", type=PyrexTypes.CPtrType(entry.type), pos=entry.pos)
+        if self.is_cpp_class_scope:
+            entry.type.namespace = self.outer_scope.lookup(self.name).type
+        return entry
+
+    def check_previous_typedef_flag(self, entry, typedef_flag, pos):
+        if typedef_flag != entry.type.typedef_flag:
+            error(pos, "'%s' previously declared using '%s'" % (
+                entry.name, ("cdef", "ctypedef")[entry.type.typedef_flag]))
+
+    def check_previous_visibility(self, entry, visibility, pos):
+        if entry.visibility != visibility:
+            error(pos, "'%s' previously declared as '%s'" % (
+                entry.name, entry.visibility))
+
+    def declare_enum(self, name, pos, cname, scoped, typedef_flag,
+            visibility='private', api=0, create_wrapper=0, doc=None):
+        if name:
+            if not cname:
+                if (self.in_cinclude or visibility == 'public'
+                        or visibility == 'extern' or api):
+                    cname = name
+                else:
+                    cname = self.mangle(Naming.type_prefix, name)
+            if self.is_cpp_class_scope:
+                namespace = self.outer_scope.lookup(self.name).type
+            else:
+                namespace = None
+
+            if scoped:
+                type = PyrexTypes.CppScopedEnumType(name, cname, namespace, doc=doc)
+            else:
+                type = PyrexTypes.CEnumType(name, cname, typedef_flag, namespace, doc=doc)
+        else:
+            type = PyrexTypes.c_anon_enum_type
+        entry = self.declare_type(name, type, pos, cname = cname,
+            visibility = visibility, api = api)
+        if scoped:
+            entry.utility_code = Code.UtilityCode.load_cached("EnumClassDecl", "CppSupport.cpp")
+            self.use_entry_utility_code(entry)
+        entry.create_wrapper = create_wrapper
+        entry.enum_values = []
+
+        self.sue_entries.append(entry)
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_tuple_type(self, pos, components):
+        return self.outer_scope.declare_tuple_type(pos, components)
+
+    def declare_var(self, name, type, pos,
+                    cname=None, visibility='private',
+                    api=False, in_pxd=False, is_cdef=False, pytyping_modifiers=None):
+        # Add an entry for a variable.
+        if not cname:
+            if visibility != 'private' or api:
+                cname = name
+            else:
+                cname = self.mangle(Naming.var_prefix, name)
+        entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, visibility)
+        entry.is_variable = 1
+        if type.is_cpp_class and visibility != 'extern':
+            if self.directives['cpp_locals']:
+                entry.make_cpp_optional()
+            else:
+                type.check_nullary_constructor(pos)
+        if in_pxd and visibility != 'extern':
+            entry.defined_in_pxd = 1
+            entry.used = 1
+        if api:
+            entry.api = 1
+            entry.used = 1
+        if pytyping_modifiers:
+            entry.pytyping_modifiers = pytyping_modifiers
+        return entry
+
+    def _reject_pytyping_modifiers(self, pos, modifiers, allowed=()):
+        if not modifiers:
+            return
+        for modifier in modifiers:
+            if modifier not in allowed:
+                error(pos, "Modifier '%s' is not allowed here." % modifier)
+
+    def declare_assignment_expression_target(self, name, type, pos):
+        # In most cases declares the variable as normal.
+        # For generator expressions and comprehensions the variable is declared in their parent
+        return self.declare_var(name, type, pos)
+
+    def declare_builtin(self, name, pos):
+        name = self.mangle_class_private_name(name)
+        return self.outer_scope.declare_builtin(name, pos)
+
+    def _declare_pyfunction(self, name, pos, visibility='extern', entry=None):
+        if entry and not entry.type.is_cfunction:
+            error(pos, "'%s' already declared" % name)
+            error(entry.pos, "Previous declaration is here")
+        entry = self.declare_var(name, py_object_type, pos, visibility=visibility)
+        entry.signature = pyfunction_signature
+        self.pyfunc_entries.append(entry)
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_pyfunction(self, name, pos, allow_redefine=False, visibility='extern'):
+        # Add an entry for a Python function.
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if not allow_redefine:
+            return self._declare_pyfunction(name, pos, visibility=visibility, entry=entry)
+        if entry:
+            if entry.type.is_unspecified:
+                entry.type = py_object_type
+            elif entry.type is not py_object_type:
+                return self._declare_pyfunction(name, pos, visibility=visibility, entry=entry)
+        else:  # declare entry stub
+            self.declare_var(name, py_object_type, pos, visibility=visibility)
+        entry = self.declare_var(None, py_object_type, pos,
+                                 cname=name, visibility='private')
+        entry.name = EncodedString(name)
+        entry.qualified_name = self.qualify_name(name)
+        entry.signature = pyfunction_signature
+        entry.is_anonymous = True
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_lambda_function(self, lambda_name, pos):
+        # Add an entry for an anonymous Python function.
+        func_cname = self.mangle(Naming.lambda_func_prefix + 'funcdef_', lambda_name)
+        pymethdef_cname = self.mangle(Naming.lambda_func_prefix + 'methdef_', lambda_name)
+        qualified_name = self.qualify_name(lambda_name)
+
+        entry = self.declare(None, func_cname, py_object_type, pos, 'private')
+        entry.name = EncodedString(lambda_name)
+        entry.qualified_name = qualified_name
+        entry.pymethdef_cname = pymethdef_cname
+        entry.func_cname = func_cname
+        entry.signature = pyfunction_signature
+        entry.is_anonymous = True
+        return entry
+
+    def add_lambda_def(self, def_node):
+        self.lambda_defs.append(def_node)
+
+    def register_pyfunction(self, entry):
+        self.pyfunc_entries.append(entry)
+
+    def declare_cfunction(self, name, type, pos,
+                          cname=None, visibility='private', api=0, in_pxd=0,
+                          defining=0, modifiers=(), utility_code=None, overridable=False):
+        # Add an entry for a C function.
+        if not cname:
+            if visibility != 'private' or api:
+                cname = name
+            else:
+                cname = self.mangle(Naming.func_prefix, name)
+        inline_in_pxd = 'inline' in modifiers and in_pxd and defining
+        if inline_in_pxd:
+            # in_pxd does special things that we don't want to apply to inline functions
+            in_pxd = False
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if entry:
+            if not in_pxd and visibility != entry.visibility and visibility == 'extern':
+                # Previously declared, but now extern => treat this
+                # as implementing the function, using the new cname
+                defining = True
+                visibility = entry.visibility
+                entry.cname = cname
+                entry.func_cname = cname
+            if visibility != 'private' and visibility != entry.visibility:
+                warning(pos, "Function '%s' previously declared as '%s', now as '%s'" % (
+                    name, entry.visibility, visibility), 1)
+            if overridable != entry.is_overridable:
+                warning(pos, "Function '%s' previously declared as '%s'" % (
+                    name, 'cpdef' if overridable else 'cdef'), 1)
+            if entry.type.same_as(type):
+                # Fix with_gil vs nogil.
+                entry.type = entry.type.with_with_gil(type.with_gil)
+            else:
+                if visibility == 'extern' and entry.visibility == 'extern':
+                    can_override = self.is_builtin_scope
+                    if self.is_cpp():
+                        can_override = True
+                    elif cname and not can_override:
+                        # if all alternatives have different cnames,
+                        # it's safe to allow signature overrides
+                        for alt_entry in entry.all_alternatives():
+                            if not alt_entry.cname or cname == alt_entry.cname:
+                                break  # cname not unique!
+                        else:
+                            can_override = True
+                    if can_override:
+                        temp = self.add_cfunction(name, type, pos, cname, visibility, modifiers)
+                        temp.overloaded_alternatives = entry.all_alternatives()
+                        if entry.specialiser is not None:
+                            temp.specialiser = entry.specialiser
+                        entry = temp
+                    else:
+                        warning(pos, "Function signature does not match previous declaration", 1)
+                        entry.type = type
+                elif not in_pxd and entry.defined_in_pxd and type.compatible_signature_with(entry.type):
+                    # TODO: check that this was done by a signature optimisation and not a user error.
+                    #warning(pos, "Function signature does not match previous declaration", 1)
+
+                    # Cython can't assume anything about cimported functions declared without
+                    # an exception value. This is a performance problem mainly for nogil functions.
+                    if entry.type.nogil and entry.type.exception_value is None and type.exception_value:
+                        performance_hint(
+                            entry.pos,
+                            f"No exception value declared for '{entry.name}' in pxd file.\n"
+                            "Users cimporting this function and calling it without the gil "
+                            "will always require an exception check.\n"
+                            "Suggest adding an explicit exception value.",
+                            self)
+                    entry.type = type
+                else:
+                    error(pos, "Function signature does not match previous declaration")
+        else:
+            entry = self.add_cfunction(name, type, pos, cname, visibility, modifiers)
+            entry.func_cname = cname
+            entry.is_overridable = overridable
+        if inline_in_pxd:
+            entry.inline_func_in_pxd = True
+        if in_pxd and visibility != 'extern':
+            entry.defined_in_pxd = 1
+        if api:
+            entry.api = 1
+        if not defining and not in_pxd and visibility != 'extern':
+            error(pos, "Non-extern C function '%s' declared but not defined" % name)
+        if defining:
+            entry.is_implemented = True
+        if modifiers:
+            entry.func_modifiers = modifiers
+        if utility_code:
+            assert not entry.utility_code, "duplicate utility code definition in entry %s (%s)" % (name, cname)
+            entry.utility_code = utility_code
+        if overridable:
+            # names of cpdef functions can be used as variables and can be assigned to
+            var_entry = Entry(name, cname, py_object_type)   # FIXME: cname?
+            var_entry.qualified_name = self.qualify_name(name)
+            var_entry.is_variable = 1
+            var_entry.is_pyglobal = 1
+            var_entry.scope = entry.scope
+            entry.as_variable = var_entry
+        type.entry = entry
+        if (type.exception_check and type.exception_value is None and type.nogil and
+                not pos[0].in_utility_code and
+                # don't warn about external functions here - the user likely can't do anything
+                defining and not in_pxd and not inline_in_pxd):
+            PyrexTypes.write_noexcept_performance_hint(
+                pos, self, function_name=name, void_return=type.return_type.is_void)
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_cgetter(self, name, return_type, pos=None, cname=None,
+                        visibility="private", modifiers=(), defining=False, **cfunc_type_config):
+        assert all(
+            k in ('exception_value', 'exception_check', 'nogil', 'with_gil', 'is_const_method', 'is_static_method')
+            for k in cfunc_type_config
+        )
+        cfunc_type = PyrexTypes.CFuncType(
+            return_type,
+            [PyrexTypes.CFuncTypeArg("self", self.parent_type, None)],
+            **cfunc_type_config)
+        entry = self.declare_cfunction(
+            name, cfunc_type, pos, cname=None, visibility=visibility, modifiers=modifiers, defining=defining)
+        entry.is_cgetter = True
+        if cname is not None:
+            entry.func_cname = cname
+        return entry
+
+    def add_cfunction(self, name, type, pos, cname, visibility, modifiers, inherited=False):
+        # Add a C function entry without giving it a func_cname.
+        entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, visibility)
+        entry.is_cfunction = 1
+        if modifiers:
+            entry.func_modifiers = modifiers
+        if inherited or type.is_fused:
+            self.cfunc_entries.append(entry)
+        else:
+            # For backwards compatibility reasons, we must keep all non-fused methods
+            # before all fused methods, but separately for each type.
