numba-cuda 0.21.1__cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl

numba_cuda/numba/cuda/dispatcher.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2463 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2025 NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
+
+import numpy as np
+import os
+import sys
+import ctypes
+import collections
+import functools
+import types as pytypes
+import weakref
+from contextlib import ExitStack
+from abc import abstractmethod
+import uuid
+import re
+from warnings import warn
+
+from numba.cuda.core import errors
+from numba.cuda import serialize, utils
+from numba import cuda
+
+from numba.cuda.core.compiler_lock import global_compiler_lock
+from numba.cuda.typeconv.rules import default_type_manager
+from numba.cuda.typing.templates import fold_arguments
+from numba.cuda.typing.typeof import Purpose, typeof
+
+from numba.cuda import typing, types
+from numba.cuda.types import ext_types
+from numba.cuda.api import get_current_device
+from numba.cuda.args import wrap_arg
+from numba.cuda.core.bytecode import get_code_object
+from numba.cuda.compiler import (
+    compile_cuda,
+    CUDACompiler,
+    kernel_fixup,
+    compile_extra,
+    compile_ir,
+)
+from numba.cuda.core import sigutils, config, entrypoints
+from numba.cuda.flags import Flags
+from numba.cuda.cudadrv import driver, nvvm
+from numba.cuda.locks import module_init_lock
+from numba.cuda.core.caching import Cache, CacheImpl, NullCache
+from numba.cuda.descriptor import cuda_target
+from numba.cuda.errors import (
+    missing_launch_config_msg,
+    normalize_kernel_dimensions,
+)
+from numba.cuda.cudadrv.linkable_code import LinkableCode
+from numba.cuda.cudadrv.devices import get_context
+from numba.cuda.memory_management.nrt import rtsys, NRT_LIBRARY
+import numba.cuda.core.event as ev
+from numba.cuda.cext import _dispatcher
+
+
+cuda_fp16_math_funcs = [
+    "hsin",
+    "hcos",
+    "hlog",
+    "hlog10",
+    "hlog2",
+    "hexp",
+    "hexp10",
+    "hexp2",
+    "hsqrt",
+    "hrsqrt",
+    "hfloor",
+    "hceil",
+    "hrcp",
+    "hrint",
+    "htrunc",
+    "hdiv",
+]
+
+reshape_funcs = ["nocopy_empty_reshape", "numba_attempt_nocopy_reshape"]
+
+
+class _Kernel(serialize.ReduceMixin):
+    """
+    CUDA Kernel specialized for a given set of argument types. When called, this
+    object launches the kernel on the device.
+    """
+
+    NRT_functions = [
+        "NRT_Allocate",
+        "NRT_MemInfo_init",
+        "NRT_MemInfo_new",
+        "NRT_Free",
+        "NRT_dealloc",
+        "NRT_MemInfo_destroy",
+        "NRT_MemInfo_call_dtor",
+        "NRT_MemInfo_data_fast",
+        "NRT_MemInfo_alloc_aligned",
+        "NRT_Allocate_External",
+        "NRT_decref",
+        "NRT_incref",
+    ]
+
+    @global_compiler_lock
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        py_func,
+        argtypes,
+        link=None,
+        debug=False,
+        lineinfo=False,
+        inline=False,
+        forceinline=False,
+        fastmath=False,
+        extensions=None,
+        max_registers=None,
+        lto=False,
+        opt=True,
+        device=False,
+        launch_bounds=None,
+    ):
+        if device:
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot compile a device function as a kernel")
+
+        super().__init__()
+
+        # _DispatcherBase.nopython_signatures() expects this attribute to be
+        # present, because it assumes an overload is a CompileResult. In the
+        # CUDA target, _Kernel instances are stored instead, so we provide this
+        # attribute here to avoid duplicating nopython_signatures() in the CUDA
+        # target with slight modifications.
+        self.objectmode = False
+
+        # The finalizer constructed by _DispatcherBase._make_finalizer also
+        # expects overloads to be a CompileResult. It uses the entry_point to
+        # remove a CompileResult from a target context. However, since we never
+        # insert kernels into a target context (there is no need because they
+        # cannot be called by other functions, only through the dispatcher) it
+        # suffices to pretend we have an entry point of None.
+        self.entry_point = None
+
+        self.py_func = py_func
+        self.argtypes = argtypes
+        self.debug = debug
+        self.lineinfo = lineinfo
+        self.extensions = extensions or []
+        self.launch_bounds = launch_bounds
+
+        nvvm_options = {"fastmath": fastmath, "opt": 3 if opt else 0}
+
+        if debug:
+            nvvm_options["g"] = None
+
+        cc = get_current_device().compute_capability
+
+        cres = compile_cuda(
+            self.py_func,
+            types.void,
+            self.argtypes,
+            debug=self.debug,
+            lineinfo=lineinfo,
+            forceinline=forceinline,
+            fastmath=fastmath,
+            nvvm_options=nvvm_options,
+            cc=cc,
+            max_registers=max_registers,
+            lto=lto,
+        )
+        tgt_ctx = cres.target_context
+        lib = cres.library
+        kernel = lib.get_function(cres.fndesc.llvm_func_name)
+        lib._entry_name = cres.fndesc.llvm_func_name
+        kernel_fixup(kernel, self.debug)
+        nvvm.set_launch_bounds(kernel, launch_bounds)
+
+        if not link:
+            link = []
+
+        asm = lib.get_asm_str()
+
+        # The code library contains functions that require cooperative launch.
+        self.cooperative = lib.use_cooperative
+        # We need to link against cudadevrt if grid sync is being used.
+        if self.cooperative:
+            lib.needs_cudadevrt = True
+
+        def link_to_library_functions(
+            library_functions, library_path, prefix=None
+        ):
+            """
+            Dynamically links to library functions by searching for their names
+            in the specified library and linking to the corresponding source
+            file.
+            """
+            if prefix is not None:
+                library_functions = [
+                    f"{prefix}{fn}" for fn in library_functions
+                ]
+
+            found_functions = [fn for fn in library_functions if f"{fn}" in asm]
+
+            if found_functions:
+                basedir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+                source_file_path = os.path.join(basedir, library_path)
+                link.append(source_file_path)
+
+            return found_functions
+
+        # Link to the helper library functions if needed
+        link_to_library_functions(reshape_funcs, "reshape_funcs.cu")
+
+        self.maybe_link_nrt(link, tgt_ctx, asm)
+
+        for filepath in link:
+            lib.add_linking_file(filepath)
+
+        # populate members
+        self.entry_name = kernel.name
+        self.signature = cres.signature
+        self._type_annotation = cres.type_annotation
+        self._codelibrary = lib
+        self.call_helper = cres.call_helper
+
+        # The following are referred to by the cache implementation. Note:
+        # - There are no referenced environments in CUDA.
+        # - Kernels don't have lifted code.
+        self.target_context = tgt_ctx
+        self.fndesc = cres.fndesc
+        self.environment = cres.environment
+        self._referenced_environments = []
+        self.lifted = []
+
+    def maybe_link_nrt(self, link, tgt_ctx, asm):
+        """
+        Add the NRT source code to the link if the neccesary conditions are met.
+        NRT must be enabled for the CUDATargetContext, and either NRT functions
+        must be detected in the kernel asm or an NRT enabled LinkableCode object
+        must be passed.
+        """
+
+        if not tgt_ctx.enable_nrt:
+            return
+
+        all_nrt = "|".join(self.NRT_functions)
+        pattern = (
+            r"\.extern\s+\.func\s+(?:\s*\(.+\)\s*)?("
+            + all_nrt
+            + r")\s*\([^)]*\)\s*;"
+        )
+        link_nrt = False
+        nrt_in_asm = re.findall(pattern, asm)
+        if len(nrt_in_asm) > 0:
+            link_nrt = True
+        if not link_nrt:
+            for file in link:
+                if isinstance(file, LinkableCode):
+                    if file.nrt:
+                        link_nrt = True
+                        break
+
+        if link_nrt:
+            link.append(NRT_LIBRARY)
+
+    @property
+    def library(self):
+        return self._codelibrary
+
+    @property
+    def type_annotation(self):
+        return self._type_annotation
+
+    def _find_referenced_environments(self):
+        return self._referenced_environments
+
+    @property
+    def codegen(self):
+        return self.target_context.codegen()
+
+    @property
+    def argument_types(self):
+        return tuple(self.signature.args)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _rebuild(
+        cls,
+        cooperative,
+        name,
+        signature,
+        codelibrary,
+        debug,
+        lineinfo,
+        call_helper,
+        extensions,
+    ):
+        """
+        Rebuild an instance.
+        """
+        instance = cls.__new__(cls)
+        # invoke parent constructor
+        super(cls, instance).__init__()
+        # populate members
+        instance.entry_point = None
+        instance.cooperative = cooperative
+        instance.entry_name = name
+        instance.signature = signature
+        instance._type_annotation = None
+        instance._codelibrary = codelibrary
+        instance.debug = debug
+        instance.lineinfo = lineinfo
+        instance.call_helper = call_helper
+        instance.extensions = extensions
+        return instance
+
+    def _reduce_states(self):
+        """
+        Reduce the instance for serialization.
+        Compiled definitions are serialized in PTX form.
+        Type annotation are discarded.
+        Thread, block and shared memory configuration are serialized.
+        Stream information is discarded.
