openforis-whisp 2.0.0a6__py3-none-any.whl → 2.0.0b1__py3-none-any.whl

openforis_whisp/stats.py

@@ -1,1134 +1,1228 @@
-import ee
-import pandas as pd
-from pathlib import Path
-from .datasets import combine_datasets
-import json
-import country_converter as coco
-from openforis_whisp.parameters.config_runtime import (
-    plot_id_column,
-    external_id_column,
-    geometry_type_column,
-    geometry_area_column,
-    geometry_area_column_formatting,
-    centroid_x_coord_column,
-    centroid_y_coord_column,
-    iso3_country_column,
-    iso2_country_column,
-    admin_1_column,
-    stats_unit_type_column,
-    stats_area_columns_formatting,
-    stats_percent_columns_formatting,
-    water_flag,
-)
-from .data_conversion import (
-    convert_ee_to_df,
-    convert_geojson_to_ee,
-    convert_ee_to_geojson,
-    # convert_csv_to_geojson,
-    convert_df_to_geojson,
-)  # copied functions from whisp-api and geemap (accessed 2024) to avoid dependency
-from .reformat import validate_dataframe_using_lookups
-
-# NB functions that included "formatted" in the name apply a schema for validation and reformatting of the output dataframe. The schema is created from lookup tables.
-
-
-def whisp_formatted_stats_geojson_to_df(
-    input_geojson_filepath: Path | str,
-    external_id_column=None,
-    remove_geom=False,
-    national_codes=None,
-    unit_type="ha",
-) -> pd.DataFrame:
-    """
-        Main function for most users.
-        Converts a GeoJSON file to a pandas DataFrame containing Whisp stats for the input ROI.
-        Output df is validated against a panderas schema (created on the fly from the two lookup CSVs).
-
-        This function first converts the provided GeoJSON file into an Earth Engine FeatureCollection.
-        It then processes the FeatureCollection to extract relevant Whisp statistics,
-        returning a structured DataFrame that aligns with the expected schema.
-
-        If `external_id_column` is provided, it will be used to link external identifiers
-        from the input GeoJSON to the output DataFrame.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        input_geojson_filepath : Path | str
-            The filepath to the GeoJSON of the ROI to analyze.
-        external_id_column : str, optional
-            The column in the GeoJSON containing external IDs to be preserved in the output DataFrame.
-            This column must exist as a property in ALL features of the GeoJSON file.
-            Use debug_feature_collection_properties() to inspect available properties if you encounter errors.
-        remove_geom : bool, default=False
-            If True, the geometry of the GeoJSON is removed from the output DataFrame.
-        national_codes : list, optional
-            List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
-        unit_type: str, optional
-            Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
-
-    Returns
-        -------
-        df_stats : pd.DataFrame
-            The DataFrame containing the Whisp stats for the input ROI.
-    """
-    feature_collection = convert_geojson_to_ee(str(input_geojson_filepath))
-
-    return whisp_formatted_stats_ee_to_df(
-        feature_collection,
-        external_id_column,
-        remove_geom,
-        national_codes=national_codes,
-        unit_type=unit_type,  # Fixed: now it's a keyword argument
-    )
-
-
-def whisp_formatted_stats_geojson_to_geojson(
-    input_geojson_filepath,
-    output_geojson_filepath,
-    external_id_column=None,
-    geo_column: str = "geo",
-    national_codes=None,
-    unit_type="ha",
-):
-    """
-    Convert a formatted GeoJSON file with a geo column into a GeoJSON file containing Whisp stats.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    input_geojson_filepath : str
-        The filepath to the input GeoJSON file.
-    output_geojson_filepath : str
-        The filepath to save the output GeoJSON file.
-    external_id_column : str, optional
-        The name of the column containing external IDs, by default None.
-    geo_column : str, optional
-        The name of the column containing GeoJSON geometries, by default "geo".
-    national_codes : list, optional
-        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
-    unit_type : str, optional
-        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    None
-    """
-    df = whisp_formatted_stats_geojson_to_df(
-        input_geojson_filepath=input_geojson_filepath,
-        external_id_column=external_id_column,
-        national_codes=national_codes,
-        unit_type=unit_type,
-    )
-    # Convert the df to GeoJSON
-    convert_df_to_geojson(df, output_geojson_filepath, geo_column)
-
-    print(f"GeoJSON with Whisp stats saved to {output_geojson_filepath}")
-
-
-def whisp_formatted_stats_ee_to_geojson(
-    feature_collection: ee.FeatureCollection,
-    output_geojson_filepath: str,
-    external_id_column=None,
-    geo_column: str = "geo",
-    national_codes=None,
-    unit_type="ha",
-):
-    """
-    Convert an Earth Engine FeatureCollection to a GeoJSON file containing Whisp stats.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    feature_collection : ee.FeatureCollection
-        The feature collection of the ROI to analyze.
-    output_geojson_filepath : str
-        The filepath to save the output GeoJSON file.
-    external_id_column : str, optional
-        The name of the column containing external IDs, by default None.
-    geo_column : str, optional
-        The name of the column containing GeoJSON geometries, by default "geo".
-    national_codes : list, optional
-        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
-    unit_type : str, optional
-        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
-    Returns
-    -------
-    None
-    """
-    # Convert ee feature collection to a pandas dataframe
-    df_stats = whisp_formatted_stats_ee_to_df(
-        feature_collection,
-        external_id_column,
-        national_codes=national_codes,
-        unit_type=unit_type,
-    )
-
-    # Convert the df to GeoJSON
-    convert_df_to_geojson(df_stats, output_geojson_filepath, geo_column)
-
-    print(f"GeoJSON with Whisp stats saved to {output_geojson_filepath}")
-
-
-def whisp_formatted_stats_ee_to_df(
-    feature_collection: ee.FeatureCollection,
-    external_id_column=None,
-    remove_geom=False,
-    national_codes=None,
-    unit_type="ha",
-) -> pd.DataFrame:
-    """
-    Convert a feature collection to a validated DataFrame with Whisp statistics.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    feature_collection : ee.FeatureCollection
-        The feature collection of the ROI to analyze.
-    external_id_column : str, optional
-        The name of the external ID column, by default None.
-    remove_geom : bool, optional
-        Whether to remove the geometry column, by default False.
-    national_codes : list, optional
-        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
-    unit_type : str, optional
-        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    validated_df : pd.DataFrame
-        The validated dataframe containing the Whisp stats for the input ROI.
-    """
-    # Convert ee feature collection to a pandas dataframe
-    df_stats = whisp_stats_ee_to_df(
-        feature_collection,
-        external_id_column,
-        remove_geom,
-        national_codes=national_codes,
-        unit_type=unit_type,
-    )
-
-    # Pass national_codes to validation function to filter schema
-    validated_df = validate_dataframe_using_lookups(
-        df_stats, national_codes=national_codes
-    )
-    return validated_df
-
-
-### functions without additional formatting below (i.e., raw output from GEE processing without schema validation step)
-
-
-def whisp_stats_geojson_to_df(
-    input_geojson_filepath: Path | str,
-    external_id_column=None,
-    remove_geom=False,
-    national_codes=None,
-    unit_type="ha",
-) -> pd.DataFrame:
-    """
-    Convert a GeoJSON file to a pandas DataFrame with Whisp statistics.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    input_geojson_filepath : Path | str
-        The filepath to the GeoJSON of the ROI to analyze.
-    external_id_column : str, optional
-        The name of the external ID column, by default None.
-    remove_geom : bool, optional
-        Whether to remove the geometry column, by default False.
-    national_codes : list, optional
-        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
-    unit_type : str, optional
-        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    df_stats : pd.DataFrame
-        The dataframe containing the Whisp stats for the input ROI.
-    """
-    feature_collection = convert_geojson_to_ee(str(input_geojson_filepath))
-
-    return whisp_stats_ee_to_df(
-        feature_collection,
-        external_id_column,
-        remove_geom,
-        national_codes=national_codes,
-        unit_type=unit_type,
-    )
-
-
-def whisp_stats_geojson_to_ee(
-    input_geojson_filepath: Path | str,
-    external_id_column=None,
-    national_codes=None,
-) -> ee.FeatureCollection:
-    """
-    Convert a GeoJSON file to an Earth Engine FeatureCollection with Whisp statistics.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    input_geojson_filepath : Path | str
-        The filepath to the GeoJSON of the ROI to analyze.
-    external_id_column : str, optional
-        The name of the external ID column, by default None.
-    national_codes : list, optional
-        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    ee.FeatureCollection
-        The feature collection containing the Whisp stats for the input ROI.
-    """
-    feature_collection = convert_geojson_to_ee(str(input_geojson_filepath))
-
-    return whisp_stats_ee_to_ee(
-        feature_collection, external_id_column, national_codes=national_codes
-    )
-
-
-def whisp_stats_geojson_to_geojson(
-    input_geojson_filepath,
-    output_geojson_filepath,
-    external_id_column=None,
-    national_codes=None,
-    unit_type="ha",
-):
-    """
-    Convert a GeoJSON file to a GeoJSON object containing Whisp stats for the input ROI.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    input_geojson_filepath : str
-        The filepath to the input GeoJSON file.
-    output_geojson_filepath : str
-        The filepath to save the output GeoJSON file.
-    external_id_column : str, optional
-        The name of the column containing external IDs, by default None.