+            i = len(self.cfunc_entries)
+            for cfunc_entry in reversed(self.cfunc_entries):
+                if cfunc_entry.is_inherited or not cfunc_entry.type.is_fused:
+                    break
+                i -= 1
+            self.cfunc_entries.insert(i, entry)
+        return entry
+
+    def find(self, name, pos):
+        # Look up name, report error if not found.
+        entry = self.lookup(name)
+        if entry:
+            return entry
+        else:
+            error(pos, "'%s' is not declared" % name)
+
+    def find_imported_module(self, path, pos):
+        # Look up qualified name, must be a module, report error if not found.
+        # Path is a list of names.
+        scope = self
+        for name in path:
+            entry = scope.find(name, pos)
+            if not entry:
+                return None
+            if entry.as_module:
+                scope = entry.as_module
+            else:
+                error(pos, "'%s' is not a cimported module" % '.'.join(path))
+                return None
+        return scope
+
+    def lookup(self, name):
+        # Look up name in this scope or an enclosing one.
+        # Return None if not found.
+
+        mangled_name = self.mangle_class_private_name(name)
+        entry = (self.lookup_here(name)  # lookup here also does mangling
+                or (self.outer_scope and self.outer_scope.lookup(mangled_name))
+                or None)
+        if entry:
+            return entry
+
+        # look up the original name in the outer scope
+        # Not strictly Python behaviour but see https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3544
+        entry = (self.outer_scope and self.outer_scope.lookup(name)) or None
+        if entry and entry.is_pyglobal:
+            self._emit_class_private_warning(entry.pos, name)
+        return entry
+
+    def lookup_here(self, name):
+        # Look up in this scope only, return None if not found.
+
+        entry = self.entries.get(self.mangle_class_private_name(name), None)
+        if entry:
+            return entry
+        # Also check the unmangled name in the current scope
+        # (even if mangling should give us something else).
+        # This is to support things like global __foo which makes a declaration for __foo
+        return self.entries.get(name, None)
+
+    def lookup_here_unmangled(self, name):
+        return self.entries.get(name, None)
+
+    def lookup_assignment_expression_target(self, name):
+        # For most cases behaves like "lookup_here".
+        # However, it does look outwards for comprehension and generator expression scopes
+        return self.lookup_here(name)
+
+    def lookup_target(self, name):
+        # Look up name in this scope only. Declare as Python
+        # variable if not found.
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if not entry:
+            entry = self.lookup_here_unmangled(name)
+            if entry and entry.is_pyglobal:
+                self._emit_class_private_warning(entry.pos, name)
+        if not entry:
+            entry = self.declare_var(name, py_object_type, None)
+        return entry
+
+    def _type_or_specialized_type_from_entry(self, entry):
+        if entry and entry.is_type:
+            if entry.type.is_fused and self.fused_to_specific:
+                return entry.type.specialize(self.fused_to_specific)
+            return entry.type
+        return None
+
+    def lookup_type(self, name):
+        entry = self.lookup(name)
+        # The logic here is:
+        #  1. if entry is a type then return it (and maybe specialize it)
+        #  2. if the entry comes from a known standard library import then follow that
+        #  3. repeat step 1 with the (possibly) updated entry
+
+        tp = self._type_or_specialized_type_from_entry(entry)
+        if tp:
+            return tp
+        # allow us to find types from the "typing" module and similar
+        if entry and entry.known_standard_library_import:
+            from .Builtin import get_known_standard_library_entry
+            entry = get_known_standard_library_entry(entry.known_standard_library_import)
+        return self._type_or_specialized_type_from_entry(entry)
+
+    def lookup_operator(self, operator, operands):
+        if operands[0].type.is_cpp_class:
+            obj_type = operands[0].type
+            method = obj_type.scope.lookup("operator%s" % operator)
+            if method is not None:
+                arg_types = [arg.type for arg in operands[1:]]
+                res = PyrexTypes.best_match(arg_types, method.all_alternatives())
+                if res is not None:
+                    return res
+        function = self.lookup("operator%s" % operator)
+        function_alternatives = []
+        if function is not None:
+            function_alternatives = function.all_alternatives()
+
+        # look-up nonmember methods listed within a class
+        method_alternatives = []
+        if len(operands) == 2:  # binary operators only
+            for n in range(2):
+                if operands[n].type.is_cpp_class:
+                    obj_type = operands[n].type
+                    method = obj_type.scope.lookup("operator%s" % operator)
+                    if method is not None:
+                        method_alternatives += method.all_alternatives()
+
+        if (not method_alternatives) and (not function_alternatives):
+            return None
+
+        # select the unique alternatives
+        all_alternatives = list(set(method_alternatives + function_alternatives))
+
+        return PyrexTypes.best_match([arg.type for arg in operands],
+                                     all_alternatives)
+
+    def lookup_operator_for_types(self, pos, operator, types):
+        from .Nodes import Node
+        class FakeOperand(Node):
+            pass
+        operands = [FakeOperand(pos, type=type) for type in types]
+        return self.lookup_operator(operator, operands)
+
+    def _emit_class_private_warning(self, pos, name):
+        warning(pos, "Global name %s matched from within class scope "
+                            "in contradiction to Python 'class private name' rules. "
+                            "This may change in a future release." % name, 1)
+
+    def use_utility_code(self, new_code):
+        self.global_scope().use_utility_code(new_code)
+
+    def use_entry_utility_code(self, entry):
+        self.global_scope().use_entry_utility_code(entry)
+
+    def defines_any(self, names):
+        # Test whether any of the given names are defined in this scope.
+        for name in names:
+            if name in self.entries:
+                return 1
+        return 0
+
+    def defines_any_special(self, names):
+        # Test whether any of the given names are defined as special methods in this scope.
+        for name in names:
+            if name in self.entries and self.entries[name].is_special:
+                return 1
+        return 0
+
+    def infer_types(self):
+        from .TypeInference import get_type_inferer
+        get_type_inferer().infer_types(self)
+
+    def is_cpp(self):
+        outer = self.outer_scope
+        if outer is None:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return outer.is_cpp()
+
+    def add_include_file(self, filename, verbatim_include=None, late=False):
+        self.outer_scope.add_include_file(filename, verbatim_include, late)
+
+    def name_in_module_state(self, cname):
+        # TODO - override to give more choices depending on the type of scope
+        # e.g. slot, function, method
+        return f"{Naming.modulestateglobal_cname}->{cname}"
+
+    def find_shared_usages_of_type(self, type_to_find, _seen_scopes=None):
+        if _seen_scopes is None:
+            _seen_scopes = set()
+        include_all_entries = not self.is_module_scope
+        for entry in self.entries.values():
+            if not (include_all_entries or entry.defined_in_pxd or entry.visibility == "public" or entry.api):
+                continue
+            entry_subtypes = PyrexTypes.get_all_subtypes(entry.type)
+            if any(type_to_find == sub_tp for sub_tp in entry_subtypes):
+                return True
+            type_scope = getattr(entry.type, "scope", None)
+            if type_scope is None or type_scope in _seen_scopes:
+                continue
+            _seen_scopes.add(type_scope)
+            if type_scope.find_shared_usages_of_type(type_to_find, _seen_scopes):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+
+class PreImportScope(Scope):
+
+    namespace_cname = Naming.preimport_cname
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        Scope.__init__(self, Options.pre_import, None, None)
+
+    def declare_builtin(self, name, pos):
+        entry = self.declare(name, name, py_object_type, pos, 'private')
+        entry.is_variable = True
+        entry.is_pyglobal = True
+        return entry
+
+
+class BuiltinScope(Scope):
+    #  The builtin namespace.
+
+    is_builtin_scope = True
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        if Options.pre_import is None:
+            Scope.__init__(self, "__builtin__", None, None)
+        else:
+            Scope.__init__(self, "__builtin__", PreImportScope(), None)
+        self.type_names = {}
+
+    def lookup(self, name, language_level=None):
+        # 'language_level' is passed by ModuleScope
+        if name == 'unicode' or name == 'basestring':
+            # Keep recognising 'unicode' and 'basestring' in legacy code but map them to 'str'.
+            name = 'str'
+        elif name == 'long' and language_level == 2:
+            # Keep recognising 'long' in legacy Py2 code but map it to 'int'.
+            name = 'int'
+        return Scope.lookup(self, name)
+
+    def declare_builtin(self, name, pos):
+        if name not in PyrexTypes.KNOWN_PYTHON_BUILTINS:
+            if self.outer_scope is not None:
+                return self.outer_scope.declare_builtin(name, pos)
+            else:
+                if Options.error_on_unknown_names:
+                    error(pos, "undeclared name not builtin: %s" % name)
+                else:
+                    warning(pos, "undeclared name not builtin: %s" % name, 2)
+
+    def declare_builtin_cfunction(self, name, type, cname, python_equiv=None, utility_code=None, specialiser=None):
+        # If python_equiv == "*", the Python equivalent has the same name
+        # as the entry, otherwise it has the name specified by python_equiv.
+        name = EncodedString(name)
+        entry = self.declare_cfunction(name, type, None, cname, visibility='extern', utility_code=utility_code)
+        if specialiser is not None:
+            entry.specialiser = specialiser
+        if python_equiv:
+            if python_equiv == "*":
+                python_equiv = name
+            else:
+                python_equiv = EncodedString(python_equiv)
+            var_entry = Entry(python_equiv, python_equiv, py_object_type)
+            var_entry.qualified_name = self.qualify_name(name)
+            var_entry.is_variable = 1
+            var_entry.is_builtin = 1
+            var_entry.utility_code = utility_code
+            var_entry.scope = entry.scope
+            entry.as_variable = var_entry
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_builtin_type(self, name, cname,
+                             objstruct_cname=None, type_class=PyrexTypes.BuiltinObjectType,
+                             utility_code=None):
+        name = EncodedString(name)
+        type = type_class(name, cname, objstruct_cname, type_check_utility_code=utility_code)
+        scope = CClassScope(name, outer_scope=None, visibility='extern', parent_type=type)
+        scope.directives = {}
+        type.set_scope(scope)
+        self.type_names[name] = 1
+
+        entry = self.declare_type(name, type, None, visibility='extern')
+        if utility_code:
+            entry.utility_code = utility_code
+        if name == 'range' and 'xrange' not in self.entries:
+            # Keep supporting legacy Py2 'xrange' because it's still in use.
+            self.entries['xrange'] = entry
+
+        var_entry = Entry(
+            name=entry.name,
+            type=self.lookup('type').type,  # make sure "type" is the first type declared...