+        """
+        return dict(
+            cooperative=self.cooperative,
+            name=self.entry_name,
+            signature=self.signature,
+            codelibrary=self._codelibrary,
+            debug=self.debug,
+            lineinfo=self.lineinfo,
+            call_helper=self.call_helper,
+            extensions=self.extensions,
+        )
+
+    @module_init_lock
+    def initialize_once(self, mod):
+        if not mod.initialized:
+            mod.setup()
+
+    def bind(self):
+        """
+        Force binding to current CUDA context
+        """
+        cufunc = self._codelibrary.get_cufunc()
+
+        self.initialize_once(cufunc.module)
+
+        if (
+            hasattr(self, "target_context")
+            and self.target_context.enable_nrt
+            and config.CUDA_NRT_STATS
+        ):
+            rtsys.ensure_initialized()
+            rtsys.set_memsys_to_module(cufunc.module)
+            # We don't know which stream the kernel will be launched on, so
+            # we force synchronize here.
+            cuda.synchronize()
+
+    @property
+    def regs_per_thread(self):
+        """
+        The number of registers used by each thread for this kernel.
+        """
+        return self._codelibrary.get_cufunc().attrs.regs
+
+    @property
+    def const_mem_size(self):
+        """
+        The amount of constant memory used by this kernel.
+        """
+        return self._codelibrary.get_cufunc().attrs.const
+
+    @property
+    def shared_mem_per_block(self):
+        """
+        The amount of shared memory used per block for this kernel.
+        """
+        return self._codelibrary.get_cufunc().attrs.shared
+
+    @property
+    def max_threads_per_block(self):
+        """
+        The maximum allowable threads per block.
+        """
+        return self._codelibrary.get_cufunc().attrs.maxthreads
+
+    @property
+    def local_mem_per_thread(self):
+        """
+        The amount of local memory used per thread for this kernel.
+        """
+        return self._codelibrary.get_cufunc().attrs.local
+
+    def inspect_llvm(self):
+        """
+        Returns the LLVM IR for this kernel.
+        """
+        return self._codelibrary.get_llvm_str()
+
+    def inspect_asm(self, cc):
+        """
+        Returns the PTX code for this kernel.
+        """
+        return self._codelibrary.get_asm_str(cc=cc)
+
+    def inspect_lto_ptx(self, cc):
+        """
+        Returns the PTX code for the external functions linked to this kernel.
+        """
+        return self._codelibrary.get_lto_ptx(cc=cc)
+
+    def inspect_sass_cfg(self):
+        """
+        Returns the CFG of the SASS for this kernel.
+
+        Requires nvdisasm to be available on the PATH.
+        """
+        return self._codelibrary.get_sass_cfg()
+
+    def inspect_sass(self):
+        """
+        Returns the SASS code for this kernel.
+
+        Requires nvdisasm to be available on the PATH.
+        """
+        return self._codelibrary.get_sass()
+
+    def inspect_types(self, file=None):
+        """
+        Produce a dump of the Python source of this function annotated with the
+        corresponding Numba IR and type information. The dump is written to
+        *file*, or *sys.stdout* if *file* is *None*.
+        """
+        if self._type_annotation is None:
+            raise ValueError("Type annotation is not available")
+
+        if file is None:
+            file = sys.stdout
+
+        print("%s %s" % (self.entry_name, self.argument_types), file=file)
+        print("-" * 80, file=file)
+        print(self._type_annotation, file=file)
+        print("=" * 80, file=file)
+
+    def max_cooperative_grid_blocks(self, blockdim, dynsmemsize=0):
+        """
+        Calculates the maximum number of blocks that can be launched for this
+        kernel in a cooperative grid in the current context, for the given block
+        and dynamic shared memory sizes.
+
+        :param blockdim: Block dimensions, either as a scalar for a 1D block, or
+                         a tuple for 2D or 3D blocks.
+        :param dynsmemsize: Dynamic shared memory size in bytes.
+        :return: The maximum number of blocks in the grid.
+        """
+        ctx = get_context()
+        cufunc = self._codelibrary.get_cufunc()
+
+        if isinstance(blockdim, tuple):
+            blockdim = functools.reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, blockdim)
+        active_per_sm = ctx.get_active_blocks_per_multiprocessor(
+            cufunc, blockdim, dynsmemsize
+        )
+        sm_count = ctx.device.MULTIPROCESSOR_COUNT
+        return active_per_sm * sm_count
+
+    def launch(self, args, griddim, blockdim, stream=0, sharedmem=0):
+        # Prepare kernel
+        cufunc = self._codelibrary.get_cufunc()
+
+        if self.debug:
+            excname = cufunc.name + "__errcode__"
+            excmem, excsz = cufunc.module.get_global_symbol(excname)
+            assert excsz == ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_int)
+            excval = ctypes.c_int()
+            excmem.memset(0, stream=stream)
+
+        # Prepare arguments
+        retr = []  # hold functors for writeback
+
+        kernelargs = []
+        for t, v in zip(self.argument_types, args):
+            self._prepare_args(t, v, stream, retr, kernelargs)
+
+        stream_handle = driver._stream_handle(stream)
+
+        # Invoke kernel
+        driver.launch_kernel(
+            cufunc.handle,
+            *griddim,
+            *blockdim,
+            sharedmem,
+            stream_handle,
+            kernelargs,
+            cooperative=self.cooperative,
+        )
+
+        if self.debug:
+            driver.device_to_host(ctypes.addressof(excval), excmem, excsz)
+            if excval.value != 0:
+                # An error occurred
+                def load_symbol(name):
+                    mem, sz = cufunc.module.get_global_symbol(
+                        "%s__%s__" % (cufunc.name, name)
+                    )
+                    val = ctypes.c_int()
+                    driver.device_to_host(ctypes.addressof(val), mem, sz)
+                    return val.value
+
+                tid = [load_symbol("tid" + i) for i in "zyx"]
+                ctaid = [load_symbol("ctaid" + i) for i in "zyx"]
+                code = excval.value
+                exccls, exc_args, loc = self.call_helper.get_exception(code)
+                # Prefix the exception message with the source location
+                if loc is None:
+                    locinfo = ""
+                else:
+                    sym, filepath, lineno = loc
+                    filepath = os.path.abspath(filepath)
+                    locinfo = "In function %r, file %s, line %s, " % (
+                        sym,
+                        filepath,
+                        lineno,
+                    )
+                # Prefix the exception message with the thread position
+                prefix = "%stid=%s ctaid=%s" % (locinfo, tid, ctaid)
+                if exc_args:
+                    exc_args = ("%s: %s" % (prefix, exc_args[0]),) + exc_args[
+                        1:
+                    ]
+                else:
+                    exc_args = (prefix,)
+                raise exccls(*exc_args)
+
+        # retrieve auto converted arrays
+        for wb in retr:
+            wb()
+
+    def _prepare_args(self, ty, val, stream, retr, kernelargs):
+        """
+        Convert arguments to ctypes and append to kernelargs
+        """
+
+        # map the arguments using any extension you've registered
+        for extension in reversed(self.extensions):
+            ty, val = extension.prepare_args(ty, val, stream=stream, retr=retr)
+
+        if isinstance(ty, types.Array):
+            devary = wrap_arg(val).to_device(retr, stream)
+            c_intp = ctypes.c_ssize_t
+
+            meminfo = ctypes.c_void_p(0)
+            parent = ctypes.c_void_p(0)
+            nitems = c_intp(devary.size)
+            itemsize = c_intp(devary.dtype.itemsize)
+
+            ptr = driver.device_pointer(devary)
+
+            ptr = int(ptr)
+
+            data = ctypes.c_void_p(ptr)
+
+            kernelargs.append(meminfo)
+            kernelargs.append(parent)
+            kernelargs.append(nitems)
+            kernelargs.append(itemsize)
+            kernelargs.append(data)
+            kernelargs.extend(map(c_intp, devary.shape))
+            kernelargs.extend(map(c_intp, devary.strides))
+
+        elif isinstance(ty, types.CPointer):
+            # Pointer arguments should be a pointer-sized integer
+            kernelargs.append(ctypes.c_uint64(val))
+
+        elif isinstance(ty, types.Integer):
+            cval = getattr(ctypes, "c_%s" % ty)(val)
+            kernelargs.append(cval)
+
+        elif ty == types.float16:
+            cval = ctypes.c_uint16(np.float16(val).view(np.uint16))
+            kernelargs.append(cval)
+
+        elif ty == types.float64:
+            cval = ctypes.c_double(val)
+            kernelargs.append(cval)
+
+        elif ty == types.float32:
+            cval = ctypes.c_float(val)
+            kernelargs.append(cval)
+
+        elif ty == types.boolean:
+            cval = ctypes.c_uint8(int(val))
+            kernelargs.append(cval)
+
+        elif ty == types.complex64:
+            kernelargs.append(ctypes.c_float(val.real))
+            kernelargs.append(ctypes.c_float(val.imag))
+
+        elif ty == types.complex128:
+            kernelargs.append(ctypes.c_double(val.real))
+            kernelargs.append(ctypes.c_double(val.imag))
+
+        elif isinstance(ty, (types.NPDatetime, types.NPTimedelta)):
+            kernelargs.append(ctypes.c_int64(val.view(np.int64)))
+
+        elif isinstance(ty, types.Record):
+            devrec = wrap_arg(val).to_device(retr, stream)
+            ptr = devrec.device_ctypes_pointer
+            kernelargs.append(ptr)
+
+        elif isinstance(ty, types.BaseTuple):
+            assert len(ty) == len(val)
+            for t, v in zip(ty, val):
+                self._prepare_args(t, v, stream, retr, kernelargs)
+
+        elif isinstance(ty, types.EnumMember):
+            try:
+                self._prepare_args(
+                    ty.dtype, val.value, stream, retr, kernelargs
+                )
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                raise NotImplementedError(ty, val)
+
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(ty, val)
+
+
+class ForAll(object):
+    def __init__(self, dispatcher, ntasks, tpb, stream, sharedmem):
+        if ntasks < 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Can't create ForAll with negative task count: %s" % ntasks
+            )
+        self.dispatcher = dispatcher
+        self.ntasks = ntasks
+        self.thread_per_block = tpb
+        self.stream = stream
+        self.sharedmem = sharedmem
+
+    def __call__(self, *args):
+        if self.ntasks == 0:
+            return
+
+        if self.dispatcher.specialized:
+            specialized = self.dispatcher
+        else:
+            specialized = self.dispatcher.specialize(*args)
+        blockdim = self._compute_thread_per_block(specialized)
+        griddim = (self.ntasks + blockdim - 1) // blockdim
+
+        return specialized[griddim, blockdim, self.stream, self.sharedmem](
+            *args
+        )
+
+    def _compute_thread_per_block(self, dispatcher):
+        tpb = self.thread_per_block
+        # Prefer user-specified config
+        if tpb != 0:
+            return tpb
+        # Else, ask the driver to give a good config
+        else:
+            ctx = get_context()
+            # Dispatcher is specialized, so there's only one definition - get
+            # it so we can get the cufunc from the code library
+            kernel = next(iter(dispatcher.overloads.values()))
+            kwargs = dict(
+                func=kernel._codelibrary.get_cufunc(),
+                b2d_func=0,  # dynamic-shared memory is constant to blksz
+                memsize=self.sharedmem,
+                blocksizelimit=1024,
+            )
+            _, tpb = ctx.get_max_potential_block_size(**kwargs)
+            return tpb
+
+
+class _LaunchConfiguration:
+    def __init__(self, dispatcher, griddim, blockdim, stream, sharedmem):
+        self.dispatcher = dispatcher
+        self.griddim = griddim
+        self.blockdim = blockdim
+        self.stream = stream
+        self.sharedmem = sharedmem
+
+        if (
+            config.CUDA_LOW_OCCUPANCY_WARNINGS
+            and not config.DISABLE_PERFORMANCE_WARNINGS
+        ):
+            # Warn when the grid has fewer than 128 blocks. This number is
+            # chosen somewhat heuristically - ideally the minimum is 2 times
+            # the number of SMs, but the number of SMs varies between devices -
+            # some very small GPUs might only have 4 SMs, but an H100-SXM5 has
+            # 132. In general kernels should be launched with large grids
+            # (hundreds or thousands of blocks), so warning when fewer than 128
+            # blocks are used will likely catch most beginner errors, where the
+            # grid tends to be very small (single-digit or low tens of blocks).