-    national_codes : list, optional
-        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
-    unit_type : str, optional
-        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    None
-    """
-    # Convert GeoJSON to Earth Engine FeatureCollection
-    feature_collection = convert_geojson_to_ee(input_geojson_filepath)
-
-    # Get stats as a FeatureCollection
-    stats_feature_collection = whisp_stats_ee_to_ee(
-        feature_collection,
-        external_id_column,
-        national_codes=national_codes,
-        unit_type=unit_type,
-    )
-
-    # Convert the stats FeatureCollection to GeoJSON
-    stats_geojson = convert_ee_to_geojson(stats_feature_collection)
-
-    # Save the GeoJSON to a file
-    with open(output_geojson_filepath, "w") as f:
-        json.dump(stats_geojson, f, indent=2)
-
-
-def whisp_stats_geojson_to_drive(
-    input_geojson_filepath: Path | str,
-    external_id_column=None,
-    national_codes=None,
-    unit_type="ha",
-):
-    """
-    Export Whisp statistics for a GeoJSON file to Google Drive.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    input_geojson_filepath : Path | str
-        The filepath to the GeoJSON of the ROI to analyze.
-    external_id_column : str, optional
-        The name of the external ID column, by default None.
-    national_codes : list, optional
-        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
-    unit_type : str, optional
-        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    Message showing location of file in Google Drive
-    """
-    try:
-        input_geojson_filepath = Path(input_geojson_filepath)
-        if not input_geojson_filepath.exists():
-            raise FileNotFoundError(f"File {input_geojson_filepath} does not exist.")
-
-        feature_collection = convert_geojson_to_ee(str(input_geojson_filepath))
-
-        return whisp_stats_ee_to_drive(
-            feature_collection,
-            external_id_column,
-            national_codes=national_codes,
-            unit_type=unit_type,
-        )
-
-    except Exception as e:
-        print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
-
-
-def whisp_stats_ee_to_ee(
-    feature_collection,
-    external_id_column,
-    national_codes=None,
-    unit_type="ha",
-    keep_properties=None,
-):
-    """
-    Process a feature collection to get statistics for each feature.
-
-    Parameters:
-        feature_collection (ee.FeatureCollection): The input feature collection.
-        external_id_column (str): The name of the external ID column to check.
-        national_codes (list, optional): List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
-        unit_type (str): Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), default "ha".
-        keep_properties (None, bool, or list, optional): Properties to keep from the input features.
-            - None: Remove all properties (default behavior)
-            - True: Keep all properties
-            - list: Keep only the specified properties
-
-    Returns:
-        ee.FeatureCollection: The output feature collection with statistics.
-    """
-    if external_id_column is not None:
-        try:
-            # Validate that the external_id_column exists in all features
-            validation_result = validate_external_id_column(
-                feature_collection, external_id_column
-            )
-
-            if not validation_result["is_valid"]:
-                raise ValueError(validation_result["error_message"])
-
-            # First handle property selection, but preserve the external_id_column
-            if keep_properties is not None:
-                if keep_properties == True:
-                    # Keep all properties including external_id_column
-                    pass  # No need to modify feature_collection
-                elif isinstance(keep_properties, list):
-                    # Ensure external_id_column is included in the list
-                    if external_id_column not in keep_properties:
-                        keep_properties = keep_properties + [external_id_column]
-                    feature_collection = feature_collection.select(keep_properties)
-                else:
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        "keep_properties must be None, True, or a list of property names."
-                    )
-
-            # Set the external_id with robust null handling
-            def set_external_id_safely_and_clean(feature):
-                external_id_value = feature.get(external_id_column)
-                # Use server-side null checking and string conversion
-                external_id_value = ee.Algorithms.If(
-                    ee.Algorithms.IsEqual(external_id_value, None),
-                    "unknown",
-                    ee.String(external_id_value),
-                )
-                # Create a new feature with the standardized external_id column
-                # Note: we use "external_id" as the standardized column name, not the original external_id_column name
-                return ee.Feature(feature.set("external_id", external_id_value))
-
-            feature_collection = feature_collection.map(
-                set_external_id_safely_and_clean
-            )
-
-            # Finally, clean up to keep only geometry and external_id if keep_properties is None
-            if keep_properties is None:
-                feature_collection = feature_collection.select(["external_id"])
-
-        except Exception as e:
-            # Handle the exception and provide a helpful error message
-            print(
-                f"An error occurred when trying to set the external_id_column: {external_id_column}. Error: {e}"
-            )
-            raise e  # Re-raise the exception to stop execution
-    else:
-        feature_collection = _keep_fc_properties(feature_collection, keep_properties)
-
-    fc = get_stats(
-        feature_collection, national_codes=national_codes, unit_type=unit_type
-    )
-
-    return add_id_to_feature_collection(dataset=fc, id_name=plot_id_column)
-
-
-def _keep_fc_properties(feature_collection, keep_properties):
-    # If keep_properties is specified, select only those properties
-    if keep_properties is None:
-        feature_collection = feature_collection.select([])
-    elif keep_properties == True:
-        # If keep_properties is true, select all properties
-        first_feature_props = feature_collection.first().propertyNames().getInfo()
-        feature_collection = feature_collection.select(first_feature_props)
-    elif isinstance(keep_properties, list):
-        feature_collection = feature_collection.select(keep_properties)
-    else:
-        raise ValueError(
-            "keep_properties must be None, True, or a list of property names."
-        )
-    return feature_collection
-
-
-def whisp_stats_ee_to_df(
-    feature_collection: ee.FeatureCollection,
-    external_id_column=None,
-    remove_geom=False,
-    national_codes=None,
-    unit_type="ha",
-) -> pd.DataFrame:
-    """
-    Convert a Google Earth Engine FeatureCollection to a pandas DataFrame and convert ISO3 to ISO2 country codes.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    feature_collection : ee.FeatureCollection
-        The input FeatureCollection to analyze.
-    external_id_column : str, optional
-        The name of the external ID column, by default None.
-    remove_geom : bool, optional
-        Whether to remove the geometry column, by default True.
-    national_codes : list, optional
-        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
-    unit_type : str, optional
-        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    df_stats : pd.DataFrame
-        The dataframe containing the Whisp stats for the input ROI.
-    """
-    try:
-        df_stats = convert_ee_to_df(
-            ee_object=whisp_stats_ee_to_ee(
-                feature_collection,
-                external_id_column,
-                national_codes=national_codes,
-                unit_type=unit_type,
-            ),
-            remove_geom=remove_geom,
-        )
-    except Exception as e:
-        print(f"An error occurred during the conversion from EE to DataFrame: {e}")
-        return pd.DataFrame()  # Return an empty DataFrame in case of error
-
-    try:
-        df_stats = convert_iso3_to_iso2(
-            df=df_stats,
-            iso3_column=iso3_country_column,
-            iso2_column=iso2_country_column,
-        )
-    except Exception as e:
-        print(f"An error occurred during the ISO3 to ISO2 conversion: {e}")
-        return pd.DataFrame()  # Return an empty DataFrame in case of error
-
-    return df_stats
-
-
-def whisp_stats_ee_to_drive(
-    feature_collection: ee.FeatureCollection,
-    external_id_column=None,
-    national_codes=None,
-    unit_type="ha",
-):
-    """
-     Export Whisp statistics for a feature collection to Google Drive.
-
-     Parameters
-     ----------
-     feature_collection : ee.FeatureCollection
-         The feature collection to analyze.
-     external_id_column : str, optional
-         The name of the external ID column, by default None.
-     national_codes : list, optional
-         List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
-    unit_type : str, optional
-         Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
-     Returns
-     -------
-     None
-    """
-    try:
-        task = ee.batch.Export.table.toDrive(
-            collection=whisp_stats_ee_to_ee(
-                feature_collection,
-                external_id_column,
-                national_codes=national_codes,
-                unit_type=unit_type,
-            ),
-            description="whisp_output_table",
-            # folder="whisp_results",
-            fileFormat="CSV",
-        )
-        task.start()
-        print(
-            "Exporting to Google Drive: 'whisp_results/whisp_output_table.csv'. To track progress: https://code.earthengine.google.com/tasks"
-        )
-    except Exception as e:
-        print(f"An error occurred during the export: {e}")
-
-
-#### main stats functions
-
-
-# Get stats for a feature or feature collection
-def get_stats(feature_or_feature_col, national_codes=None, unit_type="ha"):
-    """
-     Get stats for a feature or feature collection with optional filtering by national codes.
-
-     Parameters
-     ----------
-     feature_or_feature_col : ee.Feature or ee.FeatureCollection
-         The input feature or feature collection to analyze
-     national_codes : list, optional
-         List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets
-    unit_type : str, optional
-         Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
-     Returns
-     -------
-     ee.FeatureCollection
-         Feature collection with calculated statistics
-    """
-    # Check if the input is a Feature or a FeatureCollection
-    if isinstance(feature_or_feature_col, ee.Feature):
-        # If the input is a Feature, call the server-side function for processing
-        print("feature")
-        # For a single feature, we need to combine datasets with the national_codes filter
-        img_combined = combine_datasets(national_codes=national_codes)
-        output = ee.FeatureCollection(
-            [
-                get_stats_feature(
-                    feature_or_feature_col, img_combined, unit_type=unit_type
-                )
-            ]
-        )
-    elif isinstance(feature_or_feature_col, ee.FeatureCollection):
-        # If the input is a FeatureCollection, call the server-side function for processing
-        output = get_stats_fc(
-            feature_or_feature_col, national_codes=national_codes, unit_type=unit_type
-        )
-    else:
-        output = "Check inputs: not an ee.Feature or ee.FeatureCollection"
-    return output
-
-
-# Get statistics for a feature collection
-def get_stats_fc(feature_col, national_codes=None, unit_type="ha"):
-    """
-     Calculate statistics for a feature collection using Whisp datasets.