+            pos=entry.pos,
+            cname=entry.type.typeptr_cname,
+        )
+        var_entry.qualified_name = self.qualify_name(name)
+        var_entry.is_variable = 1
+        var_entry.is_cglobal = 1
+        var_entry.is_readonly = 1
+        var_entry.is_builtin = 1
+        var_entry.scope = self
+        if Options.cache_builtins:
+            var_entry.is_const = True
+        if utility_code:
+            var_entry.utility_code = utility_code
+        entry.as_variable = var_entry
+
+        return type
+
+    def builtin_scope(self):
+        return self
+
+    def handle_already_declared_name(self, name, cname, type, pos, visibility, copy_entry=False):
+        # Overriding is OK in the builtin scope
+        return None
+
+
+const_counter = 1  # As a temporary solution for compiling code in pxds
+
+class ModuleScope(Scope):
+    # module_name          string             Python name of the module
+    # module_cname         string             C name of Python module object
+    # #module_dict_cname   string             C name of module dict object
+    # method_table_cname   string             C name of method table
+    # doc                  string             Module doc string
+    # doc_cname            string             C name of module doc string
+    # utility_code_list    [UtilityCode]      Queuing utility codes for forwarding to Code.py
+    # c_includes           {key: IncludeCode} C headers or verbatim code to be generated
+    #                                         See process_include() for more documentation
+    # identifier_to_entry  {string : Entry}   Map identifier string const to entry
+    # context              Context
+    # parent_module        Scope              Parent in the import namespace
+    # module_entries       {string : Entry}   For cimport statements
+    # type_names           {string : 1}       Set of type names (used during parsing)
+    # included_files       [string]           Cython sources included with 'include'
+    # pxd_file_loaded      boolean            Corresponding .pxd file has been processed
+    # cimported_modules    [ModuleScope]      Modules imported with cimport
+    # types_imported       {PyrexType}        Set of types for which import code generated
+    # has_import_star      boolean            Module contains import *
+    # cpp                  boolean            Compiling a C++ file
+    # is_cython_builtin    boolean            Is this the Cython builtin scope (or a child scope)
+    # is_package           boolean            Is this a package module? (__init__)
+
+    is_module_scope = 1
+    has_import_star = 0
+    is_cython_builtin = 0
+    old_style_globals = 0
+    cpp = False
+    namespace_cname_is_type = False
+    scope_predefined_names = [
+        '__builtins__', '__name__', '__file__', '__doc__', '__path__',
+        '__spec__', '__loader__', '__package__', '__cached__',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, name, parent_module, context, is_package=False):
+        from . import Builtin
+        self.parent_module = parent_module
+        outer_scope = Builtin.builtin_scope
+        Scope.__init__(self, name, outer_scope, parent_module)
+        self.is_package = is_package
+        self.module_name = EncodedString(name)
+        self._context = context
+        self.module_cname = Naming.module_cname
+        self.module_dict_cname = Naming.moddict_cname
+        self.method_table_cname = Naming.methtable_cname
+        self.doc = ""
+        self.doc_cname = Naming.moddoc_cname
+        self.utility_code_list = []
+        self.module_entries = {}
+        self.c_includes = {}
+        self.type_names = dict(outer_scope.type_names)
+        self.pxd_file_loaded = 0
+        self.cimported_modules = []
+        self.types_imported = set()
+        self.included_files = []
+        self.has_extern_class = 0
+        self.cached_builtins = []
+        self.undeclared_cached_builtins = []
+        self.namespace_cname = self.module_cname
+        self._cached_tuple_types = {}
+        self._cached_defaults_c_class_entries = {}
+        self.process_include(Code.IncludeCode("Python.h", initial=True))
+
+    def qualifying_scope(self):
+        return self.parent_module
+
+    @property
+    def context(self):
+        return self._context
+
+    def global_scope(self):
+        return self
+
+    def lookup(self, name, language_level=None):
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if entry is not None:
+            return entry
+
+        if language_level is None:
+            language_level = self.context.language_level if self.context is not None else 3
+        return self.outer_scope.lookup(name, language_level=language_level)
+
+    def declare_tuple_type(self, pos, components):
+        components = tuple(components)
+        try:
+            ttype = self._cached_tuple_types[components]
+        except KeyError:
+            ttype = self._cached_tuple_types[components] = PyrexTypes.c_tuple_type(components)
+        cname = ttype.cname
+        entry = self.lookup_here(cname)
+        if not entry:
+            scope = StructOrUnionScope(cname)
+            for ix, component in enumerate(components):
+                scope.declare_var(name="f%s" % ix, type=component, pos=pos)
+            struct_entry = self.declare_struct_or_union(
+                cname + '_struct', 'struct', scope, typedef_flag=True, pos=pos, cname=cname)
+            self.type_entries.remove(struct_entry)
+            ttype.struct_entry = struct_entry
+            entry = self.declare_type(cname, ttype, pos, cname)
+        ttype.entry = entry
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_defaults_c_class(self, pos, components):
+        # returns an entry (for the c-class)
+        components = tuple(components)
+        try:
+            return self._cached_defaults_c_class_entries[components]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        cname = self.next_id(Naming.defaults_struct_prefix)
+        cname = EncodedString(cname)
+        entry = self._cached_defaults_c_class_entries[components] = self.declare_c_class(
+            cname, pos, defining=True, implementing=True,
+            objstruct_cname=cname)
+        self.check_c_class(entry)
+        entry.type.is_final_type = True
+        scope = entry.type.scope
+        scope.is_internal = True
+        scope.is_defaults_class_scope = True
+
+        # zero pad the argument number so they can be sorted
+        num_zeros = len(str(len(components)))
+        build_argname = ("arg{:0>%dd}" % num_zeros).format
+        for n, type_ in enumerate(components):
+            arg_name = EncodedString(build_argname(n))
+            scope.declare_var(arg_name, type_, pos=None, is_cdef=True)
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_builtin(self, name, pos):
+        if name not in PyrexTypes.KNOWN_PYTHON_BUILTINS \
+               and name not in Code.renamed_py2_builtins_map \
+               and name not in PyrexTypes.uncachable_builtins:
+            if self.has_import_star:
+                entry = self.declare_var(name, py_object_type, pos)
+                return entry
+            else:
+                if Options.error_on_unknown_names:
+                    error(pos, "undeclared name not builtin: %s" % name)
+                else:
+                    warning(pos, "undeclared name not builtin: %s" % name, 2)
+                # unknown - assume it's builtin and look it up at runtime
+                entry = self.declare(name, None, py_object_type, pos, 'private')
+                entry.is_builtin = 1
+                return entry
+        if Options.cache_builtins:
+            for entry in self.cached_builtins:
+                if entry.name == name:
+                    return entry
+        if name == 'globals' and not self.old_style_globals:
+            return self.outer_scope.lookup('__Pyx_Globals')
+        else:
+            entry = self.declare(None, None, py_object_type, pos, 'private')
+        if Options.cache_builtins and name not in PyrexTypes.uncachable_builtins:
+            entry.is_builtin = 1
+            entry.is_const = 1  # cached
+            entry.name = name
+            entry.cname = Naming.builtin_prefix + name
+            self.cached_builtins.append(entry)
+            self.undeclared_cached_builtins.append(entry)
+        else:
+            entry.is_builtin = 1
+            entry.name = name
+        entry.qualified_name = self.builtin_scope().qualify_name(name)
+        return entry
+
+    def find_module(self, module_name, pos, relative_level=-1):
+        # Find a module in the import namespace, interpreting
+        # relative imports relative to this module's parent.
+        # Finds and parses the module's .pxd file if the module
+        # has not been referenced before.
+        is_relative_import = relative_level is not None and relative_level > 0
+        from_module = None
+        absolute_fallback = False
+        if relative_level is not None and relative_level > 0:
+            # explicit relative cimport
+            # error of going beyond top-level is handled in cimport node
+            from_module = self
+
+            top_level = 1 if self.is_package else 0
+            # * top_level == 1 when file is __init__.pyx, current package (from_module) is the current module
+            #   i.e. dot in `from . import ...` points to the current package
+            # * top_level == 0 when file is regular module, current package (from_module) is parent module
+            #   i.e. dot in `from . import ...` points to the package where module is placed
+            while relative_level > top_level and from_module:
+                from_module = from_module.parent_module
+                relative_level -= 1
+
+        elif relative_level != 0:
+            # -1 or None: try relative cimport first, then absolute
+            from_module = self.parent_module
+            absolute_fallback = True
+
+        module_scope = self.global_scope()
+        return module_scope.context.find_module(
+            module_name, from_module=from_module, pos=pos, absolute_fallback=absolute_fallback, relative_import=is_relative_import)
+
+    def find_submodule(self, name, as_package=False):
+        # Find and return scope for a submodule of this module,
+        # creating a new empty one if necessary. Doesn't parse .pxd.
+        if '.' in name:
+            name, submodule = name.split('.', 1)
+        else:
+            submodule = None
+        scope = self.lookup_submodule(name)
+        if not scope:
+            scope = ModuleScope(name, parent_module=self, context=self.context, is_package=True if submodule else as_package)
+            self.module_entries[name] = scope
+        if submodule:
+            scope = scope.find_submodule(submodule, as_package=as_package)
+        return scope
+
+    def lookup_submodule(self, name):
+        # Return scope for submodule of this module, or None.
+        if '.' in name:
+            name, submodule = name.split('.', 1)
+        else:
+            submodule = None
+        module = self.module_entries.get(name, None)
+        if submodule and module is not None:
+            module = module.lookup_submodule(submodule)
+        return module
+
+    def add_include_file(self, filename, verbatim_include=None, late=False):
+        """
+        Add `filename` as include file. Add `verbatim_include` as
+        verbatim text in the C file.
+        Both `filename` and `verbatim_include` can be `None` or empty.
+        """
+        inc = Code.IncludeCode(filename, verbatim_include, late=late)
+        self.process_include(inc)
+
+    def process_include(self, inc):
+        """
+        Add `inc`, which is an instance of `IncludeCode`, to this
+        `ModuleScope`. This either adds a new element to the
+        `c_includes` dict or it updates an existing entry.
+
+        In detail: the values of the dict `self.c_includes` are
+        instances of `IncludeCode` containing the code to be put in the
+        generated C file. The keys of the dict are needed to ensure
+        uniqueness in two ways: if an include file is specified in
+        multiple "cdef extern" blocks, only one `#include` statement is
+        generated. Second, the same include might occur multiple times
+        if we find it through multiple "cimport" paths. So we use the
+        generated code (of the form `#include "header.h"`) as dict key.
+
+        If verbatim code does not belong to any include file (i.e. it
+        was put in a `cdef extern from *` block), then we use a unique
+        dict key: namely, the `sortkey()`.
+
+        One `IncludeCode` object can contain multiple pieces of C code:
+        one optional "main piece" for the include file and several other
+        pieces for the verbatim code. The `IncludeCode.dict_update`
+        method merges the pieces of two different `IncludeCode` objects
+        if needed.
+        """
+        key = inc.mainpiece()
+        if key is None:
+            key = inc.sortkey()
+        inc.dict_update(self.c_includes, key)
+        inc = self.c_includes[key]
+
+    def add_imported_module(self, scope):
+        if scope not in self.cimported_modules:
+            for inc in scope.c_includes.values():
+                self.process_include(inc)
+            self.cimported_modules.append(scope)
+            for m in scope.cimported_modules:
+                self.add_imported_module(m)
+
+    def add_imported_entry(self, name, entry, pos):
+        if entry.is_pyglobal:
+            # Allow cimports to follow imports.
+            entry.is_variable = True
+        if entry not in self.entries:
+            self.entries[name] = entry
+        else:
+            warning(pos, "'%s' redeclared  " % name, 0)
+
+    def declare_module(self, name, scope, pos):
+        # Declare a cimported module. This is represented as a
+        # Python module-level variable entry with a module
+        # scope attached to it. Reports an error and returns
+        # None if previously declared as something else.
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if entry:
+            if entry.is_pyglobal and entry.as_module is scope:
+                return entry  # Already declared as the same module
+            if not (entry.is_pyglobal and not entry.as_module):
+                # SAGE -- I put this here so Pyrex
+                # cimport's work across directories.
+                # Currently it tries to multiply define
+                # every module appearing in an import list.
+                # It shouldn't be an error for a module
+                # name to appear again, and indeed the generated
+                # code compiles fine.
+                return entry
+        else:
+            entry = self.declare_var(name, py_object_type, pos)
+            entry.is_variable = 0
+        entry.as_module = scope
+        self.add_imported_module(scope)
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_var(self, name, type, pos,
+                    cname=None, visibility='private',
+                    api=False, in_pxd=False, is_cdef=False, pytyping_modifiers=None):
+        # Add an entry for a global variable. If it is a Python
+        # object type, and not declared with cdef, it will live
+        # in the module dictionary, otherwise it will be a C
+        # global variable.