+            min_grid_size = 128
+            grid_size = griddim[0] * griddim[1] * griddim[2]
+            if grid_size < min_grid_size:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Grid size {grid_size} will likely result in GPU "
+                    "under-utilization due to low occupancy."
+                )
+                warn(errors.NumbaPerformanceWarning(msg))
+
+    def __call__(self, *args):
+        return self.dispatcher.call(
+            args, self.griddim, self.blockdim, self.stream, self.sharedmem
+        )
+
+
+class CUDACacheImpl(CacheImpl):
+    def reduce(self, kernel):
+        return kernel._reduce_states()
+
+    def rebuild(self, target_context, payload):
+        return _Kernel._rebuild(**payload)
+
+    def check_cachable(self, cres):
+        # CUDA Kernels are always cachable - the reasons for an entity not to
+        # be cachable are:
+        #
+        # - The presence of lifted loops, or
+        # - The presence of dynamic globals.
+        #
+        # neither of which apply to CUDA kernels.
+        return True
+
+
+class CUDACache(Cache):
+    """
+    Implements a cache that saves and loads CUDA kernels and compile results.
+    """
+
+    _impl_class = CUDACacheImpl
+
+    def load_overload(self, sig, target_context):
+        # Loading an overload refreshes the context to ensure it is initialized.
+        with utils.numba_target_override():
+            return super().load_overload(sig, target_context)
+
+
+class OmittedArg(object):
+    """
+    A placeholder for omitted arguments with a default value.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "omitted arg(%r)" % (self.value,)
+
+    @property
+    def _numba_type_(self):
+        return types.Omitted(self.value)
+
+
+class CompilingCounter(object):
+    """
+    A simple counter that increment in __enter__ and decrement in __exit__.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.counter = 0
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        assert self.counter >= 0
+        self.counter += 1
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.counter -= 1
+        assert self.counter >= 0
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return self.counter > 0
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+
+class _DispatcherBase(_dispatcher.Dispatcher):
+    """
+    Common base class for dispatcher Implementations.
+    """
+
+    __numba__ = "py_func"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, arg_count, py_func, pysig, can_fallback, exact_match_required
+    ):
+        self._tm = default_type_manager
+
+        # A mapping of signatures to compile results
+        self.overloads = collections.OrderedDict()
+
+        self.py_func = py_func
+        # other parts of Numba assume the old Python 2 name for code object
+        self.func_code = get_code_object(py_func)
+        # but newer python uses a different name
+        self.__code__ = self.func_code
+        # a place to keep an active reference to the types of the active call
+        self._types_active_call = set()
+        # Default argument values match the py_func
+        self.__defaults__ = py_func.__defaults__
+
+        argnames = tuple(pysig.parameters)
+        default_values = self.py_func.__defaults__ or ()
+        defargs = tuple(OmittedArg(val) for val in default_values)
+        try:
+            lastarg = list(pysig.parameters.values())[-1]
+        except IndexError:
+            has_stararg = False
+        else:
+            has_stararg = lastarg.kind == lastarg.VAR_POSITIONAL
+        _dispatcher.Dispatcher.__init__(
+            self,
+            self._tm.get_pointer(),
+            arg_count,
+            self._fold_args,
+            argnames,
+            defargs,
+            can_fallback,
+            has_stararg,
+            exact_match_required,
+        )
+
+        self.doc = py_func.__doc__
+        self._compiling_counter = CompilingCounter()
+        weakref.finalize(self, self._make_finalizer())
+
+    def _compilation_chain_init_hook(self):
+        """
+        This will be called ahead of any part of compilation taking place (this
+        even includes being ahead of working out the types of the arguments).
+        This permits activities such as initialising extension entry points so
+        that the compiler knows about additional externally defined types etc
+        before it does anything.
+        """
+        entrypoints.init_all()
+
+    def _reset_overloads(self):
+        self._clear()
+        self.overloads.clear()
+
+    def _make_finalizer(self):
+        """
+        Return a finalizer function that will release references to
+        related compiled functions.
+        """
+        overloads = self.overloads
+        targetctx = self.targetctx
+
+        # Early-bind utils.shutting_down() into the function's local namespace
+        # (see issue #689)
+        def finalizer(shutting_down=utils.shutting_down):
+            # The finalizer may crash at shutdown, skip it (resources
+            # will be cleared by the process exiting, anyway).
+            if shutting_down():
+                return
+            # This function must *not* hold any reference to self:
+            # we take care to bind the necessary objects in the closure.
+            for cres in overloads.values():
+                try:
+                    targetctx.remove_user_function(cres.entry_point)
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+
+        return finalizer
+
+    @property
+    def signatures(self):
+        """
+        Returns a list of compiled function signatures.
+        """
+        return list(self.overloads)
+
+    @property
+    def nopython_signatures(self):
+        return [
+            cres.signature
+            for cres in self.overloads.values()
+            if not cres.objectmode
+        ]
+
+    def disable_compile(self, val=True):
+        """Disable the compilation of new signatures at call time."""
+        # If disabling compilation then there must be at least one signature
+        assert (not val) or len(self.signatures) > 0
+        self._can_compile = not val
+
+    def add_overload(self, cres):
+        args = tuple(cres.signature.args)
+        sig = [a._code for a in args]
+        self._insert(sig, cres.entry_point, cres.objectmode)
+        self.overloads[args] = cres
+
+    def fold_argument_types(self, args, kws):
+        return self._compiler.fold_argument_types(args, kws)
+
+    def get_call_template(self, args, kws):
+        """
+        Get a typing.ConcreteTemplate for this dispatcher and the given
+        *args* and *kws* types.  This allows to resolve the return type.
+
+        A (template, pysig, args, kws) tuple is returned.
+        """
+        # XXX how about a dispatcher template class automating the
+        # following?
+
+        # Fold keyword arguments and resolve default values
+        pysig, args = self._compiler.fold_argument_types(args, kws)
+        kws = {}
+        # Ensure an overload is available
+        if self._can_compile:
+            self.compile(tuple(args))
+
+        # Create function type for typing
+        func_name = self.py_func.__name__
+        name = "CallTemplate({0})".format(func_name)
+        # The `key` isn't really used except for diagnosis here,
+        # so avoid keeping a reference to `cfunc`.
+        call_template = typing.make_concrete_template(
+            name, key=func_name, signatures=self.nopython_signatures
+        )
+        return call_template, pysig, args, kws
+
+    def get_overload(self, sig):
+        """
+        Return the compiled function for the given signature.
+        """
+        args, return_type = sigutils.normalize_signature(sig)
+        return self.overloads[tuple(args)].entry_point
+
+    @property
+    def is_compiling(self):
+        """
+        Whether a specialization is currently being compiled.
+        """
+        return self._compiling_counter
+
+    def _compile_for_args(self, *args, **kws):
+        """
+        For internal use.  Compile a specialized version of the function
+        for the given *args* and *kws*, and return the resulting callable.
+        """
+        assert not kws
+        # call any initialisation required for the compilation chain (e.g.
+        # extension point registration).
+        self._compilation_chain_init_hook()
+
+        def error_rewrite(e, issue_type):
+            """
+            Rewrite and raise Exception `e` with help supplied based on the
+            specified issue_type.