-
-     Parameters
-     ----------
-     feature_col : ee.FeatureCollection
-         The input feature collection to analyze
-     national_codes : list, optional
-         List of ISO2 country codes (e.g., ["BR", "US"]) to include national datasets.
-         If provided, only national datasets for these countries and global datasets will be used.
-         If None (default), only global datasets will be used.
-    unit_type : str, optional
-         Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
-     Returns
-     -------
-     ee.FeatureCollection
-         Feature collection with calculated statistics
-    """
-    img_combined = combine_datasets(
-        national_codes=national_codes
-    )  # Pass national_codes to combine_datasets
-
-    out_feature_col = ee.FeatureCollection(
-        feature_col.map(
-            lambda feature: get_stats_feature(
-                feature, img_combined, unit_type=unit_type
-            )
-        )
-    )
-    # print(out_feature_col.first().getInfo()) # for testing
-
-    return out_feature_col
-
-
-# Get statistics for a single feature
-
-
-def get_stats_feature(feature, img_combined, unit_type="ha"):
-    """
-    Get statistics for a single feature using a pre-combined image.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    feature : ee.Feature
-        The feature to analyze
-    img_combined : ee.Image
-        Pre-combined image with all the datasets
-    unit_type : str, optional
-        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    ee.Feature
-        Feature with calculated statistics
-    """
-    reduce = img_combined.reduceRegion(
-        reducer=ee.Reducer.sum(),
-        geometry=feature.geometry(),
-        scale=10,
-        maxPixels=1e10,
-        tileScale=8,
-    )
-
-    # Get basic feature information
-    feature_info = get_type_and_location(feature)
-
-    # add statistics unit type (e.g., percentage or hectares) to dictionary
-    stats_unit_type = ee.Dictionary({stats_unit_type_column: unit_type})
-
-    # Now, modified_dict contains all keys with the prefix added
-    reduce_ha = reduce.map(
-        lambda key, val: divide_and_format(ee.Number(val), ee.Number(10000))
-    )
-
-    # Get value for hectares
-    area_ha = ee.Number(ee.Dictionary(reduce_ha).get(geometry_area_column))
-
-    # Apply the function to each value in the dictionary using map()
-    reduce_percent = reduce_ha.map(
-        lambda key, val: percent_and_format(ee.Number(val), area_ha)
-    )
-
-    # Reformat the hectare statistics
-    reducer_stats_ha = reduce_ha.set(
-        geometry_area_column, area_ha.format(geometry_area_column_formatting)
-    )  # area ha (formatted)
-
-    # Reformat the percentage statistics
-    reducer_stats_percent = reduce_percent.set(
-        geometry_area_column, area_ha.format(geometry_area_column_formatting)
-    )  # area ha (formatted)
-
-    # Add country info onto hectare analysis results
-    properties_ha = feature_info.combine(ee.Dictionary(reducer_stats_ha)).combine(
-        stats_unit_type
-    )
-
-    # Add country info onto percentage analysis results
-    properties_percent = feature_info.combine(
-        ee.Dictionary(reducer_stats_percent)
-    ).combine(stats_unit_type)
-
-    # Choose whether to use hectares or percentage based on the parameter instead of global variable
-    out_feature = ee.Algorithms.If(
-        unit_type == "ha",
-        feature.set(properties_ha),  # .setGeometry(None),
-        feature.set(properties_percent),  # .setGeometry(None),
-    )
-
-    return out_feature
-
-
-# Get basic feature information - uses admin and water datasets in gee.
-def get_type_and_location(feature):
-    """Extracts basic feature information including country, admin area, geometry type, coordinates, and water flags."""
-
-    # Get centroid of the feature's geometry
-    centroid = feature.geometry().centroid(1)
-
-    # Fetch location info from geoboundaries (country, admin)
-    location = ee.Dictionary(get_geoboundaries_info(centroid))
-    country = ee.Dictionary({iso3_country_column: location.get("shapeGroup")})
-
-    admin_1 = ee.Dictionary(
-        {admin_1_column: location.get("shapeName")}
-    )  # Administrative level 1 (if available)
-
-    # Prepare the water flag information
-    water_all = water_flag_all_prep()
-    water_flag_dict = value_at_point_flag(
-        point=centroid, image=water_all, band_name=water_flag, output_name=water_flag
-    )
-
-    # Get the geometry type of the feature
-    geom_type = ee.Dictionary({geometry_type_column: feature.geometry().type()})
-
-    # Get the coordinates (latitude, longitude) of the centroid
-    coords_list = centroid.coordinates()
-    coords_dict = ee.Dictionary(
-        {
-            centroid_x_coord_column: coords_list.get(0),  # Longitude
-            centroid_y_coord_column: coords_list.get(1),  # Latitude
-        }
-    )
-
-    # Combine all the extracted info into a single dictionary
-    feature_info = (
-        country.combine(admin_1)
-        .combine(geom_type)
-        .combine(coords_dict)
-        .combine(water_flag_dict)
-    )
-
-    return feature_info
-
-
-# Define a function to divide each value by 10,000 and format it with one decimal place
-def divide_and_format(val, unit):
-    # Convert the image to an ee.Number, divide by 10,000, and format with one decimal place
-    formatted_value = ee.Number.parse(
-        ee.Number(ee.Number(val).divide(ee.Number(unit))).format(
-            stats_area_columns_formatting
-        )
-    )
-    # Return the formatted value
-    return ee.Number(formatted_value)
-
-
-# Define a function to divide by total area of geometry and multiply by 100
-def percent_and_format(val, area_ha):
-    formatted_value = ee.Number.parse(
-        ee.Number(ee.Number(val).divide(area_ha).multiply(ee.Number(100))).format(
-            stats_percent_columns_formatting
-        )
-    )
-    # Return the formatted value
-    return ee.Number(formatted_value)
-
-
-# geoboundaries - admin units from a freqently updated database, allows commercial use (CC BY 4.0 DEED) (disputed territories may need checking)
-def get_geoboundaries_info(geometry):
-    gbounds_ADM0 = ee.FeatureCollection("WM/geoLab/geoBoundaries/600/ADM1")
-    polygonsIntersectPoint = gbounds_ADM0.filterBounds(geometry)
-    backup_dict = ee.Dictionary({"shapeGroup": "Unknown", "shapeName": "Unknown"})
-    return ee.Algorithms.If(
-        polygonsIntersectPoint.size().gt(0),
-        polygonsIntersectPoint.first()
-        .toDictionary()
-        .select(["shapeGroup", "shapeName"]),
-        backup_dict,
-    )
-
-
-#####
-# water flag - to flag plots that may be erroneous (i.e., where errors may have occured in their creation / translation  and so fall in either the ocean or inland water -
-def usgs_gsv_ocean_prep():  # TO DO: for speed export image as an asset at samne res as JRC
-    # Initialize the Earth Engine API
-    # ee.Initialize()
-
-    # Load the datasets
-    mainlands = ee.FeatureCollection(
-        "projects/sat-io/open-datasets/shoreline/mainlands"
-    )
-    big_islands = ee.FeatureCollection(
-        "projects/sat-io/open-datasets/shoreline/big_islands"
-    )
-    small_islands = ee.FeatureCollection(
-        "projects/sat-io/open-datasets/shoreline/small_islands"
-    )
-
-    # Combine the datasets into one FeatureCollection
-    gsv = ee.FeatureCollection([mainlands, big_islands, small_islands]).flatten()
-
-    # Rasterize the combined FeatureCollection and make areas outside coast (i.e. ocean) as value 1
-    # and then rename the band
-    return ee.Image(1).paint(gsv).selfMask().rename("ocean")
-
-
-def jrc_water_surface_prep():
-    jrc_surface_water = ee.Image("JRC/GSW1_4/GlobalSurfaceWater")
-
-    # use transition band
-    jrc_transition = jrc_surface_water.select("transition")
-
-    # select permanent water bodies:
-    # remap the following classes to have a value of 1:
-    # "Permanent", "New Permanent", and "Seasonal to Permanent" (i.e., classes 1,2 and 7).
-    # All other classes as value 0.
-    permanent_inland_water = jrc_transition.remap([1, 2, 7], [1, 1, 1], 0).unmask()
-
-    # optional - clip to within coast line (not needed currently and extra processing)
-    # permanent_inland_water = permanent_inland_water.where(usgs_gsv_ocean_prep(),0)
-
-    return permanent_inland_water.rename("water_inland")
-
-
-def water_flag_all_prep():
-    # combine both where water surface is 1, then 1, else use non_land_gsv
-    return (
-        usgs_gsv_ocean_prep()
-        .unmask()
-        .where(jrc_water_surface_prep(), 1)
-        .rename(water_flag)
-    )
-
-
-def value_at_point_flag(point, image, band_name, output_name):
-    """Sample an image at the given point and make a dictionary output where the name is defined by output_name parameter"""
-    sample = image.sample(region=point, scale=30, numPixels=1).first()
-
-    # Get the value from the sampled point
-    value = sample.get(band_name)  # assuming the band name is 'b1', change if necessary
-
-    # Use a conditional statement to check if the value is 1
-    result = value  # ee.Algorithms.If(ee.Number(value).eq(1), "True", "False")
-
-    # Return the output dictionary
-    return ee.Dictionary({output_name: result})  # .getInfo()
-
-
-def add_id_to_feature_collection(dataset, id_name):
-    """
-    Adds an incremental (1,2,3 etc) 'id' property to each feature in the given FeatureCollection.