+        if visibility not in ('private', 'public', 'extern'):
+            error(pos, "Module-level variable cannot be declared %s" % visibility)
+        self._reject_pytyping_modifiers(pos, pytyping_modifiers, ('typing.Optional',))  # let's allow at least this one
+        if not is_cdef:
+            if type is unspecified_type:
+                type = py_object_type
+            if not (type.is_pyobject and not type.is_extension_type):
+                raise InternalError(
+                    "Non-cdef global variable is not a generic Python object")
+        if (is_cdef and visibility != "extern"
+                and self.directives['subinterpreters_compatible'] != "no"):
+            extra_warning = ""
+            pyobject_warning = ""
+            if type.is_pyobject:
+                extra_warning = "\nPython objects should not be shared between interpreters"
+                pyobject_warning = "Python "
+            warning(
+                pos,
+                f"Global cdef {pyobject_warning}variable used with subinterpreter support enabled.\n"
+                "This variable is not currently in the per-interpreter module state "
+                "but this will likely change in future releases." +
+                extra_warning,
+                2+(1 if extra_warning else 0))
+
+        if not cname:
+            defining = not in_pxd
+            if visibility == 'extern' or (visibility == 'public' and defining):
+                cname = name
+            else:
+                cname = self.mangle(Naming.var_prefix, name)
+
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if entry and entry.defined_in_pxd:
+            #if visibility != 'private' and visibility != entry.visibility:
+            #    warning(pos, "Variable '%s' previously declared as '%s'" % (name, entry.visibility), 1)
+            if not entry.type.same_as(type):
+                if visibility == 'extern' and entry.visibility == 'extern':
+                    warning(pos, "Variable '%s' type does not match previous declaration" % name, 1)
+                    entry.type = type
+                #else:
+                #    error(pos, "Variable '%s' type does not match previous declaration" % name)
+            if entry.visibility != "private":
+                mangled_cname = self.mangle(Naming.var_prefix, name)
+                if entry.cname == mangled_cname:
+                    cname = name
+                    entry.cname = name
+            if not entry.is_implemented:
+                entry.is_implemented = True
+                return entry
+
+        entry = Scope.declare_var(self, name, type, pos,
+                                  cname=cname, visibility=visibility,
+                                  api=api, in_pxd=in_pxd, is_cdef=is_cdef, pytyping_modifiers=pytyping_modifiers)
+        if is_cdef:
+            entry.is_cglobal = 1
+            if entry.type.declaration_value:
+                entry.init = entry.type.declaration_value
+            self.var_entries.append(entry)
+        else:
+            entry.is_pyglobal = 1
+        if Options.cimport_from_pyx:
+            entry.used = 1
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_cfunction(self, name, type, pos,
+                          cname=None, visibility='private', api=0, in_pxd=0,
+                          defining=0, modifiers=(), utility_code=None, overridable=False):
+        if not defining and 'inline' in modifiers:
+            # TODO(github/1736): Make this an error.
+            warning(pos, "Declarations should not be declared inline.", 1)
+        # Add an entry for a C function.
+        if not cname:
+            if visibility == 'extern' or (visibility == 'public' and defining):
+                cname = name
+            else:
+                cname = self.mangle(Naming.func_prefix, name)
+        if visibility == 'extern' and type.optional_arg_count:
+            error(pos, "Extern functions cannot have default arguments values.")
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if entry and entry.defined_in_pxd:
+            if entry.visibility != "private":
+                mangled_cname = self.mangle(Naming.func_prefix, name)
+                if entry.cname == mangled_cname:
+                    cname = name
+                    entry.cname = cname
+                    entry.func_cname = cname
+        entry = Scope.declare_cfunction(
+            self, name, type, pos,
+            cname=cname, visibility=visibility, api=api, in_pxd=in_pxd,
+            defining=defining, modifiers=modifiers, utility_code=utility_code,
+            overridable=overridable)
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_global(self, name, pos):
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if not entry:
+            self.declare_var(name, py_object_type, pos)
+
+    def use_utility_code(self, new_code):
+        if new_code is not None:
+            self.utility_code_list.append(new_code)
+
+    def use_entry_utility_code(self, entry):
+        if entry is None:
+            return
+        if entry.utility_code:
+            self.utility_code_list.append(entry.utility_code)
+        if entry.utility_code_definition:
+            self.utility_code_list.append(entry.utility_code_definition)
+        for tp in PyrexTypes.get_all_subtypes(entry.type):
+            if hasattr(tp, "entry") and tp.entry is not entry:
+                self.use_entry_utility_code(tp.entry)
+
+    def declare_c_class(self, name, pos, defining=0, implementing=0,
+            module_name=None, base_type=None, objstruct_cname=None,
+            typeobj_cname=None, typeptr_cname=None, visibility='private',
+            typedef_flag=0, api=0, check_size=None,
+            buffer_defaults=None, shadow=0):
+        # If this is a non-extern typedef class, expose the typedef, but use
+        # the non-typedef struct internally to avoid needing forward
+        # declarations for anonymous structs.
+        if typedef_flag and visibility != 'extern':
+            if not (visibility == 'public' or api):
+                warning(pos, "ctypedef only valid for 'extern' , 'public', and 'api'", 2)
+            objtypedef_cname = objstruct_cname
+            typedef_flag = 0
+        else:
+            objtypedef_cname = None
+        #
+        #  Look for previous declaration as a type
+        #
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if entry and not shadow:
+            type = entry.type
+            if not (entry.is_type and type.is_extension_type):
+                entry = None  # Will cause redeclaration and produce an error
+            else:
+                scope = type.scope
+                if typedef_flag and (not scope or scope.defined):
+                    self.check_previous_typedef_flag(entry, typedef_flag, pos)
+                if (scope and scope.defined) or (base_type and type.base_type):
+                    if base_type and base_type is not type.base_type:
+                        error(pos, "Base type does not match previous declaration")
+                if base_type and not type.base_type:
+                    type.base_type = base_type
+        #
+        #  Make a new entry if needed
+        #
+        if not entry or shadow:
+            type = PyrexTypes.PyExtensionType(
+                name, typedef_flag, base_type, visibility == 'extern', check_size=check_size)
+            type.pos = pos
+            type.buffer_defaults = buffer_defaults
+            if objtypedef_cname is not None:
+                type.objtypedef_cname = objtypedef_cname
+            if visibility == 'extern':
+                type.module_name = module_name
+            else:
+                type.module_name = self.qualified_name
+            if typeptr_cname:
+                type.typeptr_cname = typeptr_cname
+            else:
+                type.typeptr_cname = self.mangle(Naming.typeptr_prefix, name)
+            entry = self.declare_type(name, type, pos, visibility = visibility,
+                defining = 0, shadow = shadow)
+            entry.is_cclass = True
+            if objstruct_cname:
+                type.objstruct_cname = objstruct_cname
+            elif not entry.in_cinclude:
+                type.objstruct_cname = self.mangle(Naming.objstruct_prefix, name)
+            else:
+                error(entry.pos,
+                    "Object name required for 'public' or 'extern' C class")
+            self.attach_var_entry_to_c_class(entry)
+            self.c_class_entries.append(entry)
+        #
+        #  Check for re-definition and create scope if needed
+        #
+        if not type.scope:
+            if defining or implementing:
+                scope = CClassScope(name = name, outer_scope = self,
+                    visibility=visibility,
+                    parent_type=type)
+                scope.directives = self.directives.copy()
+                if base_type and base_type.scope:
+                    scope.declare_inherited_c_attributes(base_type.scope)
+                type.set_scope(scope)
+                self.type_entries.append(entry)
+        else:
+            if defining and type.scope.defined:
+                error(pos, "C class '%s' already defined" % name)
+            elif implementing and type.scope.implemented:
+                error(pos, "C class '%s' already implemented" % name)
+        #
+        #  Fill in options, checking for compatibility with any previous declaration
+        #
+        if defining:
+            entry.defined_in_pxd = 1
+        if implementing:   # So that filenames in runtime exceptions refer to
+            entry.pos = pos  # the .pyx file and not the .pxd file
+        if visibility != 'private' and entry.visibility != visibility:
+            error(pos, "Class '%s' previously declared as '%s'"
+                % (name, entry.visibility))
+        if api:
+            entry.api = 1
+        if objstruct_cname:
+            if type.objstruct_cname and type.objstruct_cname != objstruct_cname:
+                error(pos, "Object struct name differs from previous declaration")
+            type.objstruct_cname = objstruct_cname
+        if typeobj_cname:
+            if type.typeobj_cname and type.typeobj_cname != typeobj_cname:
+                error(pos, "Type object name differs from previous declaration")
+            type.typeobj_cname = typeobj_cname
+
+        if self.directives.get('final'):
+            entry.type.is_final_type = True
+        collection_type = self.directives.get('collection_type')
+        if collection_type == 'sequence':
+            entry.type.has_sequence_flag = True
+        elif collection_type == 'mapping':
+            entry.type.has_mapping_flag = True
+
+        # cdef classes are always exported, but we need to set it to
+        # distinguish between unused Cython utility code extension classes
+        entry.used = True
+
+        #
+        # Return new or existing entry
+        #
+        return entry
+
+    def allocate_vtable_names(self, entry):
+        #  If extension type has a vtable, allocate vtable struct and
+        #  slot names for it.
+        type = entry.type
+        if type.base_type and type.base_type.vtabslot_cname:
+            #print "...allocating vtabslot_cname because base type has one" ###
+            type.vtabslot_cname = "%s.%s" % (
+                Naming.obj_base_cname, type.base_type.vtabslot_cname)
+        elif type.scope and type.scope.cfunc_entries:
+            # one special case here: when inheriting from builtin
+            # types, the methods may also be built-in, in which
+            # case they won't need a vtable
+            entry_count = len(type.scope.cfunc_entries)
+            base_type = type.base_type
+            while base_type:
+                # FIXME: this will break if we ever get non-inherited C methods
+                if not base_type.scope or entry_count > len(base_type.scope.cfunc_entries):
+                    break
+                if base_type.is_builtin_type:
+                    # builtin base type defines all methods => no vtable needed
+                    return
+                base_type = base_type.base_type
+            #print "...allocating vtabslot_cname because there are C methods" ###
+            type.vtabslot_cname = Naming.vtabslot_cname
+        if type.vtabslot_cname:
+            #print "...allocating other vtable related cnames" ###
+            type.vtabstruct_cname = self.mangle(Naming.vtabstruct_prefix, entry.name)
+            type.vtabptr_cname = self.mangle(Naming.vtabptr_prefix, entry.name)
+
+    def check_c_classes_pxd(self):
+        # Performs post-analysis checking and finishing up of extension types
+        # being implemented in this module. This is called only for the .pxd.
+        #
+        # Checks all extension types declared in this scope to
+        # make sure that:
+        #
+        #    * The extension type is fully declared
+        #
+        # Also allocates a name for the vtable if needed.
+        #
+        for entry in self.c_class_entries:
+            # Check defined
+            if not entry.type.scope:
+                error(entry.pos, "C class '%s' is declared but not defined" % entry.name)
+
+    def check_c_class(self, entry):
+        type = entry.type
+        name = entry.name
+        visibility = entry.visibility
+        # Check defined
+        if not type.scope:
+            error(entry.pos, "C class '%s' is declared but not defined" % name)
+        # Generate typeobj_cname
+        if visibility != 'extern' and not type.typeobj_cname:
+            type.typeobj_cname = self.mangle(Naming.typeobj_prefix, name)
+        ## Generate typeptr_cname
+        #type.typeptr_cname = self.mangle(Naming.typeptr_prefix, name)
+        # Check C methods defined
+        if type.scope:
+            for method_entry in type.scope.cfunc_entries:
+                if not method_entry.is_inherited and not method_entry.func_cname:
+                    error(method_entry.pos, "C method '%s' is declared but not defined" %
+                        method_entry.name)
+        # Allocate vtable name if necessary
+        if type.vtabslot_cname:
+            #print "ModuleScope.check_c_classes: allocating vtable cname for", self ###
+            type.vtable_cname = self.mangle(Naming.vtable_prefix, entry.name)
+
+    def check_c_classes(self):
+        # Performs post-analysis checking and finishing up of extension types
+        # being implemented in this module. This is called only for the main
+        # .pyx file scope, not for cimported .pxd scopes.