+            """
+            if config.SHOW_HELP:
+                help_msg = errors.error_extras[issue_type]
+                e.patch_message("\n".join((str(e).rstrip(), help_msg)))
+            if config.FULL_TRACEBACKS:
+                raise e
+            else:
+                raise e.with_traceback(None)
+
+        argtypes = []
+        for a in args:
+            if isinstance(a, OmittedArg):
+                argtypes.append(types.Omitted(a.value))
+            else:
+                argtypes.append(self.typeof_pyval(a))
+
+        return_val = None
+        try:
+            return_val = self.compile(tuple(argtypes))
+        except errors.ForceLiteralArg as e:
+            # Received request for compiler re-entry with the list of arguments
+            # indicated by e.requested_args.
+            # First, check if any of these args are already Literal-ized
+            already_lit_pos = [
+                i
+                for i in e.requested_args
+                if isinstance(args[i], types.Literal)
+            ]
+            if already_lit_pos:
+                # Abort compilation if any argument is already a Literal.
+                # Letting this continue will cause infinite compilation loop.
+                m = (
+                    "Repeated literal typing request.\n"
+                    "{}.\n"
+                    "This is likely caused by an error in typing. "
+                    "Please see nested and suppressed exceptions."
+                )
+                info = ", ".join(
+                    "Arg #{} is {}".format(i, args[i])
+                    for i in sorted(already_lit_pos)
+                )
+                raise errors.CompilerError(m.format(info))
+            # Convert requested arguments into a Literal.
+            args = [
+                (types.literal if i in e.requested_args else lambda x: x)(
+                    args[i]
+                )
+                for i, v in enumerate(args)
+            ]
+            # Re-enter compilation with the Literal-ized arguments
+            return_val = self._compile_for_args(*args)
+
+        except errors.TypingError as e:
+            # Intercept typing error that may be due to an argument
+            # that failed inferencing as a Numba type
+            failed_args = []
+            for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+                val = arg.value if isinstance(arg, OmittedArg) else arg
+                try:
+                    tp = typeof(val, Purpose.argument)
+                except (errors.NumbaValueError, ValueError) as typeof_exc:
+                    failed_args.append((i, str(typeof_exc)))
+                else:
+                    if tp is None:
+                        failed_args.append(
+                            (i, f"cannot determine Numba type of value {val}")
+                        )
+            if failed_args:
+                # Patch error message to ease debugging
+                args_str = "\n".join(
+                    f"- argument {i}: {err}" for i, err in failed_args
+                )
+                msg = (
+                    f"{str(e).rstrip()} \n\nThis error may have been caused "
+                    f"by the following argument(s):\n{args_str}\n"
+                )
+                e.patch_message(msg)
+
+            error_rewrite(e, "typing")
+        except errors.UnsupportedError as e:
+            # Something unsupported is present in the user code, add help info
+            error_rewrite(e, "unsupported_error")
+        except (
+            errors.NotDefinedError,
+            errors.RedefinedError,
+            errors.VerificationError,
+        ) as e:
+            # These errors are probably from an issue with either the code
+            # supplied being syntactically or otherwise invalid
+            error_rewrite(e, "interpreter")
+        except errors.ConstantInferenceError as e:
+            # this is from trying to infer something as constant when it isn't
+            # or isn't supported as a constant
+            error_rewrite(e, "constant_inference")
+        except Exception as e:
+            if config.SHOW_HELP:
+                if hasattr(e, "patch_message"):
+                    help_msg = errors.error_extras["reportable"]
+                    e.patch_message("\n".join((str(e).rstrip(), help_msg)))
+            # ignore the FULL_TRACEBACKS config, this needs reporting!
+            raise e
+        finally:
+            self._types_active_call.clear()
+        return return_val
+
+    def inspect_llvm(self, signature=None):
+        """Get the LLVM intermediate representation generated by compilation.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        signature : tuple of numba types, optional
+            Specify a signature for which to obtain the LLVM IR. If None, the
+            IR is returned for all available signatures.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        llvm : dict[signature, str] or str
+            Either the LLVM IR string for the specified signature, or, if no
+            signature was given, a dictionary mapping signatures to LLVM IR
+            strings.
+        """
+        if signature is not None:
+            lib = self.overloads[signature].library
+            return lib.get_llvm_str()
+
+        return dict((sig, self.inspect_llvm(sig)) for sig in self.signatures)
+
+    def inspect_asm(self, signature=None):
+        """Get the generated assembly code.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        signature : tuple of numba types, optional
+            Specify a signature for which to obtain the assembly code. If
+            None, the assembly code is returned for all available signatures.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        asm : dict[signature, str] or str
+            Either the assembly code for the specified signature, or, if no
+            signature was given, a dictionary mapping signatures to assembly
+            code.
+        """
+        if signature is not None:
+            lib = self.overloads[signature].library
+            return lib.get_asm_str()
+
+        return dict((sig, self.inspect_asm(sig)) for sig in self.signatures)
+
+    def inspect_types(
+        self, file=None, signature=None, pretty=False, style="default", **kwargs
+    ):
+        """Print/return Numba intermediate representation (IR)-annotated code.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        file : file-like object, optional
+            File to which to print. Defaults to sys.stdout if None. Must be
+            None if ``pretty=True``.
+        signature : tuple of numba types, optional
+            Print/return the intermediate representation for only the given
+            signature. If None, the IR is printed for all available signatures.
+        pretty : bool, optional
+            If True, an Annotate object will be returned that can render the
+            IR with color highlighting in Jupyter and IPython. ``file`` must
+            be None if ``pretty`` is True. Additionally, the ``pygments``
+            library must be installed for ``pretty=True``.
+        style : str, optional
+            Choose a style for rendering. Ignored if ``pretty`` is ``False``.
+            This is directly consumed by ``pygments`` formatters. To see a
+            list of available styles, import ``pygments`` and run
+            ``list(pygments.styles.get_all_styles())``.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        annotated : Annotate object, optional
+            Only returned if ``pretty=True``, otherwise this function is only
+            used for its printing side effect. If ``pretty=True``, an Annotate
+            object is returned that can render itself in Jupyter and IPython.
+        """
+        overloads = self.overloads
+        if signature is not None:
+            overloads = {signature: self.overloads[signature]}
+
+        if not pretty:
+            if file is None:
+                file = sys.stdout
+
+            for ver, res in overloads.items():
+                print("%s %s" % (self.py_func.__name__, ver), file=file)
+                print("-" * 80, file=file)
+                print(res.type_annotation, file=file)
+                print("=" * 80, file=file)
+        else:
+            if file is not None:
+                raise ValueError("`file` must be None if `pretty=True`")
+            from numba.cuda.core.annotations.pretty_annotate import Annotate
+
+            return Annotate(self, signature=signature, style=style)
+
+    def inspect_cfg(self, signature=None, show_wrapper=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        For inspecting the CFG of the function.
+
+        By default the CFG of the user function is shown.  The *show_wrapper*
+        option can be set to "python" or "cfunc" to show the python wrapper
+        function or the *cfunc* wrapper function, respectively.
+
+        Parameters accepted in kwargs
+        -----------------------------
+        filename : string, optional
+            the name of the output file, if given this will write the output to
+            filename
+        view : bool, optional
+            whether to immediately view the optional output file
+        highlight : bool, set, dict, optional
+            what, if anything, to highlight, options are:
+            { incref : bool, # highlight NRT_incref calls
+              decref : bool, # highlight NRT_decref calls
+              returns : bool, # highlight exits which are normal returns
+              raises : bool, # highlight exits which are from raise
+              meminfo : bool, # highlight calls to NRT*meminfo
+              branches : bool, # highlight true/false branches
+             }
+            Default is True which sets all of the above to True. Supplying a set
+            of strings is also accepted, these are interpreted as key:True with
+            respect to the above dictionary. e.g. {'incref', 'decref'} would
+            switch on highlighting on increfs and decrefs.
+        interleave: bool, set, dict, optional
+            what, if anything, to interleave in the LLVM IR, options are:
+            { python: bool # interleave python source code with the LLVM IR
+              lineinfo: bool # interleave line information markers with the LLVM
+                             # IR
+            }
+            Default is True which sets all of the above to True. Supplying a set
+            of strings is also accepted, these are interpreted as key:True with
+            respect to the above dictionary. e.g. {'python',} would
+            switch on interleaving of python source code in the LLVM IR.
+        strip_ir : bool, optional
+            Default is False. If set to True all LLVM IR that is superfluous to
+            that requested in kwarg `highlight` will be removed.
+        show_key : bool, optional
+            Default is True. Create a "key" for the highlighting in the rendered
+            CFG.
+        fontsize : int, optional
+            Default is 8. Set the fontsize in the output to this value.
+        """
+        if signature is not None:
+            cres = self.overloads[signature]
+            lib = cres.library
+            if show_wrapper == "python":
+                fname = cres.fndesc.llvm_cpython_wrapper_name
+            elif show_wrapper == "cfunc":
+                fname = cres.fndesc.llvm_cfunc_wrapper_name
+            else:
+                fname = cres.fndesc.mangled_name
+            return lib.get_function_cfg(fname, py_func=self.py_func, **kwargs)
+
+        return dict(
+            (sig, self.inspect_cfg(sig, show_wrapper=show_wrapper))
+            for sig in self.signatures
+        )
+
+    def inspect_disasm_cfg(self, signature=None):
+        """
+        For inspecting the CFG of the disassembly of the function.
+
+        Requires python package: r2pipe
+        Requires radare2 binary on $PATH.
+        Notebook rendering requires python package: graphviz
+
+        signature : tuple of Numba types, optional
+            Print/return the disassembly CFG for only the given signatures.
+            If None, the IR is printed for all available signatures.