-
-    Args:
-    - dataset: ee.FeatureCollection, the FeatureCollection to operate on.
-
-    Returns:
-    - dataset_with_id: ee.FeatureCollection, the FeatureCollection with 'id' property added to each feature.
-    """
-    # Get the list of system:index values
-    indexes = dataset.aggregate_array("system:index")
-
-    # Create a sequence of numbers starting from 1 to the size of indexes
-    ids = ee.List.sequence(1, indexes.size())
-
-    # Create a dictionary mapping system:index to id
-    id_by_index = ee.Dictionary.fromLists(indexes, ids)
-
-    # Function to add 'id' property to each feature
-    def add_id(feature):
-        # Get the system:index of the feature
-        system_index = feature.get("system:index")
-
-        # Get the id corresponding to the system:index
-        feature_id = id_by_index.get(system_index)
-
-        # Set the 'id' property of the feature
-        return feature.set(id_name, feature_id)
-
-    # Map the add_id function over the dataset
-    dataset_with_id = dataset.map(add_id)
-
-    return dataset_with_id
-
-
-# Function to add ID to features
-def add_id_to_feature(feature, id_name):
-    index = feature.get("system:index")
-    return feature.set(id_name, index)
-
-
-# Function to flag positive values
-def flag_positive_values(feature, flag_positive):
-    for prop_name in flag_positive:
-        flag_value = ee.Algorithms.If(
-            ee.Number(feature.get(prop_name)).gt(0), "True", "-"
-        )
-        feature = feature.set(prop_name, flag_value)
-    return feature
-
-
-# Function to exclude properties
-def copy_properties_and_exclude(feature, exclude_properties_from_output):
-    return ee.Feature(feature.geometry()).copyProperties(
-        source=feature, exclude=exclude_properties_from_output
-    )
-
-
-def ee_image_checker(image):
-    """
-    Tests if the input is a valid ee.Image.
-
-    Args:
-        image: An ee.Image object.
-
-    Returns:
-        bool: True if the input is a valid ee.Image, False otherwise.
-    """
-    try:
-        if ee.Algorithms.ObjectType(image).getInfo() == "Image":
-            # Trigger some action on the image to ensure it's a valid image
-            image.getInfo()  # This will raise an exception if the image is invalid
-            return True
-    except ee.EEException as e:
-        print(f"Image validation failed with EEException: {e}")
-    except Exception as e:
-        print(f"Image validation failed with exception: {e}")
-    return False
-
-
-def keep_valid_images(image_list):
-    """
-    Filters a list to return only valid ee.Images.
-
-    Args:
-        image_list: List of ee.Image objects.
-
-    Returns:
-        list: List of valid ee.Image objects.
-    """
-    valid_imgs = []
-    for image in image_list:
-        if ee_image_checker(image):
-            valid_imgs.append(image)
-    return valid_imgs
-
-
-def convert_iso3_to_iso2(df, iso3_column, iso2_column):
-    """
-    Converts ISO3 country codes to ISO2 codes and adds a new column to the DataFrame.
-
-    Args:
-        df (pd.DataFrame): Input DataFrame containing ISO3 country codes.
-        iso3_column (str): The column name in the DataFrame with ISO3 country codes.
-        iso2_column (str): The new column name to store ISO2 country codes.
-
-    Returns:
-        pd.DataFrame: Updated DataFrame with the new ISO2 column.
-    """
-    import country_converter as coco
-
-    # Apply conversion from ISO3 to ISO2
-    df[iso2_column] = df[iso3_column].apply(
-        lambda x: (
-            coco.convert(names=x, to="ISO2") if x else "not found (disputed territory)"
-        )
-    )
-
-    return df
-
-
-def validate_external_id_column(feature_collection, external_id_column):
-    """
-    Validates that the external_id_column exists in all features of the collection.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    feature_collection : ee.FeatureCollection
-        The feature collection to validate
-    external_id_column : str
-        The name of the external ID column to check
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    dict
-        Dictionary with validation results including:
-        - 'is_valid': bool indicating if column exists in all features
-        - 'total_features': int total number of features
-        - 'features_with_column': int number of features that have the column
-        - 'available_properties': list of properties available in first feature
-        - 'error_message': str error message if validation fails
-    """
-    try:
-        # Get total number of features
-        total_features = feature_collection.size().getInfo()
-
-        if total_features == 0:
-            return {
-                "is_valid": False,
-                "total_features": 0,
-                "features_with_column": 0,
-                "available_properties": [],
-                "error_message": "Feature collection is empty",
-            }
-
-        # Get available properties from first feature
-        first_feature_props = feature_collection.first().propertyNames().getInfo()
-
-        # Check if external_id_column exists in all features
-        def check_column_exists(feature):
-            has_column = feature.propertyNames().contains(external_id_column)
-            return feature.set("_has_external_id", has_column)
-
-        features_with_check = feature_collection.map(check_column_exists)
-        features_with_column = (
-            features_with_check.filter(ee.Filter.eq("_has_external_id", True))
-            .size()
-            .getInfo()
-        )
-
-        is_valid = features_with_column == total_features
-
-        error_message = None
-        if not is_valid:
-            missing_count = total_features - features_with_column
-            error_message = (
-                f"The column '{external_id_column}' is missing from {missing_count} "
-                f"out of {total_features} features in the collection. "
-                f"Available properties in first feature: {first_feature_props}"
-            )
-
-        return {
-            "is_valid": is_valid,
-            "total_features": total_features,
-            "features_with_column": features_with_column,
-            "available_properties": first_feature_props,
-            "error_message": error_message,
-        }
-
-    except Exception as e:
-        return {
-            "is_valid": False,
-            "total_features": 0,
-            "features_with_column": 0,
-            "available_properties": [],
-            "error_message": f"Error during validation: {str(e)}",
-        }
-
-
-def debug_feature_collection_properties(feature_collection, max_features=5):
-    """
-    Debug helper function to inspect the properties of features in a collection.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    feature_collection : ee.FeatureCollection
-        The feature collection to inspect
-    max_features : int, optional
-        Maximum number of features to inspect, by default 5
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    dict
-        Dictionary with debugging information about the feature collection
-    """
-    try:
-        total_features = feature_collection.size().getInfo()
-
-        if total_features == 0:
-            return {"total_features": 0, "error": "Feature collection is empty"}
-
-        # Limit the number of features to inspect
-        features_to_check = min(max_features, total_features)
-        limited_fc = feature_collection.limit(features_to_check)
-
-        # Get properties for each feature
-        def get_feature_properties(feature):
-            return ee.Dictionary(
-                {
-                    "properties": feature.propertyNames(),
-                    "geometry_type": feature.geometry().type(),
-                }
-            )
-
-        feature_info = limited_fc.map(get_feature_properties).getInfo()
-
-        return {
-            "total_features": total_features,
-            "inspected_features": features_to_check,
-            "feature_details": [
-                {
-                    "feature_index": i,
-                    "properties": feature_info["features"][i]["properties"][
-                        "properties"
-                    ],
-                    "geometry_type": feature_info["features"][i]["properties"][
-                        "geometry_type"
-                    ],
-                }
-                for i in range(len(feature_info["features"]))
-            ],
-        }
-
-    except Exception as e:
-        return {"error": f"Error during debugging: {str(e)}"}
+import ee
+import pandas as pd
+from pathlib import Path
+from .datasets import combine_datasets
+import json
+import country_converter as coco
+from openforis_whisp.parameters.config_runtime import (
+    plot_id_column,
+    external_id_column,
+    geometry_type_column,
+    geometry_area_column,
+    geometry_area_column_formatting,
+    centroid_x_coord_column,
+    centroid_y_coord_column,
+    iso3_country_column,
+    iso2_country_column,
+    admin_1_column,
+    stats_unit_type_column,
+    stats_area_columns_formatting,
+    stats_percent_columns_formatting,
+    water_flag,
+)
+from .data_conversion import (
+    convert_ee_to_df,
+    convert_geojson_to_ee,
+    convert_ee_to_geojson,
+    # convert_csv_to_geojson,
+    convert_df_to_geojson,
+)  # copied functions from whisp-api and geemap (accessed 2024) to avoid dependency
+from .reformat import (
+    validate_dataframe_using_lookups,
+    validate_dataframe_using_lookups_flexible,
+)
+
+# NB functions that included "formatted" in the name apply a schema for validation and reformatting of the output dataframe. The schema is created from lookup tables.
+
+
+def whisp_formatted_stats_geojson_to_df(
+    input_geojson_filepath: Path | str,
+    external_id_column=None,
+    remove_geom=False,
+    national_codes=None,
+    unit_type="ha",
+    whisp_image=None,
+    custom_bands=None,  # New parameter
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """
+        Main function for most users.
+        Converts a GeoJSON file to a pandas DataFrame containing Whisp stats for the input ROI.