+        #
+        # Checks all extension types declared in this scope to
+        # make sure that:
+        #
+        #    * The extension type is implemented
+        #    * All required object and type names have been specified or generated
+        #    * All non-inherited C methods are implemented
+        #
+        # Also allocates a name for the vtable if needed.
+        #
+        debug_check_c_classes = 0
+        if debug_check_c_classes:
+            print("Scope.check_c_classes: checking scope " + self.qualified_name)
+        for entry in self.c_class_entries:
+            if debug_check_c_classes:
+                print("...entry %s %s" % (entry.name, entry))
+                print("......type = ",  entry.type)
+                print("......visibility = ", entry.visibility)
+            self.check_c_class(entry)
+
+    def check_c_functions(self):
+        # Performs post-analysis checking making sure all
+        # defined c functions are actually implemented.
+        for name, entry in self.entries.items():
+            if entry.is_cfunction:
+                if (entry.defined_in_pxd
+                        and entry.scope is self
+                        and entry.visibility != 'extern'
+                        and not entry.in_cinclude
+                        and not entry.is_implemented):
+                    error(entry.pos, "Non-extern C function '%s' declared but not defined" % name)
+
+    def attach_var_entry_to_c_class(self, entry):
+        # The name of an extension class has to serve as both a type
+        # name and a variable name holding the type object. It is
+        # represented in the symbol table by a type entry with a
+        # variable entry attached to it. For the variable entry,
+        # we use a read-only C global variable whose name is an
+        # expression that refers to the type object.
+        from . import Builtin
+        var_entry = Entry(name = entry.name,
+            type = Builtin.type_type,
+            pos = entry.pos,
+            cname = entry.type.typeptr_cname)
+        var_entry.qualified_name = entry.qualified_name
+        var_entry.is_variable = 1
+        var_entry.is_cglobal = 1
+        var_entry.is_readonly = 1
+        var_entry.is_cclass_var_entry = True
+        var_entry.scope = entry.scope
+        entry.as_variable = var_entry
+
+    def is_cpp(self):
+        return self.cpp
+
+    def infer_types(self):
+        from .TypeInference import PyObjectTypeInferer
+        PyObjectTypeInferer().infer_types(self)
+
+
+class LocalScope(Scope):
+    is_local_scope = True
+
+    # Does the function have a 'with gil:' block?
+    has_with_gil_block = False
+
+    # Transient attribute, used for symbol table variable declarations
+    _in_with_gil_block = False
+
+    def __init__(self, name, outer_scope, parent_scope = None):
+        if parent_scope is None:
+            parent_scope = outer_scope
+        Scope.__init__(self, name, outer_scope, parent_scope)
+
+    def mangle(self, prefix, name):
+        return punycodify_name(prefix + name)
+
+    def declare_arg(self, name, type, pos):
+        # Add an entry for an argument of a function.
+        name = self.mangle_class_private_name(name)
+        cname = self.mangle(Naming.var_prefix, name)
+        entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, 'private')
+        entry.is_variable = 1
+        if type.is_pyobject:
+            entry.init = "0"
+        entry.is_arg = 1
+        #entry.borrowed = 1 # Not using borrowed arg refs for now
+        self.arg_entries.append(entry)
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_var(self, name, type, pos,
+                    cname=None, visibility='private',
+                    api=False, in_pxd=False, is_cdef=False, pytyping_modifiers=None):
+        name = self.mangle_class_private_name(name)
+        # Add an entry for a local variable.
+        if visibility in ('public', 'readonly'):
+            error(pos, "Local variable cannot be declared %s" % visibility)
+        entry = Scope.declare_var(self, name, type, pos,
+                                  cname=cname, visibility=visibility,
+                                  api=api, in_pxd=in_pxd, is_cdef=is_cdef, pytyping_modifiers=pytyping_modifiers)
+        if entry.type.declaration_value:
+            entry.init = entry.type.declaration_value
+        entry.is_local = 1
+
+        entry.in_with_gil_block = self._in_with_gil_block
+        self.var_entries.append(entry)
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_global(self, name, pos):
+        # Pull entry from global scope into local scope.
+        if self.lookup_here(name):
+            warning(pos, "'%s' redeclared  ", 0)
+        else:
+            entry = self.global_scope().lookup_target(name)
+            self.entries[name] = entry
+
+    def declare_nonlocal(self, name, pos):
+        # Pull entry from outer scope into local scope
+        orig_entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if orig_entry and orig_entry.scope is self and not orig_entry.from_closure:
+            error(pos, "'%s' redeclared as nonlocal" % name)
+            orig_entry.already_declared_here()
+        else:
+            entry = self.lookup(name)
+            if entry is None or not entry.from_closure:
+                error(pos, "no binding for nonlocal '%s' found" % name)
+
+    def _create_inner_entry_for_closure(self, name, entry):
+        entry.in_closure = True
+        inner_entry = InnerEntry(entry, self)
+        inner_entry.is_variable = True
+        self.entries[name] = inner_entry
+        return inner_entry
+
+    def lookup(self, name):
+        # Look up name in this scope or an enclosing one.
+        # Return None if not found.
+
+        entry = Scope.lookup(self, name)
+        if entry is not None:
+            entry_scope = entry.scope
+            while entry_scope.is_comprehension_scope:
+                entry_scope = entry_scope.outer_scope
+            if entry_scope is not self and entry_scope.is_closure_scope:
+                if hasattr(entry.scope, "scope_class"):
+                    raise InternalError("lookup() after scope class created.")
+                # The actual c fragment for the different scopes differs
+                # on the outside and inside, so we make a new entry
+                return self._create_inner_entry_for_closure(name, entry)
+        return entry
+
+    def mangle_closure_cnames(self, outer_scope_cname):
+        for scope in self.iter_local_scopes():
+            for entry in scope.entries.values():
+                if entry.from_closure:
+                    cname = entry.outer_entry.cname
+                    if self.is_passthrough:
+                        entry.cname = cname
+                    else:
+                        if cname.startswith(Naming.cur_scope_cname):
+                            cname = cname[len(Naming.cur_scope_cname)+2:]
+                        entry.cname = "%s->%s" % (outer_scope_cname, cname)
+                elif entry.in_closure:
+                    entry.original_cname = entry.cname
+                    entry.cname = "%s->%s" % (Naming.cur_scope_cname, entry.cname)
+                    if entry.type.is_cpp_class and entry.scope.directives['cpp_locals']:
+                        entry.make_cpp_optional()
+
+
+class ComprehensionScope(Scope):
+    """Scope for comprehensions (but not generator expressions, which use ClosureScope).
+    As opposed to generators, these can be easily inlined in some cases, so all
+    we really need is a scope that holds the loop variable(s).
+    """
+    is_comprehension_scope = True
+
+    def __init__(self, outer_scope):
+        parent_scope = outer_scope
+        # TODO: also ignore class scopes?
+        while parent_scope.is_comprehension_scope:
+            parent_scope = parent_scope.parent_scope
+        name = parent_scope.global_scope().next_id(Naming.genexpr_id_ref)
+        Scope.__init__(self, name, outer_scope, parent_scope)
+        self.directives = outer_scope.directives
+        self.genexp_prefix = "%s%d%s" % (Naming.pyrex_prefix, len(name), name)
+
+        # Class/ExtType scopes are filled at class creation time, i.e. from the
+        # module init function or surrounding function.
+        while outer_scope.is_comprehension_scope or outer_scope.is_c_class_scope or outer_scope.is_py_class_scope:
+            outer_scope = outer_scope.outer_scope
+        self.var_entries = outer_scope.var_entries  # keep declarations outside
+        outer_scope.subscopes.add(self)
+
+    def mangle(self, prefix, name):
+        return '%s%s' % (self.genexp_prefix, self.parent_scope.mangle(prefix, name))
+
+    def declare_var(self, name, type, pos,
+                    cname=None, visibility='private',
+                    api=False, in_pxd=False, is_cdef=True, pytyping_modifiers=None):
+        if type is unspecified_type:
+            # if the outer scope defines a type for this variable, inherit it
+            outer_entry = self.outer_scope.lookup(name)
+            if outer_entry and outer_entry.is_variable:
+                type = outer_entry.type  # may still be 'unspecified_type' !
+        self._reject_pytyping_modifiers(pos, pytyping_modifiers)
+        # the parent scope needs to generate code for the variable, but
+        # this scope must hold its name exclusively
+        cname = '%s%s' % (self.genexp_prefix, self.parent_scope.mangle(Naming.var_prefix, name or self.next_id()))
+        entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, visibility)
+        entry.is_variable = True
+        if self.parent_scope.is_module_scope:
+            entry.is_cglobal = True
+        else:
+            entry.is_local = True
+        entry.in_subscope = True
+        self.var_entries.append(entry)
+        self.entries[name] = entry
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_assignment_expression_target(self, name, type, pos):
+        # should be declared in the parent scope instead
+        return self.parent_scope.declare_var(name, type, pos)
+
+    def declare_pyfunction(self, name, pos, allow_redefine=False):
+        return self.outer_scope.declare_pyfunction(
+            name, pos, allow_redefine)
+
+    def declare_lambda_function(self, func_cname, pos):
+        return self.outer_scope.declare_lambda_function(func_cname, pos)
+
+    def add_lambda_def(self, def_node):
+        return self.outer_scope.add_lambda_def(def_node)
+
+    def lookup_assignment_expression_target(self, name):
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if not entry:
+            entry = self.parent_scope.lookup_assignment_expression_target(name)
+        return entry
+
+
+class ClosureScope(LocalScope):
+
+    is_closure_scope = True
+    is_pure_generator_scope = False
+
+    def __init__(self, name, scope_name, outer_scope, parent_scope=None,
+                 is_pure_generator_scope=False):
+        LocalScope.__init__(self, name, outer_scope, parent_scope)
+        self.is_pure_generator_scope = is_pure_generator_scope
+        self.closure_cname = "%s%s" % (Naming.closure_scope_prefix, scope_name)
+
+#    def mangle_closure_cnames(self, scope_var):
+#        for entry in self.entries.values() + self.temp_entries:
+#            entry.in_closure = 1
+#        LocalScope.mangle_closure_cnames(self, scope_var)
+
+#    def mangle(self, prefix, name):
+#        return "%s->%s" % (self.cur_scope_cname, name)
+#        return "%s->%s" % (self.closure_cname, name)
+
+    def declare_pyfunction(self, name, pos, allow_redefine=False):
+        return LocalScope.declare_pyfunction(self, name, pos, allow_redefine, visibility='private')
+
+    def declare_assignment_expression_target(self, name, type, pos):
+        return self.declare_var(name, type, pos)
+
+
+class GeneratorExpressionScope(ClosureScope):
+    is_generator_expression_scope = True
+
+    def declare_assignment_expression_target(self, name, type, pos):
+        entry = self.parent_scope.declare_var(name, type, pos)
+        return self._create_inner_entry_for_closure(name, entry)
+
+    def lookup_assignment_expression_target(self, name):
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if not entry:
+            entry = self.parent_scope.lookup_assignment_expression_target(name)
+            if entry:
+                return self._create_inner_entry_for_closure(name, entry)
+        return entry
+
+
+class StructOrUnionScope(Scope):
+    #  Namespace of a C struct or union.