+        """
+        if signature is not None:
+            cres = self.overloads[signature]
+            lib = cres.library
+            return lib.get_disasm_cfg(cres.fndesc.mangled_name)
+
+        return dict(
+            (sig, self.inspect_disasm_cfg(sig)) for sig in self.signatures
+        )
+
+    def get_annotation_info(self, signature=None):
+        """
+        Gets the annotation information for the function specified by
+        signature. If no signature is supplied a dictionary of signature to
+        annotation information is returned.
+        """
+        signatures = self.signatures if signature is None else [signature]
+        out = collections.OrderedDict()
+        for sig in signatures:
+            cres = self.overloads[sig]
+            ta = cres.type_annotation
+            key = (
+                ta.func_id.filename + ":" + str(ta.func_id.firstlineno + 1),
+                ta.signature,
+            )
+            out[key] = ta.annotate_raw()[key]
+        return out
+
+    def _explain_ambiguous(self, *args, **kws):
+        """
+        Callback for the C _Dispatcher object.
+        """
+        assert not kws, "kwargs not handled"
+        args = tuple([self.typeof_pyval(a) for a in args])
+        # The order here must be deterministic for testing purposes, which
+        # is ensured by the OrderedDict.
+        sigs = self.nopython_signatures
+        # This will raise
+        self.typingctx.resolve_overload(
+            self.py_func, sigs, args, kws, allow_ambiguous=False
+        )
+
+    def _explain_matching_error(self, *args, **kws):
+        """
+        Callback for the C _Dispatcher object.
+        """
+        assert not kws, "kwargs not handled"
+        args = [self.typeof_pyval(a) for a in args]
+        msg = "No matching definition for argument type(s) %s" % ", ".join(
+            map(str, args)
+        )
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    def _search_new_conversions(self, *args, **kws):
+        """
+        Callback for the C _Dispatcher object.
+        Search for approximately matching signatures for the given arguments,
+        and ensure the corresponding conversions are registered in the C++
+        type manager.
+        """
+        assert not kws, "kwargs not handled"
+        args = [self.typeof_pyval(a) for a in args]
+        found = False
+        for sig in self.nopython_signatures:
+            conv = self.typingctx.install_possible_conversions(args, sig.args)
+            if conv:
+                found = True
+        return found
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (type(self).__name__, self.py_func)
+
+    def typeof_pyval(self, val):
+        """
+        Resolve the Numba type of Python value *val*.
+        This is called from numba._dispatcher as a fallback if the native code
+        cannot decide the type.
+        """
+        try:
+            tp = typeof(val, Purpose.argument)
+        except (errors.NumbaValueError, ValueError):
+            tp = types.pyobject
+        else:
+            if tp is None:
+                tp = types.pyobject
+        self._types_active_call.add(tp)
+        return tp
+
+    def _callback_add_timer(self, duration, cres, lock_name):
+        md = cres.metadata
+        # md can be None when code is loaded from cache
+        if md is not None:
+            timers = md.setdefault("timers", {})
+            if lock_name not in timers:
+                # Only write if the metadata does not exist
+                timers[lock_name] = duration
+            else:
+                msg = f"'{lock_name} metadata is already defined."
+                raise AssertionError(msg)
+
+    def _callback_add_compiler_timer(self, duration, cres):
+        return self._callback_add_timer(
+            duration, cres, lock_name="compiler_lock"
+        )
+
+    def _callback_add_llvm_timer(self, duration, cres):
+        return self._callback_add_timer(duration, cres, lock_name="llvm_lock")
+
+
+class _MemoMixin:
+    __uuid = None
+    # A {uuid -> instance} mapping, for deserialization
+    _memo = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+    # hold refs to last N functions deserialized, retaining them in _memo
+    # regardless of whether there is another reference
+    _recent = collections.deque(maxlen=config.FUNCTION_CACHE_SIZE)
+
+    @property
+    def _uuid(self):
+        """
+        An instance-specific UUID, to avoid multiple deserializations of
+        a given instance.
+
+        Note: this is lazily-generated, for performance reasons.
+        """
+        u = self.__uuid
+        if u is None:
+            u = str(uuid.uuid4())
+            self._set_uuid(u)
+        return u
+
+    def _set_uuid(self, u):
+        assert self.__uuid is None
+        self.__uuid = u
+        self._memo[u] = self
+        self._recent.append(self)
+
+
+_CompileStats = collections.namedtuple(
+    "_CompileStats", ("cache_path", "cache_hits", "cache_misses")
+)
+
+
+class _FunctionCompiler(object):
+    def __init__(self, py_func, targetdescr, targetoptions, pipeline_class):
+        self.py_func = py_func
+        self.targetdescr = targetdescr
+        self.targetoptions = targetoptions
+        self.locals = {}
+        self.pysig = utils.pysignature(self.py_func)
+        self.pipeline_class = pipeline_class
+        # Remember key=(args, return_type) combinations that will fail
+        # compilation to avoid compilation attempt on them.  The values are
+        # the exceptions.
+        self._failed_cache = {}
+
+    def fold_argument_types(self, args, kws):
+        """
+        Given positional and named argument types, fold keyword arguments
+        and resolve defaults by inserting types.Omitted() instances.
+
+        A (pysig, argument types) tuple is returned.
+        """
+
+        def normal_handler(index, param, value):
+            return value
+
+        def default_handler(index, param, default):
+            return types.Omitted(default)
+
+        def stararg_handler(index, param, values):
+            return types.StarArgTuple(values)
+
+        # For now, we take argument values from the @jit function
+        args = fold_arguments(
+            self.pysig,
+            args,
+            kws,
+            normal_handler,
+            default_handler,
+            stararg_handler,
+        )
+        return self.pysig, args
+
+    def compile(self, args, return_type):
+        status, retval = self._compile_cached(args, return_type)
+        if status:
+            return retval
+        else:
+            raise retval
+
+    def _compile_cached(self, args, return_type):
+        key = tuple(args), return_type
+        try:
+            return False, self._failed_cache[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            retval = self._compile_core(args, return_type)
+        except errors.TypingError as e:
+            self._failed_cache[key] = e
+            return False, e
+        else:
+            return True, retval
+
+    def _compile_core(self, args, return_type):
+        flags = Flags()
+        self.targetdescr.options.parse_as_flags(flags, self.targetoptions)
+        flags = self._customize_flags(flags)
+
+        impl = self._get_implementation(args, {})
+        cres = compile_extra(
+            self.targetdescr.typing_context,
+            self.targetdescr.target_context,
+            impl,
+            args=args,
+            return_type=return_type,
+            flags=flags,
+            locals=self.locals,
+            pipeline_class=self.pipeline_class,
+        )
+        # Check typing error if object mode is used
+        if cres.typing_error is not None and not flags.enable_pyobject:
+            raise cres.typing_error
+        return cres
+
+    def get_globals_for_reduction(self):
+        return serialize._get_function_globals_for_reduction(self.py_func)
+
+    def _get_implementation(self, args, kws):
+        return self.py_func
+
+    def _customize_flags(self, flags):
+        return flags
+
+
+class CUDADispatcher(serialize.ReduceMixin, _MemoMixin, _DispatcherBase):
+    """
+    CUDA Dispatcher object. When configured and called, the dispatcher will
+    specialize itself for the given arguments (if no suitable specialized
+    version already exists) & compute capability, and launch on the device
+    associated with the current context.
+
+    Dispatcher objects are not to be constructed by the user, but instead are
+    created using the :func:`numba.cuda.jit` decorator.
+    """
+
+    # Whether to fold named arguments and default values. Default values are
+    # presently unsupported on CUDA, so we can leave this as False in all
+    # cases.
+    _fold_args = False
+
+    targetdescr = cuda_target
+
+    def __init__(self, py_func, targetoptions, pipeline_class=CUDACompiler):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        py_func: function object to be compiled
+        targetoptions: dict, optional
+            Target-specific config options.
+        pipeline_class: type numba.compiler.CompilerBase
+            The compiler pipeline type.
+        """
+        self.typingctx = self.targetdescr.typing_context
+        self.targetctx = self.targetdescr.target_context
+
+        pysig = utils.pysignature(py_func)
+        arg_count = len(pysig.parameters)
+        can_fallback = not targetoptions.get("nopython", False)
+
+        _DispatcherBase.__init__(
+            self,
+            arg_count,
+            py_func,
+            pysig,
+            can_fallback,
+            exact_match_required=False,
+        )
+
+        functools.update_wrapper(self, py_func)
+
+        self.targetoptions = targetoptions
+        self._cache = NullCache()
+        compiler_class = _FunctionCompiler
+        self._compiler = compiler_class(
+            py_func, self.targetdescr, targetoptions, pipeline_class
+        )
+        self._cache_hits = collections.Counter()
+        self._cache_misses = collections.Counter()
+
+        # The following properties are for specialization of CUDADispatchers. A
+        # specialized CUDADispatcher is one that is compiled for exactly one
+        # set of argument types, and bypasses some argument type checking for
+        # faster kernel launches.
+
+        # Is this a specialized dispatcher?