+        Output df is validated against a panderas schema (created on the fly from the two lookup CSVs).
+
+        This function first converts the provided GeoJSON file into an Earth Engine FeatureCollection.
+        It then processes the FeatureCollection to extract relevant Whisp statistics,
+        returning a structured DataFrame that aligns with the expected schema.
+
+        If `external_id_column` is provided, it will be used to link external identifiers
+        from the input GeoJSON to the output DataFrame.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        input_geojson_filepath : Path | str
+            The filepath to the GeoJSON of the ROI to analyze.
+        external_id_column : str, optional
+            The column in the GeoJSON containing external IDs to be preserved in the output DataFrame.
+            This column must exist as a property in ALL features of the GeoJSON file.
+            Use debug_feature_collection_properties() to inspect available properties if you encounter errors.
+        remove_geom : bool, default=False
+            If True, the geometry of the GeoJSON is removed from the output DataFrame.
+        national_codes : list, optional
+            List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
+        unit_type: str, optional
+            Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
+        whisp_image : ee.Image, optional
+            Pre-combined multiband Earth Engine Image containing all Whisp datasets.
+            If provided, this image will be used instead of combining datasets based on national_codes.
+            If None, datasets will be combined automatically using national_codes parameter.
+        custom_bands : list or dict, optional
+            Custom band information for extra columns. Can be:
+            - List of band names: ['Aa_test', 'elevation']
+            - Dict with types: {'Aa_test': 'float64', 'elevation': 'float32'}
+            - None: preserves all extra columns automatically
+
+    Returns
+        -------
+        df_stats : pd.DataFrame
+            The DataFrame containing the Whisp stats for the input ROI.
+    """
+    feature_collection = convert_geojson_to_ee(str(input_geojson_filepath))
+
+    return whisp_formatted_stats_ee_to_df(
+        feature_collection,
+        external_id_column,
+        remove_geom,
+        national_codes=national_codes,
+        unit_type=unit_type,
+        whisp_image=whisp_image,
+        custom_bands=custom_bands,  # Pass through
+    )
+
+
+def whisp_formatted_stats_geojson_to_geojson(
+    input_geojson_filepath,
+    output_geojson_filepath,
+    external_id_column=None,
+    geo_column: str = "geo",
+    national_codes=None,
+    unit_type="ha",
+    whisp_image=None,  # New parameter
+):
+    """
+    Convert a formatted GeoJSON file with a geo column into a GeoJSON file containing Whisp stats.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    input_geojson_filepath : str
+        The filepath to the input GeoJSON file.
+    output_geojson_filepath : str
+        The filepath to save the output GeoJSON file.
+    external_id_column : str, optional
+        The name of the column containing external IDs, by default None.
+    geo_column : str, optional
+        The name of the column containing GeoJSON geometries, by default "geo".
+    national_codes : list, optional
+        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
+    unit_type : str, optional
+        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
+    whisp_image : ee.Image, optional
+        Pre-combined multiband Earth Engine Image containing all Whisp datasets.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    None
+    """
+    df = whisp_formatted_stats_geojson_to_df(
+        input_geojson_filepath=input_geojson_filepath,
+        external_id_column=external_id_column,
+        national_codes=national_codes,
+        unit_type=unit_type,
+        whisp_image=whisp_image,  # Pass through
+    )
+    # Convert the df to GeoJSON
+    convert_df_to_geojson(df, output_geojson_filepath, geo_column)
+
+    print(f"GeoJSON with Whisp stats saved to {output_geojson_filepath}")
+
+
+def whisp_formatted_stats_ee_to_geojson(
+    feature_collection: ee.FeatureCollection,
+    output_geojson_filepath: str,
+    external_id_column=None,
+    geo_column: str = "geo",
+    national_codes=None,
+    unit_type="ha",
+    whisp_image=None,  # New parameter
+):
+    """
+    Convert an Earth Engine FeatureCollection to a GeoJSON file containing Whisp stats.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    feature_collection : ee.FeatureCollection
+        The feature collection of the ROI to analyze.
+    output_geojson_filepath : str
+        The filepath to save the output GeoJSON file.
+    external_id_column : str, optional
+        The name of the column containing external IDs, by default None.
+    geo_column : str, optional
+        The name of the column containing GeoJSON geometries, by default "geo".
+    national_codes : list, optional
+        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
+    unit_type : str, optional
+        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
+    whisp_image : ee.Image, optional
+        Pre-combined multiband Earth Engine Image containing all Whisp datasets.
+    Returns
+    -------
+    None
+    """
+    # Convert ee feature collection to a pandas dataframe
+    df_stats = whisp_formatted_stats_ee_to_df(
+        feature_collection,
+        external_id_column,
+        national_codes=national_codes,
+        unit_type=unit_type,
+        whisp_image=whisp_image,  # Pass through
+    )
+
+    # Convert the df to GeoJSON
+    convert_df_to_geojson(df_stats, output_geojson_filepath, geo_column)
+
+    print(f"GeoJSON with Whisp stats saved to {output_geojson_filepath}")
+
+
+def whisp_formatted_stats_ee_to_df(
+    feature_collection: ee.FeatureCollection,
+    external_id_column=None,
+    remove_geom=False,
+    national_codes=None,
+    unit_type="ha",
+    whisp_image=None,
+    custom_bands=None,  # New parameter
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Convert a feature collection to a validated DataFrame with Whisp statistics.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    feature_collection : ee.FeatureCollection
+        The feature collection of the ROI to analyze.
+    external_id_column : str, optional
+        The name of the external ID column, by default None.
+    remove_geom : bool, optional
+        Whether to remove the geometry column, by default False.
+    national_codes : list, optional
+        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
+    unit_type : str, optional
+        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
+    whisp_image : ee.Image, optional
+        Pre-combined multiband Earth Engine Image containing all Whisp datasets.
+    custom_bands : list or dict, optional
+        Custom band information for extra columns.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    validated_df : pd.DataFrame
+        The validated dataframe containing the Whisp stats for the input ROI.
+    """
+    # Convert ee feature collection to a pandas dataframe
+    df_stats = whisp_stats_ee_to_df(
+        feature_collection,
+        external_id_column,
+        remove_geom,
+        national_codes=national_codes,
+        unit_type=unit_type,
+        whisp_image=whisp_image,
+    )
+
+    # Use flexible validation that handles custom bands
+    validated_df = validate_dataframe_using_lookups_flexible(
+        df_stats, national_codes=national_codes, custom_bands=custom_bands
+    )
+    return validated_df
+
+
+### functions without additional formatting below (i.e., raw output from GEE processing without schema validation step)
+
+
+def whisp_stats_geojson_to_df(
+    input_geojson_filepath: Path | str,
+    external_id_column=None,
+    remove_geom=False,
+    national_codes=None,
+    unit_type="ha",
+    whisp_image=None,  # New parameter
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Convert a GeoJSON file to a pandas DataFrame with Whisp statistics.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    input_geojson_filepath : Path | str
+        The filepath to the GeoJSON of the ROI to analyze.
+    external_id_column : str, optional
+        The name of the external ID column, by default None.
+    remove_geom : bool, optional
+        Whether to remove the geometry column, by default False.
+    national_codes : list, optional
+        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
+    unit_type : str, optional
+        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
+    whisp_image : ee.Image, optional
+        Pre-combined multiband Earth Engine Image containing all Whisp datasets.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    df_stats : pd.DataFrame
+        The dataframe containing the Whisp stats for the input ROI.
+    """
+    feature_collection = convert_geojson_to_ee(str(input_geojson_filepath))
+
+    return whisp_stats_ee_to_df(
+        feature_collection,
+        external_id_column,
+        remove_geom,
+        national_codes=national_codes,
+        unit_type=unit_type,
+        whisp_image=whisp_image,  # Pass through
+    )
+
+
+def whisp_stats_geojson_to_ee(
+    input_geojson_filepath: Path | str,
+    external_id_column=None,
+    national_codes=None,
+    whisp_image=None,  # New parameter
+) -> ee.FeatureCollection:
+    """
+    Convert a GeoJSON file to an Earth Engine FeatureCollection with Whisp statistics.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    input_geojson_filepath : Path | str
+        The filepath to the GeoJSON of the ROI to analyze.
+    external_id_column : str, optional
+        The name of the external ID column, by default None.
+    national_codes : list, optional
+        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
+    whisp_image : ee.Image, optional
+        Pre-combined multiband Earth Engine Image containing all Whisp datasets.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ee.FeatureCollection
+        The feature collection containing the Whisp stats for the input ROI.
+    """
+    feature_collection = convert_geojson_to_ee(str(input_geojson_filepath))
+
+    return whisp_stats_ee_to_ee(
+        feature_collection,
+        external_id_column,
+        national_codes=national_codes,
+        whisp_image=whisp_image,  # Pass through
+    )
+
+
+def whisp_stats_geojson_to_geojson(
+    input_geojson_filepath,
+    output_geojson_filepath,
+    external_id_column=None,
+    national_codes=None,
+    unit_type="ha",
+    whisp_image=None,  # New parameter
+):
+    """
+    Convert a GeoJSON file to a GeoJSON object containing Whisp stats for the input ROI.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    input_geojson_filepath : str
+        The filepath to the input GeoJSON file.
+    output_geojson_filepath : str
+        The filepath to save the output GeoJSON file.
+    external_id_column : str, optional
+        The name of the column containing external IDs, by default None.