+
+    def __init__(self, name="?"):
+        Scope.__init__(self, name, outer_scope=None, parent_scope=None)
+
+    def declare_var(self, name, type, pos,
+                    cname=None, visibility='private',
+                    api=False, in_pxd=False, is_cdef=False, pytyping_modifiers=None,
+                    allow_pyobject=False, allow_memoryview=False, allow_refcounted=False):
+        # Add an entry for an attribute.
+        if not cname:
+            cname = name
+            if visibility == 'private':
+                cname = c_safe_identifier(cname)
+        if type.is_cfunction:
+            type = PyrexTypes.CPtrType(type)
+        self._reject_pytyping_modifiers(pos, pytyping_modifiers)
+        entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, visibility)
+        entry.is_variable = 1
+        self.var_entries.append(entry)
+        if type.is_pyobject:
+            if not allow_pyobject:
+                error(pos, "C struct/union member cannot be a Python object")
+        elif type.is_memoryviewslice:
+            if not allow_memoryview:
+                # Memory views wrap their buffer owner as a Python object.
+                error(pos, "C struct/union member cannot be a memory view")
+        elif type.needs_refcounting:
+            if not allow_refcounted:
+                error(pos, "C struct/union member cannot be reference-counted type '%s'" % type)
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_cfunction(self, name, type, pos,
+                          cname=None, visibility='private', api=0, in_pxd=0,
+                          defining=0, modifiers=(), overridable=False):  # currently no utility code ...
+        if overridable:
+            error(pos, "C struct/union member cannot be declared 'cpdef'")
+        return self.declare_var(name, type, pos,
+                                cname=cname, visibility=visibility)
+
+
+class ClassScope(Scope):
+    #  Abstract base class for namespace of
+    #  Python class or extension type.
+    #
+    #  class_name     string   Python name of the class
+    #  scope_prefix   string   Additional prefix for names
+    #                          declared in the class
+    #  doc    string or None   Doc string
+
+    scope_predefined_names = ['__module__', '__qualname__']
+
+    def mangle_class_private_name(self, name):
+        # a few utilitycode names need to specifically be ignored
+        if name and name.lower().startswith("__pyx_"):
+            return name
+        if name and name.startswith('__') and not name.endswith('__'):
+            name = EncodedString('_%s%s' % (self.class_name.lstrip('_'), name))
+        return name
+
+    def __init__(self, name, outer_scope):
+        Scope.__init__(self, name, outer_scope, outer_scope)
+        self.class_name = name
+        self.doc = None
+
+    def lookup(self, name):
+        entry = Scope.lookup(self, name)
+        if entry:
+            return entry
+        if name == "classmethod":
+            # We don't want to use the builtin classmethod here 'cause it won't do the
+            # right thing in this scope (as the class members aren't still functions).
+            # Don't want to add a cfunction to this scope 'cause that would mess with
+            # the type definition, so we just return the right entry.
+            entry = Entry(
+                "classmethod",
+                "__Pyx_Method_ClassMethod",
+                PyrexTypes.CFuncType(
+                    py_object_type,
+                    [PyrexTypes.CFuncTypeArg("", py_object_type, None)], 0, 0))
+            entry.utility_code_definition = Code.UtilityCode.load_cached("ClassMethod", "CythonFunction.c")
+            self.use_entry_utility_code(entry)
+            entry.is_cfunction = 1
+            entry.scope = self.builtin_scope()
+        return entry
+
+
+class PyClassScope(ClassScope):
+    #  Namespace of a Python class.
+
+    is_py_class_scope = 1
+    namespace_cname_is_type = False
+
+    def declare_var(self, name, type, pos,
+                    cname=None, visibility='private',
+                    api=False, in_pxd=False, is_cdef=False, pytyping_modifiers=None):
+        name = self.mangle_class_private_name(name)
+        if type is unspecified_type:
+            type = py_object_type
+        # Add an entry for a class attribute.
+        entry = Scope.declare_var(self, name, type, pos,
+                                  cname=cname, visibility=visibility,
+                                  api=api, in_pxd=in_pxd, is_cdef=is_cdef, pytyping_modifiers=pytyping_modifiers)
+        entry.is_pyglobal = 1
+        entry.is_pyclass_attr = 1
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_nonlocal(self, name, pos):
+        # Pull entry from outer scope into local scope
+        orig_entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if orig_entry and orig_entry.scope is self and not orig_entry.from_closure:
+            error(pos, "'%s' redeclared as nonlocal" % name)
+            orig_entry.already_declared_here()
+        else:
+            entry = self.lookup(name)
+            if entry is None:
+                error(pos, "no binding for nonlocal '%s' found" % name)
+            else:
+                # FIXME: this works, but it's unclear if it's the
+                # right thing to do
+                self.entries[name] = entry
+
+    def declare_global(self, name, pos):
+        # Pull entry from global scope into local scope.
+        if self.lookup_here(name):
+            warning(pos, "'%s' redeclared  ", 0)
+        else:
+            entry = self.global_scope().lookup_target(name)
+            self.entries[name] = entry
+
+    def add_default_value(self, type):
+        return self.outer_scope.add_default_value(type)
+
+
+class CClassScope(ClassScope):
+    #  Namespace of an extension type.
+    #
+    #  parent_type           PyExtensionType
+    #  #typeobj_cname        string or None
+    #  #objstruct_cname      string
+    #  method_table_cname    string
+    #  getset_table_cname    string
+    #  has_pyobject_attrs    boolean  Any PyObject attributes?
+    #  has_memoryview_attrs  boolean  Any memory view attributes?
+    #  has_explicitly_constructable_class_attrs   boolean  Any attributes that
+    #                               need an explicit constructor (e.g. C++ class non-pointers)?
+    #  has_cyclic_pyobject_attrs    boolean  Any PyObject attributes that may need GC?
+    #  property_entries      [Entry]
+    #  defined               boolean  Defined in .pxd file
+    #  implemented           boolean  Defined in .pyx file
+    #  inherited_var_entries [Entry]  Adapted var entries from base class
+
+    is_c_class_scope = 1
+    is_closure_class_scope = False
+    is_defaults_class_scope = False
+
+    has_pyobject_attrs = False
+    has_memoryview_attrs = False
+    has_explicitly_constructable_attrs = False
+    has_cyclic_pyobject_attrs = False
+    defined = False
+    implemented = False
+
+    def __init__(self, name, outer_scope, visibility, parent_type):
+        ClassScope.__init__(self, name, outer_scope)
+        if visibility != 'extern':
+            self.method_table_cname = outer_scope.mangle(Naming.methtab_prefix, name)
+            self.getset_table_cname = outer_scope.mangle(Naming.gstab_prefix, name)
+        self.property_entries = []
+        self.inherited_var_entries = []
+        self.parent_type = parent_type
+        # Usually parent_type will be an extension type and so the typeptr_cname
+        # can be used to calculate the namespace_cname. Occasionally other types
+        # are used (e.g. numeric/complex types) and in these cases the typeptr
+        # isn't relevant.
+        if ((parent_type.is_builtin_type or parent_type.is_extension_type)
+                and parent_type.typeptr_cname):
+            self.namespace_cname = self.parent_type.typeptr_cname
+            self.namespace_cname_is_type = True
+
+    def needs_gc(self):
+        # If the type or any of its base types have Python-valued
+        # C attributes, then it needs to participate in GC.
+        if self.has_cyclic_pyobject_attrs and not self.directives.get('no_gc', False):
+            return True
+        if self.parent_type.is_external and not self.parent_type.is_builtin_type:
+            # It's impossible to really know - external types are often incomplete.
+            return True
+        base_type = self.parent_type.base_type
+        if base_type and base_type.scope is not None:
+            return base_type.scope.needs_gc()
+        elif self.parent_type.is_builtin_type:
+            return not self.parent_type.is_gc_simple
+        return False
+
+    def needs_trashcan(self):
+        # If the trashcan directive is explicitly set to False,
+        # unconditionally disable the trashcan.
+        directive = self.directives.get('trashcan')
+        if directive is False:
+            return False
+        # If the directive is set to True and the class has Python-valued
+        # C attributes, then it should use the trashcan in tp_dealloc.
+        if directive and self.has_cyclic_pyobject_attrs:
+            return True
+        # Use the trashcan if the base class uses it
+        base_type = self.parent_type.base_type
+        if base_type and base_type.scope is not None:
+            return base_type.scope.needs_trashcan()
+        return self.parent_type.builtin_trashcan
+
+    def needs_tp_clear(self):
+        """
+        Do we need to generate an implementation for the tp_clear slot? Can
+        be disabled to keep references for the __dealloc__ cleanup function.
+        """
+        return self.needs_gc() and not self.directives.get('no_gc_clear', False)
+
+    def may_have_finalize(self):
+        """
+        This covers cases where we definitely have a __del__ function
+        and also cases where one of the base classes could have a __del__
+        function but we don't know.
+        """
+        current_type_scope = self
+        while current_type_scope:
+            del_entry = current_type_scope.lookup_here("__del__")
+            if del_entry and del_entry.is_special:
+                return True
+            if (current_type_scope.parent_type.is_external or not current_type_scope.implemented or
+                    current_type_scope.parent_type.multiple_bases):
+                # we don't know if we have __del__, so assume we do and call it
+                return True
+            current_base_type = current_type_scope.parent_type.base_type
+            current_type_scope = current_base_type.scope if current_base_type else None
+        return False
+
+    def get_refcounted_entries(self, include_weakref=False,
+                               include_gc_simple=True):
+        py_attrs = []
+        py_buffers = []
+        memoryview_slices = []
+
+        for entry in self.var_entries:
+            if entry.type.is_pyobject:
+                if include_weakref or (self.is_closure_class_scope or entry.name != "__weakref__"):
+                    if include_gc_simple or not entry.type.is_gc_simple:
+                        py_attrs.append(entry)
+            elif entry.type == PyrexTypes.c_py_buffer_type:
+                py_buffers.append(entry)
+            elif entry.type.is_memoryviewslice:
+                memoryview_slices.append(entry)
+
+        have_entries = py_attrs or py_buffers or memoryview_slices
+        return have_entries, (py_attrs, py_buffers, memoryview_slices)
+
+    def declare_var(self, name, type, pos,
+                    cname=None, visibility='private',
+                    api=False, in_pxd=False, is_cdef=False, pytyping_modifiers=None):
+        name = self.mangle_class_private_name(name)
+
+        if pytyping_modifiers:
+            if "typing.ClassVar" in pytyping_modifiers:
+                is_cdef = 0
+                if not type.is_pyobject:
+                    if not type.equivalent_type:
+                        warning(pos, "ClassVar[] requires the type to be a Python object type. Found '%s', using object instead." % type)
+                        type = py_object_type
+                    else:
+                        type = type.equivalent_type
+            if  "dataclasses.InitVar" in pytyping_modifiers and not self.is_c_dataclass_scope:
+                error(pos, "Use of cython.dataclasses.InitVar does not make sense outside a dataclass")
+
+        if is_cdef:
+            # Add an entry for an attribute.
+            if self.defined:
+                error(pos,
+                    "C attributes cannot be added in implementation part of"
+                    " extension type defined in a pxd")
+            if (not self.is_closure_class_scope and
+                    get_slot_table(self.directives).get_special_method_signature(name)):
+                error(pos,
+                    "The name '%s' is reserved for a special method."