+        self._specialized = False
+
+        # If we produced specialized dispatchers, we cache them for each set of
+        # argument types
+        self.specializations = {}
+
+    def dump(self, tab=""):
+        print(
+            f"{tab}DUMP {type(self).__name__}[{self.py_func.__name__}"
+            f", type code={self._type._code}]"
+        )
+        for cres in self.overloads.values():
+            cres.dump(tab=tab + "  ")
+        print(f"{tab}END DUMP {type(self).__name__}[{self.py_func.__name__}]")
+
+    @property
+    def _numba_type_(self):
+        return ext_types.CUDADispatcher(self)
+
+    def enable_caching(self):
+        self._cache = CUDACache(self.py_func)
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
+        """Allow a JIT function to be bound as a method to an object"""
+        if obj is None:  # Unbound method
+            return self
+        else:  # Bound method
+            return pytypes.MethodType(self, obj)
+
+    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=128)
+    def configure(self, griddim, blockdim, stream=0, sharedmem=0):
+        griddim, blockdim = normalize_kernel_dimensions(griddim, blockdim)
+        return _LaunchConfiguration(self, griddim, blockdim, stream, sharedmem)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, args):
+        if len(args) not in [2, 3, 4]:
+            raise ValueError("must specify at least the griddim and blockdim")
+        return self.configure(*args)
+
+    def forall(self, ntasks, tpb=0, stream=0, sharedmem=0):
+        """Returns a 1D-configured dispatcher for a given number of tasks.
+
+        This assumes that:
+
+        - the kernel maps the Global Thread ID ``cuda.grid(1)`` to tasks on a
+          1-1 basis.
+        - the kernel checks that the Global Thread ID is upper-bounded by
+          ``ntasks``, and does nothing if it is not.
+
+        :param ntasks: The number of tasks.
+        :param tpb: The size of a block. An appropriate value is chosen if this
+                    parameter is not supplied.
+        :param stream: The stream on which the configured dispatcher will be
+                       launched.
+        :param sharedmem: The number of bytes of dynamic shared memory required
+                          by the kernel.
+        :return: A configured dispatcher, ready to launch on a set of
+                 arguments."""
+
+        return ForAll(self, ntasks, tpb=tpb, stream=stream, sharedmem=sharedmem)
+
+    @property
+    def extensions(self):
+        """
+        A list of objects that must have a `prepare_args` function. When a
+        specialized kernel is called, each argument will be passed through
+        to the `prepare_args` (from the last object in this list to the
+        first). The arguments to `prepare_args` are:
+
+        - `ty` the numba type of the argument
+        - `val` the argument value itself
+        - `stream` the CUDA stream used for the current call to the kernel
+        - `retr` a list of zero-arg functions that you may want to append
+          post-call cleanup work to.
+
+        The `prepare_args` function must return a tuple `(ty, val)`, which
+        will be passed in turn to the next right-most `extension`. After all
+        the extensions have been called, the resulting `(ty, val)` will be
+        passed into Numba's default argument marshalling logic.
+        """
+        return self.targetoptions.get("extensions")
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # An attempt to launch an unconfigured kernel
+        raise ValueError(missing_launch_config_msg)
+
+    def call(self, args, griddim, blockdim, stream, sharedmem):
+        """
+        Compile if necessary and invoke this kernel with *args*.
+        """
+        if self.specialized:
+            kernel = next(iter(self.overloads.values()))
+        else:
+            kernel = _dispatcher.Dispatcher._cuda_call(self, *args)
+
+        kernel.launch(args, griddim, blockdim, stream, sharedmem)
+
+    def _compile_for_args(self, *args, **kws):
+        # Based on _DispatcherBase._compile_for_args.
+        assert not kws
+        argtypes = [self.typeof_pyval(a) for a in args]
+        return self.compile(tuple(argtypes))
+
+    def typeof_pyval(self, val):
+        # Based on _DispatcherBase.typeof_pyval, but differs from it to support
+        # the CUDA Array Interface.
+        try:
+            return typeof(val, Purpose.argument)
+        except ValueError:
+            if (
+                interface := getattr(val, "__cuda_array_interface__")
+            ) is not None:
+                # When typing, we don't need to synchronize on the array's
+                # stream - this is done when the kernel is launched.
+
+                return typeof(
+                    cuda.from_cuda_array_interface(interface, sync=False),
+                    Purpose.argument,
+                )
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    def specialize(self, *args):
+        """
+        Create a new instance of this dispatcher specialized for the given
+        *args*.
+        """
+        cc = get_current_device().compute_capability
+        argtypes = tuple(self.typeof_pyval(a) for a in args)
+        if self.specialized:
+            raise RuntimeError("Dispatcher already specialized")
+
+        specialization = self.specializations.get((cc, argtypes))
+        if specialization:
+            return specialization
+
+        targetoptions = self.targetoptions
+        specialization = CUDADispatcher(
+            self.py_func, targetoptions=targetoptions
+        )
+        specialization.compile(argtypes)
+        specialization.disable_compile()
+        specialization._specialized = True
+        self.specializations[cc, argtypes] = specialization
+        return specialization
+
+    @property
+    def specialized(self):
+        """
+        True if the Dispatcher has been specialized.
+        """
+        return self._specialized
+
+    def get_regs_per_thread(self, signature=None):
+        """
+        Returns the number of registers used by each thread in this kernel for
+        the device in the current context.
+
+        :param signature: The signature of the compiled kernel to get register
+                          usage for. This may be omitted for a specialized
+                          kernel.
+        :return: The number of registers used by the compiled variant of the
+                 kernel for the given signature and current device.
+        """
+        if signature is not None:
+            return self.overloads[signature.args].regs_per_thread
+        if self.specialized:
+            return next(iter(self.overloads.values())).regs_per_thread
+        else:
+            return {
+                sig: overload.regs_per_thread
+                for sig, overload in self.overloads.items()
+            }
+
+    def get_const_mem_size(self, signature=None):
+        """
+        Returns the size in bytes of constant memory used by this kernel for
+        the device in the current context.
+
+        :param signature: The signature of the compiled kernel to get constant
+                          memory usage for. This may be omitted for a
+                          specialized kernel.
+        :return: The size in bytes of constant memory allocated by the
+                 compiled variant of the kernel for the given signature and
+                 current device.
+        """
+        if signature is not None:
+            return self.overloads[signature.args].const_mem_size
+        if self.specialized:
+            return next(iter(self.overloads.values())).const_mem_size
+        else:
+            return {
+                sig: overload.const_mem_size
+                for sig, overload in self.overloads.items()
+            }
+
+    def get_shared_mem_per_block(self, signature=None):
+        """
+        Returns the size in bytes of statically allocated shared memory
+        for this kernel.
+
+        :param signature: The signature of the compiled kernel to get shared
+                          memory usage for. This may be omitted for a
+                          specialized kernel.
+        :return: The amount of shared memory allocated by the compiled variant
+                 of the kernel for the given signature and current device.
+        """
+        if signature is not None:
+            return self.overloads[signature.args].shared_mem_per_block
+        if self.specialized:
+            return next(iter(self.overloads.values())).shared_mem_per_block
+        else:
+            return {
+                sig: overload.shared_mem_per_block
+                for sig, overload in self.overloads.items()
+            }
+
+    def get_max_threads_per_block(self, signature=None):
+        """
+        Returns the maximum allowable number of threads per block
+        for this kernel. Exceeding this threshold will result in
+        the kernel failing to launch.
+
+        :param signature: The signature of the compiled kernel to get the max
+                          threads per block for. This may be omitted for a
+                          specialized kernel.
+        :return: The maximum allowable threads per block for the compiled
+                 variant of the kernel for the given signature and current
+                 device.
+        """
+        if signature is not None:
+            return self.overloads[signature.args].max_threads_per_block
+        if self.specialized:
+            return next(iter(self.overloads.values())).max_threads_per_block
+        else:
+            return {
+                sig: overload.max_threads_per_block
+                for sig, overload in self.overloads.items()
+            }
+
+    def get_local_mem_per_thread(self, signature=None):
+        """
+        Returns the size in bytes of local memory per thread
+        for this kernel.
+
+        :param signature: The signature of the compiled kernel to get local
+                          memory usage for. This may be omitted for a
+                          specialized kernel.
+        :return: The amount of local memory allocated by the compiled variant
+                 of the kernel for the given signature and current device.
+        """
+        if signature is not None:
+            return self.overloads[signature.args].local_mem_per_thread
+        if self.specialized:
+            return next(iter(self.overloads.values())).local_mem_per_thread
+        else:
+            return {
+                sig: overload.local_mem_per_thread
+                for sig, overload in self.overloads.items()
+            }
+
+    def get_call_template(self, args, kws):
+        # Originally copied from _DispatcherBase.get_call_template. This
+        # version deviates slightly from the _DispatcherBase version in order
+        # to force casts when calling device functions. See e.g.
+        # TestDeviceFunc.test_device_casting, added in PR #7496.
+        """
+        Get a typing.ConcreteTemplate for this dispatcher and the given
+        *args* and *kws* types.  This allows resolution of the return type.
+
+        A (template, pysig, args, kws) tuple is returned.
+        """
+        # Fold keyword arguments and resolve default values
+        pysig, args = self.fold_argument_types(args, kws)
+        kws = {}
+
+        # Ensure an exactly-matching overload is available if we can
+        # compile. We proceed with the typing even if we can't compile
+        # because we may be able to force a cast on the caller side.
+        if self._can_compile:
+            self.compile_device(tuple(args))
+
+        # Create function type for typing
+        func_name = self.py_func.__name__
+        name = "CallTemplate({0})".format(func_name)
+
+        call_template = typing.make_concrete_template(
+            name, key=func_name, signatures=self.nopython_signatures
+        )
+        pysig = utils.pysignature(self.py_func)
+
+        return call_template, pysig, args, kws
+
+    def compile_device(self, args, return_type=None):
+        """Compile the device function for the given argument types.
+
+        Each signature is compiled once by caching the compiled function inside
+        this object.
+
+        Returns the `CompileResult`.