+    national_codes : list, optional
+        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
+    unit_type : str, optional
+        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
+    whisp_image : ee.Image, optional
+        Pre-combined multiband Earth Engine Image containing all Whisp datasets.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    None
+    """
+    # Convert GeoJSON to Earth Engine FeatureCollection
+    feature_collection = convert_geojson_to_ee(input_geojson_filepath)
+
+    # Get stats as a FeatureCollection
+    stats_feature_collection = whisp_stats_ee_to_ee(
+        feature_collection,
+        external_id_column,
+        national_codes=national_codes,
+        unit_type=unit_type,
+        whisp_image=whisp_image,  # Pass through
+    )
+
+    # Convert the stats FeatureCollection to GeoJSON
+    stats_geojson = convert_ee_to_geojson(stats_feature_collection)
+
+    # Save the GeoJSON to a file
+    with open(output_geojson_filepath, "w") as f:
+        json.dump(stats_geojson, f, indent=2)
+
+
+def whisp_stats_geojson_to_drive(
+    input_geojson_filepath: Path | str,
+    external_id_column=None,
+    national_codes=None,
+    unit_type="ha",
+    whisp_image=None,  # New parameter
+):
+    """
+    Export Whisp statistics for a GeoJSON file to Google Drive.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    input_geojson_filepath : Path | str
+        The filepath to the GeoJSON of the ROI to analyze.
+    external_id_column : str, optional
+        The name of the external ID column, by default None.
+    national_codes : list, optional
+        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
+    unit_type : str, optional
+        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
+    whisp_image : ee.Image, optional
+        Pre-combined multiband Earth Engine Image containing all Whisp datasets.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Message showing location of file in Google Drive
+    """
+    try:
+        input_geojson_filepath = Path(input_geojson_filepath)
+        if not input_geojson_filepath.exists():
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"File {input_geojson_filepath} does not exist.")
+
+        feature_collection = convert_geojson_to_ee(str(input_geojson_filepath))
+
+        return whisp_stats_ee_to_drive(
+            feature_collection,
+            external_id_column,
+            national_codes=national_codes,
+            unit_type=unit_type,
+            whisp_image=whisp_image,  # Pass through
+        )
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
+
+
+def whisp_stats_ee_to_ee(
+    feature_collection,
+    external_id_column,
+    national_codes=None,
+    unit_type="ha",
+    keep_properties=None,
+    whisp_image=None,  # New parameter
+):
+    """
+    Process a feature collection to get statistics for each feature.
+
+    Parameters:
+        feature_collection (ee.FeatureCollection): The input feature collection.
+        external_id_column (str): The name of the external ID column to check.
+        national_codes (list, optional): List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
+        unit_type (str): Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), default "ha".
+        keep_properties (None, bool, or list, optional): Properties to keep from the input features.
+            - None: Remove all properties (default behavior)
+            - True: Keep all properties
+            - list: Keep only the specified properties
+        whisp_image (ee.Image, optional): Pre-combined multiband Earth Engine Image containing
+            all Whisp datasets. If provided, this image will be used instead of combining
+            datasets based on national_codes.
+
+    Returns:
+        ee.FeatureCollection: The output feature collection with statistics.
+    """
+    if external_id_column is not None:
+        try:
+            # Validate that the external_id_column exists in all features
+            validation_result = validate_external_id_column(
+                feature_collection, external_id_column
+            )
+
+            if not validation_result["is_valid"]:
+                raise ValueError(validation_result["error_message"])
+
+            # First handle property selection, but preserve the external_id_column
+            if keep_properties is not None:
+                if keep_properties == True:
+                    # Keep all properties including external_id_column
+                    pass  # No need to modify feature_collection
+                elif isinstance(keep_properties, list):
+                    # Ensure external_id_column is included in the list
+                    if external_id_column not in keep_properties:
+                        keep_properties = keep_properties + [external_id_column]
+                    feature_collection = feature_collection.select(keep_properties)
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "keep_properties must be None, True, or a list of property names."
+                    )
+
+            # Set the external_id with robust null handling
+            def set_external_id_safely_and_clean(feature):
+                external_id_value = feature.get(external_id_column)
+                # Use server-side null checking and string conversion
+                external_id_value = ee.Algorithms.If(
+                    ee.Algorithms.IsEqual(external_id_value, None),
+                    "unknown",
+                    ee.String(external_id_value),
+                )
+                # Create a new feature with the standardized external_id column
+                # Note: we use "external_id" as the standardized column name, not the original external_id_column name
+                return ee.Feature(feature.set("external_id", external_id_value))
+
+            feature_collection = feature_collection.map(
+                set_external_id_safely_and_clean
+            )
+
+            # Finally, clean up to keep only geometry and external_id if keep_properties is None
+            if keep_properties is None:
+                feature_collection = feature_collection.select(["external_id"])
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            # Handle the exception and provide a helpful error message
+            print(
+                f"An error occurred when trying to set the external_id_column: {external_id_column}. Error: {e}"
+            )
+            raise e  # Re-raise the exception to stop execution
+    else:
+        feature_collection = _keep_fc_properties(feature_collection, keep_properties)
+
+    fc = get_stats(
+        feature_collection,
+        national_codes=national_codes,
+        unit_type=unit_type,
+        whisp_image=whisp_image,  # Pass through
+    )
+
+    return add_id_to_feature_collection(dataset=fc, id_name=plot_id_column)
+
+
+def _keep_fc_properties(feature_collection, keep_properties):
+    # If keep_properties is specified, select only those properties
+    if keep_properties is None:
+        feature_collection = feature_collection.select([])
+    elif keep_properties == True:
+        # If keep_properties is true, select all properties
+        first_feature_props = feature_collection.first().propertyNames().getInfo()
+        feature_collection = feature_collection.select(first_feature_props)
+    elif isinstance(keep_properties, list):
+        feature_collection = feature_collection.select(keep_properties)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "keep_properties must be None, True, or a list of property names."
+        )
+    return feature_collection
+
+
+def whisp_stats_ee_to_df(
+    feature_collection: ee.FeatureCollection,
+    external_id_column=None,
+    remove_geom=False,
+    national_codes=None,
+    unit_type="ha",
+    whisp_image=None,  # New parameter
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Convert a Google Earth Engine FeatureCollection to a pandas DataFrame and convert ISO3 to ISO2 country codes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    feature_collection : ee.FeatureCollection
+        The input FeatureCollection to analyze.
+    external_id_column : str, optional
+        The name of the external ID column, by default None.
+    remove_geom : bool, optional
+        Whether to remove the geometry column, by default True.
+    national_codes : list, optional
+        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
+    unit_type : str, optional
+        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
+    whisp_image : ee.Image, optional
+        Pre-combined multiband Earth Engine Image containing all Whisp datasets.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    df_stats : pd.DataFrame
+        The dataframe containing the Whisp stats for the input ROI.
+    """
+    # First, do the whisp processing to get the EE feature collection with stats
+    try:
+        stats_feature_collection = whisp_stats_ee_to_ee(
+            feature_collection,
+            external_id_column,
+            national_codes=national_codes,
+            unit_type=unit_type,
+            whisp_image=whisp_image,  # Pass through
+        )
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"An error occurred during Whisp stats processing: {e}")
+        raise e
+
+    # Then, convert the EE feature collection to DataFrame
+    try:
+        df_stats = convert_ee_to_df(
+            ee_object=stats_feature_collection,
+            remove_geom=remove_geom,
+        )
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"An error occurred during the conversion from EE to DataFrame: {e}")
+        raise e
+
+    try:
+        df_stats = convert_iso3_to_iso2(
+            df=df_stats,
+            iso3_column=iso3_country_column,
+            iso2_column=iso2_country_column,
+        )
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"An error occurred during the ISO3 to ISO2 conversion: {e}")
+        return pd.DataFrame()  # Return an empty DataFrame in case of error
+
+    return df_stats
+
+
+def whisp_stats_ee_to_drive(
+    feature_collection: ee.FeatureCollection,
+    external_id_column=None,
+    national_codes=None,
+    unit_type="ha",
+    whisp_image=None,  # New parameter
+):
+    """
+     Export Whisp statistics for a feature collection to Google Drive.
+
+     Parameters
+     ----------
+     feature_collection : ee.FeatureCollection
+         The feature collection to analyze.
+     external_id_column : str, optional
+         The name of the external ID column, by default None.
+     national_codes : list, optional
+         List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
+    unit_type : str, optional
+         Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
+    whisp_image : ee.Image, optional
+         Pre-combined multiband Earth Engine Image containing all Whisp datasets.
+     Returns
+     -------
+     None
+    """
+    try:
+        task = ee.batch.Export.table.toDrive(
+            collection=whisp_stats_ee_to_ee(
+                feature_collection,
+                external_id_column,
+                national_codes=national_codes,
+                unit_type=unit_type,
+                whisp_image=whisp_image,  # Pass through
+            ),
+            description="whisp_output_table",
+            # folder="whisp_results",
+            fileFormat="CSV",
+        )
+        task.start()
+        print(
+            "Exporting to Google Drive: 'whisp_results/whisp_output_table.csv'. To track progress: https://code.earthengine.google.com/tasks"
+        )
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"An error occurred during the export: {e}")
+
+
+#### main stats functions
+
+
+# Get stats for a feature or feature collection
+def get_stats(
+    feature_or_feature_col, national_codes=None, unit_type="ha", whisp_image=None
+):
+    """
+    Get stats for a feature or feature collection with optional pre-combined image.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    feature_or_feature_col : ee.Feature or ee.FeatureCollection
+        The input feature or feature collection to analyze
+    national_codes : list, optional
+        List of ISO2 country codes to include national datasets.