+                        % name)
+            if not cname:
+                cname = name
+                if not (self.parent_type.is_external or self.parent_type.entry.api or
+                        self.parent_type.entry.visibility == "public"):
+                    cname = c_safe_identifier(cname)
+                cname = punycodify_name(cname, Naming.unicode_structmember_prefix)
+            entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, visibility)
+            entry.is_variable = 1
+            self.var_entries.append(entry)
+            entry.pytyping_modifiers = pytyping_modifiers
+            if type.is_cpp_class and visibility != 'extern':
+                if self.directives['cpp_locals']:
+                    entry.make_cpp_optional()
+                else:
+                    type.check_nullary_constructor(pos)
+            if type.is_memoryviewslice:
+                self.has_memoryview_attrs = True
+            elif type.needs_explicit_construction(self):
+                self.has_explicitly_constructable_attrs = True
+            elif type.is_pyobject and (self.is_closure_class_scope or name != '__weakref__'):
+                self.has_pyobject_attrs = True
+                if (not type.is_builtin_type
+                        or not type.scope or type.scope.needs_gc()):
+                    self.has_cyclic_pyobject_attrs = True
+            if visibility not in ('private', 'public', 'readonly'):
+                error(pos,
+                    "Attribute of extension type cannot be declared %s" % visibility)
+            if visibility in ('public', 'readonly'):
+                # If the field is an external typedef, we cannot be sure about the type,
+                # so do conversion ourself rather than rely on the CPython mechanism (through
+                # a property; made in AnalyseDeclarationsTransform).
+                entry.needs_property = True
+                if not self.is_closure_class_scope and name in ("__dict__", "__weakref__"):
+                    error(pos, f"Special attribute {name} cannot be exposed to Python")
+                if not (type.is_pyobject or type.can_coerce_to_pyobject(self)):
+                    # we're not testing for coercion *from* Python here - that would fail later
+                    error(pos, "C attribute of type '%s' cannot be accessed from Python" % type)
+            else:
+                entry.needs_property = False
+            return entry
+        else:
+            if type is unspecified_type:
+                type = py_object_type
+            # Add an entry for a class attribute.
+            entry = Scope.declare_var(self, name, type, pos,
+                                      cname=cname, visibility=visibility,
+                                      api=api, in_pxd=in_pxd, is_cdef=is_cdef, pytyping_modifiers=pytyping_modifiers)
+            entry.is_member = 1
+            # xxx: is_pyglobal changes behaviour in so many places that I keep it in for now.
+            # is_member should be enough later on
+            entry.is_pyglobal = 1
+
+            return entry
+
+    def declare_pyfunction(self, name, pos, allow_redefine=False):
+        # Add an entry for a method.
+        if name in richcmp_special_methods:
+            if self.lookup_here('__richcmp__'):
+                error(pos, "Cannot define both % and __richcmp__" % name)
+        elif name == '__richcmp__':
+            for n in richcmp_special_methods:
+                if self.lookup_here(n):
+                    error(pos, "Cannot define both % and __richcmp__" % n)
+        if name == "__new__":
+            error(pos, "__new__ method of extension type will change semantics "
+                "in a future version of Pyrex and Cython. Use __cinit__ instead.")
+        entry = self.declare_var(name, py_object_type, pos,
+                                 visibility='extern')
+        special_sig = get_slot_table(self.directives).get_special_method_signature(name)
+        if special_sig:
+            # Special methods get put in the method table with a particular
+            # signature declared in advance.
+            entry.signature = special_sig
+            entry.is_special = 1
+        else:
+            entry.signature = pymethod_signature
+            entry.is_special = 0
+
+        self.pyfunc_entries.append(entry)
+        return entry
+
+    def lookup_here(self, name):
+        if not self.is_closure_class_scope and name == "__new__":
+            name = EncodedString("__cinit__")
+        entry = ClassScope.lookup_here(self, name)
+        if entry and entry.is_builtin_cmethod:
+            if not self.parent_type.is_builtin_type:
+                # For subtypes of builtin types, we can only return
+                # optimised C methods if the type if final.
+                # Otherwise, subtypes may choose to override the
+                # method, but the optimisation would prevent the
+                # subtype method from being called.
+                if not self.parent_type.is_final_type:
+                    return None
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_cfunction(self, name, type, pos,
+                          cname=None, visibility='private', api=0, in_pxd=0,
+                          defining=0, modifiers=(), utility_code=None, overridable=False):
+        name = self.mangle_class_private_name(name)
+        if (get_slot_table(self.directives).get_special_method_signature(name)
+                and not self.parent_type.is_builtin_type):
+            error(pos, "Special methods must be declared with 'def', not 'cdef'")
+        args = type.args
+        if not type.is_static_method:
+            if not args:
+                error(pos, "C method has no self argument")
+            elif not self.parent_type.assignable_from(args[0].type):
+                error(pos, "Self argument (%s) of C method '%s' does not match parent type (%s)" %
+                      (args[0].type, name, self.parent_type))
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if cname is None:
+            cname = punycodify_name(c_safe_identifier(name), Naming.unicode_vtabentry_prefix)
+        if entry:
+            if not entry.is_cfunction:
+                error(pos, "'%s' redeclared " % name)
+                entry.already_declared_here()
+            else:
+                if defining and entry.func_cname:
+                    error(pos, "'%s' already defined" % name)
+                #print "CClassScope.declare_cfunction: checking signature" ###
+                if entry.is_final_cmethod and entry.is_inherited:
+                    error(pos, "Overriding final methods is not allowed")
+                elif type.same_c_signature_as(entry.type, as_cmethod = 1) and type.nogil == entry.type.nogil:
+                    # Fix with_gil vs nogil.
+                    entry.type = entry.type.with_with_gil(type.with_gil)
+                elif type.compatible_signature_with(entry.type, as_cmethod = 1) and type.nogil == entry.type.nogil:
+                    if (self.defined and not in_pxd
+                            and not type.same_c_signature_as_resolved_type(
+                                entry.type, as_cmethod=1, as_pxd_definition=1)):
+                        # TODO(robertwb): Make this an error.
+                        warning(pos,
+                            "Compatible but non-identical C method '%s' not redeclared "
+                            "in definition part of extension type '%s'.  "
+                            "This may cause incorrect vtables to be generated." % (
+                                name, self.class_name), 2)
+                        warning(entry.pos, "Previous declaration is here", 2)
+                    entry = self.add_cfunction(name, type, pos, cname, visibility='ignore', modifiers=modifiers)
+                else:
+                    error(pos, "Signature not compatible with previous declaration")
+                    error(entry.pos, "Previous declaration is here")
+        else:
+            if self.defined:
+                error(pos,
+                    "C method '%s' not previously declared in definition part of"
+                    " extension type '%s'" % (name, self.class_name))
+            entry = self.add_cfunction(name, type, pos, cname, visibility, modifiers)
+        if defining:
+            entry.func_cname = self.mangle(Naming.func_prefix, name)
+        entry.utility_code = utility_code
+        type.entry = entry
+
+        if 'inline' in modifiers:
+            entry.is_inline_cmethod = True
+
+        if self.parent_type.is_final_type or entry.is_inline_cmethod or self.directives.get('final'):
+            entry.is_final_cmethod = True
+            entry.final_func_cname = entry.func_cname
+            if not type.is_fused:
+                entry.vtable_type = entry.type
+                entry.type = type
+
+        return entry
+
+    def add_cfunction(self, name, type, pos, cname, visibility, modifiers, inherited=False):
+        # Add a cfunction entry without giving it a func_cname.
+        prev_entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        entry = ClassScope.add_cfunction(
+            self, name, type, pos, cname, visibility, modifiers, inherited=inherited)
+        entry.is_cmethod = 1
+        entry.prev_entry = prev_entry
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_builtin_cfunction(self, name, type, cname, utility_code = None):
+        # overridden methods of builtin types still have their Python
+        # equivalent that must be accessible to support bound methods
+        name = EncodedString(name)
+        entry = self.declare_cfunction(
+            name, type, pos=None, cname=cname, visibility='extern', utility_code=utility_code)
+        var_entry = Entry(name, name, py_object_type)
+        var_entry.qualified_name = name
+        var_entry.is_variable = 1
+        var_entry.is_builtin = 1
+        var_entry.utility_code = utility_code
+        var_entry.scope = entry.scope
+        entry.as_variable = var_entry
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_property(self, name, doc, pos, ctype=None, property_scope=None):
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if entry is None:
+            entry = self.declare(name, name, py_object_type if ctype is None else ctype, pos, 'private')
+        entry.is_property = True
+        if ctype is not None:
+            entry.is_cproperty = True
+        entry.doc = doc
+        if property_scope is None:
+            entry.scope = PropertyScope(name, class_scope=self)
+        else:
+            entry.scope = property_scope
+        self.property_entries.append(entry)
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_cproperty(self, name, type, cfunc_name, setter_cfunc_name=None,
+                          doc=None, pos=None, visibility='extern',
+                          nogil=False, with_gil=False,
+                          exception_value=None, exception_check=False, setter_raises=True,
+                          utility_code=None, setter_utility_code=None):
+        """Internal convenience method to declare a C property function in one go.
+        """
+        property_entry = self.declare_property(name, doc=doc, ctype=type, pos=pos)
+        getter_cfunc_entry = property_entry.scope.declare_cfunction(
+            name="__get__",
+            type=PyrexTypes.CFuncType(
+                type,
+                [PyrexTypes.CFuncTypeArg("self", self.parent_type, pos=None)],
+                nogil=nogil,
+                with_gil=with_gil,
+                exception_value=exception_value,
+                exception_check=exception_check,
+            ),
+            cname=cfunc_name,
+            utility_code=utility_code,
+            visibility=visibility,
+            pos=pos,
+        )
+        setter_cfunc_entry = None
+        if setter_cfunc_name:
+            setter_cfunc_entry = property_entry.scope.declare_cfunction(
+                name="__set__",
+                type=PyrexTypes.CFuncType(
+                    PyrexTypes.c_returncode_type if setter_raises else PyrexTypes.c_void_type,
+                    [PyrexTypes.CFuncTypeArg("self", self.parent_type, pos=None),
+                     PyrexTypes.CFuncTypeArg("value", type, pos=None)],
+                    nogil=nogil,
+                    with_gil=with_gil,
+                    exception_value=-1 if setter_raises else None,
+                ),
+                cname=setter_cfunc_name,
+                # Allow getter+setter in one utility code section.
+                utility_code=setter_utility_code or utility_code,
+                visibility=visibility,
+                pos=pos,
+            )
+        return property_entry, getter_cfunc_entry, setter_cfunc_entry
+
+    def declare_inherited_c_attributes(self, base_scope):
+        # Declare entries for all the C attributes of an
+        # inherited type, with cnames modified appropriately
+        # to work with this type.
+        def adapt(cname):
+            return "%s.%s" % (Naming.obj_base_cname, base_entry.cname)
+
+        entries = base_scope.inherited_var_entries + base_scope.var_entries
+        for base_entry in entries:
+            entry = self.declare(
+                base_entry.name, adapt(base_entry.cname),
+                base_entry.type, None, 'private')
+            entry.is_variable = 1
+            entry.is_inherited = True
+            entry.annotation = base_entry.annotation
+            self.inherited_var_entries.append(entry)
+
+        # If the class defined in a pxd, specific entries have not been added.