+        """
+        if args not in self.overloads:
+            with self._compiling_counter:
+                debug = self.targetoptions.get("debug")
+                lineinfo = self.targetoptions.get("lineinfo")
+                forceinline = self.targetoptions.get("forceinline")
+                fastmath = self.targetoptions.get("fastmath")
+
+                nvvm_options = {
+                    "opt": 3 if self.targetoptions.get("opt") else 0,
+                    "fastmath": fastmath,
+                }
+
+                if debug:
+                    nvvm_options["g"] = None
+
+                cc = get_current_device().compute_capability
+                cres = compile_cuda(
+                    self.py_func,
+                    return_type,
+                    args,
+                    debug=debug,
+                    lineinfo=lineinfo,
+                    forceinline=forceinline,
+                    fastmath=fastmath,
+                    nvvm_options=nvvm_options,
+                    cc=cc,
+                )
+                self.overloads[args] = cres
+
+                cres.target_context.insert_user_function(
+                    cres.entry_point, cres.fndesc, [cres.library]
+                )
+        else:
+            cres = self.overloads[args]
+
+        return cres
+
+    def add_overload(self, kernel, argtypes):
+        c_sig = [a._code for a in argtypes]
+        self._insert(c_sig, kernel, cuda=True)
+        self.overloads[argtypes] = kernel
+
+    @global_compiler_lock
+    def compile(self, sig):
+        """
+        Compile and bind to the current context a version of this kernel
+        specialized for the given signature.
+        """
+        argtypes, return_type = sigutils.normalize_signature(sig)
+        assert return_type is None or return_type == types.none
+
+        # Do we already have an in-memory compiled kernel?
+        if self.specialized:
+            return next(iter(self.overloads.values()))
+        else:
+            kernel = self.overloads.get(argtypes)
+            if kernel is not None:
+                return kernel
+
+        # Can we load from the disk cache?
+        kernel = self._cache.load_overload(sig, self.targetctx)
+
+        if kernel is not None:
+            self._cache_hits[sig] += 1
+        else:
+            # We need to compile a new kernel
+            self._cache_misses[sig] += 1
+            if not self._can_compile:
+                raise RuntimeError("Compilation disabled")
+
+            kernel = _Kernel(self.py_func, argtypes, **self.targetoptions)
+            # We call bind to force codegen, so that there is a cubin to cache
+            kernel.bind()
+            self._cache.save_overload(sig, kernel)
+
+        self.add_overload(kernel, argtypes)
+
+        return kernel
+
+    def get_compile_result(self, sig):
+        """Compile (if needed) and return the compilation result with the
+        given signature.
+
+        Returns ``CompileResult``.
+        Raises ``NumbaError`` if the signature is incompatible.
+        """
+        atypes = tuple(sig.args)
+        if atypes not in self.overloads:
+            if self._can_compile:
+                # Compiling may raise any NumbaError
+                self.compile(atypes)
+            else:
+                msg = f"{sig} not available and compilation disabled"
+                raise errors.TypingError(msg)
+        return self.overloads[atypes]
+
+    def recompile(self):
+        """
+        Recompile all signatures afresh.
+        """
+        sigs = list(self.overloads)
+        old_can_compile = self._can_compile
+        # Ensure the old overloads are disposed of,
+        # including compiled functions.
+        self._make_finalizer()()
+        self._reset_overloads()
+        self._cache.flush()
+        self._can_compile = True
+        try:
+            for sig in sigs:
+                self.compile(sig)
+        finally:
+            self._can_compile = old_can_compile
+
+    @property
+    def stats(self):
+        return _CompileStats(
+            cache_path=self._cache.cache_path,
+            cache_hits=self._cache_hits,
+            cache_misses=self._cache_misses,
+        )
+
+    def get_metadata(self, signature=None):
+        """
+        Obtain the compilation metadata for a given signature.
+        """
+        if signature is not None:
+            return self.overloads[signature].metadata
+        else:
+            return dict(
+                (sig, self.overloads[sig].metadata) for sig in self.signatures
+            )
+
+    def get_function_type(self):
+        """Return unique function type of dispatcher when possible, otherwise
+        return None.
+
+        A Dispatcher instance has unique function type when it
+        contains exactly one compilation result and its compilation
+        has been disabled (via its disable_compile method).
+        """
+        if not self._can_compile and len(self.overloads) == 1:
+            cres = tuple(self.overloads.values())[0]
+            return types.FunctionType(cres.signature)
+
+    def inspect_llvm(self, signature=None):
+        """
+        Return the LLVM IR for this kernel.
+
+        :param signature: A tuple of argument types.
+        :return: The LLVM IR for the given signature, or a dict of LLVM IR
+                 for all previously-encountered signatures.
+
+        """
+        device = self.targetoptions.get("device")
+        if signature is not None:
+            if device:
+                return self.overloads[signature].library.get_llvm_str()
+            else:
+                return self.overloads[signature].inspect_llvm()
+        else:
+            if device:
+                return {
+                    sig: overload.library.get_llvm_str()
+                    for sig, overload in self.overloads.items()
+                }
+            else:
+                return {
+                    sig: overload.inspect_llvm()
+                    for sig, overload in self.overloads.items()
+                }
+
+    def inspect_asm(self, signature=None):
+        """
+        Return this kernel's PTX assembly code for for the device in the
+        current context.
+
+        :param signature: A tuple of argument types.
+        :return: The PTX code for the given signature, or a dict of PTX codes
+                 for all previously-encountered signatures.
+        """
+        cc = get_current_device().compute_capability
+        device = self.targetoptions.get("device")
+        if signature is not None:
+            if device:
+                return self.overloads[signature].library.get_asm_str(cc)
+            else:
+                return self.overloads[signature].inspect_asm(cc)
+        else:
+            if device:
+                return {
+                    sig: overload.library.get_asm_str(cc)
+                    for sig, overload in self.overloads.items()
+                }
+            else:
+                return {
+                    sig: overload.inspect_asm(cc)
+                    for sig, overload in self.overloads.items()
+                }
+
+    def inspect_lto_ptx(self, signature=None):
+        """
+        Return link-time optimized PTX code for the given signature.
+
+        :param signature: A tuple of argument types.
+        :return: The PTX code for the given signature, or a dict of PTX codes
+                 for all previously-encountered signatures.
+        """
+        cc = get_current_device().compute_capability
+        device = self.targetoptions.get("device")
+
+        if signature is not None:
+            if device:
+                return self.overloads[signature].library.get_lto_ptx(cc)
+            else:
+                return self.overloads[signature].inspect_lto_ptx(cc)
+        else:
+            if device:
+                return {
+                    sig: overload.library.get_lto_ptx(cc)
+                    for sig, overload in self.overloads.items()
+                }
+            else:
+                return {
+                    sig: overload.inspect_lto_ptx(cc)
+                    for sig, overload in self.overloads.items()
+                }
+
+    def inspect_sass_cfg(self, signature=None):
+        """
+        Return this kernel's CFG for the device in the current context.
+
+        :param signature: A tuple of argument types.
+        :return: The CFG for the given signature, or a dict of CFGs
+                 for all previously-encountered signatures.
+
+        The CFG for the device in the current context is returned.
+
+        Requires nvdisasm to be available on the PATH.
+        """
+        if self.targetoptions.get("device"):
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot get the CFG of a device function")
+
+        if signature is not None:
+            return self.overloads[signature].inspect_sass_cfg()
+        else:
+            return {
+                sig: defn.inspect_sass_cfg()
+                for sig, defn in self.overloads.items()
+            }
+
+    def inspect_sass(self, signature=None):
+        """
+        Return this kernel's SASS assembly code for for the device in the
+        current context.
+
+        :param signature: A tuple of argument types.
+        :return: The SASS code for the given signature, or a dict of SASS codes
+                 for all previously-encountered signatures.
+
+        SASS for the device in the current context is returned.
+
+        Requires nvdisasm to be available on the PATH.
+        """
+        if self.targetoptions.get("device"):
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot inspect SASS of a device function")
+
+        if signature is not None:
+            return self.overloads[signature].inspect_sass()
+        else:
+            return {
+                sig: defn.inspect_sass() for sig, defn in self.overloads.items()
+            }
+
+    def inspect_types(self, file=None):
+        """
+        Produce a dump of the Python source of this function annotated with the
+        corresponding Numba IR and type information. The dump is written to
+        *file*, or *sys.stdout* if *file* is *None*.
+        """
+        if file is None:
+            file = sys.stdout
+
+        for _, defn in self.overloads.items():
+            defn.inspect_types(file=file)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _rebuild(cls, py_func, targetoptions):
+        """
+        Rebuild an instance.
+        """
+        instance = cls(py_func, targetoptions)
+        return instance
+
+    def _reduce_states(self):
+        """
+        Reduce the instance for serialization.
+        Compiled definitions are discarded.
+        """
+        return dict(py_func=self.py_func, targetoptions=self.targetoptions)
+
+
+class LiftedCode(serialize.ReduceMixin, _MemoMixin, _DispatcherBase):
+    """
+    Implementation of the hidden dispatcher objects used for lifted code
+    (a lifted loop is really compiled as a separate function).
+    """
+
+    _fold_args = False
+    can_cache = False
+
+    def __init__(self, func_ir, typingctx, targetctx, flags, locals):
+        self.func_ir = func_ir
+        self.lifted_from = None
+
+        self.typingctx = typingctx
+        self.targetctx = targetctx
+        self.flags = flags
+        self.locals = locals
+
+        _DispatcherBase.__init__(
+            self,
+            self.func_ir.arg_count,
+            self.func_ir.func_id.func,
+            self.func_ir.func_id.pysig,
+            can_fallback=True,
+            exact_match_required=False,
+        )
+
+    def _reduce_states(self):
+        """
+        Reduce the instance for pickling.  This will serialize
+        the original function as well the compilation options and
+        compiled signatures, but not the compiled code itself.