+        Only used if whisp_image is None.
+    unit_type : str, optional
+        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
+    whisp_image : ee.Image, optional
+        Pre-combined multiband Earth Engine Image containing all Whisp datasets.
+        If provided, this will be used instead of combining datasets based on national_codes.
+        If None, datasets will be combined automatically using national_codes parameter.
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ee.FeatureCollection
+        Feature collection with calculated statistics
+    """
+
+    # Use provided image or combine datasets
+    if whisp_image is not None:
+        img_combined = whisp_image
+        print("Using provided whisp_image")
+    else:
+        img_combined = combine_datasets(national_codes=national_codes)
+        print(f"Combining datasets with national_codes: {national_codes}")
+
+    # Check if the input is a Feature or a FeatureCollection
+    if isinstance(feature_or_feature_col, ee.Feature):
+        print("Processing single feature")
+        output = ee.FeatureCollection(
+            [
+                get_stats_feature(
+                    feature_or_feature_col, img_combined, unit_type=unit_type
+                )
+            ]
+        )
+    elif isinstance(feature_or_feature_col, ee.FeatureCollection):
+        print("Processing feature collection")
+        output = get_stats_fc(
+            feature_or_feature_col,
+            national_codes=national_codes,
+            unit_type=unit_type,
+            img_combined=img_combined,  # Pass the image directly
+        )
+    else:
+        output = "Check inputs: not an ee.Feature or ee.FeatureCollection"
+    return output
+
+
+# Get statistics for a feature collection
+def get_stats_fc(feature_col, national_codes=None, unit_type="ha", img_combined=None):
+    """
+    Calculate statistics for a feature collection using Whisp datasets.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    feature_col : ee.FeatureCollection
+        The input feature collection to analyze
+    national_codes : list, optional
+        List of ISO2 country codes (e.g., ["BR", "US"]) to include national datasets.
+        If provided, only national datasets for these countries and global datasets will be used.
+        If None (default), only global datasets will be used.
+        Only used if img_combined is None.
+    unit_type : str, optional
+        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
+    img_combined : ee.Image, optional
+        Pre-combined multiband image containing all Whisp datasets.
+        If provided, this will be used instead of combining datasets based on national_codes.
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ee.FeatureCollection
+        Feature collection with calculated statistics
+    """
+
+    # # Use provided image or combine datasets
+    # if img_combined is None:
+    #     img_combined = combine_datasets(national_codes=national_codes)
+
+    out_feature_col = ee.FeatureCollection(
+        feature_col.map(
+            lambda feature: get_stats_feature(
+                feature, img_combined, unit_type=unit_type
+            )
+        )
+    )
+    # print(out_feature_col.first().getInfo()) # for testing
+
+    return out_feature_col
+
+
+# Get statistics for a single feature
+# Note: This function doesn't need whisp_image parameter since it already accepts img_combined directly
+
+
+def get_stats_feature(feature, img_combined, unit_type="ha"):
+    """
+    Get statistics for a single feature using a pre-combined image.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    feature : ee.Feature
+        The feature to analyze
+    img_combined : ee.Image
+        Pre-combined image with all the datasets
+    unit_type : str, optional
+        Whether to use hectares ("ha") or percentage ("percent"), by default "ha".
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ee.Feature
+        Feature with calculated statistics
+    """
+    reduce = img_combined.reduceRegion(
+        reducer=ee.Reducer.sum(),
+        geometry=feature.geometry(),
+        scale=10,
+        maxPixels=1e10,
+        tileScale=8,
+    )
+
+    # Get basic feature information
+    feature_info = get_type_and_location(feature)
+
+    # add statistics unit type (e.g., percentage or hectares) to dictionary
+    stats_unit_type = ee.Dictionary({stats_unit_type_column: unit_type})
+
+    # Now, modified_dict contains all keys with the prefix added
+    reduce_ha = reduce.map(
+        lambda key, val: divide_and_format(ee.Number(val), ee.Number(10000))
+    )
+
+    # Get value for hectares
+    area_ha = ee.Number(ee.Dictionary(reduce_ha).get(geometry_area_column))
+
+    # Apply the function to each value in the dictionary using map()
+    reduce_percent = reduce_ha.map(
+        lambda key, val: percent_and_format(ee.Number(val), area_ha)
+    )
+
+    # Reformat the hectare statistics
+    reducer_stats_ha = reduce_ha.set(
+        geometry_area_column, area_ha.format(geometry_area_column_formatting)
+    )  # area ha (formatted)
+
+    # Reformat the percentage statistics
+    reducer_stats_percent = reduce_percent.set(
+        geometry_area_column, area_ha.format(geometry_area_column_formatting)
+    )  # area ha (formatted)
+
+    # Add country info onto hectare analysis results
+    properties_ha = feature_info.combine(ee.Dictionary(reducer_stats_ha)).combine(
+        stats_unit_type
+    )
+
+    # Add country info onto percentage analysis results
+    properties_percent = feature_info.combine(
+        ee.Dictionary(reducer_stats_percent)
+    ).combine(stats_unit_type)
+
+    # Choose whether to use hectares or percentage based on the parameter instead of global variable
+    out_feature = ee.Algorithms.If(
+        unit_type == "ha",
+        feature.set(properties_ha),  # .setGeometry(None),
+        feature.set(properties_percent),  # .setGeometry(None),
+    )
+
+    return out_feature
+
+
+# Get basic feature information - uses admin and water datasets in gee.
+def get_type_and_location(feature):
+    """Extracts basic feature information including country, admin area, geometry type, coordinates, and water flags."""
+
+    # Get centroid of the feature's geometry
+    centroid = feature.geometry().centroid(1)
+
+    # Fetch location info from geoboundaries (country, admin)
+    location = ee.Dictionary(get_geoboundaries_info(centroid))
+    country = ee.Dictionary({iso3_country_column: location.get("shapeGroup")})
+
+    admin_1 = ee.Dictionary(
+        {admin_1_column: location.get("shapeName")}
+    )  # Administrative level 1 (if available)
+
+    # Prepare the water flag information
+    water_all = water_flag_all_prep()
+    water_flag_dict = value_at_point_flag(
+        point=centroid, image=water_all, band_name=water_flag, output_name=water_flag
+    )
+
+    # Get the geometry type of the feature
+    geom_type = ee.Dictionary({geometry_type_column: feature.geometry().type()})
+
+    # Get the coordinates (latitude, longitude) of the centroid
+    coords_list = centroid.coordinates()
+    coords_dict = ee.Dictionary(
+        {
+            centroid_x_coord_column: coords_list.get(0),  # Longitude
+            centroid_y_coord_column: coords_list.get(1),  # Latitude
+        }
+    )
+
+    # Combine all the extracted info into a single dictionary
+    feature_info = (
+        country.combine(admin_1)
+        .combine(geom_type)
+        .combine(coords_dict)
+        .combine(water_flag_dict)
+    )
+
+    return feature_info
+
+
+# Define a function to divide each value by 10,000 and format it with one decimal place
+def divide_and_format(val, unit):
+    # Convert the image to an ee.Number, divide by 10,000, and format with one decimal place
+    formatted_value = ee.Number.parse(
+        ee.Number(ee.Number(val).divide(ee.Number(unit))).format(
+            stats_area_columns_formatting
+        )
+    )
+    # Return the formatted value
+    return ee.Number(formatted_value)
+
+
+# Define a function to divide by total area of geometry and multiply by 100
+def percent_and_format(val, area_ha):
+    formatted_value = ee.Number.parse(
+        ee.Number(ee.Number(val).divide(area_ha).multiply(ee.Number(100))).format(
+            stats_percent_columns_formatting
+        )
+    )
+    # Return the formatted value
+    return ee.Number(formatted_value)
+
+
+# geoboundaries - admin units from a freqently updated database, allows commercial use (CC BY 4.0 DEED) (disputed territories may need checking)
+def get_geoboundaries_info(geometry):
+    gbounds_ADM0 = ee.FeatureCollection("WM/geoLab/geoBoundaries/600/ADM1")
+    polygonsIntersectPoint = gbounds_ADM0.filterBounds(geometry)
+    backup_dict = ee.Dictionary({"shapeGroup": "Unknown", "shapeName": "Unknown"})
+    return ee.Algorithms.If(
+        polygonsIntersectPoint.size().gt(0),
+        polygonsIntersectPoint.first()
+        .toDictionary()
+        .select(["shapeGroup", "shapeName"]),
+        backup_dict,
+    )
+
+
+#####
+# water flag - to flag plots that may be erroneous (i.e., where errors may have occured in their creation / translation  and so fall in either the ocean or inland water -
+def usgs_gsv_ocean_prep():  # TO DO: for speed export image as an asset at samne res as JRC
+    # Initialize the Earth Engine API
+    # ee.Initialize()
+
+    # Load the datasets
+    mainlands = ee.FeatureCollection(
+        "projects/sat-io/open-datasets/shoreline/mainlands"
+    )
+    big_islands = ee.FeatureCollection(
+        "projects/sat-io/open-datasets/shoreline/big_islands"
+    )
+    small_islands = ee.FeatureCollection(
+        "projects/sat-io/open-datasets/shoreline/small_islands"
+    )
+
+    # Combine the datasets into one FeatureCollection
+    gsv = ee.FeatureCollection([mainlands, big_islands, small_islands]).flatten()
+
+    # Rasterize the combined FeatureCollection and make areas outside coast (i.e. ocean) as value 1
+    # and then rename the band
+    return ee.Image(1).paint(gsv).selfMask().rename("ocean")
+
+
+def jrc_water_surface_prep():
+    jrc_surface_water = ee.Image("JRC/GSW1_4/GlobalSurfaceWater")
+
+    # use transition band
+    jrc_transition = jrc_surface_water.select("transition")
+
+    # select permanent water bodies:
+    # remap the following classes to have a value of 1:
+    # "Permanent", "New Permanent", and "Seasonal to Permanent" (i.e., classes 1,2 and 7).