+        # Ensure now that the parent (base) scope has specific entries
+        # Iterate over a copy as get_all_specialized_function_types() will mutate
+        for base_entry in base_scope.cfunc_entries[:]:
+            if base_entry.type.is_fused:
+                base_entry.type.get_all_specialized_function_types()
+
+        for base_entry in base_scope.cfunc_entries:
+            cname = base_entry.cname
+            var_entry = base_entry.as_variable
+            is_builtin = var_entry and var_entry.is_builtin
+            if not is_builtin:
+                cname = adapt(cname)
+            entry = self.add_cfunction(
+                base_entry.name, base_entry.type, base_entry.pos, cname,
+                base_entry.visibility, base_entry.func_modifiers, inherited=True)
+            entry.is_inherited = 1
+            if base_entry.is_final_cmethod:
+                entry.is_final_cmethod = True
+                entry.is_inline_cmethod = base_entry.is_inline_cmethod
+                if (self.parent_scope == base_scope.parent_scope or
+                        entry.is_inline_cmethod):
+                    entry.final_func_cname = base_entry.final_func_cname
+            if is_builtin:
+                entry.is_builtin_cmethod = True
+                entry.as_variable = var_entry
+            if base_entry.utility_code:
+                entry.utility_code = base_entry.utility_code
+
+
+    def handle_already_declared_name(self, name, cname, type, pos, visibility, copy_entry=True):
+        # We want to copy the existing entry instead of modifying it, since this is an override.
+        super().handle_already_declared_name(name, cname, type, pos, visibility, copy_entry)
+
+class CppClassScope(Scope):
+    #  Namespace of a C++ class.
+
+    is_cpp_class_scope = 1
+
+    default_constructor = None
+    type = None
+
+    def __init__(self, name, outer_scope, templates=None):
+        Scope.__init__(self, name, outer_scope, None)
+        self.directives = outer_scope.directives
+        self.inherited_var_entries = []
+        if templates is not None:
+            for T in templates:
+                template_entry = self.declare(
+                    T, T, PyrexTypes.TemplatePlaceholderType(T), None, 'extern')
+                template_entry.is_type = 1
+
+    def declare_var(self, name, type, pos,
+                    cname=None, visibility='extern',
+                    api=False, in_pxd=False, is_cdef=False, defining=False, pytyping_modifiers=None):
+        # Add an entry for an attribute.
+        if not cname:
+            cname = name
+        self._reject_pytyping_modifiers(pos, pytyping_modifiers)
+        entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        if defining and entry is not None:
+            if type.is_cfunction:
+                entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, visibility)
+            elif entry.type.same_as(type):
+                # Fix with_gil vs nogil.
+                entry.type = entry.type.with_with_gil(type.with_gil)
+            else:
+                error(pos, "Function signature does not match previous declaration")
+        else:
+            entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, visibility)
+            if type.is_cfunction and not defining:
+                entry.is_inherited = 1
+        entry.is_variable = 1
+        if type.is_cfunction:
+            entry.is_cfunction = 1
+            if self.type and not self.type.get_fused_types():
+                entry.func_cname = "%s::%s" % (self.type.empty_declaration_code(), cname)
+        if name != "this" and (defining or name != "<init>"):
+            self.var_entries.append(entry)
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_cfunction(self, name, type, pos,
+                          cname=None, visibility='extern', api=0, in_pxd=0,
+                          defining=0, modifiers=(), utility_code=None, overridable=False):
+        class_name = self.name.split('::')[-1]
+        if name in (class_name, '__init__') and cname is None:
+            cname = "%s__init__%s" % (Naming.func_prefix, class_name)
+            name = EncodedString('<init>')
+            type.return_type = PyrexTypes.CVoidType()
+            # This is called by the actual constructor, but need to support
+            # arguments that cannot by called by value.
+            type.original_args = type.args
+            def maybe_ref(arg):
+                if arg.type.is_cpp_class and not arg.type.is_reference:
+                    return PyrexTypes.CFuncTypeArg(
+                        arg.name, PyrexTypes.c_ref_type(arg.type), arg.pos)
+                else:
+                    return arg
+            type.args = [maybe_ref(arg) for arg in type.args]
+        elif name == '__dealloc__' and cname is None:
+            cname = "%s__dealloc__%s" % (Naming.func_prefix, class_name)
+            name = EncodedString('<del>')
+            type.return_type = PyrexTypes.CVoidType()
+        if name in ('<init>', '<del>') and type.nogil:
+            for base in self.type.base_classes:
+                base_entry = base.scope.lookup(name)
+                if base_entry and not base_entry.type.nogil:
+                    error(pos, "Constructor cannot be called without GIL unless all base constructors can also be called without GIL")
+                    error(base_entry.pos, "Base constructor defined here.")
+        # The previous entries management is now done directly in Scope.declare
+        entry = self.declare_var(name, type, pos,
+                                 defining=defining,
+                                 cname=cname, visibility=visibility)
+        entry.utility_code = utility_code
+        type.entry = entry
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_inherited_cpp_attributes(self, base_class):
+        base_scope = base_class.scope
+        template_type = base_class
+        while getattr(template_type, 'template_type', None):
+            template_type = template_type.template_type
+        if getattr(template_type, 'templates', None):
+            base_templates = [T.name for T in template_type.templates]
+        else:
+            base_templates = ()
+        # Declare entries for all the C++ attributes of an
+        # inherited type, with cnames modified appropriately
+        # to work with this type.
+        for base_entry in base_scope.inherited_var_entries + base_scope.var_entries:
+            #constructor/destructor is not inherited
+            if base_entry.name in ("<init>", "<del>"):
+                continue
+            #print base_entry.name, self.entries
+            if base_entry.name in self.entries:
+                base_entry.name    # FIXME: is there anything to do in this case?
+            entry = self.declare(base_entry.name, base_entry.cname,
+                base_entry.type, None, 'extern')
+            entry.is_variable = 1
+            entry.is_inherited = 1
+            if base_entry.is_cfunction:
+                entry.is_cfunction = 1
+                entry.func_cname = base_entry.func_cname
+            self.inherited_var_entries.append(entry)
+        for base_entry in base_scope.cfunc_entries:
+            entry = self.declare_cfunction(base_entry.name, base_entry.type,
+                                           base_entry.pos, base_entry.cname,
+                                           base_entry.visibility, api=0,
+                                           modifiers=base_entry.func_modifiers,
+                                           utility_code=base_entry.utility_code)
+            entry.is_inherited = 1
+        for base_entry in base_scope.type_entries:
+            if base_entry.name not in base_templates:
+                entry = self.declare_type(base_entry.name, base_entry.type,
+                                          base_entry.pos, base_entry.cname,
+                                          base_entry.visibility, defining=False)
+                entry.is_inherited = 1
+
+    def specialize(self, values, type_entry):
+        scope = CppClassScope(self.name, self.outer_scope)
+        scope.type = type_entry
+        for entry in self.entries.values():
+            if entry.is_type:
+                scope.declare_type(entry.name,
+                                   entry.type.specialize(values),
+                                   entry.pos,
+                                   entry.cname,
+                                   template=1)
+            elif entry.type.is_cfunction:
+                for e in entry.all_alternatives():
+                    scope.declare_cfunction(e.name,
+                                            e.type.specialize(values),
+                                            e.pos,
+                                            e.cname,
+                                            utility_code=e.utility_code)
+            else:
+                scope.declare_var(entry.name,
+                                  entry.type.specialize(values),
+                                  entry.pos,
+                                  entry.cname,
+                                  entry.visibility)
+
+        return scope
+
+    def lookup_here(self, name):
+        if name == "__init__":
+            name = "<init>"
+        elif name == "__dealloc__":
+            name = "<del>"
+        return super(CppClassScope, self).lookup_here(name)
+
+    def is_cpp(self):
+        # Whatever the global environment, always treat cppclass with C++ rules.
+        # (Cython will emit warnings elsewhere)
+        return True
+
+
+class CppScopedEnumScope(Scope):
+    #  Namespace of a ScopedEnum
+
+    def __init__(self, name, outer_scope):
+        Scope.__init__(self, name, outer_scope, None)
+
+    def declare_var(self, name, type, pos,
+                    cname=None, visibility='extern', pytyping_modifiers=None):
+        # Add an entry for an attribute.
+        if not cname:
+            cname = name
+        self._reject_pytyping_modifiers(pos, pytyping_modifiers)
+        entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, visibility)
+        entry.is_variable = True
+        return entry
+
+
+class PropertyScope(Scope):
+    #  Scope holding the __get__, __set__ and __del__ methods for
+    #  a property of an extension type.
+    #
+    #  parent_type   PyExtensionType   The type to which the property belongs
+
+    is_property_scope = 1
+
+    def __init__(self, name, class_scope):
+        # outer scope is None for some internal properties
+        outer_scope = class_scope.global_scope() if class_scope.outer_scope else None
+        Scope.__init__(self, name, outer_scope, parent_scope=class_scope)
+        self.parent_type = class_scope.parent_type
+        self.directives = class_scope.directives
+
+    def declare_cfunction(self, name, type, pos, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Declare a C property function.
+        """
+        if name=="__get__":
+            if type.return_type.is_void:
+                error(pos, "C property getter cannot return 'void'")
+            if len(type.args) != 1:
+                error(pos, "C property getter must have a single (self) argument")
+
+        if name=="__set__":
+            # Allow only 'void noexcept' and 'int except(?) -1'.
+            if type.return_type.is_void:
+                if type.exception_check or type.exception_value is not None:
+                    error(pos, "C property setter needs 'noexcept' if declared 'void'")
+            elif type.return_type in (PyrexTypes.c_int_type, PyrexTypes.c_returncode_type):
+                if type.exception_value is not None and type.exception_value.python_value != -1:
+                    error(pos, f"C property setter with 'int' return needs explicit 'except -1' or 'except? -1'")
+            else:
+                error(pos, "C property setter must return void or an 'int' error code, -1 (error) or 0 (ok)")
+            if len(type.args) != 2:
+                error(pos, "C property setter must have two arguments (self and value)")
+
+        if type.args and not (type.args[0].type.is_pyobject or type.args[0].type is self.parent_scope.parent_type):
+            error(pos, "self argument of C property method must be an object")
+        if type.args and type.args[0].type is py_object_type:
+            # Set 'self' argument type to extension type.
+            type.args[0].type = self.parent_scope.parent_type
+
+        entry = Scope.declare_cfunction(self, name, type, pos, *args, **kwargs)
+        entry.is_cproperty = True
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_pyfunction(self, name, pos, allow_redefine=False):
+        # Add an entry for a method.
+        signature = get_property_accessor_signature(name)
+        if signature:
+            entry = self.declare(name, name, py_object_type, pos, 'private')
+            entry.is_special = 1
+            entry.signature = signature
+            return entry
+        else:
+            error(pos, "Only __get__, __set__ and __del__ methods allowed "
+                "in a property declaration")
+            return None
+
+
+class CQualifierScope(Scope):
+
+    def __init__(self, base_type_scope, is_const=False, is_volatile=False, is_restrict=False):
+        Scope.__init__(
+            self,
+            'cv_' + base_type_scope.name,
+            base_type_scope.outer_scope,
+            base_type_scope.parent_scope)
+        self.base_type_scope = base_type_scope
+        self.is_const = is_const
+        self.is_volatile = is_volatile
+        self.is_restrict = is_restrict
+
+    def lookup_here(self, name):
+        entry = self.base_type_scope.lookup_here(name)
+        if entry is not None:
+            entry = copy.copy(entry)
+            entry.type = PyrexTypes.c_qualifier_type(
+                    entry.type, self.is_const, self.is_volatile, is_restrict=False)
+            return entry
+
+
+class TemplateScope(Scope):
+    def __init__(self, name, outer_scope):
+        Scope.__init__(self, name, outer_scope, None)
+        self.directives = outer_scope.directives