+
+        NOTE: part of ReduceMixin protocol
+        """
+        return dict(
+            uuid=self._uuid,
+            func_ir=self.func_ir,
+            flags=self.flags,
+            locals=self.locals,
+            extras=self._reduce_extras(),
+        )
+
+    def _reduce_extras(self):
+        """
+        NOTE: sub-class can override to add extra states
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _rebuild(cls, uuid, func_ir, flags, locals, extras):
+        """
+        Rebuild an Dispatcher instance after it was __reduce__'d.
+
+        NOTE: part of ReduceMixin protocol
+        """
+        try:
+            return cls._memo[uuid]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        from numba.cuda.descriptor import cuda_target
+
+        typingctx = cuda_target.typing_context
+        targetctx = cuda_target.target_context
+
+        self = cls(func_ir, typingctx, targetctx, flags, locals, **extras)
+        self._set_uuid(uuid)
+        return self
+
+    def get_source_location(self):
+        """Return the starting line number of the loop."""
+        return self.func_ir.loc.line
+
+    def _pre_compile(self, args, return_type, flags):
+        """Pre-compile actions"""
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def compile(self, sig):
+        """Lifted code should implement a compilation method that will return
+        a CompileResult.entry_point for the given signature."""
+        pass
+
+    def _get_dispatcher_for_current_target(self):
+        # Lifted code does not honor the target switch currently.
+        # No work has been done to check if this can be allowed.
+        return self
+
+
+class LiftedLoop(LiftedCode):
+    def _pre_compile(self, args, return_type, flags):
+        assert not flags.enable_looplift, "Enable looplift flags is on"
+
+    def compile(self, sig):
+        with ExitStack() as scope:
+            cres = None
+
+            def cb_compiler(dur):
+                if cres is not None:
+                    self._callback_add_compiler_timer(dur, cres)
+
+            def cb_llvm(dur):
+                if cres is not None:
+                    self._callback_add_llvm_timer(dur, cres)
+
+            scope.enter_context(
+                ev.install_timer("numba:compiler_lock", cb_compiler)
+            )
+            scope.enter_context(ev.install_timer("numba:llvm_lock", cb_llvm))
+            scope.enter_context(global_compiler_lock)
+
+            # Use counter to track recursion compilation depth
+            with self._compiling_counter:
+                # XXX this is mostly duplicated from Dispatcher.
+                flags = self.flags
+                args, return_type = sigutils.normalize_signature(sig)
+
+                # Don't recompile if signature already exists
+                # (e.g. if another thread compiled it before we got the lock)
+                existing = self.overloads.get(tuple(args))
+                if existing is not None:
+                    return existing.entry_point
+
+                self._pre_compile(args, return_type, flags)
+
+                # copy the flags, use nopython first
+                npm_loop_flags = flags.copy()
+                npm_loop_flags.force_pyobject = False
+
+                pyobject_loop_flags = flags.copy()
+                pyobject_loop_flags.force_pyobject = True
+
+                # Clone IR to avoid (some of the) mutation in the rewrite pass
+                cloned_func_ir_npm = self.func_ir.copy()
+                cloned_func_ir_fbk = self.func_ir.copy()
+
+                ev_details = dict(
+                    dispatcher=self,
+                    args=args,
+                    return_type=return_type,
+                )
+                with ev.trigger_event("numba:compile", data=ev_details):
+                    # this emulates "object mode fall-back", try nopython, if it
+                    # fails, then try again in object mode.
+                    try:
+                        cres = compile_ir(
+                            typingctx=self.typingctx,
+                            targetctx=self.targetctx,
+                            func_ir=cloned_func_ir_npm,
+                            args=args,
+                            return_type=return_type,
+                            flags=npm_loop_flags,
+                            locals=self.locals,
+                            lifted=(),
+                            lifted_from=self.lifted_from,
+                            is_lifted_loop=True,
+                        )
+                    except errors.TypingError:
+                        cres = compile_ir(
+                            typingctx=self.typingctx,
+                            targetctx=self.targetctx,
+                            func_ir=cloned_func_ir_fbk,
+                            args=args,
+                            return_type=return_type,
+                            flags=pyobject_loop_flags,
+                            locals=self.locals,
+                            lifted=(),
+                            lifted_from=self.lifted_from,
+                            is_lifted_loop=True,
+                        )
+                    # Check typing error if object mode is used
+                    if cres.typing_error is not None:
+                        raise cres.typing_error
+                    self.add_overload(cres)
+                return cres.entry_point
+
+
+class LiftedWith(LiftedCode):
+    can_cache = True
+
+    def _reduce_extras(self):
+        return dict(output_types=self.output_types)
+
+    @property
+    def _numba_type_(self):
+        return types.Dispatcher(self)
+
+    def get_call_template(self, args, kws):
+        """
+        Get a typing.ConcreteTemplate for this dispatcher and the given
+        *args* and *kws* types.  This enables the resolving of the return type.
+
+        A (template, pysig, args, kws) tuple is returned.
+        """
+        # Ensure an overload is available
+        if self._can_compile:
+            self.compile(tuple(args))
+
+        pysig = None
+        # Create function type for typing
+        func_name = self.py_func.__name__
+        name = "CallTemplate({0})".format(func_name)
+        # The `key` isn't really used except for diagnosis here,
+        # so avoid keeping a reference to `cfunc`.
+        call_template = typing.make_concrete_template(
+            name, key=func_name, signatures=self.nopython_signatures
+        )
+        return call_template, pysig, args, kws
+
+    def compile(self, sig):
+        # this is similar to LiftedLoop's compile but does not have the
+        # "fallback" to object mode part.
+        with ExitStack() as scope:
+            cres = None
+
+            def cb_compiler(dur):
+                if cres is not None:
+                    self._callback_add_compiler_timer(dur, cres)
+
+            def cb_llvm(dur):
+                if cres is not None:
+                    self._callback_add_llvm_timer(dur, cres)
+
+            scope.enter_context(
+                ev.install_timer("numba:compiler_lock", cb_compiler)
+            )
+            scope.enter_context(ev.install_timer("numba:llvm_lock", cb_llvm))
+            scope.enter_context(global_compiler_lock)
+
+            # Use counter to track recursion compilation depth
+            with self._compiling_counter:
+                # XXX this is mostly duplicated from Dispatcher.
+                flags = self.flags
+                args, return_type = sigutils.normalize_signature(sig)
+
+                # Don't recompile if signature already exists
+                # (e.g. if another thread compiled it before we got the lock)
+                existing = self.overloads.get(tuple(args))
+                if existing is not None:
+                    return existing.entry_point
+
+                self._pre_compile(args, return_type, flags)
+
+                # Clone IR to avoid (some of the) mutation in the rewrite pass
+                cloned_func_ir = self.func_ir.copy()
+
+                ev_details = dict(
+                    dispatcher=self,
+                    args=args,
+                    return_type=return_type,
+                )
+                with ev.trigger_event("numba:compile", data=ev_details):
+                    cres = compile_ir(
+                        typingctx=self.typingctx,
+                        targetctx=self.targetctx,
+                        func_ir=cloned_func_ir,
+                        args=args,
+                        return_type=return_type,
+                        flags=flags,
+                        locals=self.locals,
+                        lifted=(),
+                        lifted_from=self.lifted_from,
+                        is_lifted_loop=True,
+                    )
+
+                    # Check typing error if object mode is used
+                    if (
+                        cres.typing_error is not None
+                        and not flags.enable_pyobject
+                    ):
+                        raise cres.typing_error
+                    self.add_overload(cres)
+                return cres.entry_point
+
+
+class ObjModeLiftedWith(LiftedWith):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.output_types = kwargs.pop("output_types", None)
+        super(LiftedWith, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        if not self.flags.force_pyobject:
+            raise ValueError("expecting `flags.force_pyobject`")
+        if self.output_types is None:
+            raise TypeError("`output_types` must be provided")
+        # switch off rewrites, they have no effect
+        self.flags.no_rewrites = True
+
+    @property
+    def _numba_type_(self):
+        return types.ObjModeDispatcher(self)
+
+    def get_call_template(self, args, kws):
+        """
+        Get a typing.ConcreteTemplate for this dispatcher and the given
+        *args* and *kws* types.  This enables the resolving of the return type.
+
+        A (template, pysig, args, kws) tuple is returned.
+        """
+        assert not kws
+        self._legalize_arg_types(args)
+        # Coerce to object mode
+        args = [types.ffi_forced_object] * len(args)
+
+        if self._can_compile:
+            self.compile(tuple(args))
+
+        signatures = [typing.signature(self.output_types, *args)]
+        pysig = None
+        func_name = self.py_func.__name__
+        name = "CallTemplate({0})".format(func_name)
+        call_template = typing.make_concrete_template(
+            name, key=func_name, signatures=signatures
+        )
+
+        return call_template, pysig, args, kws
+
+    def _legalize_arg_types(self, args):
+        for i, a in enumerate(args, start=1):
+            if isinstance(a, types.List):
+                msg = (
+                    "Does not support list type inputs into "
+                    "with-context for arg {}"
+                )
+                raise errors.TypingError(msg.format(i))
+            elif isinstance(a, types.Dispatcher):
+                msg = (
+                    "Does not support function type inputs into "
+                    "with-context for arg {}"
+                )
+                raise errors.TypingError(msg.format(i))
+
+    @global_compiler_lock
+    def compile(self, sig):
+        args, _ = sigutils.normalize_signature(sig)
+        sig = (types.ffi_forced_object,) * len(args)
+        return super().compile(sig)
+
+
+# Initialize typeof machinery
+_dispatcher.typeof_init(
+    OmittedArg, dict((str(t), t._code) for t in types.number_domain)
+)