+    # All other classes as value 0.
+    permanent_inland_water = jrc_transition.remap([1, 2, 7], [1, 1, 1], 0).unmask()
+
+    # optional - clip to within coast line (not needed currently and extra processing)
+    # permanent_inland_water = permanent_inland_water.where(usgs_gsv_ocean_prep(),0)
+
+    return permanent_inland_water.rename("water_inland")
+
+
+def water_flag_all_prep():
+    # combine both where water surface is 1, then 1, else use non_land_gsv
+    return (
+        usgs_gsv_ocean_prep()
+        .unmask()
+        .where(jrc_water_surface_prep(), 1)
+        .rename(water_flag)
+    )
+
+
+def value_at_point_flag(point, image, band_name, output_name):
+    """Sample an image at the given point and make a dictionary output where the name is defined by output_name parameter"""
+    sample = image.sample(region=point, scale=30, numPixels=1).first()
+
+    # Get the value from the sampled point
+    value = sample.get(band_name)  # assuming the band name is 'b1', change if necessary
+
+    # Use a conditional statement to check if the value is 1
+    result = value  # ee.Algorithms.If(ee.Number(value).eq(1), "True", "False")
+
+    # Return the output dictionary
+    return ee.Dictionary({output_name: result})  # .getInfo()
+
+
+def add_id_to_feature_collection(dataset, id_name):
+    """
+    Adds an incremental (1,2,3 etc) 'id' property to each feature in the given FeatureCollection.
+
+    Args:
+    - dataset: ee.FeatureCollection, the FeatureCollection to operate on.
+
+    Returns:
+    - dataset_with_id: ee.FeatureCollection, the FeatureCollection with 'id' property added to each feature.
+    """
+    # Get the list of system:index values
+    indexes = dataset.aggregate_array("system:index")
+
+    # Create a sequence of numbers starting from 1 to the size of indexes
+    ids = ee.List.sequence(1, indexes.size())
+
+    # Create a dictionary mapping system:index to id
+    id_by_index = ee.Dictionary.fromLists(indexes, ids)
+
+    # Function to add 'id' property to each feature
+    def add_id(feature):
+        # Get the system:index of the feature
+        system_index = feature.get("system:index")
+
+        # Get the id corresponding to the system:index
+        feature_id = id_by_index.get(system_index)
+
+        # Set the 'id' property of the feature
+        return feature.set(id_name, feature_id)
+
+    # Map the add_id function over the dataset
+    dataset_with_id = dataset.map(add_id)
+
+    return dataset_with_id
+
+
+# Function to add ID to features
+def add_id_to_feature(feature, id_name):
+    index = feature.get("system:index")
+    return feature.set(id_name, index)
+
+
+# Function to flag positive values
+def flag_positive_values(feature, flag_positive):
+    for prop_name in flag_positive:
+        flag_value = ee.Algorithms.If(
+            ee.Number(feature.get(prop_name)).gt(0), "True", "-"
+        )
+        feature = feature.set(prop_name, flag_value)
+    return feature
+
+
+# Function to exclude properties
+def copy_properties_and_exclude(feature, exclude_properties_from_output):
+    return ee.Feature(feature.geometry()).copyProperties(
+        source=feature, exclude=exclude_properties_from_output
+    )
+
+
+def ee_image_checker(image):
+    """
+    Tests if the input is a valid ee.Image.
+
+    Args:
+        image: An ee.Image object.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the input is a valid ee.Image, False otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        if ee.Algorithms.ObjectType(image).getInfo() == "Image":
+            # Trigger some action on the image to ensure it's a valid image
+            image.getInfo()  # This will raise an exception if the image is invalid
+            return True
+    except ee.EEException as e:
+        print(f"Image validation failed with EEException: {e}")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Image validation failed with exception: {e}")
+    return False
+
+
+def keep_valid_images(image_list):
+    """
+    Filters a list to return only valid ee.Images.
+
+    Args:
+        image_list: List of ee.Image objects.
+
+    Returns:
+        list: List of valid ee.Image objects.
+    """
+    valid_imgs = []
+    for image in image_list:
+        if ee_image_checker(image):
+            valid_imgs.append(image)
+    return valid_imgs
+
+
+def convert_iso3_to_iso2(df, iso3_column, iso2_column):
+    """
+    Converts ISO3 country codes to ISO2 codes and adds a new column to the DataFrame.
+
+    Args:
+        df (pd.DataFrame): Input DataFrame containing ISO3 country codes.
+        iso3_column (str): The column name in the DataFrame with ISO3 country codes.
+        iso2_column (str): The new column name to store ISO2 country codes.
+
+    Returns:
+        pd.DataFrame: Updated DataFrame with the new ISO2 column.
+    """
+    import country_converter as coco
+
+    # Apply conversion from ISO3 to ISO2
+    df[iso2_column] = df[iso3_column].apply(
+        lambda x: (
+            coco.convert(names=x, to="ISO2") if x else "not found (disputed territory)"
+        )
+    )
+
+    return df
+
+
+def validate_external_id_column(feature_collection, external_id_column):
+    """
+    Validates that the external_id_column exists in all features of the collection.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    feature_collection : ee.FeatureCollection
+        The feature collection to validate
+    external_id_column : str
+        The name of the external ID column to check
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict
+        Dictionary with validation results including:
+        - 'is_valid': bool indicating if column exists in all features
+        - 'total_features': int total number of features
+        - 'features_with_column': int number of features that have the column
+        - 'available_properties': list of properties available in first feature
+        - 'error_message': str error message if validation fails
+    """
+    try:
+        # Get total number of features
+        total_features = feature_collection.size().getInfo()
+
+        if total_features == 0:
+            return {
+                "is_valid": False,
+                "total_features": 0,
+                "features_with_column": 0,
+                "available_properties": [],
+                "error_message": "Feature collection is empty",
+            }
+
+        # Get available properties from first feature
+        first_feature_props = feature_collection.first().propertyNames().getInfo()
+
+        # Check if external_id_column exists in all features
+        def check_column_exists(feature):
+            has_column = feature.propertyNames().contains(external_id_column)
+            return feature.set("_has_external_id", has_column)
+
+        features_with_check = feature_collection.map(check_column_exists)
+        features_with_column = (
+            features_with_check.filter(ee.Filter.eq("_has_external_id", True))
+            .size()
+            .getInfo()
+        )
+
+        is_valid = features_with_column == total_features
+
+        error_message = None
+        if not is_valid:
+            missing_count = total_features - features_with_column
+            error_message = (
+                f"The column '{external_id_column}' is missing from {missing_count} "
+                f"out of {total_features} features in the collection. "
+                f"Available properties in first feature: {first_feature_props}"
+            )
+
+        return {
+            "is_valid": is_valid,
+            "total_features": total_features,
+            "features_with_column": features_with_column,
+            "available_properties": first_feature_props,
+            "error_message": error_message,
+        }
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        return {
+            "is_valid": False,
+            "total_features": 0,
+            "features_with_column": 0,
+            "available_properties": [],
+            "error_message": f"Error during validation: {str(e)}",
+        }
+
+
+def debug_feature_collection_properties(feature_collection, max_features=5):
+    """
+    Debug helper function to inspect the properties of features in a collection.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    feature_collection : ee.FeatureCollection
+        The feature collection to inspect
+    max_features : int, optional
+        Maximum number of features to inspect, by default 5
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict
+        Dictionary with debugging information about the feature collection
+    """
+    try:
+        total_features = feature_collection.size().getInfo()
+
+        if total_features == 0:
+            return {"total_features": 0, "error": "Feature collection is empty"}
+
+        # Limit the number of features to inspect
+        features_to_check = min(max_features, total_features)
+        limited_fc = feature_collection.limit(features_to_check)
+
+        # Get properties for each feature
+        def get_feature_properties(feature):
+            return ee.Dictionary(
+                {
+                    "properties": feature.propertyNames(),
+                    "geometry_type": feature.geometry().type(),
+                }
+            )
+
+        feature_info = limited_fc.map(get_feature_properties).getInfo()
+
+        return {
+            "total_features": total_features,
+            "inspected_features": features_to_check,
+            "feature_details": [
+                {
+                    "feature_index": i,
+                    "properties": feature_info["features"][i]["properties"][
+                        "properties"
+                    ],
+                    "geometry_type": feature_info["features"][i]["properties"][
+                        "geometry_type"
+                    ],
+                }
+                for i in range(len(feature_info["features"]))
+            ],
+        }
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        return {"error": f"Error during debugging: {str(e)}"}